Estimation and Sampling

Answer No 1 (Section-2 April 1991):

Population 2, 4, 8, 8, 10, 10
Sample of size n=2 without replacement.
(2,4), (2,8), (2,8), (2,10), (2,10), (4,8), (4,8), (4,8), (4,10)
(8,8), (8,10), (8,10), (8,10), (8,10), (10,10)
The total number of samples should be 6C2= 15
Answer No. 2 Section II November 1996
Given sample size n = 36, Mean = 576, Standard deviation S.D. = 300
x− µ 576− µ
Z = S.D = 300
√n √36

Z0.05 = 1.645
300
1.645 ( 6 ) = 576 – µ or µ = 576 – 82.25
As the confidence interval is derived by adding and subtracting the value of
µ = 576 ± 82.25 = 493.75 to 658.25
Answer No. 3 Section II October 1997
a) Population 15, 9, 24, 6, 18,
Possible samples of size 3 without replacement are
i)
Samples Samples Mean (x)
15 + 9 + 24
15, 9, 24 = 16
3
15 + 9 + 6
15, 9, 6 = 10
3
15 + 9 + 18
• 15,9,18 14
3
15 + 24 + 6
15, 24,6 = 15
3
15 + 24 + 18
15, 24, 18 = 19
3
15 + 6 + 18
15,6, 18 = 13
3
9 + 24 + 6
9, 24, 6 = 13
3
9 + 24 + 18
9, 24, 18 = 17
3
9 + 6 + 18
9, 6, 18 = 11
3
24 + 6 + 18
24, 6,18 = 16
3
Total = 144

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 ∑x 144
ii) E(x) = n
= 10
= 144

∑x 15+9+24+6+18 72
µ= = = = 14.4
n 5 5
Verified that population mean is equal to mean of sample means
Answer No. 4 Section II April 1998
Given x =89.9, S.D = 15.2
Z(95%) = 1.96, n = 150
x− µ S.D
Z = S.D or Z ( ) = x – µ
√n
√n

S.D 15.2
µ=x±Z( ) = 89.9 ± 1.96 ( )
√n √150

= 89.9 ± 2.43 = 87.47 to 92.33

Answer No 5 Section II April 1998
All possible samples of size 3 from 6 and 15 will be (2)3 = 8

Samples Total Average (x) (x)2 X x2

6, 6, 6 18 6 36 6 36
6, 6, 15 27 9 81 15 225
6, 15, 6 27 9 81 21 261
6, 15, 15 36 12 144
15,15,15 45 15 225
15,15, 6 36 12 144
15, 6, 15 36 12 144
15, 6, 6 27 9 81
84 936
∑x2 ∑x 936 84
Variance (x) = − ( )2 = − ( )2
n 𝑛 8 8
= 117 – 110.25 = 6.75
∑x2 ∑x 261 21
Variance (x) = − ( )2 = − ( )2 = 130.5 – 110.25=20.25
n 𝑛 2 2
It is proved that variance of sample means is one third of population variance 3(6.75) = 20.25 (Population
Variance)
Answer No. 6 Section II April 1998

x 2.6 2.3 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.9 3.2 Total 21.6
x2 6.76 5.29 9.61 7.84 6.76 4.41 8.41 10.24 Total 59.32
The sample mean is always unbiased estimate of population mean
∑x 21.6
= = 2.7
n 8
The unbiased estimate of variance of population
1 (∑x)2 1 (21.6)2
s2 = √
(n−1)
[∑x 2 −
n
] =√
(8−1)
[59.31 −
8
]
1 1
= [59.32 - 58.32] =
7 7
Answer No. 7 Section II September 1998
a) Given x = 41.5 inches, S.D = 9 inches, n = 16

