终点弹道数据

Office of the Chief of Ordnance
Washington DC
TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA
Volume I - Bombing
Volume II - Artillery Fire
Volume III - Bombs, Artillery/Mortar Fire & Rockets
1944-1945
Terminal ballistics, a sub-field of ballistics, is the study of the behavior and effects
of a projectile when it hits its target.
Терминальная (конечная) баллистика - это раздел баллистики, изучающий

воздействие, которое снаряд (пуля) оказывает на цель.
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Bombing
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Maximum desired effect at the target is the objective followed by ary 1944. This document gives n ation concerning the use of artillery
the Ordnance Department in designing weapons and ammunition. A proper weapons and the proper ammunition for attacking heavy reinforced con-
balance of many factors involved is essential to accomplish this purpose. crete structures. It calls attention to the fact that H.E. ammunition with
Most important among these factors are terminal velocities, shape, weight, standard fuzes should not be used for this purpose as no satisfactory effects
and material used in the projectile, type and weight of explosive charge and against sturdy concrete fortifications are attainable.
the fuzing system. For example:
c. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST RE-

A shaped charge used in the "Bazooka" is very effective against
INFORCED CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-Second Progress Report dated 15
tanks, whereas against heavy concrete emplacements, it would do only a
February 1944. This document reports results of additional artillery firings
comparatively small amount of damage;
from 75-mm to 240-mm inclusive against heavy reinforced concrete struc-
tures, and the effects of G.P. and $.A.P. bombs of various weights against
A general purpose bomb is exceedingly efficient against certain types
of buildings whereas a semi-armor-piercing bomb will be much more efficient similar structures. In the course of these tests, a very important discovery
than the general purpose bomb if penetration of more resistant materials is was made. It was found that a special steel fuze into which were introduced
required for destruction of the target; standard fuze components in combination with standard H.E. ammunition
gave a superior type of concrete-penetrating shell. With these special steel
The delay used in a fuze is extremely important since the position of fuzes which can be used with standard H.E. ammunition from 75-mm to
the projectile with respect to the target at the instant of detonation deter- 240-mm inclusive without any modifications to the loaded shell, and which
mines the amount of damage. This is true against personnel and other targets is interchangeable with any standard contour fuze, all calibers of H.E. shell
where a certain fragment pattern is desired as well as against targets such become effective concrete-piercing ammunition.
as heavy concrete and armor where delay is vital to permit penetration before
detonation for maximum damage. To obtain best results, ammunition,
d. "VULNERABILITY TESTS OF GERMAN TANKS PZ KW III, IV,
properly fuzed, must be carefully selected to fit the target.
AND VI" dated 15 March 1944. This brochure gives data showing the
The great importance of accumulating and placing in the hands of ranges at which penetrations of the various plates found on German tanks
troops data showing the effect of various kinds of ammunition on specific can be achieved.
targets was recognized early in the emergency. This work has been inten-
The purpose of this book is to report additional data which have
sively carried forward and much information of the character indicated has
been provided by the Ordnance Department. Some recent publications been accumulated on terminal ballistics, and to present all data available
giving data on terminal ballistics are the following: to date on terminal ballistics in such form as to be of greatest usefulness to
all concerned. These data should be of great assistance in the selection and
use of weapons and ammunition against specific targets. It has been issued
a. "WEAPONS FOR JUNGLE WARFARE", dated 1 November1943. in two volumes-one on artillery ammunition, ,and the other on bombs.
This brochure describes certain weapons for jungle warfare and methods for
This volume covers bombing.
attacking bunkers and destroying Japanese infantry in the jungle.
Comments, suggested changes, and data relating to field experience

b. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST RE- in the use of this book will be welcomed. Additions and revisions will be
INFORCED CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-First Progress Report dated 5 Janu- made in the future as may be deemed necessary.
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CONTENTS Page SLLU:STRATIONS

Page
VOLUME I-TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA FOR BOMBING CHAI ITS OF RANGE VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE
1. Illustrative Example............ ................ . 4
PART 1-BOMB BALLISTICS........................ 1
2. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MI Al (6-20-lb.,
1. General Text ..................... .. ......... 1
AN-M41).................................. . 5
2. Charts of Range vs. Altitude of Release........ . .......... 3 3. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., T8 (M27) (6-90-lb.,
3. Charts of Differential Effects on Range..................17 T9 (M82))................................. 6
a. Effects on Range of a 10-Mile-per-Hour Differential 4. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (T10).... .... 7
Ballistic Range Wind ........................... 17 8
5. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M3OAI .......
b. Effect on Range of a 10 Percent Departure from Standard 9
Ballistic Density........:.... ......... ..... 17
6. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1.........
7. Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1....... 10
4. Charts on Striking Velocity and Angle of Fall vs. Altitude of
Release ....... ... :........ 30 8. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1....... 11
5. Charts for Trail vs. Drop.... 42 9. Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and AN-M66A1...... 12
10. Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and
AN-M56A1 ...... .......................... 13
PART 2-BOMBING OF CONCRETE...:..............' 54
11. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and
1. General Text....... ........ .................... 54 AN-M58A2............................... . 14
... 60
2. Deformation and Rupture....................... 12. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1.. -' 15
3. Penetration and Perforation........................ 61 16
13. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I.................
4. Attack on Concrete Pillboxes Utilizing Confined Detonation
Close to External Wall............ 63
a. Bombing from Horizontal Flight at t(Minimum Altitude. 63 CHARTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON RANGE
b. Bombing from a Glide to Avoid Ric.ochet............ 63 Effect on Range of a 10-Mile-per-Hour Differential Ballistic Range'Wind.
c. Bombing from a Glide to Avoid Ricochet and Insure Effect on Range of a 10 Per Cent Departure From Standard Ballistic Density.
Deep Penetration in Ground..... 63
d. Attack on Lighter Pillboxes...... . , . 63 14. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MiAl (6-20-lb.,
AN-M41)....... ........................... 18
15. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., T8 (M27) (6-90-lb.,
PART 3-BOMB FRAGMENT DAMAGE. 64 T9 (M82))................................... 19
1. Tables on Fragment Damage........ 64 16. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (TI0)..........20
2. Damage Patterns ......... ....... 64 17. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30AI ......... 21
3. Types of Damage................ . 64 18. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1.........22
4. The Choice of Bombs.............. 19. S64
Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1......... 23
5. Air Bursts.. ................ . 64
20. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1... .. 24
21. Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and AN-M66A1....... 25
PART 4-BOMB AND BOMB FUZE DAT A.........1622. Bomb, Demolition L CJ. P0Qb~l 6 a5
1. Particulars on Bomb Fuzes.......... ....... :.... ... 119 26
N1I-M A 26,
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ILLUSTRATIONS f g1STRATIONS
FPage
23. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and 46. Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and
AN-M58A2 ..... ................................ 27 AN-M56A1.................. ............... 50
24. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1......28 47. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and
25. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. 1 ...................... 29 AN-Ms8A2 ................................ 51
48. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1.... 52
CHARTS OF STRIKING VELOCITY AND ANGLE OF FALL 49. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I..................... 53
VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE.
CHAI RTS ON EARTH DISPLACEMENT OF BOMBS
26. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MI Al (6-20-lb.,
AN-M41).............. 30 50. Crater Diameter and Depth-100-lb., G.P., AN-M30 or
27. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., T8 (M27) (6-90-lb., AN-M3OAI ............ ................... . 54
T9 (M82)) .. .................................... 31 51. Crater Diameter and Depth-250-lb., G.P., AN-M57 or

28. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (TI0).......... 32
AN-M57A1 ....................................... 55
29. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30AI......... 33 52. Crater Diameter and Depth-500-lb., G.P., AN-M64 or
AN-M64A1 ............... ................... . 56
30. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1......... 34
53. Crater Diameter and Depth-I ,000-lb., G.P., AN-M44,
31. Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1......... 35
AN-M65 or AN-M65A1...... .................. 57
32. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1....... 36
54. Crater Diameter and Depth-2,000-lb., G.P., AN-M34,
33. Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and AN-M66A1....... 37 AN-M66 or AN-M66A1..... .................. 58
34. Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and 55. Earth Displacement Due to Underground Explosions in Clay
AN-M56A1 ..................................... 38
Soil................................................. 59
35. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and
AN-M58A2........ .......................... 39
CHARTS ON THE DAMAGE EFFECTS OF BOMBS
36. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1...... 40
56. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41-Casualties....... 74
37. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I.............. ...... 41
57. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41-Casualties...... 74
1
58. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 -Perforation of /-in.
CHARTS FOR TRAIL VS. DROP
Mild Steel................. ................ 75
38. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MI Al (6-20-lb., 59. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41-Perforation of /8-in. 1
AN-M41) ......................................... 42 Mild Steel........................................... 75

39. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., TB (M27) (6-90-lb., 60. 23-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M40-Casualties...... 76
T9 (M82)). ......... :.... :......................43 61. 23-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M40-Perforation of /8-in. 1
40. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-MB81(T10) ........... 44 Mild Steel................................. 77

41. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30AI......... 45 62. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties...... . 78
42. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57AI......... 46 63r~ 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties....... 79
43. Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1....... 47 rw64ii .Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties....... 80
44. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and A i- Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of
45. Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and A - , 49 G1 Mild Steel.................. ............. 81
ILLUSTRATION ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
66. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Pration' of 7. 2601-b.' Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation
1
/A-in. Mild Steel............................... 82 of 1/2-in. Mild Steet ..... ......................... 103
67. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of 88. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)--Perforation
1 of 1/2-in. Mild Steel.............................104
/s-in. Mild Steel ................... ...... 83
68. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of 89. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Casualties. 105
1/4-in. Mild Steel......................... .. ... . 84 90. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Casualties. 106
69. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of 91. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Casualties. 107
1/4-in. Mild Steel.......... .................... 85
92. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or ANrM64-Perforation
70. 100-lb. .r. Bomb, AN-MiUA1 or AN-M3-U-asualties .8. 6 of 1/8-in. Mild Steel .............................. 108
71. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30A1 or AN-M30-Casualties 87
93. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation
72. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30AI or AN-M30-Casualties. 88
of 1 /8 -in. Mild Steel ............................... 109
73. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30A1 or AN-M30-Perforation 94. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation
of 1/8-in. Mild Steel ............... 89
of 1/A-in. Mild Steel.............................110
74. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30AI or AN-M30-Perforation 95. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation
of 1 /8 -in. Mild Steel ........... 90
of 1/4-in. M ild Steel ... . ........... .. ............. Il1
of 1/ 8-in. Mild Steel.. ...... . 91
of 1/4-in. Mild Steel............................... 112
76. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M3OAI or AN-M30-Perforation
of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ............... 92
of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ............................. 113
77. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30AI or AN-M30-Perforation
1 98. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation
of /4-in. Mild Steel ............... 93
of 1/2-in. Mild Steel............................114
78. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M8 (T10)-Casualties 94
79. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M1 (TI 0)-Casualties 95
of 1/2-in. Mild Steel ................................ 115
80. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Casualties 96
81. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation
of 1/ 8-in. Mild Steel ............................. 97
TABLES
1
of / 8-in. Mild Steel...... ........................ 98 I. Deformation and Rupture Altitude for Bombs Falling on Very
83. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation Thick Concrete................. ..............
of 1/-in. Mild Steel ................................... 99 2. Approximate Maximum Thickness of Concrete Perforated by
84. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforati S.A.P. and A.P. Bombs..... " ...................
1
of /-in. Mild Steel..... ......................... r a ximum Thickness of Concrete Perforated (Ft.) by
85. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI )-Perforati 4 . tudes above 5,000 Ft... ........
of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ............................... 1'6ti rol s of Concrete (5,000 p.s.i.) Removed
86. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI 0)-Perforation from Thick oIitei , by Bombs which Penetrate but Fail to
of 1/4-in. Mild Steel.......................... ... 102 Perforate .........................................
TABLES MAP*
g TABLES
Page
TABLES ON FRAGMENT DAMAGE FROM BOMBS 19. 260-lb. ragmentation Bomb, AN-Mel (TI 0)-Perforation
5. (Low Altitude Bombing)....... ........... . of 1/2-in. Mild Steel .............. ................ 71
6. (Altitude of Bomb Release 10,000 Ft.)............... . 20. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A -Casualties 72
7. (Altitude of Bomb Release 20,000 Ft.)................... 21. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A1--Perfor-
8. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 -Casualties ...... ation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel ........................... 72
9. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 -Perforation of 1/A-in. 22. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A1-Perfor-
Mild Steel......................................... ation of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ........................ 72
10. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties...... 23. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A1-Perfor-
11. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of ation of 1/2-in. Mild Steel......................... 72
'A8-in. M ild Steel.......................................
12. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of
TABLES ON BOMB AND FUZE DATA
1/4-in. Mild Steel.................................
13. 100-lb. G. P. Bomb, AN-M30 and AN-M30AI -Casualties 24. General Purpose and Light Case Bomb Data.............. 116
14. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30 and AN-M30AI-Perfora- 25. Armor-Piercing Bomb Data............................... 117
tion of 1/8-in Mild Steel ....................... "........ 26. Semi-Armor-Piercing Bomb Data.... ....... ......... 117
15. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30 and AN-M3OAI-Perfor- 27. Fragmentation Bomb Data ...................... ... 118
ation of /4-in. Mild Steel......................... 28. Fragmentation Cluster Data ...................... 118
16. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI 0)-Casualties..
29. Impact Fuze Data............................. 120
. 30. AN-MI 03 Fuze Table......................... 121
of 'A8-in. Mild Steel............ ..............
31. M103 Fuze Table (Partially Armed 250 Turns)......... 121
of 1 /4-in. Mild Steel............................ . 32. M103 Fuze Table ................... .................. 121
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Page 1
Volume I, Part 1
BOMB BALLISTICS
-1. This volume is designed to give usable ballistic information in a compact, understandable form. Text is consequently kept to a minimum, essential
data for the most part being incorporated in charts and tables.
The charts on bomb ballistics include the following subjects:
a. Range vs. Altitude of Release.

b. Differential Effects on Range.
I. Effect on Range of a 10-m.p.h. Differential Ballistic Wind vs. Altitude of Release.

II. Effect on Range of a 10% Departure from Standard Ballistic Density vs. Altitude of Release.
c. Striking Velocity and Angle of Fall vs. Altitude of Release.
d. Trail vs. Drop.
Ballistic functions are charted at true air speeds of 200 m.p.h. and 400 m.p.h. and for 50 m.p.h. head winds for each of the following:
Bomb, Fragmentation, 20-lb., AN-M41 Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1
Bomb, Fragmentation, 90-lb., T9 (M82) Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and AN-M66A1
Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (TI0) Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and AN-M56A1
Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30A1 Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and AN-M58A2
Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1 Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1
Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1 Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I
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2. CHARTS OF RANGE VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE
These charts are based on range with no wind and range with a 50 m.p.h. (c) In the case of a 60 m.p.h. tail wind with a 200 m.p.h. true air
head wind. Range as considered in the charts is the distance between the speed interpolation must be employed. The distance, say X, between the
point of impact and the point directly under the airplane at the instant of 200 m.p.h. and 400 m.p.h. 'curves (2 and 4) for range with no wind is meas-
bomb release. With no wind the true air speeds and ground speeds are the ured on the 20,000 ft. altitude of release line. Since there is a difference of 200
same (200 m.p.h. and 400 m.p.h.). For each set of two curves, a 50 m.p.h. m.p.h. between these two curves, and the tail wind is 60 m.p.h., 60/200 or
head wind reduces the ground speeds to 150 m.p.h. and 350 m.p.h., re- 3/10 of the distance (X) from the no wind 200 m.p.h. curve (2) is that from
spectively. Effects of other head or tail winds may be obtained by interpola- which the vertical line must be extended to the range line to determine the
tion or extrapolation. The following examples show how the chart is used range. Intersection of the range line with the vertical line from the point of
for Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 or AN-M64A1. (See example chart on interpolation shows the range to be 12,900 ft.
page 4.) (d) If the wind were a head wind of 60 m.p.h. the interpolation
(a) Assuming the bomb to be dropped from an altitude of 20,000 point would be 1/5 the distance between the 200 m.p.h. curve (2) for no
ft. with a true air speed of 200 m.p.h. and no wind, a vertical line is extended wind and the 200 m.p.h. curve (1) corrected for a 50 m.p.h. head wind.
This is so because the 10 m.p.h. increase of a 60 m.p.h. wind above the given
from the intersection of the solid curve (2) for 200 m.p.h. true air speed and
head wind of 50 m.p.h. is 1/5 the difference between the latter wind and no
the horizontal line for 20,000 ft. altitude of release until it meets the range
wind. But the ground speed of a 200 m.p.h. true air speed with a 60 m.p.h.
line at the base of the chart. The range at this point is found to be 9,800 ft.
head wind is 140 m.p.h. It is therefore necessary to extrapolate to the left
(b) If a 50 m.p.h. head wind (resulting in a ground speed of 150 of curve (1) to find the point from which to drop a vertical line to the range .
m.p.h.) is assumed, the range for a bomb dropped from 20,000 ft. is found line. This is done by measuring to the left (decreasing velocity side) of the
from the dotted 200 m.p.h. curve (1) in the same way as in the first example. 200 m.p.h. curve (1), corrected for a 50 m.p.h. head wind, the distance
The range in this instance is 7,600 ft. originally determined by interpolation. This range is found to be 7,343 ft.
Page 4
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13-3SV313I :40 30(ULE1d

