VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“IOT BASED GREENHOUSE MONITORING SYSTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the partial completion of

MAJOR PROJECT
IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED
BY

Pradeep K 1NH15EC723

Namarata S Katrale 1NH15EC718

Shwetha P S 1NH15EC749
Under the
guidance of
 Dr. Priyamvada
(Assoc. Professor, ECE, NHCE)

JAN - MAY 2019

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Bellandur Main Road, Marathahalli, Bangalore - 560103

DECLARATION

We undersigned students of final semester B.E in Electronics and Communication Engineering,

New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore, hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “IOT BASED
GREENHOUSE MONITORING SYSTEM”, embodies the report of my project work carried out independently by
us under the guidance of Dr. Priyamvada, Assoc.Professor, E&C Department, NHCE, Bangalore in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication from Vishvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 2018-2019.

We also declare that to the best of our knowledge and belief, this project has not been submitted for the
award of any other degree on earlier occasion by any student.
Place: Bangalore

Date:

Pradeep K 1NH15EC723

Namrata S Katrale 1NH15EC718

Shwetha P S 1NH15EC749

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “IOT BASED GREEN HOUSE MONITORING SYSTEM” carried out by
Mr. Pradeep K (1NH15EC723), Ms. Namrata S Katrale (1NH15EC718), Ms. Shwetha P S (1NH15EC749), are
bonafide students of “NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING” in partial fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering/ Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering, of the
Vishvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2018-2019. It is certified that all
corrections/ suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited
in the departmental library.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work
prescribed for the said Degree.

Dr. Priyamvada Dr. Sanjeev Sharma Dr. Manjunatha

Assoc.Professor, ECE, NHCE HOD, ECE, NHCE Principal, NHCE

External Examiners: Signature with date

1.

2.

II
 IOT Based Green House Monitoring System

ABSTRACT

This work is primarily about the improvement of current agricultural practices by using modern technologies
for better yield. This work provides a model of a smart greenhouse, which helps the farmers to carry out the
work in a farm automatically without the use of much manual inspection. Greenhouse, being a closed
structure protects the plants from extreme weather conditions namely: wind, hailstorm, ultraviolet
radiations, and insect and pest attacks. The irrigation of agriculture field is carried out using automatic drip
irrigation, which operates according to the soil moisture threshold set accordingly so as optimal amount of
water is applied to the plants. Based on data from soil health card, proper amount of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium and other minerals can be applied by using drip fertigation techniques. Proper water
management tanks are constructed and they are filled with water after measuring the current water level
using an ultrasonic sensor. Plants are also provided the requisite wavelength light during the night using
growing lights. Temperature and air humidity are controlled by humidity and temperature sensors and a
fogger is used to control the same. A tube well is controlled using cloud module. Bee-hive boxes are
deployed for pollination and boxes are monitored using ultrasonic sensors to measure honey and send mails
to the buyers when they are filled. Further, the readings collected from storage containers are uploaded to
cloud service (ThingSpeak) and can be forwarded to an e-commerce company.

Department of ECE, NHCE III

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful presentation of the seminar would be incomplete without the mention of the people who
made it possible and whose constant guidance crowned my effort with success. I take this opportunity to
express my sincere gratitude to our Management, New Horizon College Of Engineering, Bengaluru for
providing the environment to present the seminar.

We express profound gratitude to respected principal Dr. Manjunatha, New Horizon College of Engineering
for providing a congenial environment to work in. Our sincere gratitude to Dr. Sanjeev Sharma, Head of the
Department, Electronics and Communication engineering for encouraging and providing this opportunity to
carry out the project in the department. We would like to thank our guide Dr. Priyamvada, Assoc.Professor,
Department of ECE who helped us in all the ways to carry out the project work. She stood beside and guided
us in every step.

We thank all our professors for providing the basic knowledge without which this project would not have
been possible. Last but not least we thank our family and friends, who made their valuable support
compelled us to maintain a standard throughout our endeavour.

Pradeep.K

Namrata.S.Katrale

Shwetha.P.S
Contents

DECLARATION I
CERTIFICATE II
ABSTARCT III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
LIST OF FIGURES VI

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Definition..............................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective.............................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY 4

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION 5

3.1 Block Diagram....................................................................................................................6
3.2 Flow Chart..........................................................................................................................8
3.3 Project Execution Steps......................................................................................................9
3.4 Interfacing Sensors With Arduino.....................................................................................10
3.4.1 Temperature and Humidity Sensor......................................................................10
3.4.2 Soil Moisture Sensor.............................................................................................12
3.4.3 LDR: Light Dependent Resistor..............................................................................12
3.5 Sending Sensor Data To Cloud Via WiFi Module...............................................................14
3.5.1 Relays.....................................................................................................................15
3.6 Receiving Alerts on Mobile On Status Of Greenhouse
Parameters via IOT:...........................................................................................................17
3.7 Hardware interfacing with NodeMCU:..............................................................................17