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 x− µ 41.5 − µ 41.5 − µ
Z= S.D = 9 =
2.25
√n √16
2.25 Z = 41.5 – µ or µ = 41.5 ± 2.25 Z
Where Z at 95% = 1.96
µ = 41.5 ± 2.25 (1.96) = 41.5 ± 4.41
µ = 37.09 to 45.91
b) Given S.D = 4, x = 30 Probability = 0.0606
The distance of µ to x is
0.5 – 0.0606 = 0.4394
If the area under normal curve table is seen the probability of 0.4394 is seen against 1.55 value of
Z
x− µ
Z=
S.D
30 − µ
1.55 =
4
6.2 = 30 – µ
µ = 30 – 6.2 = 23.8
Answer No. 8 March 1999
i) ∑x = 66003, n = 800, ∑x2 = 5545519
Unbiased estimate of population mean
66003
x= = 82.5
800
Unbiased estimate of population variance
1 (∑x)2
s2 = √(n−1) [∑x 2 − n
]
1 100024
s2= [5545519 – 5445495] = = 125.19
799 799
ii) Confidence interval is given by
S s2 125.19
x± (z) = 82.5 ± √ n (z) = 82.5 ± √ (1.96) = 82.5 ± 0.78
√n 800
Confidence interval is 81.72 to 83.28
Answer No. 9 Autumn 1999
Total voters = 1500
Favour A = 600
Probability of success A = 600/1500 = 2/5 = 0.40 = p
Failure of A i.e. q = 1 – p = 1 – 2/5 = 3/5
1 – α = 0.95, Hence α0.05 = 1.96
The confidence limits
p(1−p) p(1−p)
p – Z1 – α/2 √ n
< p < p + Z1 – α/2 √ n
(0.4)(0.6) (0.4)(0.6)
0.4 – (1.96) √ 1500
< p < 0.4 + (1.96) √ 1500
0.4 – 0.025 < p < 0.4 + 0.025
0.375 < p < 0.425
37.5% < p < 42.5%
At 95% confidence level party A will get 37.5% to 42.5% votes. However, if one-sided confidence
interval is to be calculated it can be
0.4- 1.645 (0.012649) <P 0.4-0.0208 <P 0.3792 <P 37.92%
So it is at 95% confidence level that Dartv A will aet 37.92% of the votes definite.
Answer No. 10 Spring 2000
Given x = 62.7, n = 17 and σ = 3.81

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 The point estimation of population mean µ is the sample mean because if population is normally
distributed, sample mean is considered to be unbiased estimate of population mean.
Hence E (x) = x = µ = 62.7
Answer No. 11 Spring 2000
Number of sample units (sample size) if mean is within ± 0.5 pounds at 95% confidence level.
Z at 95% × σ 2
n=( e
) = where e = |x – µ| = 0.5

1.96 ×1 2
n=( 0.05
) = 3.8416/0.25 = 1537.00

Answer No. 12 Autumn 2000

X x2
102 10404
106 11236
107 11449
109 11881
112 12544
114 12996
114 12996
116 13456
119 14161
127 16129
127 16129
128 16384
1381 159765

∑x 1381
x= = = 115.08
n 12
1 (∑x)2 1
s=√
(n−1)
[∑x 2 −
n
] = s = √ [159765 − 158930.083] = s = √834.917/11 = 8.71
11
95% Confidence interval for µ
tS
µ = x ± n where t at (n – 1) or 11 degrees of freedom =2.201
√

(2.201)(8.71)
µ = 115.08 ± = 115.08 ± 5.53 = 109.55 to 120.61
√12

Answer No. 13 Autumn 2000

N = 5, variance = 50, n = 3
N−n 5−3
i) σ2x without replacement = = × 50/3 = 8.33
N−1 5−1
2 2
ii) σ x with replacement = (σ /√n) = 50/3 = 16.67
Answer No. 14 Spring 2001
If sample mean does not differ from population by more than half of S.D then
In estimation formula:
e = |x – µ| = α /2
n = [(Z α /2 × σ/e)]2
(2.58)2 σ2
n= σ2
= (2.58)2 × 4 = 4(6.6564) = 26.6256 or say 27
4
Answer No. 15 Autumn 2001