Page 12
I 0
ZQz
z W
(00 0 Z-
c0 c
In 00 0 O O p
z S
0z
0d3V1Hl 10 ~ 330
Page 13
0
2U-
z
w
W
z 0Z
-J
w
0
0 °o
0 w 3:3 Or
0 co(D
EQ
0L
(6) 44
W
CD
J
0
0
Or 13 - 3SV313I 30 30njjriv
Page 14
w
00 w
_.1
w
cr 0
U-
0
w z
Z00 3:
0
-J
C,)
ui0
w
0)
z
Page 15
4 OJ
O os
Q Z ___ Ow
- - _ _ _ Oc
~Z o
t
Cm 0
I z- I 0a
3SV3
- 38 10 GflIiV
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In 08 0 0 0 0t
M N) ID0 d
0
Page 16
ww
0Z0 0
r) 0L
Z) Z0 .0
(o10
00
O IOZ
Page 17
3. CHARTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON RANGE
Effect on Range of a 1O-.p.h. ifferential Ballistic Range Wind. STANDARD AIR DENSITY FROM SEA LEVEL TO 6,000 FT.
The charts were constructed1 on the assumption of a constant wind,
although in general the wind is not constant at all altitudes. Meteorological ALTITUDE STANDARD DENSITY
observations of winds at different levels can be averaged to give a mean
(Ft. above sea level) (grams per liter)
constant wind, termed the Ballistic Wind, that will have the same effect
on the bomb trajectory as the actual variable wind. The difference between
0.............. ...................... 1.203
this Ballistic Wind and the wind at release is the Differential Ballistic Wind.
1,000...................................1.166
In the absence of a good value for Ballistic Wind it may be assumed
that the Differential Ballistic Wind is 300/0 of the wind at release altitude
2,000................................... 1.130
and in the opposite direction.
Effect on Range of a 10 percent Departurefrom Standard Ballistic Density. 3,000...................................1.095
The difference at various altitudes between the actual air density

4,000...................................1.061
and the standard air density, expressed as percentage
of standard air
density, may be determined by meteorological observations. An average of
5,000....................... ......... 1.028
these variable differences gives a result known as the Ballistic Density
Difference which has the same effect on the trajectory as the actual variable
6,000.................................0.996
percentage density differences.
When an accurate ballistic density change is not available the per- Upon obtaining the percentage difference from standard density the
centage density change at the ground should be used as an approximate range effect may be found from the appropriate bomb chart.
value. This is found by taking as a percentage of the standard density the
difference between the actual density at the altitude of the airfield and the If the target is not at sea level, the height of the target correction
standard density at the same altitude as given in the following table: given in the bombing tables should also be employed if it is available.
Page 18
Ml
z w
C,
I-
z z
mA
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z -
0
0
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w
cio 0
z z
cJ w
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U. 0 U
w
w
L0
C/)
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0 '1A - 3SV313I .J0 3af11111d
Page 19
00
0
co w
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0 zD w
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0 CV zz
z
0C LL
<0
00
z ww
0
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LLJW
(F-
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LU w
IL
LL
5
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a .LJ 300h111Vd
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Page 20
0I
cr- cr
Nw O-jog
Q Z wW
Zw
U c _ _ _ _ _ _ _
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I- 0
ha, 0 0 0 o
o a0Z /iQ
r^^ N)
IX)1. U-3sGV~ 1o 3O nGfl1
Page 21
Qk 0w
I- F -L
0 0
rcr)
___ ______ ___ 0
W A Q
LL
a inQ co _ Qz~z O0 w
ozoa
ow
m6 0 0 0 0 0og°
0EL O oL
O N
Page 22
ww
o I- 0
r- o _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ O
Z tL 0 On
m .J Q crLL
0 0 0
000 o~ 0 0 0
'3- 3SV313JI dO 3OflillilV

Page 23
cr. I-
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a r zaZQ
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om~ ___
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0_LLL / 0Q 0 0.
0 0 00
a o N i
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Page 24
0 /
z. !w
0
z
z
0
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w
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____ ___ __ __ __ __ __
0
__
wL
LL
0 LL
0
0
'3- 3SV3138 dO 3OflJJl1V
Page 25
Cl4
w
IN-
0 OQ
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W aZ
w Z
8
dw
0
0 0 4 4
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0 z
0 0
z w
LU-L
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0
ww
w 0
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m
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5
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Page 26
w Cl
o w w
in 0
Z Jw 0
zcZF
o o o
oQ H
0 0-1oz
44
LLc
00cl
J w cr-Qa _ _ _ __
cC 0Z _ _ _ __z
_ _
0Z Wr..L ii,0 ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
m0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mN ) 0
IA - 3SV-13 -IO 3GftLLL1V
Page 21
.
0
I-
w W I-
CD IL
z
-J aoi
z0
z Cl)
L0 0
C, Ic
0
Z6~ IL
IA. LU 4J
On -J
zz
0
z 1-
0
LU
tr IL
LL
i. IL WIL
Lt.
'l: - 3SV3138 .40 3afllil1d

Page 28
WI
a
a
0 0
0
w
C, LLIJ
4
WW
IJJC
z zo
... r
0 t.L -I
z - J'
4(1)
4 0-,J
00
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0
0 zC
w
w
0WL
0 w
0 U-
IL I© W
a
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0L
U)
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Page 29
w w
D W
zw 0
IC
0 H
Z Z Z ~ Z 0
<O O w HC
a
U- o
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cd ...
U.o- -
_ _
j lw J~e o
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Page 30-
w (
(
(
0
N
-~ N
-J N
N
N
z w (
0
N ____ C
(
3.
m z
0
w 0
0
I-
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0 (
Ii
38 -j
o\ o( 0
w
0 C)
w
H
w
H J4 (I)
H
z9 'JL w
U (0 D
WLL 3.
>LL.
(0O
O
H .L4-3SV3U13i JO 3OflhlV~l
g
0
IN 00Lr
0 0
4. CHARTS OF STRIKING VELOCITY AND ANGLE OF FALL VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE

Page 31
00
0
0
a
0
-J
z 0
0)
-t
LUL.
0
1(91
Lii
-3
CD
033V33 00 0 0JI
-J 00' 0 0 0
0a
o
0 8ol 0
N)n 0 0f 0
Page 32
H w
C,)
w
w
-- L
0
0
9-j
0 c6i >L
LL
0
CN zw
z0 CD-
0
(fli 1i
0-
0i zJ
z
Wb.
zw
HZ
1iA-3SV31385 YO 3cafl..Uv
0 0 0 Q
m
CJ N _ I
Page 33
w
0 w
-J
w
IY
LL I-
0
0
z w
CD
z w
4 g-Z 0
0 -- cn4
rO) It J
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w tL
I.
0
CD
z
0z Q
0
0j
0 -
0
0 W LL
l - 3SV13132i J0 3Gflh1Il N
02
0
02
HZ
cN Q
§ 0 0
$
0)
0
8°
0
Page 34
0
w
w n- 0
.
Wl _ _ _ _ _ _
N-w
jLL ~ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
W L. U:C/
O
I }
zn> L
,cnc.!c
In
uQ
Li. __ __ ____. - 3S13'13~i JO 3ft.fl IN

0o 0 0
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Page 35
w
0
-J
(0
w 0
w o-J
z OjJ
wU-
H.
(DO
(.0c iZ-Z (OJ
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(N4
z 0
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>-p
0 H 0
10
0-i
0.:
0
co
0 (n (
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AN
Page 30
w
C,)
LO
-J
w 0
(0
z 0
0
w
z LIL
LL
4
0
0
z I
- J I
0
LO
mi
0
0: I-
z .
0
02 Iz 2~ 2 o
(fluc
Page 31
ME
C',
w
w
-J
w
C0 >-i
0
0 0 LL
z w IdLL
>0 LL:
4 0
Uw
I- I 0J
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33 II > Li
0
(0 0 o
(0
LLQ z
z
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0
0
00
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2 0 0
HZ
() Q
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Page 38
(W
0
0
0
-J
0 -J
0 >LL
0 (0 -
z!
0
0.
-J 11 I
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F- 0 -J
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z
("4 2-3SV3138 =i0 3G(WJ.1v
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Pag, 39
II
_____ ___ ____ ___
w O 2
Li U
LO w C6
LL D - zL.
Zaf w w
>I O 0
M I _ ___ ___
~(0 ___ ____
coin
>LJ..08.
§t § 0 °
Page 40
pt
- 0
WE
AW~a
L C) U.
0 *
0 >L&.
cn 0
m=
Page 41
w 0
wCO
Ioo-
cd F- (D u
LL LL.
(D
(o _ _
_
cL I
~~
4
mJ
oc 0 00
0 0 0 0 0
00 0g
0
0
0 0
0
o0
t
Page 42
CLUS TER, FRAGMENTAT ION, 100-LB, AN-M1AI(6-20&LB.AN-M41)

IMMEDIATE SEPARATION
TRAIL VS. DROP
TRAIL IN FEET FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES
10000 AND 25000 FEET
IL LL
__--5000
C)
o 0
o
---- wI 0 0 wn
w w
w w
0-- - -c15000 c
o or a.
0
5000 r20000
10000 - -25000
14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
TRAIL - FT
FIGURE 38
5. CHARTS FOR TRAIL VS. DROP
These charts, giving trail distance as a function of drop, show actual trajectories with respect to axis fixed in the
airplanes. From them can be determined how Far a bomb dropped From a given altitude will lag behind the bomber.
Page 43
ICLUS TER, FRAGMENTATION, 50Q-LB, T8 (M27)(6 -m9-LBT9(M 82)

IMMEDIATE SEPARATION
TRAIL VS. DROP
10000 AND 25000 FEET
-------- 0
----- U-- -5000 LL

0 0
0
0 0
0.
0 N
-10000 w
-IJ N
4I
-J
--15000
U- CL
0a
0 0
5000------ 20000 0
10000- - -- 25000'
8000 7000 6000 5000 4 000 3000 2000 1000 0
TRAIL - FT
FIGURE 39
Page 44
BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 26O- LB., AN -M81(T 10)

TRAIL VS. DROP
10000 AND 25000 FEET
U-
Ui-
0
0 5000 0
0
0 L0
0
cnJ
J 10000 w
cr
15000 LL
0- 01
0
0
0
5000- ~20000
10000 --. 25000

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
TRAIL - FT.
FIGURE 40
Page 45
BOMB, G17 10OO- LB., AN-'M30 AND AN-M30A1

TRAIL VS. DROP
10000 AND 25000 FEET
_____-------00
o 0
o to
J J
w W
w w
w w
5000- - - -20000
I10000-- - 25000
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
TRAIL- FT.
FIGURE 41
Page 46
BOMB, G.P, 250-LB., AN- M57 AND AN-M 57A

TRAIL VS. DROP
TRAIL IN 'FEET FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES
10000 AND 25000 FEET
--- -0
0L -5000
0
0
0
0W
N-I-
-10000
Co
4
w
mJ
xJ
- 15000
1-
U-
0
o 20000
- - 25000
TRAIL - FT.
FIGURE 42
Page 41,
BOMB,G.P, 500-LB.,AN-M64 AND AN- M64A1

TRAIL VS. DROP
10000 AND 25000 FEET
---- 0
HP
LL UA.
0
- 0-5000 0
o 0
o ID
c'J
co
-W-IOOOO
bJ
4w
w J
o. a
o 0
a:a
o
- --- 20000
- -- 25000
5000
TRAIL - FT.
FIGURE 43
Page 48
BOMB, G.P, 1000 -LB., AN -M65 AND AN-M65A1

TRAIL VS. DROP
TRAIL IN FEET FOR. RELEASE ALTITUDES
10000 AND 25000 FEET
---- 0
H.
IL - 5000 IL
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
-10000
Id Id
U) U)
Q 4
-J
Id
-15000
a
0 0
-20000
- --- 25000
3000 2000 1000 0'
TRAIL - FT.
FIGURE 44
Page 49
B0MB,G.F, 2000-LB., AN- M66AND AN- M66A1

TRAIL VS. DROP
10000 AND 25000 FEET
--o
-- -O--5000
0
0
w
N,
w --10000
16Pae4
w
0 -
H-
-15000
____ V6
5000- -- - - 2uv0
g
N
10000- - --25000
4000 3000 2000 1000
TRAIL -FT.
FIGURE 45
Page 50
BOMB,DEMOLITION, L.C.,4 000 - LB.,AN-

M56RI
AND ANR-56A

10000 AND 25000 FEET
L IL.
- -- -0-5000 0
0 0
0 0
00
LUj W
0- - -F15000C'
4 4
_____ _ _____
___ ____ -0- -. 0-- - 5000 -
t 0000000-20-20000
FIGURE 46
Page 51
BOMB,S.A.P, 500' LB..AN M 58,AN-M58AI AND AN-M58A2

TRAIL VS. DROP
TRAIL IN FEET, FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES
10000 AND' 25000 FEET
- 0
- -- 5000
0
0
0
0
10000 Li
()
-J -J
15000
U-
a. a
0 0
a:
)ono- -o- 20000
10000 -25000
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000
TRAIL -FT
FIGURE 47
Page 52
BOMB, S.AP, 10OOO-LB., AN-M59 AND AN-M59A1

TRAIL VS. DROP
10000 AND 25000 FEET
_. _ -_0
-w 5000
0
0
0
0
I fW~f*i
laIol III
4 4
wi
-J -J
w w
15000 H
IL
I
0
0
20000 0
JI0000- - -25000
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000
TRAIL-FT.
FIGURE 48
Page 53
BOMB, A.P, 1600-LB. AN-MK I

TRAIL VS. DROP
10000 AND 25000 FEET
-0
--- -1;:- 5000

0
0
0
0
w
w
0--- -- 150100
a
0
5000 - -'s -20000
110000_ - -25000
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000
TRAIL -FT
FIGURE 49
Page 54
Volume IPart 2
BOMBING OF CONCRETE
GENERAL TEXT
1. The relatively large dispersion and low striking velocities of bombs tively used in the removal of the dirt coverings over piliboxes prior to artillery
prevent the bombing of concentrated, strongly-built concrete Fortifications from attack. Figures 50 to 55 inclusive give the crater sizes and earth displacements
being generally profitable. However, general purpose bombs can be effec- caused by various size bombs.
.. w-iUN TYPE A
SHEAR
PLATO '
\~~;
E
QULp
TYPE B
TYPE C n
n mD
DEBRIS MOUND O O
CD
O
PARTIAL 0
CAMOUFLET G) G
A AMOUFLET MOUND O
GAMOUFLET -I
o >3
m
CRATER TYPES 171

ABOVE GROUND SCALE I/4 OF SCALE IN GRAPH 0
CLAY
S I*0 210
SOFT CHALK I ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " -~
0 90
HARD CHALK
I0
-. . .I
GRAVEL E O SF OF GU TO CT OF M
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF GROUND TO CENTER OF MASS
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING 3 0
(TNT OR AMATOL)
FOR DETONATIONS OCCURING RELATIVELY DEEP IN SAND, THE GRATER DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL
TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE,HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND
SURFACE,THE CRATERSIN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
EXAMPLE: A 100-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF
TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE C APPROXIMATELY 3 TO 6 FEET DEEP AND 18 TO 21 FEET
IN DIAMETER.
FIGURE 50
0 a,
Page 55
o W
DEBRIS MOUND o 0
a a,
I)IPARTIAL-
J- CAMOUFLET
0.
CAOFE MOUND
-! . ; . , ... f
o cu
SOFT CHALK
/E GROUND j .9
£1
ELOW GROUND
11 L0
01 20
20,
30
GRATER TYPES
SCALE 1/4 OF SCALE IN GRAPH
O DZ
DO £0
HARD CHALK -
. 1 . .
0I.
° I I , I I I I o D
~it0
~ ~a 20
GRAVEL N I II 1 9 1 I I p a p- a a *
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF GROUND TO CENTER OF MASS o)

a,
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING
(TNT OR AMATOL)
FOR DETONATIONS OCCURING RELATIVELY DEEP IN SAND, THE CRATER DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL
TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND.
SURFACE,,TH-E CRATERS IN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
EXAMPLE: A250-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF
TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 5 TO 9 FEET DEEP AND 26 TO 29 FEET
IN DIAMETER.
FIGURE 51
Page 55
30 O A gC PARTIAL CWUFLET
- - -PLATFOR
- SHOULDER
DIA ETER. N
20
20~ I D
w ', c1 c 'I
PARIA Z*_
20_2 J>AMOUFLET G)
-D-P
IL ____ _____: ACAMOUFLETON
o 0 oDEP-0
ABOVE GROUND BELOW GROUND GRATER TYPES z

Z o
'''''' OI''' 1 .
1 ly11II
ha l j
IC
0CLAY
a IIIII1I1
..
20
,I, ''''
11II1II SCALE 1/4 OFSCALE IN GRAPH '
O
GRAVEL mDTAEFRMSFAEO ~ea a,,* ,
DITNEFO UFC FGROUND TO CENTER OF MASS

w 6
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING 0
(TNT OR AMATOL) W,
TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND
SURFACE,TH-E CRATERS IN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
EXAMPLE: A 500 *LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF
TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 8 TO II FEET DEEP AND 32 TO 35 FEET
IN DIAMETER.
FIGURE 52
Page 51
so -- A 8 __ PARTIAL UFLA
ISHEAR "
PLATFOR ~LS HOULDER
40 D ETER '
30 40 - ___ ___
330 i. ~DEBRIS MOUND 0D