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 21

REFERENCES 22

ANNEXURE 23
 IOT Based Green House Monitoring System

List of Figures

1.1 Population share in agriculture..................................................................2

3.1 Block Diagram............................................................................................7
3.2 Temperature and humidity sensor...........................................................10
3.3 Soil Moisture Sensor.................................................................................12
3.4 LDR............................................................................................................13
3.5 Internal structure of LDR..........................................................................13
3.6 ULN2003...................................................................................................16
3.7 Node MCU................................................................................................17
3.8 Node MCU internal structure pin diagram..............................................18
4.1 Agriculture Monitoring Result – 1.............................................................19
4.2 Agriculture Monitoring Result – 2.............................................................20
4.3 Agriculture Monitoring Result – 3............................................................20
1 Execution...................................................................................................23
2 Arduino Uno..............................................................................................24
3 LDR............................................................................................................30
4 LDR Symbol................................................................................................30
5 Generation of charge carriers due to light................................................31
6 Relay...........................................................................................................33
7 Moisture Sensor........................................................................................36
8 Connecting Diagram..................................................................................38
9 Temperature and Humidity Sensor...........................................................39
10 Details.........................................................................................................40
11 Node MCU..................................................................................................42
12 Block Diagram............................................................................................43
13 Electrical Characteristics............................................................................44
14 Pin definition..............................................................................................45
15 Pin Definition of I2S....................................................................................45
16 UART Interfaces.........................................................................................46
17 PWM Interfaces.........................................................................................46
18 ThinkSpeak Working...................................................................................47

Department of ECE, NHCE VI

 IOT Based Green House Monitoring System
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization,

food production must increase with 60 percent to be able to feed the
growing population expected to hit 9 billion in 2050. The global
population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. It is
expected to keep growing to reach to reach 11 billion by the end of
the century. Modern farms can sprawl for hundreds of acres. Rising
prices of fertilizer and electricity, combined with regulations limiting
irrigation are placing increasing demands on farmers to more
precisely utilize their resources. Reducing spoilage and food waste
will require both better in-field monitoring as well as better
monitoring and management within the field-to-shelf supply chain. It
is a world where deadline pressures, a lack of information and
conquering the challenges of time and distance confront individuals
on a daily basis. Agriculture has been a leader for years in
automation---many industrial farms rely on harvesters guided by
GPS. It is also an industry starving for more data. Fluctuations in
rainfall or market prices can cause profits to quickly rise or plummet.
Obtaining accurate, ongoing data on operations has historically also
been a challenge. Unlike cars or microprocessors, you can’t mass
produce identical tomatoes. Companies like CleanGlow and Solum
have begun to bring Big Data to the field with tools that can
dynamically calibrate moisture and other metrics.

Between efforts to eat more food grown locally, a younger generation

of farmers and cheaper component- farming is getting an infusion of
data and technology. As the concept of the ‘Internet of Things’
becomes increasingly prevalent, many systems are being devised to
allow all manner of data to be gathered and analysed, and devices
controlled via wireless data networks. 10 connected devices such as

Department of ECE, NHCE 1

 IOT Based Green House Monitoring System
smart humidity, Lighting, moisture of soil, and the CO2 amount in
thermostats greenhouse. Continuous monitoring of these factors gives relevant
and lighting information pertaining to the individual effects of the various factors
systems are towards obtaining maximum crop production.
making their
way into
homes, but
another big
opportunity
for the
Internet of
Things could
be outdoors,
in the area of
agriculture.

The crop
agriculture in
greenhouse is
higher
affected by
the
surrounding
conditions.
The
significant
environmenta
l factors for
the quality
and better
productivity
of the plants
growth are
temperature,
relative

Department of ECE, NHCE 2

 Figure 1.1: Population share in agriculture

1.2 Problem Definition

Complexity involved in monitoring climatic parameters like humidity, soil moisture, illumination, soil pH,
temperature, etc. which directly or indirectly govern the plant growth. Places like Punjab, which receive
ample amount of water through river and canal irrigation system, faces problem of soil salinity due to excess
irrigation. Places with limited water supply like Rajasthan, faces problem of acute water shortage for
agriculture. Excessive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides makes the soil dependent on them, erodes
fertility, increases resistance in insects and pests, pollutes ground water and nearby water bodies whenever
it rains. Different plants require different amount of moisture, humidity, temperature and light wavelength,
and lack of awareness of this information or negligence of a person cultivating land can cause plants to die
before maturing. The modern proposed systems use the mobile technology as the communication schemes
and wireless data acquisition systems, providing global access to the information about one’s farms. Keeping
these issues in view, an IOT based monitoring and control system is designed to find implementation in the
the near future that will help Indian farmers.

1.3 Objective

This work is primarily aimed to the improvement of current agricultural practices by using modern
technologies for better yield. This work provides a model of a smart greenhouse, which helps the farmers
to carry out the work in a farm automatically without the use of much manual inspection. Green house,
being a closed structure protects the plants from extreme weather conditions namely: wind, hailstorm,
ultraviolet radiations, and insect and pest attacks. The irrigation of agriculture field is carried out using
automatic drip irrigation, which operates according to the soil moisture threshold set accordingly so as
optimal amount of water is applied to the plants. Based on data from soil health card, proper amount of
nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other minerals can be applied by using drip irrigation and fertilization
techniques. Further, the readings collected from storage containers are uploaded to cloud service and can
be forwarded to an e-commerce company for analysis and monitoring.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Although India receives ample amount of precipitation and have many large river systems but still only one
third of the total agricultural land is connected via canal irrigation system. Remaining majority of the portion
is dependent on monsoon or tube wells.[1]. Places with excess water faces. Problem of land sanity due to
over irrigation and water logging. Water collected on the surface also blocks pores in the soil and kills
beneficial micro organisms.[2]. Alternatively, places with limited supply of water cannot do irrigation
throughout the growing season because the requirement of water often exceeds the water supply due to
conventional type of irrigation like sprinkler or in case allowing the water to just irrigate the field directly
from water drainage channels. Effects of excessive and irregular irrigation on soil are as follows:

 Increases salinity

 Water logging

 Hindrance in air communication to plant roots

 Reduction in temperature of soil

 Land becomes marshy

 More nitrate formation in soil

 Acidity of soil
Hence, problem lies in the mismanaged use of water.[3]. For optimum use of water, we use drip irrigation. It
is an irrigation method to save water by allowing water to target the roots of plant. Water obtained from all
the sources like canal, rainwater harvesting, tube well etc. are not allowed to irrigate the fields directly,
instead it is first stored into an underground tank. Tank is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor which
measures the level of water continuously and alerts the user with a sms whenever water level falls below
the threshold mark.[4]. Relative Humidity(RH) affects leaf growth, photosynthesis, pollination rate and finally
crop yield. Prolonged dry environment or high temperature can make the delicate sepals dry quickly and
result in the death of flower before maturity. Hence it is very crucial to control air humidity and
temperature. [5].We place temperature and humidity sensor inside the smart greenhouse to measure
humidity and temperature. When temperature rises above a certain level, micro controller will trigger relay
attached to the foggier, which will sprinkle tiny water droplets of size of micron which will remain suspended
in the air and bring the temperature down. In case the air moisture falls below the set value, similar
mechanism will be triggered and the small water droplets will maintain the relative humidity(RH). [6].
Various wavelengths of light plays specific roles for plant growth since different photosynthetic pigments
within plants utilize different wavelengths. During morning, leaves receive it directly from sun but in order to
boost up the rate of growth, we have provided the green house with plant growing lights which will turn on
whenever the reading from LDR sensor falls below cut-off value. [7]. To avoid involvement of middleman and
their adverse effects on farmers we proposed an IOT based solution, to inform the buyers(agencies) about
the goods produces by a farmer. The farmer just have to swipe his authorized RFID card and then
automatically it will send an e-mail to the buyer-sharing the information of quantity of goods produced at
that instant of time.[8].
CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Block Diagram

The basic block diagram of greenhouse system is as shown in figure 3.1. The system is a greenhouse system
in which there are four sensors. These sensors act as input to the micro controller system. The input feed
provided to the micro controller is in the form of analog data. This data is converted by the controller into
digital format. The data is shown on the LCD display and also on the android phone via Bluetooth. Thus the
monitoring of temperature, moisture and other parameters is done automatically. Once the parameter
values are monitored they can be controlled by the embedded system which is built with coding. This is
automating controlling system. The android phone is operated by the user. The android application is used
for controlling as per the user knowledge and required output.
Temperature
Fan

Humidity Water Pump

Light Intensity
NodeMCU
Light Source

Soil Moisture
Heater

WiFi Module ThingSpeak

Figure 3.1: Block diagram

3.2 Flow Chart

Start

Event triggered

Node MCU

Wifi module

Check From Database

/cloud

Actuators

ThingSpeak Application

Stop
3.3 Project Execution Steps

 The IOT greenhouse monitoring system employs PC or phone base system for keeping the owner
continuously informed.

 This is a micro controller-based circuit which monitors ad records the values of temperature, humidity,
soil moisture and sunlight of the natural environment that are continuously updated as a log in order to
optimize them to achieve maximum plant growth and yield.

 The system constantly monitors the digitized parameters of the various sensors. Monitoring and
controlling of a greenhouse environment involves sensing the changes occurring inside it which can
influence the rate of growth in plants.

 The important parameters are the temperature inside the greenhouse which affects the photosynthetic
and transpiration process, humidity, moisture content in the soil, the illumination etc
 IOT Based Green House Monitoring System

3.4 Interfacing Sensors With Arduino

The proposed system uses four sensors to collect the data of the parameters required to monitor the
greenhouse. The important parameters are the temperature inside he greenhouse which affects the
photosynthetic and transpiration process, humidity, moisture content in the soil, the illumination etc.
The sensors used in this system are:

3.4.1 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

We place temperature and humidity sensor inside the smart greenhouse to measure humidity and
temperature. If the temperature exceeds beyond the limit set then a fan will be automatically switched ON
as a coolant to reduce the temperature. When it reaches the desired temperature the fan will be switched
OFF automatically with the help of ULN2003. But if the temperature decreases below the optimum
temperature a bulb as a heater will be switched ON to set the temperature within the desired range.
Humidity sensor is used for sensing the vapours in the air.

Figure 3.2: Temperature and humidity sensor

The change in RH (Relative Humidity) of the surroundings would result in display of values. It uses a
capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on
the data pin(no analog input pins needed). Its fairly simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data.
The only real downside of this sensor is you can only get new data from it once every 2 seconds.