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 Calculation of standard error of mean
X f Midpoint y fy fy2
1-10 17 5.5 93z.5 514.25
11-20 85 15.5 1317.5 20421.25
21 -30 129 25.5 3289.5 83882.25
31-40 200 35.5 7100.0 252050.00
41 -50 180 45.5 8190.0 372645.00
51 -60 120 55.5 6660.0 369630.00
61 -70 32 65.5 2096.0 137288.00
763 28746.5 1236430.75
∑fy2
σµ = √ ∑f
− (∑fy − ∑f)2 = √1236430.75 − (28746.5 − 763)2 = √201.0034= 14.18
σµ 14.18 14.18
SE = = = = 0.51
√𝑛 √763 27.62
Answer No.16 Spring 2002
i) Standard error of mean when sampling is without replacement
σ N−n
σx = √
√𝑛 N−1
where N is the size of population = 16
n is the size of sample = 6
σ is standard deviation of population = 12
12 16−6
σx = √ = 4.00
√6 16−1
12 16−10
ii) If n = 10, then σx = √ = 2.4
√6 16−1
Answer No. 17 Autumn 2002
a) n = 16, mean = 71.54, S.D = 12
i) The probability or the level of confidence must be available for validity of confidence
interval construction.
ii) Standard error of mean = σ/√𝑛 = 12/ √16 = 3
x− µ
iii) Z = σ or Z(σ/√𝑛) = x – µ
√n
µ = x – Z(σ/√𝑛) and for interval
µ = x ± Z(σ/√𝑛) where value of Z at 95% level is 1.96
µ = 71.54 ± 1.96(3) = 71.54 ± 5.88 or (65.66-----77.42)
iv) The confidence interval at 95% level should be wider than 90% level.
b) Here sample size is given by the formula
n = Z2p(1 – p)/e2 where
Z is the value at given confidence level which is 1.96 at 95%
p is the proportion of success,
e is the percentage of difference from estimated mean
so n = (1.96)2 (0.35) (0.65) / (0.05)2 = 350 rounded.
Answer No. 18 Spring 2003
Given n = 256 , x = 45420, s = 2050
i) The point estimate for mean income of all middle level manger is the mean itself which is
45420
ii) 95% confidence limits for mean income
x− µ 45420 − µ
Z = s = 2050
√n √256
2050 (1.96) = 45420 – µ or 251.125 = 45420 – µ

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 16
For limits µ = 45420 ± 251.125
µ = 45420 – 251.125 = 45168.875
µ = 45420 + 251.125 = 45671.125
Hence lower and upper limits of mean income of all middle level managers are 45169 and
45671 respectively.
iii) 95% confidence interval for µ is 45168 < µ < 45671
Answer No. 19 Spring 2003
Units in population = 5 Units in sample = 2
i) Number of samples if sampling is done with replacement = (N)n = (5)2 = 25
ii) Number of samples if sampling is done without replacement = NCn = 5C2 = 10
Answer No. 20 Autumn 2003
Karachi Branch Lahore Branch
µ1 = Rs. 11,000 µ2 = Rs. 8,500
σ1 = Rs. 1,700 σ2 = Rs. 500
n1 = 50 n2 = 50
Mean of (x1 – x 2 ) = µ1 – µ2 = 11000 – 8500 = 2500
σ σ 17002 5002
S.E (x1 – x2) = √ 1 + 2 = √ + = √57800 + 5000 = √62800 = 250.6
n n 1 2 50 50
Answer No. 21 Spring 2004
a) Given σ = 20, α = 0.05
Let µ = 0, hence x = 5
x− µ x− µ √n
Zα/2 = σ => Zα/2 = σ
√n
σ Zα 0.05 20(1.96)
√n = x
= 5−0 = 7.84 or n = 61 rounded
b) n = 10, x = 9.5, s = 3.24, α = 0.05
Confidence interval for µ at 95%
𝛼 s 𝛼 3.24
µ = x ± t (9)( ) = 9.5 ± t (9)
2 √n 2 √10
3.24
= 9.5 ± 2.262 = 9.5 ± 2.3 = 7.2 – 11.8
3.16
At 95% confidence level mean daily amount of sulphur ranges from 7.2 to 11.8
Answer No. 22 Autumn 2004
i) In a population of 5 units, the number of samples of size with replacement can be drown in
Nn ways = 52 = 25
Without replacement with the same conditions number of samples will be
N
Cn = 5C2 = 10
ii) Because E(x) = µ, the mean of the sampling distribution will be µ = 24.
σ 2.83 2.83
The standard error σx = = = = 2.00
√𝑛 √2 1.41
Answer No. 23 Spring 2005
75
Given n1 = 1500, p1 = = 0.05
1500
80
n2 = 2000, p2 = = 0.04
2000
For confidence interval
p1 (1−p1 ) p (1−p2 )
(p1 – p2) ± Zα/2 √ + 2
n1 n2
Or