I- p/PRTA
20 CAMOUFLET G) 0
~~AMOULETMON D r
0 DP CAMOUFLET -
_10:10' -C
aI .- t ' n.7.
w0000ABOVE GROUND BELOW GROUND GRATER TYPES 17 Z)
CLA1 24 3
4-0
4IAA9 3 SCALE I/4 OF SCALE IN GRAPH 0p
C 1
10 20 30
SOTCAK10 20 30
GAE............ .. , ...
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF GROUND TO CENTER OF MASS 0
°*1
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE-FILLING 0 Z
(TNT OR AMATOL) wD
TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND (
A 1000-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF
EXAMPLE:
TEN FEET WILL YIELD A CRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 10 TO 14 FEET DEEP AND 38 TO 42 FEET
IN DIAMETER.
FIGURE 53
Page 58,
-50 X70 A B - C
- ATA___ FL
50' -YP C ATAAFE -N- .'.---
PLATFOR SHOULDER
40 TYP B
- IA ETER --, ,o, ., r
500 -
w
40 G
-30 40
ww03O. IrDEBRIS MOUND
___ ___7_ ___ ___A___lRTIAL z
30_ _________ __ CAMOUFLET 6) 0
30 00
0 20 I -CAMOUFLET MOUND 0
0
il ED
o -20 -'
CA UFE
" DEPT *.j
.____ CMOUFLE
I0 Ii" 0- ,
I N
00000ABOVE GROUND BELOW GROUND CRATER TYPES Z Z~

CLAY p , 9 0,30 9 5,6 SCALE 1/4 OFSCALE IN GRAPH
SOFT CHALK~ 30 -, 0*
10o 9
Q
~
.I0 20 30 4,0 N =
GRAVEL , , , U) 0,
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF GROUND TO CENTER OF MASS
'1
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING 0Z
(TNT OR AMATOL) W03
TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND (0)
EXAMPLE: A 2000-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT. CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF
TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 13 TO 16 FEET DEEP AND 45 TO 49 FEET
IN DIAMETER.
FIGURE 54
Page 59
SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS- EARTH DISPLACEMENTS DUE TO UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIONS IN CLAY SOIL

INCHES (ALL G.R AND L.C. BOMBS)
30
18
K12 The curves show horizontal and vertical dis-
placements of the surface of the ground measured
at various distances from the exploding charge.
Soil effect: Values given are from observations
on clay and clay-gravel mixture. Displace-
ments in chalk, not shown on this plot, were
found to Fall below those in clay.
-12 Type of explosive: The curves are based on
experiments using the following types of ex-
24 plosives TNT, 40/60 amatol, baratol, dithekite,
minol, black powder and dynamite, with charge
weights ranging from 25 to 990 pounds. On the
-12
other hand, displacements in clay obtained
with torpex and hexanite are greater than for
18 -6 equal weights of any of the above explosives.
Absence of depth effect: The data indicate
that for the range of depths tested, the displace-
-6 ments obtained are independent of the depth of
12 burial L provided only that the bomb or charge
is completely buried. Depths in these experi-
-6
ments varied from 7 to 22 feet, and the cone-
sponding values of L/W%' were between 1.1
and 3.6 ft./lb.'
-6
Accuracy of graph: The curves predict dis-
placements over the entire range with an average
deviation of 15%.
EXAMPLE: The maximum horizontal transient
-0 -O -0O HO displacement at 60 ft. from the point of burst of
a 500 lb. G.P. Bomb is 1.3 inches.
" 0 I' 50
I0OOLB. G.P I I
AN- M30 O
50
250 LB.G.P. I p I
AN-M57 0 50
0LB.G.2.
50 100
1000 LB. G.P. " L I I
I I
AN-M44,AN-M65 o 50 100 IS
2Q00 LB.G.P 4 I
50 100 150
AN-M34,AN-M66
o 50 100 150 200
4000 LB.L.C. p 1 p p I I . 1 p I ' 1 1 1 1 I r I p p
AN-M56
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE-FEET FIGURE 55
Page 60
DEFORMATION AND RUPTURE
2. General purpose bombs (TNT or Amatol loaded) dropped from armor-piercing bombs weighing less than 1,000 lb. are ineffective against
a high altitude upon direct impact with thick concrete will deform or may concrete fortifications 5 feet or more in thickness. The 1,000-lb. Semi-Armor-
break up (see Table 1) and function low order, however, limited tests conducted Piercing Bomb, AN-M59 or AN-M59A1, and the 1,600-lb. Armor-Piercing
with TNT and Amatol loaded bombs indicated that when the bombs are Bomb, AN-Mk., are effective for destruction of pillboxes when it is pos-
fuzed 0.1 sec. or less delay, high order detonation will result. Armor-piercing sible to obtain direct hits. Table I gives the deformation and rupture alti-
bombs will not deform or break up regardless of the altitude of release. Semi- tude for bombs falling on very thick concrete.
TABLE 1
DEFORMATION AND RUPTURE ALTITUDE FOR BOMBS FALLING ON VERY THICK CONCRETE
Bombs will begin to deform at Bombs will rupture at altitudes

altitudes in Feet of about in Feet of about
Bomb
3,400 p.s.i. 5,000 p.s.i. 3,400 p.s.i. 5,000 p.s.i.

concrete concrete concrete concrete
G.P. 100-lb., AN-M30 or AN-M30AI 1,500 all 7,000 3,000

250-lb., AN-M57 or AN-M57A1 4,000 800 16,000 7,000
500-lb., AN-M64 or AN-M64A1 3,500 800 14,000 7,000
1,000-lb., AN-M65 or AN-M65A1 3,500 800 14,000 7,000
2,000-lb., AN-M66 or AN-M66A1 5,000 1,500 20,000 10,000
S.A.P. 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1, or

AN-M58A2 15,000 5,000 No rupture
1,000-lb., AN-M59 or AN-M59A1 23,000 8,000 No rupture
A.P. (all) No deformation or rupture

Page 61
3. PENETRATION AND PERFORATION
In this discussion of the effects of bombs upon concrete, perforation of a Table 2 gives concrete perforation thicknesses for S.A.P. and A.P. bombs
wall or roof means complete passage of the bomb through the concrete, while and the number of bombs required for 50% and 90% probabilities of hitting
penetration means making a crater in the concrete which does not go all the a I0-yd. by 10-yd. target from various altitudes of release when the true air
way through. speed of the airplane is 250 m.p.h.
TABLE 2
APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM THICKNESSES OF CONCRETE PERFORATED BY S.A.P. & A.P. BOMBS
Altitude of plane (ft.) (assumed true air speed, 250 m.p.h.) 5,000 .10,000 20,000 30,000
Number of bombs required to hit a 10-yd. x 50%J 25-250 100-1,000 400-4,000 1,000-10,000
10-yd. target with probability of1 90% 80-800 350-3,500 1,300-13,000 ,3,500-35,000
Striking veloc- 500-lb. S.A.P., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 or

ity (f/s) AN-M58A2 620 800 1,000 1,080
1,000-lb. S.A.P., AN-M59 or AN-M59A1 635 820 1,030 1,120
1,000-lb. A.P., M52A1 640 825 1,050 1,150
1,600-lb. A.P., AN-MI.1 660 840 1,080 1,210
Approximate Strength of concrete 500-lb. S.A.P. 21/4 ft. 31/3 41/4 41/2
thickness 3,400 p.s.i. 1,000-lb. S.A.P. 3 ft. 4 61/3 7

1,000-lb. A.P. 31/4 ft. 5 71/2 81/2
of concrete 1,600-lb. A.P. 41/4 ft. 63/4 9/2 111/2
perforated 500-lb. S.A.P. 2 ft. 3 31/2 33/4

1,000-lb. S.A.P. 23/4 ft. 4 5 51/2
1,000-lb. A.P. 3 ft. 41/2 61/4 7
1,600-lb. A.P. 4 ft. 52/3 8 91/2
'The smaller numbers are based on good accuracy (15 mil); under operational conditions the larger numbers may be more realistic.
Page 62
Table 3 gives concrete perForation For G.P. bombs dropped From 5,000 Feet or greater altitudes.
TABLE 3
PROBABLE MAXIMUM THICKNESS OF CONCRETE PERFORATED (FT.) BY G.P. BOMBS FROM ALTITUDES ABOVE
5,000 FT.
AN-M30 or AN-M57 or AN-M64 or AN-M65 or AN-M66 or

Strength oF Concrete AN-M30AI AN-M57A1 AN-M64A1 AN-M65A1 AN-M66A1
100-lb. 250-lb. 500-lb. 1,000-lb. 2,000-lb.
3,400 p.s.i. concrete 1 11/2 1 2 4
5,000 p.s.i. concrete 3/4 1 1 11/2 3
S.A.P. and A.P. bombs which penetrate but Fail to perForate a concrete target will remove various volumes oF concrete. Table 4 shows the optimum
Fuze settings, For the different bombs, to remove the greatest volumes.
TABLE 4
APPROXIMATE VOLUMES OF CONCRETE (5,000 P.S.I.) REMOVED FROM THICK CONCRETE BY BOMBS WHICH PENE-
TRATE BUT FAIL TO PERFORATE
Fuze Setting 500-lb. S.A.P. 1,000-lb. S.A.P. 1,000-lb. A.P. 1,600-lb. A.P.
0.1-sec. delay 10 cu. Ft. 30 cu. ft. 100 cu. Ft. 350 cu. Ft.
0.025-sec. delay 10-30 30-100 1502 4002
0.01-sec. delay 302 1002 100 150
Instantaneous Several Sq. Ft. 2 to 3" deep, spalled off Face
'The shape and depth of the craters vary with the altitude of release but the volume of concrete tends to remain constant.
2These volumes correspond to the approximate times at which bomb will detonate at bottom of crater; if fuzed with longer delay, the bomb will rebound prior to
detonation.
Page, 63
4. ATTACK ON CONCRETE PILLBOXES UTILIZING CONFINED b. BOMBING FROM A GLIDE TO AVOID RICOCHET
DETONATION CLOSE TO EXTERNAL WALL An angle of fall above 250 should prevent ricochet, but for angles below
Dirt cbvering upon concrete considerably reduces the concrete thickness 400 the bomb will tend to remain fairly close to the ground surface instead
that can be perforated, but in those cases where the dirt cushions a G.P. of penetrating deeply. Short delay fuzing would be reasonably safe, as
bomb sufficiently to permit high order detonation within approximately 1 ricochet is unlikely, but a delay of less than 0.025 sec. might result in
foot of the concrete, the confinement of the dirt greatly increases the blast premature detonation. Since the likelihood of ricochet at various angles is
effect. When this condition occurs a 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb will probably largely dependent upon the nature of the terrain, proper precautions should
destroy a wall 7 ft. thick, and a 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb will seriously damage or be observed when ground conformation or composition increases the chance
destroy a wall 5 ft. thick. A 1,000-lb. S.A.P. bomb will considerably damage of ricochet.
a 5-ft. wall. This type of bombing requires great precision, because the An angle of fall above 250 is obtained by bombing from a plane at 350
bomb must (1) detonate near enough to a wall of a pillbox, (2) detonate miles per hour or less under the following conditions:
under a sufficient layer of dirt, and (3) except in the case of the stronger No glide: altitude greater than 1,000 ft.
S.A.P. bomb, it must have sufficiently low striking velocity to prevent it 100 glide: altitude greater than 850 ft.
from breaking up on impact with the concrete wall. Therefore, this method 200 glide: altitude greater than 350 ft.
of attack is used to best advantage only when low altitude bombing is Bombing under conditions tending to prevent ricochet makes it possible for
employed. a bomb to approach a concrete wall (or a concrete roof) through a com-
paratively long, shallow, underground cushioned path. To obtain these
a. BOMBING FROM HORIZONTAL FLIGHT AT MINIMUM
advantages the bomb would almost necessarily have to hit 3 to 4 yd. in
ALTITUDE
front of the pillbox. The 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb remains the best selection,
Bombs will probably ricochet if they hit fiat ground after being dropped the 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb next best.
from an airplane flying horizontally at low altitude.
(I) A 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb, necessarily fuzed long delay, will penetrate c. BOMBING FROM A GLIDE TO AVOID RICOCHET AND
almost horizontally up to about 10 ft. if it hits rising ground that has an INSURE DEEP PENETRATION IN THE GROUND
angle of 25 or more degrees. If it comes to rest close to concrete, or even if it When the angle of fall is greater than about 400, the bomb, provided it is
strikes the concrete near the end of its natural path, it will probably detonate not deflected, will probably follow a straight path, at least in the first half
after the fuze delay time. Under these conditions the explosive force of the of its penetration. This is particularly desirable when. a pillbox is deeply
bomb is sufficient to destroy a pillbox up to 7 ft. thick. If it strikes concrete encased.
after little penetration into dirt, or after none, the bomb may break up and An angle of fall above 40° is obtained by bombing from a plane at 350
do no damage. m.p.h. or less under the following conditions:
(II) A 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb would behave in the same way except No glide: altitude greater than 2,900 ft.
for slightly less penetration of dirt and for less drastic effect. 100 glide: altitude greater than 2,700 ft.
(III) A 1,000-lb. S.A.P. bomb would behave similarly except that it 20° glide: altitude greater than 2,100 ft.
would not break up, even upon a direct hit on concrete, and that its effect 30° glide: altitude greater than 1,150 ft.
is much smaller. However, there is no great advantage in a direct hit on The 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb remains the best selection, the 1,000-lb. G.P.
concrete (or a hit after slight penetration in earth) from low altitudes, bomb next best.
because the striking velocity is low and little demolition will occur in the
absence of good confinement. d. ATTACK OF LIGHTER PILLBOXES
(IV) Conclusion: Bombing from horizontal flight at minimum altitude Large G.P. bombs, fuzed 0.025 sec. delay, seem to be definitely advan-
is advantageous only if there is a probability of a bomb striking a sloping tageous against pillboxes encased in dirt when the concrete thickness is 2
cushion of earth over 5 ft. thick in front of the concrete. In this event the ft. or less, since the bombs would probably be effective both by direct hit
2,000-lb. G.P. bomb is best, with the 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb second best. or by near miss provided they did not ricochet.
Page 64
Volume I, Part 3
BOMB FRAGMENT DAMAGE
1. TABLES OF FRAGMENT DAMAGE. 4. THE CHOICE OF BOMBS.
These tables give the number B of effective hits per sq. ft. of target area Tables 5, 6, and 7, which follow this introduction will be found useful in
at a given distance r from the burst. The numbers B are averages for dif- making a choice of bomb against unshielded targets according to the type
ferent directions' from the burst. They are properly applied only to a of fragment damage desired. At low or medium altitudes not exceeding
considerable number of bursts with random orientation of the bomb axis 10,000 ft., the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41, is to be preferred
relative to the target. against personnel or when only light damage is needed. As noted in Table 5,
the parachute on the 23-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M40, improves the
2. DAMAGE PATTERNS. effect of the nonparachute Bomb, AN-M41, for low altitude bombing about
As distinguished from damage tables, the damage patterns represent three times. When released from 20,000 ft., the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb,
typical individual cases and vary with the remaining velocity of the bomb, AN-M41, is reduced to less than one half the power it possesses in low alti-
angle of fall, and the height of burst. Both damage tables and damage tude bombing.
patterns presuppose a graze or air burst with no shielding of the target. For 10,000- and 20,000-ft. altitudes of release, the bombs listed other than
The user of the data given here must make due allowance for target shielding the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41, are somewhat improved because
and the penetration of the bomb into the ground before burst. The amount of the downward change in fragment direction caused by the remaining
of this penetration will depend upon the remaining velocity, angle of fall of velocity and the higher angle of fall. The bombs should be used in accordance
90-lb.
the bomb, the nature of the soil, and the bomb and fuze. In the fragment with the type of damage required, consulting Tables 6 and 7. The
damage patterns, shadings of different types indicate regions of decreasing Fragmentation Bomb,T9 (M82),may be used in clusters of six and when so used
density of hits. The, regions distinguished are those where there is at least will be particularly effective, if the required damage is at most equivalent
one hit per 1, 4, 10, or 25 sq. ft. of area. These units of area are understood as to perforation of u-in. mild steel. For heavier damage, the 260-lb. Fragmen-
normal to the fragment trajectories. Unshaded regions entering near the burst tation Bomb, AN-M81, or the 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64, may be used.
do not indicate that there are no effective hits in these regions, but merely that the
5. AIR BURSTS.
density of effective hits is less than that belonging to the nearest shaded area.
Against personnel in medium foxholes or on rough, terrain, or against
The white centers of the Fragment patterns are used to indicate the origin of
the polar system above which 'the missile bursts. In general these areas suffer other moderately shielded targets, an air burst of the 500-lb. G.P. Bomb,
the highest type of Fragment damage as well as blast damage. AN-M64, or the 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81, is recommended.
A height of burst from 30 to 50 ft. would be effective, with the higher
3. TYPES OF DAMAGE. burst counteracting the greater shielding. Released from an altitude of
The types of damage considered are casualties, and normal perforations 10,000 ft. or more, the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41, is considerably
of mild steel of Y-in., u-in., and 2-in, thickness. A casualty is taken as diminished in fragment damage not only from the effects illustrated in the
fragment patterns but also because the bomb penetrates the soil to some
caused by a hit with at least 58 ft.-lb. of energy. It is incapacitation and not
necessarily death. Damage comprising perforation of Y-in. mild steel is extent before bursting. Here again an air burst of the 500-lb. G.P. Bomb,
considered effective against airplanes on the ground. Damage in which there
AN-M64, or the 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81, will be highly
is perforation of Y4-in.
or %-in, mild steel is effective against trucks, light effective.
armored vehicles, railway rolling stock, and targets of similar resistant The altitudes of release given for bombs assume atrue air speed of 250m.p.h.
nature. 'Restricting these directions to side wall directions in the case of bombs.
Page 65
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Page 60
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Page 67
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Page 68
20-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M41A1

TNT Loading
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,810 F/S
TABLE 8 TABLE 9
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
Average For the lightest Average For the lightest