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 IOT Based Green House Monitoring System

FEATURES

 Full range temperature compensated

 Relative humidity and temperature measurement

 Calibrated digital signal

 Outstanding long-term stability

 Extra components not needed

 Long transmission distance

 Low power consumption

 4 pins packaged and fully interchangeable

DETAILS:

This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC temperature
measurement component, and connects to a high performance 8-bit micro controller, offering excellent
quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness. Each DHT11 element is strictly
calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely accurate on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients
are stored as programmes in the OTP memory, which are used by the sensor’s internal signal detecting
process. The single-wire serial interface makes system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power
consumption and upto 20 meter signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications,
including those most demanding ones. The component is 4-pin single row pin package.

Communication Process: Serial Interface (Single-Wire Two-Way)

The interesting thing in this module is the protocol that uses to transfer data. All the sensor readings are
sent using a single wire bus which reduces the cost and extends the distance. In order to send data over a
bus you have to describe the way the data will be transferred, so that transmitter and receiver can
understand what says each other. This is what a protocol does. It describes the way the data are
transmitted. On DHT-11 the 1-wire data bus is pulled up with a resistor to VCC. So if nothing is occured the
voltage on the bus is equal to VCC.

Department of ECE, NHCE 12

3.4.2 Soil Moisture Sensor
The two copper leads act as the sensor probes. They are immersed into the specimen soil whose moisture
content is under test. The conductivity of soil depends upon the amount of moisture present in it. It
increases with increase in the water content of the soil that forms a conductive path between two sensor
probes leading to a close path to allow current flowing through.

Figure 3.3: Soil Moisture Sensor

3.4.3 LDR: Light Dependent Resistor

The light dependant resistor is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with increasing light
intensity. It is also called as “Photo Resistor” or “Photo conductor”. The light dependant resistor uses high
resistance semiconductor material.
When light falls on such a semiconductor the bound electrons [ie., Valence electrons] get the light energy
from the incident photos. Due to this additional energy, these electrons become free and jump in to the
conduction band. The electron - hole pairs are generated. Due to these charge carriers, the conductivity of
the device increases, decreasing its resistivity.
The way an LDR works is that they are made of many semi-conductive materials with high resistance. The
reason they have a high resistance is that there are very few electrons that are free and able to move
because they are held in a crystal lattice and are unable to move.
 IOT Based Greenhouse Monitoring System

Figure 3.4: LDR

When light falls on the semi-conductive material it absorbs the light photons and the energy is interfered to the
electrons, which allow them to break free from the crystal lattice and conduct electricity and lower the
resistance of the LDR.

Figure 3.5: Internal structure of LDR

Light dependent registers have many uses, many of the uses have to do with objects that have to work in
certain levels of light. Some of the uses of LDR are is photographic light meters, streetlights and various alarms
light burglar alarms, re alarms and smoke alarms.

Department of ECE, NHCE 13

Analog applications of LDR

• Camera Exposure Control

• Auto Slide Focus – dual cell
• Photocopy Machines – density of toner
• Calorimetric Test Equipment
• Densitometer
• Electronic Scales – dual cell

Digital applications of LDR

• Automatic Headlight Dimmer

• Night Light Control
• Oil Burner Flame Out
• Street Light Control
• Position Sensor

3.5 Sending Sensor Data To Cloud Via WiFi Module

The next step in implementing is interfacing of wifi module with the Arduino. This is done to access the sensed
data from the sensors to the cloud. ESP8266 wifi module is low cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be
used for end-point IoT developments. ESP8266 WiFi module enables internet connectivity to embedded
applications. It uses TCP/UDP communication protocol to connect with server/client. Microcontroller
communicates with the module using a set of AT commands. Microcontroller communicates with ESP8266-01
WiFi module using UART having specified Baud rate. ThingSpeak is a software that can monitor our data over
the internet from anywhere, and we can also control our system over the Internet from anywhere, and we can
also control our system over the Internet, using the Channels and webpages provided by ThingSpeak.
ThingSpeak ‘Collects’ the data from the sensors, ‘Analyze and Visualize’ the data and ‘Acts’ by
 IOT Based Greenhouse Monitoring System
triggering a reaction. Working of this project is based on serial communication for fetching data from the
sensors. First Arduino sends a start signal to sensor and then it gives a response signal with containing data.
Arduino collects and extracts the data and then sends it to ThingSpeak server. ThingSpeak displays the data in
the form of graphs.

3.5.1 ULN2003

It is basically a relay driver IC and it is a darlington array having high voltages and high currents as well. It is
made up of seven open collector darlington pairs having common emitter which shows ULN2003 has a
capability of handling seven different relays at a time. A single darlington pair consists of two bipolar transistors
and it operates on the current range of 500mA to 600mA. ULN200X is a well known series of IC’s. ULN2003 is
also the part of this series. ULN2003 operates on 5V and TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) and CMOS
(Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor). Its pin configuration is designed so that the input pins are at the
left side of the IC whereas the the output pins of it are on right side in front of the corresponding input pin. This
IC has a very wide range of applications. They are commonly used as relay drivers in order to drive different
kinds of loads. ULN2003 can also be used to drive different motors (e.g. DC Motors or Stepper Motors) with
Microcontrollers (like Arduino, PIC Microcontroller or 8051 Microcontroller etc.). Some of the other applications
of ULN2003 include logic buffers, lamp drivers, line drivers, LED display, motor driver circuits etc.