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 0.05(1−0.05) 0.04(1−0.04)
0.05 – 0.04 ± 1.645√ +
1500 2000
0.01 ± √0.0000316 + 0.0000192 = 0.01 ± 0.012 – 0.002 to 0.022
Answer No. 24 Spring 2005
1
If sample size is increased from 60 to 240 the standard error will decrease by 2
σ σ σ
S.E = or =
√n √60 7.746
σ σ σ 1
S.E = or = where 7.746 = (15.492)
√n √240 15.492 2
Answer No. 25 Autumn 2005
Given Total students = 300
Having GPA more than 2.5 = 213
213
p = 300 = 0.71

P(1−p) (0.71)(1−0.71) (0.71)(1−0.71)

p(p < 𝑝 + 𝑍𝛼 √ n
) = α = 0.71 + 1.282 √ n
= 2.5 + 1.282 √ 300
= 0.71 + (1.282)(0.026) = 2.5 + 0.03 = 2.53
Answer No. 26 Autumn 2005
a) Given µ = 19, σ = 1.3, n = 100
i) Sample mean is the unbiased estimate of population mean, hence x = 19
Standard deviation of sampling distribution is not the unbiased estimate of population
standard deviation. However, there is a relationship between population standard
deviation and sample standard deviation
σ 1.3 1.3
σx = = = = 0.13
√𝑛 √100 10
ii) P(x < 18.7) = 0.5 – P (18.7 < x < 19)
𝑥− µ 18.7−19 −0.03
Z = σ = 1.3 = = – 2.31
0.13
√𝑛 √100
P (18.7 < x < 19) = P (– 2.31 < Z < 0) = 0.4896
P(x < 18.7) = 0.5 – P(– 2.31 < Z < 0)
= 0.5 – 0.4896 = 0.0104
b) Given
Mean Time = 12 hours
Standard Deviations = 3 hours
The number of citizens to be surveyed for within a mean time of quarter hour
Zα/2 σ 2
n=( )
e
n = number of sample units
Zα /2 at 95% = 1.96
e = |x – µ |
1.96(3) 2 5.88 2
n=( ) = ( ) = 553
12.25−12 0.25
Answer No. 27(a) Autumn 2006
Confidence interval when population mean and standard deviation is not known and sample size is less
than 30
𝛼 S
µ = x ± t 2 (n – 1) n
√

where x = 42300, S = 4000, n = 16

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 𝛼
and t 2 (16 – 1) = 2.602

2.602 ×4000
= 42300 ± = 42300 ± 2602
√16

So interval is 39698 to 44902

Answer No. 27(b) Autumn 2006
The precision can be increased by maintaining the same level of confidence by increasing the sample size.
This is however, also dependent on population standard deviation and level of confidence. But, the SD
and level being uncontrolled, the sample size increase is the only choice. It is worth mentioning that
smaller is the interval greater is precision.
Answer No. 28 Autumn 2006
x = 10,000 hours, s = 1,000 hours, n = 25 confidence interval when population standard deviation is not
known and n < 30 at 95% level. The confidence interval is given by
𝛼 S
x ± t2 ( n)
√

where value of t at 95% against (25 – 1) degrees of freedom is 2.064

1000
internal = 10000 ± 2.064( )
√25
= 10000 ± 413 = 9587 to 10413
It is 95% sure that mean length of life time of the television sets produced by the company lies between
9608 to 10392 hours.
Answer No. 29 Autumn 2007
From the given information
i)
12012
p= = 0.5005
24000
p(1−p) (0.5005)(1−0.5005)
ii) Standard error σ p = √ n = √ 24000
=
0.00323

iii) The confidence interval is given as

p(1−p)
p ± Z√ n
where value of Z at 10% level is 1.28
0.5005 ± 1.28 (0.00323)
= 0.5005 ± 0.0041