Distance Total number, number of effective fragment Distance Total number number of effective fragment
from burst of effective effective frag- Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag- Weight Velocity
(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s) (ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,171 .3821 .0075 ' 2,810 20 1,011 .342 .032 2,780
30 1,146 .1662 .011 2,320 30 936 .141 .045 2,470
40 1,116 ' .0910 .016 1,930 40 850- .0719 .060 2,230
60 1,044 .0379 .028 1,460 60 657 .0247 .102 1,880
80 958 .0195 .042 1,190 80 430 .0091 .161 1,660
100 882 .0115 .055 1,040 100, 244 .0033 .230 1,470
150 723 .0042 .085 836 120 113 .0011 .308 1,340
200 614 .0020 .111 731 140 32 .0002 .397 1,240
300 i400 .0006 .170 591 160 11 .0001 .493 1,170
400 216 .0002 .243 502

Page 69
90-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, T9 (M82)

Camp. B Loading
TABLE 10 TABLE 11
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN. MILD STEEL

Distance Total number number of effective Fragment Distance Total number number oF effective Fragment
From burst of effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity From burst oF effective effective Frog- Weight Velocity
(Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s) (ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (fs)
r N 'B m v r N B m v
40 4,520 .369 .014 2,060 20 4,000 1.304 .024 3,100

50 4,240 .221 .019 1,770 30 3,510 .510 .034 2,720
60 3,980 .144 .024 1,575 40 3,010 .245 .048 2,410
80 3,490 .0712 .036 1,280 60 1,980 .0716 .082 2,010
100 2,880 .0376 .050 1,090 80 1,620 .0331 .125 1,790
150 2,000 .0116 .080 862 100 1,290 .0168 .180 1,590
200 1,770 .0058 .105 753 120 975 .0088 .250 1,430
300 .1,400 .0020 .160 610 140 760 .0051 .330 1,310
400 1,040 .0009 .230 509 170 580 .0026 .465 1,190
600 646 .0002 .405 383 200 435 .0014 .605 1,100
800 413 .0001 .632 307 300 149 .0002 1.12 952
TABLE 12
PERFORATION OF 4-IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v
20 1,220 .398 .192 3,100

30 1,050 .152 .230 2,900
40 896 .0731 .275 2,720
60 681 .0247 .380 2,420
80 540 .0110 .500 2,200
100 395 .0052 .650 2,020
120 285 .0026 .815 1,870
140 193 .0013 .992 1,750
170 83 .0004 1.36 1,610
200 18 .0001 1.74 1,490
Page 70
100-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M30 OR AN-M3OA1

Amol Loading
TABLE 13, TABLE 14
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 1 8-IN. MILD STEEL

Distance Total number number oF effective fragment Distance Total number, number of effective Fragment
From burst oF effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity From burst of effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity
(Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s) (Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
70 4,120 .110 .009 2,570 40 4,120 .336 .009 4,350

80 3,850 .0785 .011 2,320 50 3,480 .182 .012 4,060
100 3,350 .0437 .017 1,870 60 3,330 .121 .016 3,670
120 3,040 .0276 .024 1,570 80 3,040 .0620 .024 3,100
140 2,730 .0182 .033 1,340 100 2,620 .0342 .037 2,650
170 2,300 .0104 .047 1,130 120 2,150 .0195 .052 2,350
200 1,880 .0061 .062 980 140 1,670 .0111 .071 2,110
300 1,080 .0016 .107 746 170 1,090 .0049 .105 1,870
500 519 .0003 .214 531 200 758 .0025 .150 1,700
700 232 .0001 .357 411 400 58 .0001 .68 1,070
TABLE 15
PERFORATION OF -IN. MILD STEEL
r N B, m v
20 3,070 1.00 .022 7,190

30 2,830 .411 .029 6,390
40 2,560 .209 .039 5,660
60 1,950 .0707 .060 4,760
80 1,370 .0279 .086 4,140
100 990 .0129 .115 3,780
120 758 .0069 .150 3,470
140 594 .0040 .191 3,110
170 393 .0018 .265 2,760
200 239 .0008 .352 2,490
300 55 .0001 .750 1,930
Page 71
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (T10)

Comp. B Loading
TABLE 16 TABLE 17
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 1/8 .IN. MILD STEEL

Distance Total number number of effective fragment Distance Total number number of effective fragment
from burst of effective effective frog- Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frog- Weight Velocity
(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s) (ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz,) (f/s)
r N B M. v r N B m v
40 6,620 .540 .012 2,230 20 6,330 2.070 .020 3,280

50 6,490 .339 .016 1,930 30 6,070 .880 .029 2,880
60 6,300 .228 .021 1,680 40 5,680 .463 .040 2,570
80 5,910 .120 .033 1,340 60 4,830 .175 .066 2,160
100 5,450 .0711 .047 1,130 80 4,010 .0817 .100 1,890
150 4,540 .0263 .076 886 100 3,330 .0434 .149 1,710
200 3,990 .0130 .101 768 150 2,170 .0126 .307 1,340
300 3,230. .0047 .157 616 200 1,580 .0052 .513 1,160
500 2,190 .0011 .301 444 300 999 .0014 .994 967
700 1,620 .0004 .492 348 400 587 .0005 1.55 863
1,000 1,090 .0001 .887 259 600 170 .0001 2.85 742
TABLE 18 TABLE 19.

PERFORATION OF -IN. MILD STEEL PERFORATION OF 1 h-IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v r N B m v
20 3,330 1.090 .149 3,480 20 868 .283 1.15 3,450

30 3,040 .440 .176 3,240 30 770 .112 1.27 3,330
40 2,640 .216 .225 2,920 40 679 .0554 1.40 3,200
60 2,200 .0798 .300 2,620 60 509 .0185 1.68 2,990
80 1,840 .0375 .400 2,380 80 379 .0077 2.01 2,790
100 1,590 .0207 .515 2,180 100 281 .0037 2.37 2,640
150 1,080 .0063 .890 1,820 120 196 .0018 2.75 2,510
200 685 .0022 1.38 1,600 140 117 .0008 3.16 2,380
250 379 .0008 2.00 1,420 170 43 .0002 3.85 2,230
300 189 .0003 2.75 1,300 200 25 .0001 4.62 2,100
Page 12
500-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M64 OR AN-M64A1

Amatol Loading
TABLE 20 TABLE 21

(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s) (Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
70 16,190 .431 .009 2,570 40 16,190 1.321 .009 4,350

80 15,190 .310 .012 2,230 50 15,190 .793 .012 4,060
100 13,600 .178 .017 1,870 60 13,820 .501 .015 3,770
150 9,600 .0557 .037 1,270 80 12,200 .249 .023 3,150
200 6,300 .0206, .061 990 100 9,840 .128 .036 2,670
250 4,650 .0097 .084 840 150 4,860 .0282 .081 2,020
300 4,000 .0058 .106 750 200 3,110 .0102 .148 1,710
500 2,340 .0012 .214 531 300 1,260 .0018 .37 1,270
700 1,330 .0004 .356 411 400 410 .0003 .68 1,070
1,000 430 .0001 .653 302 600 137 .0001 1.48 873
TABLE 22 TABLE 23
PERFORATION OF /-11N. MILD STEEL PERFORATION 1

OF '/-IN. MILD STEEL
N B m v r N B m v
20 12,450 4.06 .021 7,300 20 1,730 .565 .29 5,840

30 11,330 1.64 .029 6,390 30 1,480 .215 .33 5,550
40 9,590 .782 .038 5,730 40 1,260 .104 .37 5,300
60 6,470 .235 .059 4,800 60 834 .0302 .48 4,770
80 4,730 .0965 .085 4,160 80 486 .0099 .625 4,300
100 3,470 .0488 .114 3,790 100 324 .0042 .81 3,890
150 2,380 .0138 .209 2,990 120 224 .0020 1.09 3,500
200 1,390 .0046 .345 2,510 140 137 .0009 1.44 3,160
300 361 .0005 .735 1,940 170 87 .0004 2.23 2,700
500 100 .0001 2.12 1,400 200 31 .0001 3.14 2,390
Page 13
FRAGMENT DAMAGE PATTERNS

for
Bombs
Page 14
20-LB.' FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M41

CASUALTIES
1-90°
FIGURE 56 .FIGURE 57
Ground Burst Ground Burst
Remaining Velocity 550 f/s Remaining Velocity 640 f/s
Altitude of Release 8,500 Ft. Altitude of Release 20,000 Ft.
At least 1 hit per 1 sq. ft.

Page 15
20-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M41

PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 58 FIGURE 59
Altitude of Release 8,500 ft. Altitude of Release 20,000 ft.
At least 1 hit per 1 sq. ft,

Page 16
23 -LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M40

CASUALTIES

FIGURE 60
Ground Burst
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. Bomb Vertical
Page 1
23-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M40

PERFORATION OF 1/8-IN. MILD STEEL
9001
1 hit
least
per 1 sq. ft. 90IAt

FIGURE 61
Ground Burst
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. Bomb Vertical
Page 18
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 62
Ground Burst
Remaining Velocity 760 f/s
Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
At least I hit per 1 sq. ft.

Page 19
90-LB. 'FRAGMENTATION BOMB, T9 -(M82)
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 63
Height of Burst 30 ft.
9 o4
I~liiuIlllliIAt
least Ihit per 10 sq. ft.
E~II At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 80
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 64

90
~III~i1At least I hit per, 25 sq. ft.

GROUND I
0
Page 81
90-LB.. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, T9 (M82)
FIGURE 65
Ground Burst
I-90°

Page 82
PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 66

9C
At least 1 hit per
At least 1 hit per
ID;
:lfi At least I hit per
Page 83

PERFORATION OF l/8-IN. MILD STEEL
9001
FIGURE 67
At least 1 hit, per 25 sq. ft. Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
Page 84

At least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft. FIGURE 68

Ground Burst
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
Page 85

At (east 1 hit per 1 sq. ft.
~t( At least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft.

.............. i...ii.,;.i
FIGURE 69
..~
...--.....
... ~
.~
..................
.:. .... ......... Height of Burst 30 ft.
~ ~:.
::::::::;::\:::::::::::; .
""""""""""""'
""""""""""'
'"""""""""':.'::: Remaining Velocity 760 f/s
Page 86
100-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M30A1 or AN-M30
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 70
Ground Burst
At least I hit per I sq. ft.

Page 87
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 71

Page 88
100-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M3OA1 or AN-M30

CASUALTIES
l1~~1lllll~IIIAt least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. FIGURE 72

.At1 hit per 25 sq. ft.
least Altitude of Release 17,000 ft.
Page 89
1
PERFORATION OF / 8-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 73
Ground Burst
-90
I U At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft.

Page 90
1
PERFORATION OF / 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 74

900 -90°
' 0M M' ZZOA At least I hit per 4 sq. ft.

Page 91
100-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M3OA1, or AN-M30

PERFORATION OF '/8-IN. MILD STEEL
90°1
FIGURE 75
Page 92
PERFORATION OF /4-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 76
Ground Burst
-900
At leasti hit per 1 sq. ft.

Page 93

00

Page 94
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (T1O)
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 78
Ground Burst
900
At least 1 hit per 1 sq. ft..

Page 95
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (Tb0)
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 79
Height, oF Burst 30 Ft.
Altitude oF Release 20,000 Ft.
- At least I
At least I
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. Ft.

Page 90
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (T1o)
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 80
Height oF Burst 60 ft.

r'##/////////%/# At least 1 hit per4 sq. ft.

Page 91
1
FIGURE 81
Ground Burst
94 -900

Page 90
FIGURE 82
90
At least I hit per I
At least I hit per 4
At least I hit per 1
Ez~I At least I hit per 2

Page 99
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (T1o)
1
PERFORATION. OF /8-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 83

90
At least i hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 100
FIGURE 84
Ground Burst
1 11 At least I hit per 10 sq. ft.

Page 101


""""""' """"""
""""""""""""
"""""""""""""
""""""''"""~""'
""""""""""""''' Height of Burst 30 Ft.
.
Remaining Velocity 960 F/s
..
At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. Altitude of Release 20,000 Ft.
Page 102
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (1O)
FIGURE 86

90
At least I hit per 10 sq. Ft.
Z 1 At least Ihit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 103

PERFORATION OF /-IN. MILD STEEL
At. least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft. FIGURE 87

Ground Burst
Page 104

PERFORATION OF /-IN. MILD STEEL

0 At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. Altitude of Release 20,000 ft.
Page 105
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 89
Ground Burst
94 -900
At least I hit per 1 sq. ft,

Page 106 500-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 90
Height oF Burst 30 Ft.
Altitude oF Release 20,000 Ft.

Page 107
500-LB. G.P. BOMB,AN-M64A1 or AN-M64
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 91

-900
90
1 At least i hit per 25 sq. Ft.

Page 108
1
PERFORATION OF /g-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 92
Ground Burst
900 -900

,i75"1
lzm At least I hit per 10 sq. ft.

GROUND
Page 109
1
FIGURE 93

At least I hit per 1 sq. It.
1 At least I hit per 25 sq. Ft.

Page 110
1
FIGURE 94
90°
~ZIIII1At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 111
FIGURE 95
Ground Burst
-90°
At least I hit
At least I hit

Page 112
FIGURE
Remaining Velocity 990 f/
Altitude of Release 20,0OC ft,
w 1 sq. ft
At least I hit pR
At least I hit pR
,r 10 sq. It.
At least I hit pE
1Ii:I ~fAt least I hit pR

er25 sq. ft. GON
Page 113

Ii i At least
1~h111 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. FIGURE 97
Page 114
FIGURE 98
Ground Burst
Altit'A;e of Release 20,000 ft.
-900

Page 115

IIlllllllllllllllllllllllllliiIiiiill At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. FIGURE 99

Page 116 Volume I, Part 4
TABLE 24
GENERAL PURPOSE AND LIGHT CASE BOMBS
Weight Class (Lb.) 100 250 500
Model AN-M3OA1 AN-M30 AN-M57A1 AN-M57 AN-M64A1 AN-M64 AN-M43
Total 50-50 Amatol 107.8 107.8 252.0 252.0 512.0 512.0 508.0
Wt. TNT 110.3 111.3 -256.0 256.0 512.0 512.0 514.6
(Lb.) Comp, B - --- 522.9 523.5 --
Explosive 50-50 Amatol 54.3 53.3 120.9 120.9 260.4, 260.4 260.4
Charge TNT 56.8 56.8 124.9 124.9 260.4 260.4 267.0
(Lb.) Comp. B -- - 271.3 271.9
Diameter (In.) 8.18 8.18 10.93 10.93 14.18 14.18 14.18
Length, Total (In.) 38.46 38.46 47.80 47.80 59.16 59.16 59.16
Fuze, Nose AN-M103, AN-M103, AN-M103, AN-M103, AN-M103, AN-M103, r AN-M103,

M103 M103 M103 M103 M103 M103 M103
Fuze, Tail AN-MI OOAi, AN-Mi OOA1, AN-MI OOA1, AN-Mi OOAI, AN-MI 01 Al, AN-MI 01 Al, AN-MI 01 Al,
AN-M100A2 AN-MiOOA2 AN-M100A2 AN-MI 00A2 AN-MIOI A2 AN-MIOI A2 AN-MI11A2
M112, M1I2Ai, M112, Mi12A1, M112, Mii2Ai, M112, MI12A1, M113, MlI3Ai, M113, MII3AI, M113, M1i3AI,
Fuze, Alternate MiI5, M123, M115, M132 M115, M123, M115, M132 M124, M133, M116, M133, M116
M132 M132 M116, AN-Mk. 230
AN-Mkc. 230
Status Standard Limited Standard Standard Limited Standard Standard Limited Standard Limited Standard
GENERAL PURPOSE AND LIGHT CASE BOMBS

Weight Class (Lb.) 1,000 2,000 4,000
Model AN-M65A1 AN-M65 AN-M44 AN-M66A1 AN-M66 AN-M34 AN-M56AI AN-M56
Total 50-50 Amatol 997.0 997.0 .994.0 2,052.0 2,052.0 2,049.0 4,232.0 4,201.0
Wt. TNT 1,015.5 1,015.5 1,023.7 2,088.7 2,088.7 2,106.8 4,348.4 4,317.4
(Lb.) Comp. B 1,039.8 1,039.8 - 2,127.3 2,137.3 -- - -
Explosive 50-50 Amatol 528.6 528.6 528.6 1,059.2 1,059.2 1,059.2 3,233.6 3,240.6
Charge TNT 547.1 547.1 558.3 1,095.9 1,095.9 1,117.0 3,350.0 3,357.0
(Lb.) Comp. B 571.4 571.4 - 1,143.5 1,144.5 - -- -
Diameter (In.) 18.80 18.80 18.80 23.29 23.29 23.29 34.25 34.25
Length, Total (In.) 69.50 69.50 69.50 92.83 92.83 92.83 117.25 117.25
M10303,
AN-MI 03, AN-Mi 03, AN-MI 03, AN-MI 03,
Fuze, Nose M10303,
AN-Mi M10303,
AN-Mi AN-Mi M10303,
AN-MI M103 M103 M103 M103
Fuze, Tail AN-Mi 02A1, AN-MI 02A1, AN-MI 02A1, AN-MI 02A1, AN-Mi 02A1, AN-MI 02A1, AN-MI 02A1, AN-MI 02 Al,
AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2
M114, _ M114, M1 14, M114, ' M114, M114,
M1l4AI, MII4AI, MiI4A1, MII4AI, MII4AI, M1I14A1,
Fuze, Alternate M117, M134, Mil7, M134, Mil7 Mill, M125, Mill, M134, M117 - -
M125, AN-Mk. 230 M134, AN-Mk. 230
ANM.20A
Standard Limited Standard Limited Standard
Status Standard
-k 3 Limited Standard Limited Standard Standard -Limited Standard
Page 117
TABLE 25
ARMOR-PIERCING BOMBS
Weight Class (Lb.) 600 800 900 1,000 1,400 1,600
Model M62' M61 M60 M52 2 AN-Mk. 33 M63 AN-Mk. I

