NOTES: Diplomacy: Theory and Practice by Professor Geoff R.

Berridge The administrative departments tended to lose its glitter and the loss of experienced staff in mid-
career is consequently a serious risk.
Chapter 1: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Periodic inspections for missions abroad. An unclassified summaries of detailed individual reports of
This chapter will begin by looking briefly at the origins and development of the foreign ministry, and
inspections.
then examine its different roles. These include staffing and supporting missions abroad, policy advice
and implementation, policy coordination, dealing with foreign diplomats at home, and building domestic Policy-making and implementation
support.
Foreign ministry are responsible for advising on the policies they should be required to implement,
In France that the first foreign ministry began to emerge, in 1589, Henry III gave sole responsibility for issuing the appropriate instructions, and ensuring that they are carried out.
foreign affairs to one of his secretaries of state, Louis de Revol, an administrative innovation that - after
The 'political departments' – geographical departments concentrates on region or individual states
some regression – was confirmed by Richelieu in 1626. Staffing during this time was more personal.
and functional department’s deals with high profile general issues (climate change, drugs, International
Only during the eighteenth century that a recognizably modern ministry of foreign affairs became the crime, human rights, energy security and refugees and migration.
general rule in Europe.
US Department of State the functional departments were staffed by civil servants, while the
Britain came late, having to wait until 1782 for the creation of the Foreign Office. Foreign Office and the geographical ones were staffed by diplomatic officers.
Diplomatic Service were merged immediately after World War I.
Functional departments concentrate technical expertise and advertise the fact that the MFA is seized
The US Department of State was established shortly after this, in 1789. with the current international problems of greatest concern.
The middle of the nineteenth century before China, Japan, and Turkey followed suit. The ministries of very poor states, especially micro-states - which, by and large, have extremely limited
networks of diplomats abroad - tend to have few, if any, geographical departments.
In nineteenth century foreign ministries became bureaucratically sophisticated. It is divided into
administrative units (departments or bureaux) thru specialization of each function or geographical If policy is to be well-made and implemented properly, the MFA's institutional memory must be in good
region. order. Archive (later, registry) of correspondence and treaties, as well as maps, reports, internal
memoranda, and other important documents.
From Department of Foreign Affairs to Department of State since it was given certain domestic duties
despite of surrendering some of its domestic duties in 19 th centuries the name Department of State Freedom of Information legislation, related task is determining carefully what sensitive documents-
remain. and parts of sensitive documents- can be released to the public upon application.
The foreign ministry still had rivals for influence over the formulation and execution of foreign policy in
the nineteenth century. Among these were the monarchs and presidents, chancellors, and prime
ministers, who felt that their positions gave them special prerogatives to dabble in this area, as also the
war offices with their nascent intelligence services.
Nevertheless, if the MFA had a golden age of influence and prestige, this was probably it. It did not last
long.
American diplomats developed a “fraternal spirit” it became the norm for the two branches of
diplomacy - the foreign ministry and its representatives abroad - to be organized separately and have
distinct career ladders.
It was also usual for the representatives abroad to be divided into separate services, the diplomatic
and the consular- and, sometimes, the commercial as well.
Staffing and supporting missions abroad
Personnel for the state's diplomatic and consular missions abroad, including posts at the
permanent headquarters of international organizations.
Provide the physical fabric of the missions abroad, which means renting or erecting suitable buildings,
and then providing them with equipment and furnishings, regular maintenance, guards, and secure
communications with home.
Diplomacy is the sum of strategies and plans one country uses to communicate with another country to best protect its
national interest. In the field of International relations, one of the most important instruments is referred to as Diplomacy; a
non-violent approach to international relation, which depends on negotiation, dialogue, and compromise. The functioning of
diplomacy is influenced by a complicated combination of different interrelated factors. Diplomacy influences foreign
governments’ decisions and behaviours through negotiation, conversation, and dialogue. It involves steps to prevent violence
and armed conflicts worldwide by finding common ground and mutual interest. Cooperation involves allies that have
developed a similar diplomatic stance according to their interests, or one of the partners compels the other to align itself to its
position. Representations of a state as well as negotiation are the most important functions of diplomacy. According to
Berridge (2010) that negotiations between two representatives are a key component in diplomacy, because in doing so the
representatives find a common interest which means finding a common interest is vital in conducting negotiations because
with a common interest representatives are able to devise a solution that is in the interest of both sides – resulting for
cooperation. At the same time, understanding what power means for international relations can be achieved by looking at how
and where states derive their capability to persuade other countries to actively support, tolerate or at least to refrain from
‘spoiling’ actions. Power is a key concept of international relations. From the realist perspective of rational state actors, power
is having the capacity to advance national interests even when it requires coercing others. The goal of the state is to maintain
and increase its power in a system depicted by negative-sum power relations.

Postwar Philippine foreign relations were oriented on the maintenance of fruitful relations with the United States, whose
predominance in Philippine affairs persisted after the restoration of Philippine independence in 1946. This was accomplished
through three military instruments: the March 14, 1947 Military Bases Agreement, the March 21, 1947 Military Assistance Pact,
and the August 30, 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty. It also included the concession of parity rights to American interests in 1946,
which was later expanded to include all types of American relations. The Philippines also prioritized strengthening connections
with Southeast Asian neighbors via various structures such as SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization), ASA (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations), and so on. By 1965, the necessity to pursue real autonomous foreign policies and contacts had
resulted in closer links with communist chances to participate in United Nations peace initiatives, especially those in the Middle
East. As a result of Philippine diplomatic offensives, additional possibilities for Filipino overseas workers in other areas of the
world were established, providing the Philippines with a new source of foreign money that gradually surpassed the
contribution of conventional exports to Philippine dollar reserves.