Department of ECE, NHCE 15

Figure 3.6: ULN2003
3.6 Receiving Alerts On Mobile On Status Of Green House Parameters Via IoT

The ThingSpeak Cloud software is being used to get the status of various greenhouse parameters on the mobile
phone. Android application known as ThingsView is installed on the mobile to get the alerts on the phone. The
sensor data can be collectively viewed in the form of graphs in the ThingView application.

3.7 Hardware interfacing with Node MCU

NodeMCU is an open source IOT platform. It indicates firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from
Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The term “NodeMCU” by default refers
to the firmware rather than the development kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on
the eLua project, and built on the Esperessif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such
as lua-cjson, and spiffs.

Figure 3.7: Node MCU

It is flexible in use and Wi-Fi supported for real time data acquisition.

Figure 3.8: Node MCU internal structure pin diagram

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The sensing part of all the greenhouse parameters is being measured by the use of appropriate sensors. The
sensed data is being stored in the database by the use of ThingSpeak software and also a comparative analysis is
done on the parameters based on the sensor data.

Mobile alerts are also sent to the concerned people from time to time so that they keep updated on the real
time greenhouse environment. The name Greenhouse Monitoring System is to both sense and monitor the
environmental parameters from the sensor and also to stabilize the conditions if the conditions exceed the
threshold.

Actuators are used to control the parameters based on the sensor input. It can be done in both automatic and
manual mode. In the manual mode, the actuators are controlled by the user based on the inputs obtained
through SMS which is not implemented in our project. In the automatic mode, based on the database of the
previous event the actuators are being controlled.

The images obtained from agriculture monitoring in ThingSpeak:

The following image gives the information about the temperature and humidity

Figure 4.1 - Agriculture monitoring results 1

 Figure 4.2: Agriculture monitoring results-2

The following image gives the information about LDR readings

Figure 4.3: Agriculture monitoring results-3

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The advantage of Smart Greenhouse over conventional farming is that we were able to produce insecticide and
pesticide free crops and create a climate for the proper growth of plants and even provides alternative source of
income through agriculture, selling tube well water etc.

Moreover this system can be installed by any individual in his house (Rooftop greenhouse), who do not have
knowledge about farming. Since one can maintain any climatic condition in this type of Greenhouse, it is
possible to cultivate any type of crop. Hence, we grow plants like Hibiscus which are imported to India. We can
produce 70 percent to 80 percent water requirement. It also increases the yield and rate of growth and
produces organic products. Most importantly, we are able to connect farmer directly to consumer using IoT,
which can save him from the clutches of middlemen. It reduces effort and time if farmer and makes farming
efficient and profitable activity.

The smart greenhouse can be further upgraded in many ways and can be used in wide agricultural applications.
It can be placed and operated in any of the environmental conditions to grow any kind of vegetation. Non-
conventional energy sources such as solar panels, wind mills are used to supply power to the automatic
greenhouse equipment and Peltier effect for cooling purpose. Soil-less farming can be performed to further
improve the nutritional value. Integration of farming with IoT can make it much more efficient and profitable
activity. Smart Greenhouse has a bright scope of future in agriculture field and it will create a revolution in the
way the agriculture is carried out in India.
REFERENCES
[1] Data Acquisition of Greenhouse Using Arduino Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Sciences/ No.
(7)/ Vol.(22): 2016. Diaa Mehdi Faris Mahmood Basil Mahmood Technical college of Mosul/ Technical
computer engineering department

[2] Uday A. Waykole , ―Greenhouse Automation System‖ 1st International Conference on Recent Trends in
Engineering & Technology, Mar-2014, Special Issue of International Journal of electronics, Communication &
Soft Computing Science & Engineering, ISSN: 2277-9477-Page no:161-166.

[3] Sumit A. Khandelwal, "Automated Green House Management Using GMS Modem" , International Journal of
Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 3 (1) , 2014, ISSN: 3099 – 3102

[4] K. Rangan, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India, T. Vigneswaran, SRM University, Chennai,
India " An Embedded Systems Approach to Monitor Green House" 978-1-4244- 9182-7/10/$26.00 ©2014
IEEE, Page-61-65.

[5] Kiran Sahu, Mrs. Susmita Ghosh Mazumdar " Digitally Greenhouse Monitoring and Controlling of System
based on Embedded System " International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 1,
January- 2015 1 ISSN 2229-5518.

[6] Rajeev G Vishwakarma, Vijay Choudhary Department of Computer Science, SVITS Indore, India " Wireless
Solution for Irrigation in Agriculture" Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing,
Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies (ICSCCN 2011).
 ANNEXURE

PHOTOS TAKEN DURING PROJECT EXECUTION

Figure 1: Execution
DATASHEETS

Arduino Uno

Figure 2: Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs), a 16 MHz resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer (or appropriate wall power
adapter) with a USB cable or power it with AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features an ATmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor
pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the board has the
following new features:

 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the
RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future,
shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the
Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin that is reserved for future
purposes.

 Stronger RESET circuit.

 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0
will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the
index of Arduino boards.