Exp. "D" 634.0 853.0 889.0 1,078.0 1,008.0 1,412.0 1,590.0
Total Wt. (Lb.) TNT -- - - - 1,012.0 - ,596.0
Exp. "D" 33.61 32.68 43.34 58.35 140.0 35.0 209.0

Explosive Charge (Lb.) TNT - - 144.0 - 215.0
Diameter (In.) 10.365 12.40 12.23 12.25 12.0 14.25 14.0
Length, Total (In.) 62.06 58.72 61.72 70.88 73.0 69.1 83.5
Fuze, Tail AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-M102A2 AN-Mk. 228 AN-M102A2 AN-Mk. 228
Fuze, Alternate M102 AN-MiO2AI, AN-MO 2AI, AN-MIO2AI, - AN-MIO 2AI -

M102 M102 M102 M102
Status Limited Standard Limited Standard Limited Standard Limited Standard Standard Limited Standard Standard
TABLE 26
SEMI-ARMOR-PIERCING BOMBS
Weight Class (Lb.) 500 1,000
Model AN-M58A2 AN-M58A1 AN-M59A1 AN-M59

50-50 Amatol 499.0 499.5 987.5 987.5 1
M62A1 and M62A2 versions of this bomb
Total Wt. (Lb.) TNT 504.9 505.4 995.85 995.85 contain only minor changes.
50-50 Amatol 144.5 144.5 303.25 303.25 2
M52A1 is only slightly different.
Explosive Charge (Lb.) TNT 150.4 150.4 311.6 311.6 'Incases where G.P. bombs are not available
Diameter (In.) 11.83 11.83 15.125 15.125 these bombs may be fitted with Bomb, Fuze,
Nose, AN-MI03, by removing nose plug
Length, Total (In.) 57.81 57.81 70.375 70.375
and inserting fuze.
Fuze, Nose (3) (3) (3) (3)
Fuze, Tail AN-MI 01 A2 AN-MI01 A2 AN-MI 02A2 AN-M102A2

AN-MI 01 Al, AN-MI 01Al, AN-MI 02A1, AN-MI 02AI,
Fuze, Alternate MI 13, M 1 3, MI 14 Ml14,
MII3AI, MI13AI, M114A1, M114AI,
M116, M124 M116 M117, M125 M117
Status Standard Limited Standard Standard Limited Standard

Page 118
TABLE 27
FRAGMENTATION BOMBS
Weight Class (Lb.) 4 20 20 23 23 23 23 90 260
Model M83 (T11) AN-M41 Al AN-M41 AN-M4OAI AN-M40 M72A1 M72 T9 (M82) AN-M81(TIO)
Total TNT - 19.80 19.80 24.70 24.70 24.60 24.60 86.62 263.0'
Wt.
(Lb.) 50-50 Amatol - 19.67 19.67 24.57 24.57 24.47 24.47 - 264.5'
Explosive TNT 0.47 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 12.32 33.9'
Charge
(Lb.) 50-50 Amatol - 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 - 35.42
Diameter (In.) 3.125 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 6.06 8.125
Length, Total (In.) 3.25 22.24 21.80 29.94 29.50 29.94 29.50 28.00 43.70
Fuze, Nose - AN-M11OAI AN-MIIOAl MI2OAI MI2OAI MI2OAI MI2OAI AN-M103 AN-M103
Fuze, Tail - - - - - - - - AN-MiOOA2
Fuze, Alternate - MilO Milo M120,AN-M104 M120, AN-M104 M120 M120 M103 AN-M OOAI'
Cluster M28, M29 AN-M1 A2 AN-MI Al, Ml AN-M4AI AN-M4 - - - -
Status Standard Standard Limited Standard Standard Limited Standard Standard Limited Standard Standard Standard
'For Ednatol or TNT Loading.

2Comp. B Loading.
'Partially armed 350 turns.
TABLE 28
FRAGMENTATION CLUSTERS
Model AN-MI A2 AN-MI Al Ml AN-M4AI AN-M4 M26 M28 M29
Weight Loaded (Lb.) 125.0 87.2 155.21 415.
Width (In.) 8.8 8.8 10.5 16.09 8.00 13.89
Length (In.) 46.6 46.75 31.0 52.56 47.35 59.37
Bombs, Number 6 6 6 3 3 20 24 90
Bomb, Model 20-lb., AN-M41 Al 20-lb.,AN-M41 20-lb., M41 23-lb., AN-M40Ai 23-lb., AN-M40 20-lb., AN-M41 4-lb., M83 (TI1) 4-lb., M83 (T11)
Cluster Adapter AN-MiA3 AN-MI A2 Ml AN-M3AI AN-M3 1 MI51 Ml61
Status Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard
'Bombs released by Fuze, M.T., M11 A2

Page 119
PARTICULARS ON BOMB FUZES
1. AN-MIooA2, AN-MIoIA2, AN-M102A2-These fuzes are all 6. MII2AI, MII3AI, MII4AI-These are all the same except
of the same general design, differing only in the overall length. The for length, which is greater for larger-sized bombs. Their character-
Al modifications of these three fuzes, AN-M100A1, AN-MIO1A1, istics are a cocked firing pin, which makes them supersensitive, a very
and AN-MlO2A1, have a much longer arming air travel (2,000- short arming distance, and interchangeable delays of 4-5, 8-11 or
3,500 ft.) than the A2 modification. The original fuzes, M100, M101, 8-15 sec. Delay allows bombs to be used for "skip" bombing.
and M102 (Army fuzes), were not made AN-Standard as they do
7. M115, M116, M117-These fuzes are similar to the M112,
not have an interchangeable primer detonator, but have a fixed delay
M113, and M114 except for a longer arming distance.
of 0.1 sec. They also have the same long arming air travel as the Al
modification, and are used only in Army bombs. 8. AN-M120-Instantaneous nose fuze with a time-delay arming
.mechanism. Designed to replace the AN-M104.
2. AN-M103-Identical with the Army M103 fuze except for a
shorter arming distance, as shown in the AN-M103 fuze table. 9. M123, M124, M125-These are long-delay tail fuzes issued with
delays of 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 144 hr.
3. AN-M104-A very sensitive arming-pin type fuze into which
10. AN-M126 and M126A1-These fuzes are similar to the M110
is incorporated a time-delay arming detonator safety.
and AN-MIlOAl respectively but do not contain an integral booster.
4. AN-MII1OAI-A sensitive nose fuze which functions with 11. M132, M133, M134-These are booby trap fuzes similar to
instantaneous action upon impact.
the M123, M124, and M125, except that the delay is for 5 minutes
minimum.
5. MIIO-Arming-vane type for instantaneous action. The Mi10
is similar to the AN-M11OA1, but the latter is of sturdier construc- 12. AN-Mk. 228-Formerly designated Mk. 28 and Mk. 28,
tion and has a reduced arming air travel. Mod. 1. Standard fuze for AP bombs.
Page 120
TABLE 29
IMPACT FUZES
Model AN-MI 00A2 AN-MI 00AI1 AN-MI 01 A2 AN-MIOI Al 1

AN-MI 02A2 AN-MI 02A11 AN-MI 03 AN-Mi 04
Position' Tail Tail Tail Tail Tail Tail Nose Nose-
Delay, (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 0 or 0.1 sec. Instant
Arming Air 4453 890, 5555, 1,1151 465' 9407

Travel (Ft.) 4854 9754 4806 9556 4885 1)22-.5sc
Weight (Lb.) 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.7 1.15
Detonator M14 M14 M14 M14 M14 M14 Integral (M20) Integral
Standard Fuze AN-M30 (G.P.) AN-M43 (G.P.) AN-M44 (G.P.) All AN-Std. G.P. AN-M40 (Frag.)
for Bombs AN-M3OAI (G.P.)' AN-M64 (G.P.) AN-M65 (G.P.) bombs,325-Ib.depth AN-M4OA1 (Frag.)
AN-M57 (G.P.) AN-M64A1 (G.P.) AN-M65A1 (G.P.) bombs, and Frag. M72 (Frog.)
AN-M57AI (G.P.) AN-M58 (S.A.P.) AN-M34 (G.P.) bombs, 90-lb. T9, M72A1 (Frag.)
AN-M81 (TI 0) (Frag.) AN-M58A1 (S.A.P.) AN-M66 (G.P.) (M82),260-lb.,AN-
AN-M58A2 (S.A.P.) AN-M66A1 (G.P.) M81 (TIO)
AN-M59 (S.A.P.)
AN-M59A1 (G.P.) (11)
IMPACT FUZES
Model AN-MII1OAI Milo MII2AI MII3AI MII4AI M115 M116 M117

Position Nose Nose Tail Tail Tail Tail Tail Tail
Delay Instant Instant 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15
sec. sec. sec. sec. sec. sec.
Arming Air 725 2,200 7512 901 807 44512 5558 5657
Travel (Ft.) 80's 806 758 48513 4806 4458
1102 6650
Weight (Lb.) 1.02 .62 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.2
Detonator M13 M13 MI6AI MI6AI MI6AI MI6AI MI6AI Ml6AI
Standard-Fuze AN-M41 (Frog.) AN-M41 AN-M30 (G.P.) AN-M43 (G.P.) AN-M34 (G.P.) AN-M30 (G.P.) AN-M43 (G.P.) AN-M34 (G.P.)
for Bombs AN-M41 Al (Frag.) M47A1 AN -M3OAI (G.P.) AN-M58 (S.A.P.) AN-M44 (G.P.) AN-M3OAI (G.P.) AN-M58 (S.A.P.) AN-M44 (G.P.)
AN-M57 (G.P.) AN-M58A1 (S.A.P.) AN-M59 (S.A.P.) AN-M57 (G.P.) AN-M58A1(S.A.P.) AN-M59 (S.A.P.)
AN-M57AI (G.P.) AN-M58A2 (G.P.) AN-M59A1 (S.A.P.) AN-M57AI(G.P.) AN-M58A2 (G.P.) AN-M59A1 (S.A.P.)
AN-M64 (G.P.) AN-M65 (G.P.) AN-M64 (G.P.) AN-M65 (G.P.)
AN-M64A1 (G.P.) AN-M65A1 (G.P.) AN-M64A1 (G.P.) AN-M65A1 (G.P.)
AN-M66 (G.P.) AN-M66 (G.P.)
AN-M66A1 (G.P.) AN-M66A1 (G.P.)
(Continued)
See Page 121 for Footnotes
Page 121
TABLE 29-Continued TABLE 30

IMPACT FUZES AN-M 103 FUZE
Arming Air Travel (Ft.)
Model AN-MI 20A1 MI 23 MI 24 MI 25 AN-Mk. 228
BOMBS Weight .1-sec.
Position Nose Tail Tail Tail Tail Class Inst. Delay
(Lb.) ___ _ _
Delay Instant 1-144 hr. 1-144 hr. 1-144 hr. 0.08 sec.
AN-M30, AN-M30AI 100 765 510
39018
AN-M57, AN-M57A1 250 940 630
Arming Air 1.75-2.05 sec. 38014 46018 560"9 800-11100
Travel (Ft.) 41 011 40017 37020 AN-M 81 (TI 0) 260 765 -
AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1 500 1,000 670

Weight (Lb.) 1.1 2.9 3.1 3.4 10.5
AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1 1,000 1,030 685
Detonator Integral M 19A1 Ml 9A1 M 19A1 Integral AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1 2,000 1,620 1,080
Standard Fuze AN-M40 (Frog.) AN-M30AI AN-M64A1 AN-M65A1 Mk. I AN-M56, AN-M56A1 4,000 1,030 685
For Bombs AN-M40A1 (Frog.) AN-M57A1 AN-M58A2 AN-M59AI AN-Mk. I
M72 (Frog.) AN-M66A1 AN-Mk. 33
M72A1 (Frog.) TABLE 31
M103 FUZE
BOMBS Weight . .
Class Inst. Delay
(Lb.)
AN-M30, AN-M3OAI 100 1,140 570

AN-M57, AN-M57A1 250 1,410 705
AN-M81 (TIO) 260 1,140
'Partially armed 350 turns. AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1 500 1,495 750
2AN-MI00A2, AN-MIO1A2, and AN-M102A2 Fuzes use the M14 interchangeable primerdetona- AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1 1,000 1,535 770
Stor, which is Furnished in four delays: namely, nondelay, 0.01, 0.025, and 0.1 sec.
AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1 2,000 2,420 1,210
3For Bombs, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30, AN-M30AI, and Frog., 260-lb., AN-M81 (TIO)
4 AN-M56, AN-M56A1 4,000 1,535 770
For Bombs, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57A1, AN-M57.
5For Bombs, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1. 'Partially armed 250 turns.
6
For Bombs, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1, AN-M58A2. TABLE 32
'For Bombs, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1.
8
For Bombs, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59, AN-M59A1. M103 'FUZE
9For Bombs, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1, and 4,000-lb., AN-M56, AN-M56A1
"Arming air-travel distance of the AN-MI03 fuze varies with the delay and type oF bomb. See tables
30, 31, and 32. BOMBS Weight 'sec.
11n an emergency Bombs, 500-lb., 'S.A.P., AN-M58; AN-M58A1, AN-M58A2, and 1,000-lb., Class Inst. .ec.
S.A.P., AN-M59, AN-M59A1, can be fitted with this fuze by removing nose plugs and inserting fuze. (Lb.) Delay
"2For Bombs, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30, AN-M30AI.
AN-M30, AN-M30A1 100 1,710 1,140
'3For Bombs, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57, AN-M57A1.
4 AN-M57, AN-M57AI 250 2,110 1,410
' For Bomb, G.P., 100-Ib., AN-M3OA1.
"For Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57A1. AN-M81 (TiO) 260 1,710 -
"For Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64A1. AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1 500 2,240 1,495
17For Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58A2. AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1 1,000 2,300 1,535
"For Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65A1.
AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1 2,000 3,625 2,420
'9For Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66A1.
"0For Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59A1. AN-M56, AN-M56A1 4,000 2,300 1,535
Page 122
NOTES
Page 123
NOTES
i
Page 124
NOTES
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AUGUST 1944
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-II~IICIIIIBII~I~C111~1~
DECLASSIFIED
TERMINAL BALLiSTIC DATA

