Music: Definition

• The art of combining

sounds of varying pitch
to produce a coherent
composition that is
melodious, harmonious,
intelligible, and
expressive of ideas and
emotion.
 Elements
• Pitch. The relative highness or lowness of a tone.
• Volume or Intensity. The loudness or softness of a sound.
Ranges from very soft (pianissimo) and soft (piano) to very
loud (fortissimo) and loud (forte).
• Tempo. The speed of a
.composition or any of its sections.
Terms such as allegro (fast), vivace
(lively), moderato (moderate
speed), andante (moderately slow),
adagio (slower than andante), lento
(slow), and largo (very slow) are
related to tempo.
 Elements
• Duration. The length of time during which a sound is
produced.
• Timbre or Tone Color. The quality of sound that makes it
distinct from other sounds.
• Rhythm. The consistent pattern or succession of identical
or similar sounds. This is illustrated by the succession of
similar sounds in a song, as follows: introduction, stanza
one, chorus, refrain, stanza two, chorus, refrain, coda, and
conclusion.
• Melody. The series of consecutive tones that very in pitch
and duration but form a line of individual significance and
expressive value. It is an orderly succession of tones or
musical sounds.
 Elements
• Harmony. The simultaneous sounding of two or more tones.
When three or more tones are sounded simultaneously, there
exists a chord.
• Texture. The number of tones expected to be apprehended
simultaneously. It is either monophonic (sounding of a single
melodic line without an accompaniment), polyphonic
(simultaneous sounding of two or more melodic lines of relatively
equal interest), or homophonic (sounding of one main melody
supported by a subordinate one, as in the performance of a folk
singer with a guitar accompaniment).
• Form. The overall organization of the composition. It is associated
with shape, structure, and coherence. All the musical elements are
put together to come up with the cohesive whole called form. All
the notes and all the other components of the song constitute its
form.
 Kinds: Types
According to Boethius, the most eloquent
music writer of the Middle Ages, there are
three types of music:
•Musica mundana. Music created by the
orderly relationships found among the planets
and the changing seasons of the world;
•Musica humana. Music created by human
beings, by the unity of the body and the soul’;
and
•Musica intrumentalis. Music created by
musical instruments.
 Kinds: Classification
• Vocal Music. Music produced by the
voices of singers. The singing is done
without the accompaniment of
musical instruments. Vocal music is
rendered a cappella.

• Instrumental Music. Music produced

by musical instruments. It is
exemplified by an orchestra
performing without a soloist or a
group of singers.
Kinds: Classification
• Mixed Music or Mixed
Ensemble. A combination of
vocal music and
instrumental music. Mixed
ensembles usually perform
in Mass, Requiem Mass,
opera, oratorio, and cantata.
Even a symphony orchestra
may employ a vocal soloist
or a chorus.
 Kinds: Classification
• Ensemble. Music rendered by a group of performers―singers
and/or players of musical instruments. Based on the number of
performers and the types of musical instruments used, ensembles
are classified into:
✔ Orchestra. The most spectacular because of its large size. Usually
performs under a conductor. It is divided into four sections: the
string, the woodwind, the brass, and the percussion.
✔ Symphony Orchestra. Composed of 100 players. All the principal
instrumental types divided into four sections with at least
instrument under each of the four basic ranges: soprano, alto,
tenor, and bass.
✔ Concerto. A form written for the orchestra in which one solo
instrument, for example, a piano or a violin, is given prominence.
 Kinds: Classification
• Ensemble.
✔ Band. Has the size of an orchestra but consists mainly or
exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. Usually performs
in concert halls and outdoor events such as parades, funerals,
football games, and the like. Nowadays, a band is used to mean a
small group of performers, consisting of a soloist, drummer,
guitarist/s, and keyboardist, or a small group of singers.
✔ Rondalla. Composed of stringed instruments (banduria, laud,
octavina, piccolo, guitarra, and bajo).
✔ Mixed Ensemble.
✔ Chamber Orchestra. Larger than a chamber ensemble and smaller
than a full orchestra.
 Kinds: Classification
• Ensemble.
✔ Chamber Ensemble. A small group of instrumental players ranging
from one to nine. Chamber music written for only one instrument
(violin, cello, flute, oboe, horn, etc.) is called solo sonata; for two,
duo; for three, trio; for four, quartet (piano or string); for five,
quintet; for six, sextet; for seven, septet; for eight, octet; and for
• nine,
Specialnonet.Ensemble. Family
ensembles composed of family
members and ensembles who
use electronic media instead of
the traditional musical
instruments. The Pangkat
Kawayan, whose members play
instruments made of bamboo is
a special ensemble.
 Mediums
The media of music are classified into:
• Vocal Media. Pertain to:
✔ Male Voices. Have three registers: bass (lowest), baritone
(middle), and tenor (highest). The lowest of the male vocal
registers is the basso profundo.