0.4964 to 0.5046

This indicates that population proportion should lie between the two limits of 0.4964 and
0.5046.
Answer No. 30 Spring 2008
Before After x2 d = x1 – x2 (d – d) (d – d)2
93 92 1 0 0
106 102 4 3 9
87 89 -2 -3 9
92 92 0 -1 1
102 101 1 0 0
95 96 -1 -2 4

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 88 88 0 -1 1
110 105 5 4 16
8 40

∑d 8
d= = = 1
n 8

∑(d−d)2 40
s=√ n−1
= √8−1 = √5.7143 = 2.39

98% confidence interval for µ1 – µ2

S 2.39
d ± td/2 (n – 1) dn = 1 ± 2.998 x 8 = 1 ± 2.53
√ √

Confidence Interval = (–1.53 to 3.53)

Answer No. 31 Autumn 2008

Zα/2σ 2 (2.24)(26) 2
n=( ) = ( ) = 34
e 10

Answer No. 32 Autumn 2008

Given x = 26.4 km, S.D. = 2.3 km, n = 16
Then
S.D 2.3
µ = x ± t(0.01) n = 26.4 ± (2.583) ( 16 )
√

µ = 26.4 ± 1.49
24.91 to 27.89
Answer No. 33 Autumn 2009
The formula for confidence interval
s(t)
µ=x± n
√

Now
s(t)
µ= x± = 51.3___________________(i)
√n

s(t)
µ=x– = 45.5____________________(ii)
√n

Adding both the equations

2 µ = 2x = 96.8
x = 48.4

subtracting both the equations

s(t)
= 5.8 where t(0.02, 19) = 2.539
√n

s(t)
= 2.9
√n

2.9√n 2.9√20
s= =
t t

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 (2.9)2 (20)
s2 = (2.539)2
= 26.09

Answer No. 3 Spring 2010

The sample size that means reaction time will not exceed 0.01 seconds to 95% confident
Zα 2
2
σ (1.96)(0.05) 2
n=( e
) = ( 0.01
)

If sample size is 96 then it is 95% confidently said that reaction time will not exceed 0.01
seconds.
Answer No. 33 Autumn 2010
∑x 4910 ∑x 5676
x1 = 1 = = 98.2 , x2 = 2 = = 94.6
n1 50 n2 60
We know that
∑x2 ∑x 483515 4910
σ21 = 1 − ( 1 )2 = −( )2 = 9670.30 – 9643.24 = 27.06
𝑛 𝑛 50 50
Similarly
537481 5676
σ22 = 60 − ( 60 )2 = 8958.017 – 8949.160 = 8.857
As Z0.05 = ±1.645
σ21 σ22 27.06 8.857
(x1 – x2) ± Z0.05 √ + = (98.2 – 94.6) ± 1.645√ +
n1 n2 50 60
Hence after calculation, 90% confidence interval for the difference between boys and girls is
2.235 < (µ1 – µ2) < 4.965
Answer No. 34 Spring 2011
a) Given N = 500 , n = 22
For sample and s.d we perform following calculations

x x2
2 4
1 1
3 9
2 4
0 0
1 1
2 4
4 16
0 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
1 1
3 9
2 4
0 0
1 1
2 4
2 4