Volume II
Artillery Fire
N Of
August 1944
DECLASS iE DE
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Maximum desired effect at the target is the objective followed by ary 1944. This document gives information concerning the use of artillery
the Ordnance Department in designing weapons and ammunition. A proper weapons and the proper ammunition for attacking heavy reinforced con-
balance of many factors involved is essential to acc9mplish this purpose. crete structures. It calls attention to the fact that H.E. ammunition with
Most important among these factors are terminal velocities, shape, weight, standard fuzes should not be used for this purpose as no satisfactory effects
and material used in the projectile, type and weight of explosive charge and against sturdy concrete fortifications are attainable.
the fuzing system. For example:
c. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST RE-
A shaped charge used in the "Bazooka" is very effective against
INFORCED CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-Second Progress Report dated 15
tanks, whereas against heavy concrete emplacements, it would do only a
February 1944. This document reports results of additional artillery firings
comparatively small amount of damage;
from 75-mm to 240-mm inclusive against heavy reinforced concrete struc-
A general purpose bomb is exceedingly efficient against certain types tures, and the effects of G.P. and S.A.P. bombs of various weights against
of buildings whereas a semi-armor-piercing bomb will be much more efficient similar structures. In the course of these tests, a very important discovery
than the general purpose bomb if penetration of more resistant materials is was made. It was found that a special steel fuze into which were introduced
required for destruction of the target; standard fuze components in combination with standard H.E. ammunition
gave a superior type of concrete-penetrating shell. With these special steel
The delay used in a fuze is extremely important since the position of fuzes which can be used with standard H.E. ammunition from 75-mm to
the projectile with respect to the target at the instant of detonation deter- 240-mm inclusive without any modifications to the loaded shell, and which
mines the amount of damage. This is true against personnel and other targets is interchangeable with any standard contour fuze, all calibers of H.E. shell
where a certain fragment pattern is desired as well as against targets such become effective concrete-piercing ammunition.
as heavy concrete and armor where delay is vital to permit penetration before
detonation for maximum damage. To obtain best results, ammunition,
d. "VULNERABILITY TESTS OF GERMAN TANKS PZ KW III, IV,
properly fuzed, must be carefully selected to fit the target.
AND VI" dated 15 March 1944. This brochure gives data showing the
The great importance of accumulating and placing in the hands of ranges at which penetrations of the various plates found on German tanks
troops data showing the effect of various kinds of ammunition on specific can be achieved.
targets was recognized early in the emergency. This work has been inten-
sively carried forward and much information of the character indicated has The purpose of this book is to report additional data which have
been provided by the Ordnance Department. Some recent publications been accumulated on terminal ballistics, and to present all data available
giving data on terminal ballistics are the following: to date on terminal ballistics in such form as to be of greatest usefulness to
all concerned. These data should be of great assistance in the selection and
use of weapons and ammunition against specific targets. It has been issued
a. "WEAPONS FOR JUNGLE WARFARE", dated 1November 1943. in two volumes-one on artillery ammunition, and the other on bombs.
This brochure describes certain weapons for jungle warfare and methods for This volume covers artillery fire.
attacking bunkers and destroying Japanese infantry in the jungle.
Comments, suggested changes, and data relating to field experience
b. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST RE- in the use of this book will be welcomed. Additions and revisions will be
INFORCED CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-First Progress Report dated 5 Janu- made in the future as may be deemed necessary.
.. p-I ,(, Ar!
CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS
~F~ ~ g
D . Page
LTZI,
ii rr
VOLUME II-TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA F ria 3. BI
p4
i4
n:
. .30, A.P., M2-Face Hardened Plate ....... 5
ARTILLERY FIRE 4. Buliet, C. .50, A.P., M2-Homogeneous Plate....... 6
PART 1-ARMOR PENETRATION ................... 1.... 5. Bullet, Cal. .50, A.P., M2-Face Hardened Plate....... 7
1. General Text. ............... ...................... 1 6. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M75-Homogeneous Plate........ 8
2. Armor Penetration and Striking Velocity Curves........... i 7. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M75-Face-Hardened Plate....... 9
3. Illustrative Example on Use of Armor Penetration and Strik- 8. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M95 (T9E5)-Homogeneous Plate.... 10
ing Velocity Curves.......... ........... ....... 2 9. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M95 (T9E5)-Face-Hardened Plate.... 11
4. Vulnerability of German Tanks......................... 31 10. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M5IBI-Homogeneous Plate....... 12
11. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M5IB1-Face-Hardened Plate...... 13
PART 2-ARTILLERY ATTACK ON CONCRETE.....
12. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M59A1-Homogeneous Plate...... 14
1. Penetration and Perforation.............................
13. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M59A1-Face-Hardened Plate..... 15
2. Edge Effect.......................................
14. Shot, A.P., 37-mm, M80-Homogeneous Plate........ 16
3. Charts and Tables-Discussion .........................
15. Shot, A.P., 37-mm, M80-Face-Hardened Plate....... 17
4. Charts of Total Number of Rounds Necessary to Obtain 90%
16. Shot, A.P., 40-mm, M81Al -Homogeneous Plate........ 18
Probability oF at Least One PerForation in Grade A (5,000
17. Shot, A.P., 40-mm, M81 Al-Face-Hardened Plate ..... 19
p.s.i.) Concrete Targets of Height H, Width W, and Thick-
ness T ....................................... 18. Shot, A.P., 57-mm, M70-Homogeneous Plate........ 20
5. Tables on PerForation oF Various Size Concrete Pillboxes.... .19. Shot, A.P., 57-mm, M70-Face-Hardened Plate....... 21
6. Tables on Breaching oF Concrete Walls ................. 92, 20. Projectile, A.P.C., 57-mm, M86-Homogeneous Plate.... 22
21. Projectile, A.P.C., 57-mm, M86-Face-Hardened Plate.... 23
PART 3-SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE ... :........... 126
22. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 or M61AI-Homogeneous
1. Tables on Fragment Damage .......................... 126 Plate........ .......... ................ ....... 24
2. Damage Patterns ................. ............... 126 23. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 or M61AI-Face-Hard-
3. Types oF Damage..... .. ...... .................. 126 ened Plate.......................................... 25
4. The Choice oF Shells ............................... 126 24. Projectile, A.P.C., 3-in., M62 or M62A1 -Homogeneous
5. The Source of Data .................................. 126 Plate................... ......................... 26
25. Projectile, A.P.C., 3-in., M62 or M62A1-Face-Hard-
ened Plate .......................................... 27
26. Projectile, A.P.C., 90-mm, M82-Homogeneous Plate..... 28
ILLUSTRATONS 27. Projectile, A.P.C., 90-mm, M82-Face-Hardened Plate.... 29
CHARTS ON STRIKING VELOCITY AND ARMOR
PENETRATION '!yARb G: MJ1Q IMK VULNERABILITY
1. Illustrative Example on Use of Striking Velocity and Armor O Germannk P... .. 32
Penetration Curves ............................ " -p29. A o Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000
2. Bullet, Cal. .30, A.P., M2-Homogeneous Plate.... 4 Yards at O0 Angle oF Attack..................... . 33
a
ILLUSTRATIONS 4LLUSTRATIONS
,H r P~a
age
30. Areas of Pz Kpfw III Vulnerable at a Range 48 Pje C., 3-in., M62 and M62A1 60
Yards at 25°' Angle of Attack.. ......... 34 49. Shell, H.E., 90-mm, M71.......................... 61
31. Areas of Pz Kpfw Iii Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000 50. Projectile, A.P.C., 90-mm, M82................... 62
Yards at 00 Angle of Attack....................... 35 51. Shell, H.E., 105-mm, Ml (M2A1 Howitzer)............ 63
32. Areas of Pz Kpfw Ill Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000 52. Shell, H.E., 4.5-in., M65 (Normal Charge) . ..... .64
Yards at 250 Angle of Attack. ............ .. ..... 36
53. Shell, H.E., 4.5-in., M65 (Supercharge)................ 65
33. German:Tank Pz Kpfw IV... ...................... 39
54. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M102 (M1918 Howitzer)..........66
34. Areas of Pz Kpfw IV Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000
55. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M107 (Ml Howitzer).............67
Yards at 0° Angle of Attack....................... 40
56. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M101 (M1917 Gun) Normal Charge. 68
57. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M101 (M1917 Gun) Supercharge.. 69
Yards at 250 Angle of Attack.....................41
58. Projectile, A.P., 155-mm, M112 and M112BI (M1917
36. Areas of Pz Kpfw- IV Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000
Gun) ........................................ 70
Yards at 00 Angle of Attack.......................... 42
59. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M101 (Ml Gun)................ 71
Yards at 250 Angle of Attack........:..............43 60; Projectile, A.P., 155-mm, M112 and MII2BI (Ml Gun).. 72
38. German Tank Pz Kpfw Vl .............................. 46 61. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M106 (Wall).................. .'. 73
39. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000 62. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M06 (Roof) .................... 74
Yards at 00 Angle of Attack............... ....... 47 63. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun) (Normal Charge M9)... 75
40. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000 64. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun) (Base Section M10
Yards at 250 Angle of Attack...................... 48 Charge)......:. .............................. 76
41. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000 65. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun) (Full Charge M10)..... 77
Yards at 00 Angle of Attack.......................49 66. Shell, H.E., 240-mm, M114.'........................... .78
42. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000
Yards at 250 Angle of Attack...... ................ 50
CHARTS ON THE DAMAGE EFFECTS OF SHELL
CHARTS ON TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS NECESSARY 67. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties.... . ........ . 140
FOR 90% PROBABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PERFORATION 68. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties .. ........... . 140
69. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties ..... ......... . 141
IN GRADE A (5,000 P.S.I.) CONCRETE OF HEIGHT H,
70. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties.......... .... 141
WIDTH W, AND THICKNESS T. 1
71. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Perforation of / 8 -in. Mild Steel.. 142
43. Shell, H.E., 75-mm, M48-Supercharge .................. 55 72. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Perforation of 1/g-in. Mild Steel.. 142
44. Shell, H.E., 75-mm, M48-Normal Charge.............56 73. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Perforation of 1 /8-in. Mild Steel.. 143
45. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 and M61 A1............57 74. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Casualties............... 144
46. Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1 (3-in. Guns).................58 75. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1-Casualties.... ............ 144
47., Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1, (76-mm Guns)...............59 76. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Casualties ................... 145
ii
ILLUSTRATIONS flCTDATIVOIJC
a '41 Page
77. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1-Casualties ................ 145 109. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 164
78. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel.. 146 110. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 164
79. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 146 111. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 1A-in. Mild Steel.. 165
80. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 147 112. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 165
81. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Casualties .................... 148 113. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Casualties................... 166
82. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Casualties .................... 148 114. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Csualties
.................... 166
83. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 149
115. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel. 167
84. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 149
116. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel. 167
85. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties. .................. 150
117. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties...............168
86. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties................ 150
118. 155-mm Shell, H.E., M107-Casualties .................. 168
87. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties .............. :..... 151
119. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties................. 169
88. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties .................. 151
152 120. 155-mm Shell, HE., Ml 07-Casualties ................ .169
89. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel..
90. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 152 121. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties............... 170
91. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 'A-in. Mild Steel.. 153 122. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties .................. 171
92. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 'A$-in. Mild Steel.. 153 123. 155-mm Shell, H.E., M107-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 172
93. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Casualties .................. 154 124. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml 07-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 172
94. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Casualties .................. 154 125. 155-mm Shell, HE., M 07-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 173
95. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Casualties .................... 155 126. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml 07-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel 173
96. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Casualties .................... 156
97. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel.. 157
98. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 157
99. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 158
100. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel.. 158 TABLES
101. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Casualties ............... 159
TABLES ON GERMAN TANK VULNERABILITY
102. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Casualties ................ 159
103. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild 1. Vulnerability of German Tank Pz Kpfw III to U. S. Guns
Steel..................... 160 for 00 Angle of Attack ............ .............
104. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild 2. Vulnerability of German Tank Pz Kpfw III to 'U. S. Guns
Steel............................................... 160 for 250 Angle of Attack...............................
105. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties .................... 161 3. Vulnerability of German Tank Pz Kpfw IV to U. S. Guns
106. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties ................... 71 xC Sfi%0 0 Angle of Attack ............... ..........
107. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties............ 4. l t4,,li' in Tank Pz Kpfw IV to U. S. Guns
108. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties .................... F'or 20 ne Att~c .............................
.r .
rF 77'
+a'
IiR41N~
TABLES ~
L'TABLES
Page Page
5. Vulnerability oF German Tank Pz KpFw VI to U. S. Guns For 90% Probability oF Enough Hits to Make a Breach
For 00 Angle of Attack........................... 51 Large Enough for a Medium Tank (4 yd. Wide).......96, 97
6. Vulnerability oF German Tank Pz KpFw VI to U. S. Guns 15. Wall 6 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Weight of
For 250 Angle oF Attack............................... 52 Complete Rounds (Lb.) of Various Ammunition at Various .
Ranges For 90% Probability oF Enough Hits to Make a
TABLES ON SHELL PENETRATION OF CONCRETE PILL- Breach Large Enough For a Medium Tank (4 yd. Wide)... 98, 99
BOXES AND BREACHING OF CONCRETE WALLS 16. Wall 10 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Neces-
sary Number of Hits with Various Ammunition at Various
7. Concrete Pillbox Wall 3 Ft. Thick, 4.5 Ft. High, 7.5 Ft. Wide- Ranges to Make a Breach Large Enough For a Medium
Approximate Total Number of Rounds Which Must be Tank (4 yd. Wide) .............................. 100, 101
Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to Have
17. Wall 10 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Total
90% Probability oF at Least One PerForation ........... 80, 81
Number of Rounds oF Various Ammunition at Various
8. Concrete Pillbox Wall 3 Ft. Thick, 4.5 Ft. High, 7.5 Ft. Wide. Ranges For 90%' Probability oF Enough Hits to Make
Approximate Total Weight of Complete Rounds (Lb.) Which
a Breach Large Enough For a Medium Tank (4 yd. Wide). 102, 103
Must be Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to
18. Wall 10 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Weight
Have 90% Probability of at Least One PerForation.......82, 83
of Complete Rounds (Lb.) oF Various Ammunition at
9. Concrete Pillbox-5 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Number of
Various Ranges For 90% Probability oF Enough Hits to
Rounds Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at
Make a Breach Large Enough For a Medium Tank (4 yd.
Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF at Least One
Wide).............. ..................... 104, 105
PerForation ...................... ........... 84, 85
19. Projectile, A.P.C., 57-mm, M86........ ........... 106
10. Concrete Pillbox 5 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Weight of
20. Shell, H.E., 75-mm, M48............................. 107
Complete Rounds (Lb.) Which Must be Fired From Various
Weapons at Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF 21. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 and M61 Al............. 108
at Least One PerForation ............................ 86, 87 22. Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1 (3-in. Guns).................. 109
11. Concrete Pillbox 7 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Number of 23. Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1 (76-mm Guns)..............110
Rounds Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at 24. Projectile, A.P.C., 3-in., M62 and M62A1 ............... 111
Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF at Least One 25. Shell, H.E., 90-mm, M71......................... 112
PerForation..................... ............ 88, 89
26. Projectile, A.P.C., 90-mm, M82 ........................ 113
12. Concrete Pillbox 7 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Weight of
27. Shell, H.E., 105-mm, Ml (M2A1 Howitzer)...........114
Complete Rounds (Lb.) Which Must be Fired From Various
Weapons at Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF 28. Shell, H.E.,,105-mm, Ml (M3 Howitzer)................. 115
at Least One PerForation... .................... 90, 91 29. Shell, H.E., 4.5-in., M65 ........... ............ 116
13. Wall 6 ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Necessary 30. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, Ml 02 (Ml 918 Howitzer).........117
Number of Hits with Various Ammunition at Various
31. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M107 (Ml Howitzer)............ 118
Ranges to Make a Breach Large Enough For a Medium
Tank (4 yd. Wide)........... 32. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, MIOI (M1917 Gun).............119
................ 94, 95
14. Wall 6 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Total Num- 33. Projectile, A.P., 155-mm, Ml 12 and M I 2B1 (Ml 917 Gun) 120
ber of Rounds of Various Ammunition at Various Ranges 34. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M1OI (Ml Gun)..... .......... 121
iaw
OI~ L 'u
~~bB e
TABLES TABLES
Page Page
35. Projectile, A.P., 155-mm, Ml 12 and MI 21B1
(Ml Gun) .. 122 105-mm H.E. Shell, MI-Casualties.................133
36. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M106 ................... ........... 123 105-mm H,E. Shell, M1-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel 133
37. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun). ...... ............ 124 105-mm H.E. Shell, M38A1--Casualties............. . 134
38. Shell, H.E., 240-mm, M114............... ............ 125 105-mm H.E. Shell, M38A1-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild
Steel.... .......... 134
55. 4.5-in. H.E. Shell, M65--Casualties...............135
TABLES ON SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE
56. 4.5-in. H.E. Shell, M65-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel. 135
39. Hand Grenade Mk. Il-Casualties ................. 127
1
57. 120-mm H.E. Shell, M73-Casualties...............136
40. Hand Grenade Mk. Il-Perforation of /s-in. Mild Steel... 127 1
58. 120-mm H.E. Shell, M73-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel. 136
41. 20-mm H.E. Shell, T16-Casualties ................... 128
59. 155-mm H.E. Shell, M107-Casualties ................ 137
42. 20-mm H.E.I. Shell, M97 (T23)-Casualties............ 128 1
60. 155-mm H.E. Shell, Ml 07-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel 137
43. 75-mm H.E. Shell, M48-Casualties................. 129
61. 8-in. H.E. Shell, MI03-Casualties .................... 138
1
44. 75-mm H.E. Shell, M48-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel.. 129 1
62. 8-in. HE. Shell, Ml03-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel... 138
45. 3-in. H.E. Shell, M42A1 -Casualties. ............. 130' 63. 8-in. H.E. Shell, M103-Perforation of 1/4-in. Mild Steel... 138
1
46. 3-in. H.E. Shell, M42A1-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel. 130 64. 8-in. H.E. Shell, Ml03-Perforation of -in. Mild Steel... 138
47. 81-mm H.E. Shell, M56--Casualties................ 131 65. 240-mm H.E. Shell, Ml14-Casualties ................. 139
1 1
48. 81-mm H.E. Shell, M56-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel.. 131 66. 240-mm H.E. Shell, Ml14-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel 139
49. 90-mm H.E. Shell, M71-Casualties............... 132 67. 240-mm H.E. Shell, Ml14-Perforation of 1/4-in. Mild Steel 139
1
50. 90-mm H.E. Shell, M71--Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel.. 132 68. 240-mm H.E. Shell, MI 14-Perforation of 1/2-in. Mild Steel 139
a=11- ry' M a??a o-ea

fx 4E: "w'z...-
ta i
Page 1
f r ,gR f Yi 1
Ivil
,::$f~xw
Volume II, Part 1
ARMOR PENETRATION
GENERAL TEXT ARMOR PENETRATION AND STRIKING VELOCITY CURVES
1. It is the purpose of this section to provide information pertaining 2. Penetration data have been compiled for all standard projectiles
to the performance of armor-piercing projectiles against homogeneous and when fired against armor plate at various angles of impact. Striking velocity
face-hardened armor plate. The various theories and analyses of the me- and penetration curves have been prepared for each projectile against
chanics of armor penetration will not be dealt with in this discussion, homogeneous and face-hardened plate. From the charts, the thickness of
although such knowledge is necessary for better evaluation of results armor plate which can be penetrated, together with corresponding range
obtained from test firings of projectiles against armor plate. It also allows and striking velocity, can be determined for each projectile. It will be noted
these findings to be interpreted more easily and accurately. It is from the that certain portions of the penetration curves are shown by broken lines.
test firings that data are obtained and compiled as a basis for determining These represent an estimated performance for which actual firing data have
penetrations. not been obtained. The penetration curves represent average values for an
intact projectile completely penetrating the plate.
Ly r I ... i fY ~i
8i$ .vf-
Page 2
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ON USE OF CURVES
3. The following examples and chart are given to \illustrate the use EXAMPLE II:
of the striking velocity and armor penetration curves. The range scale in
Given-1,430 yd. range.
yards and the penetration scale in inches are shown along the bottom of
Required-The maximum thickness of armor plate which can be
the chart and the striking velocity in feet per second is shown along the
penetrated at 200 obliquity and the corresponding striking velocity required.
left-hand border. The striking velocity curve is designated by showing the
Solution-(1) Enter the range scale at 1,430 yd. "D" and proceed
muzzle velocity upon which it is based. The penetration curves are desig- upward on a vertical line to point "C" where the striking velocity curve is
nated as to the obliquity upon which they are based.
intersected. (2) Proceed right from "C" along a horizontal line to "B"
where the penetration curve for 200 obliquity is intersected. (3) Then pro-
EXAMPLE I:
ceed downward along a vertical line to "A" where a thickness of 3 in, is
Given-3-in. plate thickness. read. (4) From point "C" proceed left along horizontal line to "E" where a
Required-The striking velocity and maximum range at which striking velocity of 2,160 f/s is read.
penetration at 200 obliquity can be achieved.
Solution-(1) Enter the penetration scale at point "A" which
EXAMPLE III:
represents 3-in, plate thickness. (2)
Proceed upward along the vertical line
until the intersection with the 200 obliquity penetration curve is reached Given-2,160 f/s striking velocity.
at "B." (3) From "B" proceed left along a line until the intersection with Required-The range and thickness of 200 obliquity armor plate
the striking velocity curve at "C" is reached. (4) From "C" continue left which can be penetrated.
along the horizontal line to "E" where the striking velocity of 2,160 f/s can Solution-(1) Enter the striking velocity scale at point "E" which
be read; then proceed downward from "C" along the vertical line to "D" represents 2,160 f/s. (2) Proceed right to point "C" and then downward
where the range of 1,430 yd. is found. Thus a striking velocity of 2,160 f/s along the vertical line to "D" where the range of 1,430 yd. can be read.
is needed to penetrate 3-in, of plate and the maximum range at which the (3) From point "C" proceed right to "B" and then downward along the
projectile will penetrate the plate is 1,430 yd. vertical line to "A" where the thickness of 3 in. can be read.
Page6 3
2,700-f 3
2,500
2,300
E
2,1 00
11900
.1,700
I,500
1,300
1,100
900
0 400 800 1,20 D 1600 23,00 2,400 2.800-0 3,200 3,600 4,000 4,400 4 B00
5,200 5,600 6000
FIGURE 1
Page 4
2900
270 0
2300
2100
I 900
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
FIGURE 2
Page 5
2900
2700
2300
2100
1900
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
200 4-00
FIGURE 3
Page 6
70 0 600
3000
2800
------------
2600
:T T
V
TT-
240
THOW
2200
-
#
i
44 f
200
1800
-tt
1600
- r _
1400
1200 # ---T ------- -