✔ Female Voices. Three registers: alto

(lowest), mezzo soprano ( middle),
and soprano (highest). The highest
of the female vocal registers is the
coloratura soprano.
 Mediums
The media of music are classified into:
• Instrumental Media. Pertain to the different instruments
played by musicians. Form part of the orchestra and based
on how their sounds are produced, they are classified to:
✔ String/Stringed Instruments.
Have strings which are either
plucked or bowed. Plucked
strings are guitars, ukeleles,
banjos, mandolins, harps, and
the lyres. The bowed strings
are violins, violas, violincellos
or cellos, and double basses
or contrabasses.
 Mediums
The media of music are classified into:
✔ Wind Instruments. Require wind to
produce sound so they are blown.
Based on the material used to create
them, they are classifies into
woodwind instruments and brass
instruments. The piccolos, flutes,
oboes, English horns, clarinets, bass
clarinets, bassoons, and
contrabassoons are woodwind
instruments. The brass instruments
consist of the saxophones, trumpets,
French horns, trombones, tubas, and
cornets.
 Mediums
The media of music are classified into:
✔ Percussion Instruments.
Beaten or struck. They come
in a variety of forms. The
drums (kettle drums, snare
drums, side drums, etc.),
glockenspiels, xylophones,
marimbas, gongs, cymbals,
triangles, and chimes belong
to this group.
✔ Keyborad Instruments. Have keys which are
pressed to produce the desired sounds. They
include the piano, the organ, the celesta, the piano
accordion, and the harmonium.
History
• Prehistoric Period. Dates back to
4,000 years ago when the “oldest
known song” from Ur was written in
cuneiform
• Greek Period. Exemplified by the
Epitaph of Seikelos (first century
A.D.) engraved on a tombstone in
Tralles, Asia Minor and the “Hymn to
Apollo” (2nd century A.D.) by
Mesomedes of Crete.
 History
• Roman Period. Vocal and instrumental music (lyre, trumpet,
and drums) formed part of the daily lives of early Romans.
Songs and operas were among their entertainment fares.
• Medieval Period. The only
repertory Medieval music which
ahs survived from before 800 to
the present is the plainsong
liturgical music of the Roman
Catholic Church. The largest part
of this music is called the
Gregorian chant, named after
Pope Gregory I, who is claimed to
be the originator of the musical
portion of the liturgy in its
 History
• Renaissance Period. Did not take its roots in Italy but in
northern Europe (France, the Netherlands, and Belgium).
• Baroque Period. Instrumental music became dominant and
most major music forms were defined. Secular music came to
the fore as the sonata, the concerto, and the concerto grosso
developed. Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and
Antonio Vivaldi were the three outstanding composers of the
period.
• Classic Period. Characterized by homophonic texture (an
obvious melody with accompaniment). The popular
instrumental music was dominated be several well-defined
forms (the sonata, the symphony, and the concerto). Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart was the central figure of the period. Ludwig
van Beethoven and Franz Schubert were transitional
composers leading to the Romantic Period.
 History
• Romantic Period. Music became more expressive and
emotional.
• Modern Period. A revolution in music listening occurred as the
radio gained popularity worldwide and new media and
technologies were developed to record, capture, reproduce,
and distribute music.
 Notable Artists: Local Composers
• Bonifacio Abdon – first Filipino conductor of opera. Among the
first composers who elevated kundiman to artistic level.