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 1 1
0 0
1 1
∑X = 30 ∑X2 = 66
∑x 30
Sample mean = = = 1.363636
𝑛 22
1 (∑x)2 1 (30)2
Sample standard deviation = √ (∑x 2 − = √(22−1) (66 − ) = 1.1948
(𝑛−1) 𝑛 22
We used small sample s.d as sample size less than 30
Now using interval estimate of µ
𝛼 S 1.1948
µ = x ± t 2 (n – 1) n = 1.3636 ± 1.721 22 = 1.3636 ± 0.43839
√ √
µ = 0.9252 --------- 1.802
b) Here n = 50
Point estimate of µ = x = 1.3636
Point estimate of σ = S
Required; P(x > 1.5)
Now we will calculate S by using formula
∑x2 ∑x 66 30
S=√ 𝑛
− ( 𝑛 )2 = √22 − (22)2 = 1.0679
We used this formula because sample size is greater than 30
Now applying the following formula of sampling distribution
x− µ
Z = σ
x
σ 𝑁−𝑛
We know that σx = √ (replacing σ with S)
√𝑛 𝑛−1
1.0679 500−50
= √ = 0.1362
√50 50−1
Now put these values in (i) above
1.5−1.3636
Z = = 1.001
0.1362
From table the area against the value of z =1.00 is 0.3413
The required area is
P(x > 1.5) = 0.5 – 0.3413 = 0.1587
Answer No. 35 Autumn 2011
(i) Point estimate for population mean () is x .

So x =
 x  90 = 10
n 9
(ii) 95% confidence interval for population mean
s
 = x  t/2 .
n

and s=
 x  x  2

=
84
= 3.24
n 1 8

x x  x 2
5 25
10 0
8 4
11 1

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 12 4
6 16
15 25
13 9
10 0
 x  x  2
 84
3.24
Now  = 10 
9
= 10  2.49
= 7.51----- 12.49
Interpretation
It means that we are 95% confident that  will lie in range 7.51 – 12.49 and there is 5% risk such  will
lie out of this range.
Answer No. 36 Spring 2012
a)
X F Fx Fx2 R.f= P(X=x)
4 20 80 320 0.2
5 50 250 1250 0.5
6 30 180 1080 0.3
 fx 510
=   5.1
 f 100

 fx   fx 
2 2 2
2650  510 
       0.7
f f 
  100  100 
b) n = 40,  = 5.1,  = 0.7
P ( X  5.3)  ?
X   5.3  5.1
Z   1.807  1.81
 / n 0.7 / 40
Finding Area from table for Z = 1.81
Area is 0.4649
Required Area = 0.5 – 0.4649 = 0.0351
c)
n = 2, P( X  4.7)  ?
X   4.7  5.1
Z    0.81
 / n 0.7 / 2
Area for Z=0.81 is 0.2910
Required Area
P( X  4.7)  0.5  0.2910  0.209
Answer No. 37 Autumn 2012
Given: µ = 7 hours, C.I = 99%, Z = 2.58
e = 30 minutes = 0.5 hours σ = 3.2 hours
 Z .   2.58  3.2 
2 2

Formula n       272.65  273 t.v

 e   0.5 

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 Answer No. 38 Spring 2013
(i) P (like)=1040/2000 = 0.52 P(others) = 1-0.52 = 0.48
pq
p  p  Z .
2
n
0.52  0.48
 0.52  2.17.
2000
 0.52  0.00027
 0.51973      0.52027

(ii) Yes majority (above 50%) of the viewers like program using
At 92% C.I
pq
P  P  Z .
2
n
0.52  0.48
 0.52  1.75 
2000
 0.52  0.00022
p  0.51978      0.52022
No, the decision will not change at 92 confidence interval.
Answer No. 39 Autumn 2013
Here x    1.3% of   0.013
  4% of   0.04
Using sampling distribution formula
x 0.013
z   1.95
 0.04
n 36
From table we will have area of z= 1.95
Area = 0.4744
As both side areas are same so
Probability of means = 0.4744+0.4744 = 0.9488
Answer No. 40 Spring 2014
s
(i)  = x  Za/2
n
30
=985  1.96 .
40
= 985  9.297
 = 994.297-------975.7
(ii) C.I= 99% Z= 2.58
e = x   =10

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  z.   2.58  30 
2

n=   =
 e   10 
 =59.9  60

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