----
1000
0 200 400 600
FIGURE 4
Page 1
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
200G0
1800
16001
'Quu
1200
1000
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
FIGURE 5
Page 8
2100
1900
1700
P50o
1100
FIGURE 6
Page 9
2900
2700
2500
2300
2100
1900
1700
1500
11001
900
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
FIGURE 7
Page 10
2,900.
2600
14
2,400
PT-
2,200
2,000
1,800
T
IPP.
-hL
1,600
1,400
TIM ATEE-
AM $14
1,200
1,000
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
FIGURE 8
Page 11
2,8.00f~
2,6 00
2,400
2,200
2,0 O O ~Ef~"s~i~i-;~ ;tii;~
I ,8 o o
1,600
1,400
IO O O
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,40 O 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400
FIGURE 9
Page 12
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
FIGURE 10
Page 13
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
FIGURE 11
Page 14
3300
2900
2500
2100
1700
1300
900
0 200 400 600 800 100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
FIGURE 12
Page 15
3300
2900
2500
2100
1700
I 300
900
200 400 600
FIGURE 13
Page 16
3600
3400
3200
300,0
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
FIGURE 14
Page 11
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
FIGURE 15
Page 18
2900 ------ ------
2700
205000080 10 20 40 100 BO 20
FIGURE 16
Page 19
2900
4+44 4#~ L444
2700 ________________________ ___ ______ __ _______ f-- - p tt±
---
-- - - -_ -- -tt- -- _ ------
_____ +4-44+4--t~
190JJ W
0 200 409 out0

800 100 'cut, "flit lot,' lo800 Ct,00
FIGURE 17
Page 20
3000
2600
1800
600
0 400 800 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000
FIGURE 18
Page 21
3000
2600
1400
600
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000
FIGURE 19
Page 22
2700
2300
2100
1500
1300
900
0 400 800 1200 1600 3600 4000 ' 4400 5200 5600 6000
FIGURE 20
Page 23
2700
2500 -
2300
2100
-F~. ±
1900
1700 -
1500
1300
'-'-
1100 1
900
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000
FIGURE 21
Page 24
0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 3,600 4,000 4,400 4,800 5,200 5,600 6,000
FIGURE 22
Page 25
1-tt
2,600
2,400~
2,200
2,000
u:.u
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
,000
ILL
800
0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2800 3,200 3,600 4,000 4,400 4,800 5,200~ 5,600 6,000
FIGURE 23
Page 26
280
2200
2000
1800
1200
0 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600
FIGURE 24
Page 21
800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5200
FIGURE 25
Page 28
Ii f$. 1y +. + { rtt
j r l+ Frt - BI ~ l i -' " ---- - '-
2800 Fr~~~I tfF t-

t . { c,= l -F k-.r k r .
'LbUu
Kilti:
.
- -TT S[m1rLw1#-i
:HIIHLf4
I,-
_W'dAtm&v
[11 -~-ii'
HHH-[4fl 7t
- K cd
2200
"7
Th Fdk~4J
4
4tiitttThTht
I: I 'Thu!.
1>2~
~jBK
4
+'11r$[tt1
Ii~LfW2ThL II t&d22U~IIEX t~t 4-1t~UThTh4~>K
41. rZI
tT1,IVT
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:I.:"
tEEEIE{EM}}
Aa.tibI
4i1+
[M
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d KH101t 4#7J
AILI±tt
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:l tLt~t~~t~
t~
±"
I
t t
H
h
~-lHff±I~Hl~ I V . I ,f vil < I itI i4hiI~kh.~ tT ~ tT1
1$t rfrll~iHHHw
t1IffTPt1T]3KitiIIThdB~$bFI ft ~
1800
I 1-
1 i
4I ',}
~~4Jt414Th~ ~R{fltI 44dttlk !ThtWtAf 2 l ,li~ :--IiF~4
1i 1'1I-l Rt1
.L.
t f-ft - i~;mmcqm Cb~5~ff~
1600-
U+4+W+}4H1{[jj{jjj[IR-FI-4-j-j-
1 NW}Th+A~dH H L~t{1hffflttT4I4~Th4f1
EM
ThbPbtu~itrThntLn'~vm [Ult
LIT111-110,
E-111-11
LITE ULM
IL? .tI''t1l
:t.II SWHItABI
Il ''p7r
iann - II ff HH.}J, Tffi l' t TI TT'
1+;
1400
------------
-ai'
FF
H all,
1200- j'4}:1 -
k 1: -1f
PhlI~hlthfrnll
k
-4
i i']
tfl0
M. bJF2iThTThTBThTh4 f . -1.1 j1 [1;'1)1l 115, 1. il;l i4r>
j ~ ~~~
1600
~~ThW -13
2400 3200
~151C
800 4000 4800 5600
FIGURE 26
Page 29
2600
1800
FIGURE 27
Page 31
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANKS
4. A number of German tanks, made available from captured enemy fire upon an enemy tank when it is in a position where they can obtain this
materiel, have been tested by firing U. S. projectiles against the various impact. As the angle of obliquity increases, the range at which penetration
armor-plate arrangements found on them. During the firing it was shown by any individual projectile can be obtained becomes less. For this reason,
that when German tanks were hit with A.P.C. projectiles, the plates in the tables show the corresponding ranges for each weapon and projectile
many cases were completely defeated and whole sections dropped out of at which the various component parts of the tanks Pz Kpf'w III, Pz Kpfw IV,
the tank. This was caused by failure of welds and cracking and spalling of and Pz Kpfw VI, become vulnerable.
the plate. Thus, many plates failed under the impact shock of the hit, as (b) Both 00 and 250 angles of attack are compiled to enable the
well as from actual penetration. user of the data to interpolate for other angles of attack.
From the data obtained in these tests, charts and tables have been (c) The tabulations cover only those areas which are more apt
prepared showing at what ranges the different parts of the German tanks to be hit. Hits on other vulnerable sections of a tank by armor-piercing pro-
tested are vulnerable to J. S. weapons. jectiles and, in some cases, by high-explosive shells, will reduce the effective-
The following considerations should be kept in mind when using ness of enemy fire, retard the movement of the tank, or set it ablaze. The
these data: additional areas upon which fire may be brought to bear include the track,
(a) Since maximum penetration is achieved by a projectile bogies, vision slits, air louvers, the junction of the turret and hull, guns,
when it strikes the target at 00 obliquity, gunners should attempt to open telescopes or periscopes, and sponson floor plates.
Page 32
I I
FLANK ATTACK
250 250
250 250
REAR ATTACK FRONTAL ATTACK
250
250
TURRET FRONT - 2" THICK
250 25°
TURRET-REAR
1-1/4" THICK
AIR LOUVERS
UPPER HULL-REAR
2" THICK
LOWER HULL-REAR
2" THICK
REAR FRONT
GERMAN TANK PzKpfw li

SHOWING
PLATE DESIGNATION, PLATE THICKNESS AND 25° ANGLE OF ATTACK
FIGURE 28
Page 33
AREAS OF Pz Kptw III VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M.V.(f/s) VULNERABLE AT 1,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS M, Ml , ON MEDIUM

TANKS, T25E1 AND T26E1, G.M.C.,'71 A Ti l,AND
AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 2,670
*r 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), Ms.
Al, IN GUN, M4 AND MS (AIRCRAFT).

2,600
30 M.P.H.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61
75-MM A.P.C. M61 AND M6IA1 , I ,
M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND 1'24E1. 2,030
57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M1. 2,700
37-MM A.P.C., M51B1 IN GUN, M6 NL~n An, MAJ ~1 Y1 l

2,900
ARMORED CAR, M8; AND IN ANTI1'ANK GUN, M3Al.
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM IANI, M4 LKl~j i,
AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3. 2,600
Ago
IIii~ iilili
FIGURE 29
Page 34
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw III VULNERABLE AT A'RANGE OF 1,000 YB. AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M.V.(F/s) VULNERABLE AT 1,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml Al, AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1; G.M.C., TiI AND T71 El; AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 2,670
* 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).

2,600
2,030 AND
350 M.P.H.
75-MM A:P.C. M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES; GUN,
M5 ON LIGHT' TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 2,030
57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml. 2,700

37-MM A.P.C., M5IBI, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5Al, T9EI; LIGHT
~ARMORED CAR, M8; AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI. 2,900__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
*
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
IN 76-MM GUNS, MlAI AND MlA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES; G.M.C., M18,
MORRIS
FIGURE 30
Page 35
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw III VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YD. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1; G.M.C.,T71 ANDT7I ElAND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 2,670
3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5. 2,600
2,030 AND
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND MS (AIRCRAFT). 350 M.P.H.
75-MM A.P C M61 AND M61A1 IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN,
*t M5 ON LIGHI TANKS, T24 AND 1'24E1.
57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M.

2,030
2,700
37-MM A.P.C., M51B1, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9El, LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3A1. 2,900
IN MIM TAUNS,
M T2 AND M1
TRI3E3..M.C.,
A, ON ME I M TAN, M4 M18,
FIGURE 31
---- --
Page 36
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw III VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YD. AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, M1, Ml Al,AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
TANKS, T25El AND T26E1, G.M.C., Ti71AND T71 ElAND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 2,670
* 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5,
75-MM A.P.C., M6l AND M61A1, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).

2,600
2,030 AND
350 M.P.H.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61AI, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN
M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 2,030
57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M. 2,700
37-MM A.P.C,; M5IBl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9E1; LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8; AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI. 2,900
* IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAl AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., M18,
. I /OEM
~i~t~i~
FIGURE 32
-----
Page 31
TABLE 1
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK PzKpfw III TO U.S. GUNS FOR 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
Gun Caliber 90-mm 3-in. 76-mm 75-mm 57-mm 37-mm
Ammunition A.P.C., M82 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M61 A.P.C., M61 A.P.C., M86 A.P.C., M51
Gun Model Ml M3 Ml Al M4(Airc.) M3 Ml M3AI
Gun Model Ml Al M5 Ml A2 M5(Airc.) M6
Gun Model M2 M6
Gun Model M3 M7
Muzzle Velocity (/s) 2,670 2,600 2,600 2,5401 2,030 2,700 2,900
MAXIMUM VULNERABLE RANGE IN YARDS

FRONTAL ATTACK
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,860 4,720 2,590
Turret Front 5,000+ 4,020 4,020 4,100, 2,250 3,600 1,200
Upper Hull Front 4,300 3,230 3,230 3,320 1,400, 1,540 2
Lower Hull Front 3,600 2,600 2,600 2,630 720 1,220 2
FLANK ATTACK
Upper and Lower Hull Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+- 3,200
Turret Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000 5,000+ 2,970,
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,860 4,720 2,590
Turret Front 5,000+ 4,020 4,020 4,100 2,250 3,600 1,200
REAR ATTACK
Turret Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000 5,000+ 2,970
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,860 4,720 2,590
Lower Hull Rear 5,000+ 4,220 4,220 4,360 2,500 3,150 1,580
Turret Front 5,000_+ 4,020 4,020 4,100 2,250 3,600 1,200
Upper Hull Rear 5,000+ 3,900 3,900 3,960 2,110 3,050 1,460
'Muzzle velocity of gun +350 m.p.h. air speed.

2Proiectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
Page 38
TABLE 2
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw III TO U.S. GUNS FOR 250 ANGLE OF AlTACK
Gun Model MI M3' MIAl M4(Airc.) M3 Ml M3AI
Gun Model MI Al M5 Ml A2 M5(Airc.) M6
Gun Model M2 M6
Gun Model M3 M7
Muzzle Velocity (F/s) 2,670 2,600 2,600 2,5401 2,030 2,700 2,900

FRONTAL ATTACK
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000± 5,000± 5,000+ 4,700 3,820, 950

Turret Front 4,660 2,930 2,930 2,800. 1,120 1,86O 2
Upper Hull Front 3,250 1,740 1,740 1,520 2 2 2
Lower Hull Front 2,600 1,180 1,180 920 2 2 2
FLANK A1TACK
Upper and Lower Hull Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,960 4,500 1,730
Turret Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,500 4,340 1,500
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,700 3,820 950
Turret Front 4,660 2,930 2,930 2,800 1,120 1,860 2
REAR ATTACK
Turret Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,500 4,340 1,500
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,700 3,820 950
Lower Hull Rear 4,840 3,080 3,080 2,960 1',280 2,040 2
Turret Front 4,660 2,930 2,930 2,800 1,120 1,860 2
Upper Hull Rear 4,580 2,860 2,860 2,720 1,040 1,720 2
'Muzzle velocity of gum+350 m.p.h. air speed.

'Proictile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
Page 39
_ _
FLANK , ATTACK
FRONTAL ATTACK
REAR ATTACK
25 25
TURRET FRONT
2" THICK
UPPER HULL-FRONT
2"' +I- /4" THICK
LOWER HULL FRT.

2" +RON"THK,
FRONT
REAR
GERMAN TANK PzKpfwlV

SHOWING
PLATE DESIGNATION, PLATE THICKNESS AND 25° ANGLE OF ATTACK
FIGURE 33
Page 40
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw IV VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M..(F/s) VULNERABLE AT 1,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml Al,AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
ND26E1 G.M.C.,T71 AND Tl El;AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6A, 2,670
I P.C.. M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5. 2,600
2,030 AND
M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT). 350 M.P.H. wwwwwwww'd
*r
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN,
M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 2,030 EMISSION Sol:"t;i
57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml. - ,700

M1.Nfr.A4sNEE
37-MM A.P.C., M51Bl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5Al, T9E1 LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI. 2,900
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., MlS,
FIGURE. 34
Page 41
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw IV VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YB. AND 250-ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M.V.(F/s) VULNERABLE AT

1,000 YARDS
I
TANKS,T25E1 AND T6EIG.M.C.,T71 ANDT71E1; ANDHEAVY TANKS, M6ANDM6AI. 2,670
3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5. 2,600
2,030 AND
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT). 350 M.P.H.
*r
75-MM A.P C M61 AND M61AI, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN,

37-MM A.P.C., M5iBl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9El, LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3Al.
-
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., M18,
- -2,900
~i~i~=7
FIGURE 35
-
Page 42
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw IV VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YBD AND ,00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M.V /s) VULNERABLE AT 2,000 YARDS I
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS Ml, Ml Al AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
TANKS T25E1 ANDT26E1, G.M.C.,1'71 ANDT7I El, AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 2,670
3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5. 2,600
2,030 AND
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT). 350 M.P.H.
75-MM A.P.C. M61 AND M61 Al IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN,
M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND 1'4E1. 2,030
yt 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml. 2,700
37-MM A.P.C., M5IB1, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3t M5A1, T9E1I LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTI1ANK GUN, M3AI. 2,900
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA!, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., M18,
FIGURE 36
Page 43
AREAS OF Pz Kptw IV VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YD. AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS Ml, Ml Al, AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1, G.M.C.,71 AND T7I El,AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI.
3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).
75-MM A.P C. M61 AND M61 A1, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN,
M5 ON LIGHT' TANKS, T24 AND T24E1.
*ARMORED
37-MM A.P.C., M5IBI1, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANK
CAR, MS, AND IN ANTI1'ANK GUN, M3AI.
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM Ti
AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
FIGURE 37
- --- --- '--

Page 44
TABLE 3
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw IV TO U.S. GUNS FOR 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK

Gun Model MI M3 M1Al M4(Airc.) M3 Ml M3AI
Gun Model MI Al M5 Ml A2 M5(Airc.) M6
Gun Model M2 M6
Gun Model M3 M7
Muzzle Velocity (fWs) 2,670 2,600 2,600 2,5401 2,030 2,700 2,900

FRONTAL ATTACK
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,860 4,720 2,590

Turret Front 5,000+ 4,220 4,220 4,360 2,500 3,680 1,170
Upper Hull Front 4,300 3,300 3,300 3,400 1,470 1,580 2

Lower Hull Front 4,080 3,040 3,040 3,120 1,200 1,460 2
FLANK ATTACK
Upper and Lower Hull Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,200
Turret Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,700 5,000+ 2,970
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,860 4,720 2,590
Turret Front 5,000+ 4,220 4,220 4,360 2,500 3,680 1,170
REAR ATTACK
Upper and Lower Hull Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,800
Turret Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,700 5,000+ 2,970
Turret Sides 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,860 4,720 2,590
Turret Front 5,000+ 4,220 4,220 4,360 2,500 3,680 1,170