Summary

• Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage 5V

• Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 MA
• Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
• SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
• EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
• Clock Speed 16 MHz

Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is
selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be
inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin
may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator
may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts
from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board.
This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V
supply.

 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM
(which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and
digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an
internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to
the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or
falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when
the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end
of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which
block the one on the board.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital
pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears
as a virtual com port to software on the computer.

The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, an .inf file is required.

The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board.

The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB
connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to
simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools
> Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a boot loader that allows you to upload new code
to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol
(reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available. The
ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which can be activated by:

 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then
resetting the 8U2.

 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier
to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new
firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See
this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is designed in a
way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control
lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad
capacitor.

When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software
uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload
button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering
of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux,
it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the
bootloader is running on the Uno.

While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the
board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which
it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be
soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by
connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and
overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of
protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection
until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and
power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a
surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of
the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT REGISTER)

Overview
 Figure 3: LDR

The light dependent resistor is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with increasing light
intensity. It is also called as “photo resistor” or “photo conductor”. The LDR uses high resistance semiconductor
material. When light falls on such a semiconductor the bound electrons [ie ., valence electrons] get the light
energy from the incident photons.

Figure 4: LDR symbol

Due to this additional energy, these electrons become free and jump in to the conduction bond. The electron-
hole pairs are generated. Due to these charge carriers, the conductivity of the device increases, decreasing its
resistivity.
Figure 5: Generation of charge carriers due to light.
 IOT Based Green House Monitoring System

Electrical characteristics

How it Works

The way an LDR works is that they are made of many semi-conductive materials with high resistance . The
reason they have a high resistance is that are very few electrons that are free and able to move because they
are held in crystal lattice and are unable to move. When light falls on the semi-conductive material it absorbs
the light photons and the energy is transferred to the electrons , which allow them to break free from the
crystal lattice and conduct electricity and lower the resistance of the LDR

Uses

Light dependent resistors have many uses , many of the uses to do with objects that have to work in certain
levels of light. Some of the uses of the LDR are in photographic light meters , streetlights and various alarms’
light burglar alarms, re alarms and smoke alarms.

Department of ECE , NHCE 32

ULN2003

Figure 6: ULN2003

It is basically a relay driver IC and it is a darlington array having high voltages and high currents as well. It is
made up of seven open collector darlington pairs having common emitter which shows ULN2003 has a
capability of handling seven different relays at a time. A single darlington pair consists of two bipolar
transistors and it operates on the current range of 500mA to 600mA. ULN200X is a well known series of IC’s.
ULN2003 is also the part of this series. ULN2003 operates on 5V and TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) and
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor). Its pin configuration is designed so that the input pins
are at the left side of the IC whereas the the output pins of it are on right side in front of the corresponding
input pin. This IC has a very wide range of applications. They are commonly used as relay drivers in order to
drive different kinds of loads. ULN2003 can also be used to drive different motors (e.g. DC Motors or Stepper
Motors) with Microcontrollers (like Arduino, PIC Microcontroller or 8051 Microcontroller etc.). Some of the
other applications of ULN2003 include logic buffers, lamp drivers, line drivers, LED display, motor driver
circuits etc.
A Darlington transistor (also known as Darlington pair) achieves very high current amplification by
connecting two bipolar transistors in direct DC coupling so the current amplified by the first transistor is
amplified further by the second one. The seven Darlington pairs in ULN2003 can operate independently
except the common cathode diodes that connect to their respective collectors.

ULN2003 has 16 pins in total out of which there are:

 7 Input pins (Pin 1 to Pin 7)

 7 Output pins (Pin 10 to Pin 16)

 1 Ground pin (Pin 8)

 1 COM pin (Pin 9)

The driver provides open collector output, so it can only sink current, cannot source. Thus when a 5V is given
to 1st terminal, 16th terminal will be connected to ground via darlington pair and the maximum current that
it can handle is 500A. From the above logic diagram we can see that cathode of protection diodes are
shorted to 9th pin called COM. So for driving inductive loads, it must connected to the supply voltage.

Applications

 relay drivers circuits

 motor drivers circuits
 lamp drivers
 line drivers
 hammer drivers
 logic buffers
 Features

1. Seven Darlingtons per package

2. Output current 500 mA per driver (600 mA peak)

3. Output voltage 50 V

4. Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads

5. Outputs can be paralleled for higher current

6. TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL compatible inputs

7. Input pins placed opposite to output pins to simplify layout

Electrical Characteristics
 Moisture Sensor

Figure 7: Moisture Sensor

This moisture Sensor uses Immersion Gold which protects the nickel from oxidation . electrodes nickel
immersion gold (ENIG) has several advantages over more conventional (and cheaper) surface plantings such
as HASL (solder),including excellent surface planarity (particularly helpful for PCB’s with large BGA packages),
good oxidation resistance , and usability for untreated contact surfaces such as membrane switches and
contact points. This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it . it’s
a low tech sensor , but ideal for monitoring an urban garden, or your pet plant’s water level. This is a must
have tool for a connected garden.