• Nicanor Abelardo – raised the kundiman genre to art-song
• status.
Freddie Aguilar – known as the “Bob Dylan of the Philippines.”
His groundbreaking single, “Anak,” which lost in the Metro Pop
Music Festival, was released in 56 countries and translated into
more than 26 foreign languages.
• Heminio Alcasid, Jr. – popularly known as Ogie, a singer,
songwriter.
• Joey Ayala – an advocate of environmental protection. Known
for “Walang Hanggang Paalam.”
• Heber Bartolome – a proponent of alternative music who
composed songs dealing with societal problems.
 Notable Artists: Local Composers
• Eleander B. Buendia – fondly called Ely who gained popularity
as a guitarist, songwriter, and lead vocalist for the rock band,
The Eraserheads.
• George Canseco – one of the foremost composers of Original
Pilipino Music.
• Jose Canseco – a late 19th century composer who wrote hymns,
zarzuelas, military marches, and motets.
• Ryan Cayabyab – was the Executive and Artistic Director of the
San Miguel Foundation for the Performing Arts.
• Levi Celerio – named as National Artist for Music in 1997.
Known worldwide for being a leaf-player, for which he earned a
space in the Guinness Book of World Records. Wrote “Sa Ugoy
ng Duyan.”
 Notable Artists: Local Composers
• Willy Cruz – written lyrics and composed songs for Sharon
Cuneta and her movies.
• Ernani Cuenco – best known for “Gaano Kita Kamahal.”
• Constancio De Guzman – set to music the lyrics of “Bayan Ko,”
written by Jose Corazon de Jesus (a.k.a. Huseng Batute).
• Julian Felipe – first Filipino of note who set to music the lyrics of
the Philippine National Anthem, “Lupang Hinirang,” written by
Jose Palma.
• Lucrecia Kasilag – known as the “First Lady of Philippine Music.”
Served as president of the Cultural Center of the Philippines for
17 years.
 Notable Artists: Local Composers
• Louie Ocampo –known for his association with Martin Nievera.
• Francisco Santiago – first Filipino composer to be conferred the
degree of Doctor of Music abroad and the first Filipino to be
appointed director of the UP Conservatory of Music.
• Juan Silos, Jr. – best known for his rondalla music.
• Retituto Umali – known to many as Resty. Popular for the song
“Saan Ka Man Naroroon.”
• Mike Velarde – composer of Imelda Romualdez-Marcos’ favorite
song “Dahil Sa Iyo.”
 Notable Artists: Foreign Composers
• John Coolidge Adams – an American composer with strong
roots in minimalism. Known for his opera, “On the
Transmigration of Souls” which commemorated the victims of
the September 11. 2001 attacked and which won for him the
2003 Pulitzer Price for Music.
• Johann Sebastian Bach – a German composer of the Baroque
period. Wrote all forms of music except opera.
• Ludwin van Beethoven – a German composer who wrote
symphonies, opera (Fidelio), chamber music, piano sonatas.
• Geroge Bizet – a French composer known for his opera
“Carmen.”
• Frederic Chopin – a Polish composer known as the “Poet of the
Piano.” He wrote preludes, waltzes, and concertos.
 Notable Artists: Foreign Composers
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – an Australian Classic composer
who wrote symphonies, operas, chamber and piano music.
Among his works as “Symphony No. 41 in C Major” (“Jupiter”),
“Marriage of Figaro,” “Don Giovanni,” and “Magic Flute.”
• Giacomo Puccini – an Italian composer who wrote the opera,
“Madame Butterfly.”
• Peter Illich Tschaikovsky – a Russian composer noted for the
following: “Sixth Symphony” (“Pathetique”), “Nutcracker Suite”
(ballet), and the overture of “Hamlet.”
• Giuseppe Verdi – an Italian composer who wrote the following
operas: “Aida,” “Rigoletto,” “Il Trovatore,” “La Traviata,” and
“Othello.”
Thank You!