The moisture sensor can be used to detect the moisture of soil or judge if there is water around the sensor,
let the plants in your garden reach out for human help. They can be very to use , just insert it into the soil
and then read it. With help of this sensor , it will be realizable to make the plant remind you: hey, I am
thirsty now, please give me some water . this moisture sensor uses two probes to pass current through the
soil , and then it reads hat resistance to get the moisture level. More water makes the soil conduct electricity
more easily (less resistance) , while dry soil conducts electricity poorly (more resistance) . it will be helpful to
remind you to water your indoor plants or to monitor the soil moisture in your garden.
The IO expansion shield is the perfect shield to connect this sensor to Arduino. This item have low power
consumption , and high sensitivity, which are the biggest characteristics of this module. This item can be
compatible with Arduino UNO,Arduino mega2560, Arduino ADK etc.

Features

Working voltage :5V

Working Current : i20ma
Interface : Analog
Depth of dedication :37mm
Working Temperature :10-30 celsius
Weight : 3g
Size :63208mm
Arduino compatible interface
Low power consumption
High sensitivity
Output voltage signal : 0 4.2V

Pin definition

“s” stand for signal input

“+” stand for power

supply “-“ stand for GND

Applications

Botanical gardening
Water sensor
Figure 8: Connecting Diagram
DHT11 Sensors (Temperature and Humidity Sensor)

Figure 9: Temperature and Humidity sensor

The DHT11 is a basic , low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity senor
and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air , and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no Analog
input pins needed). Its fairly simple to use , but requires careful timing to grab data . the only real downside
of this sensor is you can only get new data from it once every 2 seconds.

Features

1. Full range temperature compensated

2. Relative humidity and temperature measurement
3. Calibrated digital signal
4. Outstanding long-term stability
5. Extra components not needed
6. Long transmission distance
7. Low power consumption
8. 4 pins packaged and fully interchangeable
Details

This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC temperature
component , and connects to a high-performance 8-bit micro controller , offering excellent quality , fast
response , anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness . each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the
laboratory that is extremely accurate on humidity calibration . the calibration coefficients are stored as
programmes in the OTP memory , which are used by the sensor’s internal signal detecting process. The
single – wire serial interface makes system integration quick and easy. Its small size , low power
consumption and up-to-20 meter signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications,
including those most demanding ones . the consumption is 4 pin single row pin package.

Figure 10: Details

Communication Process : Serial Interface (Single-Wire Two- Way)

The interesting thing in this module is the protocol that uses to transfer that uses to transfer data. All the
interesting thing in this module is the protocol that uses to transfer data. All the sensors readings are sent
using a single wire bus which reduces the cost and extends the distance . In order to send data over a bus
you have to describe the way the data will be transferred , so that transmitter and receiver can understand
what says each other . this is what a protocol does. It describes the way the data are transmitted on DHT-11
the 1-wire data bus is pulled up with a resistor to VCC. So if occurred the voltage on the bus is equal to VCC.
NodeMCU (Arduino+ESP8266)

Figure 11: NodeMCU

General Overview

Espressif systems’ smart connectivity platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance , high integration wireless
SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform designers. It provides unsurpassed ability
to embed WiFi capabilities within other systems , or to function as a standalone application , with the lowest
cost , and minimal space requirement.

ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can be used to host the
application or to afford WiFi networking functions from another application processor. When ESP8266EX
hosts the application , it boots up directly from an external ash . in has integrated cache to improve the
performance of the system in such applications. Alternately , serving as a WiFi adapter , wireless internet
access can be added to any micro controller based design with simple connectivity(SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART
interface) . ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip in the industry ; it integrates the antenna
switches , RF balun, power amplifier , low noise receive amplifier , iters ,power management modules , it
requires minimal external circuitry , and the entire solution , including front-end module , is designed to
occupy minimal PCB area. ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of tensilica’s L106 Diamond series
32-bit processor , with on-chip SRAM , besides the WiFi functionalities . ESP8266EX is often integrated with
external sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs.
 Figure 12: Block Diagram

sample codes for such applications are provided in the software development kit (SDK). Espressif Systems’
Smart Connectivity platform (ESCP) demonstrates sophisticated system – level features include fast sleep/
wake context switching for energy –efficient VOIP , adaptive radio biasing for low- power operation ,
advance signal processing , and spur cancellation and radio co-existence features for common cellular ,
Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS , LCD interference mitigation.

Features

1. 802.11 b/g/n
2. Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
3. Integrated 10-bit ADC
4. Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
5. Integrated TR switch , balun, LNA , power amplifier and matching network
6. Integrated PLL , regulators, and power management units
7. Supports antenna diversity
8. WiFi 2.4 GHz , support WPA/ WPA2
 9. Support STA/AP/+AP operation modes
10. Support smart link function for both android and IOS devices
11. SDIO 2.0 , (H) SPI ,UART, I2C , I2S, IR remote control, PWM , GPIO
12. STBC ,1x1 MIMO , 2x1 MIMO
13. A-MPDU A-MSDU aggregation 0.4s guard interval
14. Deep sleep power i10uA, power down leakage current I 5uA
15. Wakeup and transmit packets in i 2ms
16. Standby power consumption of i1.0mW (DTIM3)
17. +20dbm output power in 802.11b mode
18. Operating temperature range -40c 125c
19. FCC , CE ,TELEC , WiFi , Alliance , and SRRC certified

Electrical characteristics

Figure 13: Electrical characteristics

MCU
ESP8266EX is embedded with Tensilica L106 32-bit micro controller (MCU), which features extra low power
consumption and 16-bit RSIC. The CPU clock speed is 80MHz. It can also reach a maximum value of 160MHz.
Real Time Operation System (RTOS) is enabled. Currently, only 20% of MIPS has been occupied by the WiFi
stack, the rest can all be used for user application programming and development. The following interfaces
can be used to connect to the MCU embedded in ESP8266EX:
• Programmable RAM/ROM interfaces (iBus), which can be connected with memory controller, and can also
be used to visit external flash;

• Data RAM interface (dBus), which can connected with memory controller.

• AHB interface, can be used to visit the register.

Inter-integrated Circuit Interface (I2C)

One I2C, which is mainly used to connect with micro controller and other peripheral equipment such as
sensors, is defined by ESP8266EX. The present pin definition of I2C is as defined below:

Figure 14: Pin definition

Both I2C-Master and I2C-Slave are supported. I2C interface functionality can be realized via software
programming, the clock frequency can be up to around 100KHz at most. It should be noted that I2C clock
frequency should be higher than the slowest clock frequency of the slave device.

I2S : Currently one I2S data input interface and one I2S data output interface are defined. I2S interface is
mainly used in applications such as data collection, processing, and transmission of audio data, as well as the
input and output of serial data. For example, LED lights (WS2812 series) are supported. The pin definition of
I2S is as defined below:

Figure 15: pin definition of I2S

Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)
Two UART interfaces, UART0 and UART1, have been defined by ESP8266EX, the definitions are as
below:

Figure 16: UART interfaces

Data transfers to/from UART interfaces can be implemented via hardware. The data transmission speed via
UART interfaces can reach 115200*40 (4.5Mbps). UART0 can be for communication. It supports fluid control.
Since UART1 features only data transmit signal (Tx), it is usually used for printing log. Notes: By default,
UART0 will output some printed information when the device is powered on and is booting up. The baud
rate of the printed information is closely related to the frequency of the external crystal oscillator. If the
frequency of the crystal oscillator is 40MHz, then the baud rate for printing is 115200; if the frequency of the
crystal oscillator is 26MHz, then the baud rate for printing is 74880. If the printed information exerts any
influence on the functionality of your device, you’d better block the printing during the power-on period by
changing (U0TXD,U0RXD) to (MTDO,MTCK).

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)

Four PWM output interfaces have been defined by ESP8266EX. They can be extended by users themselves.
The present pin definitions of the PWM interfaces are defined as below:

Figure 17: PWM Interfaces

The functionality of PWM interfaces can be implemented via software programming. For example, in the LED
smart light demo, the function of PWM is realized by interruption of the timer, the minimum resolution can
reach as much as 44 ns. PWM frequency range is adjustable from 1000 us to 10000 us, i.e., between 100Hz
and 1KHz. When the PWM frequency is at 1 KHz, the duty ratio will reach 1/22727, and over 14 bit
resolution will be achieved at 1KHz refresh rate.

ThingSpeak Cloud

ThingSpeak is an internet of things (IOT) platform that lets you collect and store sensor data in the cloud and
develop IOT applications. ThingSpeak IOT platform provides apps that let you analyse and visualize your data
in MATLAB , and then act on the data . internet of things (IOT) describes an emerging trend where a large
number of embedded devices (things) are connected to the internet. These connected devices
communicate with people and other things and often provide sensor data to cloud storage and cloud
computing resources where the data is processed and analyzed to gain important insights. Cheap cloud
computing power and increased device connectivity is enabling this trend.

IoT solutions are built for many vertical applications such as environmental monitoring and control, health
monitoring, vehicle fleet monitoring, industrial monitoring and control, and home automation.

At a high level, many IoT systems can be described using the diagram below:

Figure 18: ThingSpeak Working

On the left, we have the smart devices (the “things” in IoT) that live at the edge of the network. These
devices collect data and include things like wearable devices, wireless temperatures sensors, heart rate
monitors, and hydraulic pressure sensors, and machines on the factory floor.
In the middle, we have the cloud where data from many sources is aggregated and analyzed in real time,
often by an IoT analytics platform designed for this purpose.

The right side of the diagram depicts the algorithm development associated with the IoT application. Here an
engineer or data scientist tries to gain insight into the collected data by performing historical analysis on the
data.

In this case, the data is pulled from the IoT platform into a desktop software environment to enable the
engineer or scientist to prototype algorithms that may eventually execute in the cloud or on the smart
device itself.

An IoT system includes all these elements. ThingSpeak fits in the cloud part of the diagram and provides a
platform to quickly collect and analyze data from internet connected sensors.

ThingSpeak Key Features

ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the cloud. Some of the key
capabilities of ThingSpeak include the ability to:

 Easily configure devices to send data to ThingSpeak using popular IoT protocols.
 Visualize your sensor data in real-time.
 Aggregate data on-demand from third-party sources.
 Use the power of MATLAB to make sense of your IoT data.
 Run your IoT analytics automatically based on schedules or events.
 Prototype and build IoT systems without setting up servers or developing web software.
 Automatically act on your data and communicate using third-party services like Twilio or Twitter.