2
Proiectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
Page 45
TABLE 4
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw IVTO U.S. GUNS FOR 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
Caliber__________
Gun____ 90-mm_ 3-in. 76-mm 75-mm 57-mm 37-mm
Ammunition A.P.C., M82 A.P.C., M62 A.PC., M62 A.PC., M61 JA.P.C., M61 A.P.C., M86 A.P.C., M51
Gun_________
Model M____ M3 MI AI M4(Airc.) M3 Ml M3AI
Gun Model ___ Ml Al M5 Ml A2 M5(Airc.) __ __ _____ M6
Gun Model _____ M2 M6_________ __________ ___
Gun Model M3 M7 ____ _____ _____ ____
Muzzle Velocity (Is) 2,670 2,600 260255 ,3 ,0 ,0
FRONTAL ATTACK MAXIMUM VULNERABLE RANGE IN YARDS

Turret Sides ___5,000+ 5,000 5,000 5,000± 4,700 3,820 950
Turret Front _______ 4,840 3,080 3,080 2,960 1,280 2,040 2
UpperHullFront __3,250 1,740 1,740 1,520 2 2 2
Lower Hull Front 3,100 1,600 1,600 ; -130222
FLANK ATTACK
Upper and Lower Hull Sides ____ ___ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000± 5,000+ 4,960 4,500 1,730
Turret Rear ____ _- 5,000± 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,760 4,200 1,340
Turret Sides ___5,000+ 5,000 5,000 5,000+ 4,700 3,820 950
Turret Front _- - -4,840 3,080 3,080 2,960 1,280 2,040 2
REAR ATTACK
Upper and Lower Hull Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000 4,960 5,000+ 3,940
Turret Rear Y _ - 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000 3,760 4,200 1,340
Turret Sides ____- - -- -- 5,000+ 5,000 5,000+ 5,000 4,700 3,820 950
Turret Front 4,840 3,080 3,080 2,960 1,280 2,040 2

21Projectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
Page 40
FLANK ATTACK
25° 250
250 250
REAR ATTACK' FRONTAL ATTACK
25° 250
FLANK ATTACK
TURRET- REAR TURRET- SIDE

3-1/4" THICK 3-1/4" 'THICK
90
HULL-REAR UPPER HULL-SIDE
3-1/4" THICK 3-1/4" THICK
LOWER HULL-SIDE
2-1/2" THICK
25°
REAR SIDE FRONT
GERMAN TANK PzKpfwVI (TIGER)
SHOWING
PLATE DESIGNATION, PLATE THICKNESS AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
FIGURE 38
Page 47
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw VI VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 0° ANGLE OF ATTACK

90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml AI,AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
NKS.T25E1 ANDT26E1,G.M.C. T71 AND T71 El ANDHEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 22.670: -
3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5. 2,600
2,030 AND
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT). 350 M.P.H.
*S M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1.
57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M.

2,030
2,700
37-MM A.P.C., M51Bl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9EI, LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI. 2,900
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, MA SERIES, G.M.C., M18,
FIGURE 39
--- - --- -c---- -- --

Page 40
AREAS OF Pz Kptw VI VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS Ml, Ml AIAND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
TANKS,T25E1 ANDT26E1,G.M.C.,171 ANDT71 El, AND HEAVY TANKS, M6ANDM6AI, 2,670
*r 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1;
75-MM
3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5.
AP.C., M61 AND M61Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).

2,600
2,030 AND
350 M.P.H.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN,

37-MM A.P.C., M51 BI, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5A1, T9E1; LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, MB; AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3A1. 2,900
IN 76-MM GUNS, Ml Al AND Ml A2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., Ml 8,
AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3, 2,600
L_
FIGURE 40
-
Page 49
AREAS OF Pz Kptw VI VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YB. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK

PROJECTILE M.V.(F/s) VULNERABLE AT 2,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Mt Al, AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM
TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1,G.M.C.,T71 AND T71E , NHEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 2,670
* 3-INCH
75-MM
A,P.C., M62 AND M62A1,
A.P.C,, M61 AND M61 Al,

3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD),
IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).

M5. 2,600
2,030 AND
350 M.P.H.
M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1, 2,030

37-MMA.P.C., M51B1, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9EI, LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTII'ANK GUN, M3Al. 2,900
* IN 76-MM GUNS, Mi AI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G...

M18,
2,600
FIGURE 41
Page 50
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw IVVULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 You AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
TANKS, T25E1 AND T26E1, G.M.C.,T71 AND T7l El; AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6Al. 2,670
* 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND MS (AIRCRAFT).

2,600
2,030 AND
350 M.P.H.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES; GUN,
MS ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 2,030

37-MM A.P.C., M5lBl, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9EI, LIGHT
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTII'ANK GUN, M3Al. 2,900
* III IO-MMEV G.UP4, IV1IF1

PAN'4 II , ONE' MEDIUMi ITANK, MV4 SEIE (.M.C., M18,
2,600
FIGURE 42
Page 51
TABLE 5
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw VI TO U.S. GUNS FOR 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK

Gun Model MI M3 MI Al M4(Airc.) M3 Mi M3AI
Gun Model MIA M5 MI A2 M5(Airc.) M6
Gun Model M2 M6
Gun Model M3 M7
Muzzle Velocity (F/i) 2,670 2,600 2,600 2,5401 2,030 2,700 2,900

FRONT ATTACK
Turret Sides and Rear 4,800 2,880 2,880 2,830 1,000 1,480 110
Upper Hull Front 2,900 1,020 1,020 820 2 320 2
Lower Hull Front 1,880 2 2 2 2 2 2

Turret Front 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
FLANK ATTACK
Lower Hull Side 5,000+ 3,980 3,980 4,050 2,200 2,490' 870
Upper Hull Side 4,800 2,880 2,880 2,830 1,000 1,480 110
REAR ATTACK
Hull Rear 4,320 2,200 2,200 2,120 300 1,340 10

2Prolectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
Page 52
TABLE 6
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw VI TO U.S. GUNS FOR 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
Gun Caliber 90-mm 3-in. 76-mm 75-mm 57-mm
Ammuniion A.P.C., M82 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M61 A.P.C., M61 A.P.C., M86
Gun Model M1 M3 MIA M4(Airc.) M3 Ml
Gun Model Ml Al Ms Ml A2 M5(Airc.)
Gun Model M2 M6
Gun Model M3 M7
Muzzle Velocity-F/s 2,670 2,600 2,600 2,540' 2,030 2,700

FRONTAL ATTACK
Turret-Side and Rear 2,680 720 720 460 2 240

Upper Hull Front 1,200 2 2 2 2 2
Lower Hull Front 2 2 2 2 2 2
Turret Front 2 2 2 2 2 2
FLANK ATTACK
Lower Hull Side 4,180 3,000 3,000 2,880 1,200 1,910

Upper Hull Side 2,680 720 720 460 2 240
Turret-Side and Rear 2,680 720 720 460 2 240
Turret-Front 2 2 2 2 2 2
REAR ATTACK
Turret Side and Rear 2,680 720 720 460 2 240

Hull Rear 2,600 550 550 300 2 170
Turret Front 2 2 2 2 2 2
'Muzzle velocity of gun + 350 m.p.h. air speed.

2Projectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
Page 53
Volume II, Part 2

ARTILLERY ATTACK ON CONCRETE
1. PENETRATION AND PERFORATION (c) Heavier targets must, in general, be defeated by repeated
The following considerations, as used in discussion, tables, and charts, fire, perforation finally being obtained by having several rounds hit in
apply to attack on concrete targets. Perforationof a concrete target, wall or approximately the same small area. The number of hits necessary in the
roof, means making a hole all the way through. Penetrationmeans making a same crater for perforation increases with range, and the chance of obtaining
crater which does not go all the way through. Depth of penetrationis measured multiple hits in the same small area decreases with range; therefore the
perpendicular to the face of the wall. total number of rounds which must be fired to have a high probability of
perforation increases very rapidly with range to enormous values at the
2. EDGE EFFECT higher ranges.
In cases when the target is sufficiently close to have small dispersion of (d) Data in the charts and tables are calculated by estimating,
fire the artilleryman can make use of the edge effect under some conditions. at the given range, the number of consecutive hits in one small crater
Projectiles striking closer than 15 calibers from the edge of a wall (an necessary to perforate and, from the range table probable errors, the number
embrasure usually) penetrate more deeply and remove more concrete than of rounds which must be fired to obtain this number of hits in this crater.
if striking in the center. The effect is marked at 10 calibers from the edge, The tables should be of value in determining approximately, at least, the
and best at about 8 calibers. Up to double the normal volume of concrete ranges at which various weapons will be effective, and for obtaining some
may be removed by the use of edge effect. comparison between the different weapons. The absolute numbers must be
accepted with some caution.
3. CHARTS AND TABLES (e) Especially when the table entry is large (100 or over) there
The charts and tables in this section are based on the following hypotheses: should be a fair fraction of perforations from all subsequent hits. In short,
(a) That data shown are based on firing against the center of the entries in the table should not be far below the number of rounds neces-
a wall, without consideration of edge effect. sary to obtain complete destruction of the target, except in the case of the
(b) Although the penetration decreases with the obliquity of the smaller calibers at close range.
target, the crater produced is wider than that produced by normal impact. (f) The data for the H.E. shell with C.P., T105, Fuze is probably
The actual volume of concrete removed per round may even increase for pessimistic, as the H.E. shell with this fuze removes greater volumes of
oblique impact. For prolonged fire the obliquity probably does not greatly concrete than the A.P. projectiles. For multiple hits, all other factors being
influence the number of rounds necessary to obtain perforation, up to equal, the destructive effect of the H.E. shell with this fuze are greater than
obliquities of 200 to 300. that produced by A.P. projectiles.
Page 54
CHARTS ON TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS NECESSARY TO OBTAIN

90% PROBABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PERFORATION IN GRADE A
(5000 P.S.I.) CONCRETE TARGETS OF
(H) HEIGHT
(W) WIDTH
(T) THICKNESS
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Page 79
5. TABLES FOR VARIOUS WEAPONS FIRED AT VARIOUS RANGES TO HAVE 90%

PROBABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PERFORATION OF THE FOLLOWING TARGETS:
(a) 5-Ft. thick concrete pillbox.
(b). 7-Ft. thick concrete pillbox.
(c) Concrete pilibox wall 3 Ft. thick, 4.5 Ft. high, and 7.5 Ft. wide.
FOR EACH OF THE TARGETS THE FOLLOWING IS GIVEN:

(a) Total number oF rounds.
(b) Total weight oF complete rounds.
Page 80
TABLE 7
CONCRETE PILLBOX WALL 3 FT. THICK, 4.5 FT. HIGH, 7.5 FT. WIDE
Approximate TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS which must be
fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90%,7 probability of at least one perforation.
Range in Yards
M. V.
Weapon and Shell (s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
75-mm Gun, M3
Proi., M61, A.P.C. 2,030 10 50 200 730
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, M48, H.E.' 1,980 10 50 220 750
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, M48, H.E.' 1,500 7 20 100 370
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7

Prol., M62, A.P.C. 2,600 10 50 180 560 1,900

1
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,800 4 15 60 110 750
76-mm Guns, Ml Al,

Ml A2
Shell, M42B1, H.E.' 2,700 6 30 115 430 1,400
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Proj., M82, A.P.C. 2,670 3 8 25 70 160
90-mm Guns, MIAI,

M2, M3
1
Shell, M71, H.E. 2,700 3 9 27 65 175
105-mm How., M2A1

Shell, Ml, H.E. 1,550 8 35 120 350 710
105-mm How., M3
1
Shell, Ml, H.E. 1,020 8
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
1
Shell, M65, H.E. 2,275 3 4 8 20 140 650
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M65, H.E.' 1,820 4 6 16 40 100 220 910
'With Fuze, C.P., T105. (Continued)

Page 81
TABLE 7-Continued
Range in Yards
M. V.
Weapon and Shell (Fls)

W 100
50 o d e0500
1,00 2,00 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
155-mm How., 1918

1
Shell, M102, H.E. 1,476 5 21 65 175 380
155-mm How., Ml
Shell, M1O, H.E. 1,850 2 4 9 23 52 105 330
155-mm Gun, Ml917

Shell, MIOI, H.E.' 2,410 16 127 50 200
155-mm Gun, Ml917

Shell, MIOI, H.E.' 1,955 2 4 8 20 45 90 320 820
155-mm Gun, Ml 917

Proj., Ml12, A.P. 2,360 3 4 6 10 27 60 240 770
155-mm Gun, Ml
Shell, M10O, H.E.' 2,800 3 6 12 20 38 65 200 600
155-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., M112, A.P. 2,745 3 3 4 6 9 15 55 190
8-in. How., Ml
Shell, M106, H.E.' 1,950 6 10 30 80 190 460
8-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M103, H.E.' 2,850 15 25 45 85 155 290
As above (white bag base

charge Ml0) 2,F600 10 20 40 85 185 410
As above (Full M9
charge) 2,600 5 9 17 40 90 220
240-mm How., Ml
Shell, MI 14, H.E.' 2,300 . 60 120 200 320 530
'With Fuze, C.P., TI05.

Page 82
TABLE 8
CONCRETE PILLBOX WALL 3 FT. THICK, 4.5 FT. HIGHI, 7.5 FT. WIDE
Approximate TOTAL WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS' (lb.) which must
be fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90%,1 probability of at least one perforation.
Range in Yards
M.V.
Weapon and Shell (f/s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
75-mm Gun, M3
Proj., M61, A.P.C. 2,030 200 925 4,000 14,700
75-mm Gun, M3
2
Shell, M48, HE 1,990 194 1,000 4,200 15,000
75-mm Gun, M3
2
Shell, M48, H.E. 1,500 370 2,020 7,200

Proi., M62, A.P.C. 2,600 260 1,300 4,800 15,000 52,000

2
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,800 105 390 1,560 2,850 19,000
76-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M1 A2
2
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,700 150 750 2,600 9,800 32,000
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Proj., M82, A.P.C. 2,670 140 330 1,080 2,800 6,900
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
2
Shell, M71, H.E. 2,700 135 400 1,200 2,700 7,500
105-mm How., M2AI

2
Shell, Ml, H.E. 1,550 340 1,400 5,200 15,000 30,000
105-mm How., M3
2
Shell, Ml, H.E. 1,020 340
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M65, H.E.2 2,275 200 290 530 1,290 3,600 9,300
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds-in the case of separate-loading guns this is the weight of proiectile and charge. (Continued)
2
With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
Page 83
TABLE 8-Continued
Range in Yards
M. V. ------- _ _ _ _ _ _ -- _ _
Weapon and Shell (/s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
4.5-in. Gun, MI
Shell, M65, H.E.2 1,820 260 390 1,080 2,600 6,700 15,000 60,000
155-mm How., 1918

Shell, M102, H.E. 2 1,476 470 2,200 6,600 18,000 40,000
155-mm How., MI
Shell, M107, H.E. 2 1,850 220 440 1,000 2,500 5,700 11,000 36,000
155-mm Gun, Ml 917

Shell, MIOI, H.E.2 2,410 2,000 3,300 6,100 25,000
155-mm Gun, M1917

Shell, MIOI, H.E. 2 1,955 250 500 1,000 2,300 5,300 10,500 38,000 98,000
155-mm.Gun, Ml 917
Proj., Ml 12, A.P. 2,360 300 500 680 1,130 3,400 7,200 31,000 96,000
155-mm Gun, Ml
Shell, MIOI, H.E. 2 2,800 340 760 1,500 2,650 4,700 8,200 25,000 74,000
155-mm Gun, MI
Proj., M112, A.P. 2,745 300 400 430 710 1,100 2,000 7,100 25,000
8-in. How., MI
Shell, M106, H.E. 2 1,950 1,300 2,300 6,900 18,000 44,000 105,000
8-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M103, H.E.2 2,850 5,000 8,500 15,000 29,000 53,000 99,000
As above (white bag
base charge Ml 0) 2,600 3,400 6,800 14,000 29,000 63,000 140,000
As above (Full M9 charge) 2,600 1,700 3,000 5,800 13,000 31,000 75,000
4
4O-mm How., MI
Shell, M114, H.E. 2 2,300 29,000 53,000 86,000 140,000 230,000
2With Fuze, C.P., TI 05.

Page 84
TABLE 9
CONCRETE PILLBOX 5 FT. THICK

fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90% probability of at least one perforation.
Unless otherwise noted, figures apply to all wall faces of area equal to or greater than that of
one 10 ft. high x 15 ft. wide.
in Yards
M. V. _Range
Weapon and Shell (ffs) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
75-mm Gun, M3
Proj., M61, A.P.C. 2,030 20 110, 480, 1,700
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, M48, H.E. 1,980 20 115 500 1,800
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, M48, H.E.' 1,500 15 45 240 880

Proj., M62, A.P.C. 2,600 20 100 370 1,200

1
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,800 10 35 130 500 1,700
76-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M1 A2
Shell, M42B1, H.E.' 2,700 15 55 240 900
90-mm Guns, MI Al,

M2, M3
Proi., M82, A.P.C. 2,670 6 15 50 130 320
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
1
Shell, M71, H.E. 2,700 5 15 50 140 350
105-mm How., M2A1

Shell, Ml, H.E.' 1,550 15 70 270 750
105-mm How., M3
Shell, Ml, H.E.' 1,020 350
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M65, H.E.' 2,275 5 10 20 45 110 270 1,300
'With Fuze, .P., T105. (Continued)

Page;J5
TABLE 9-Continued
Range in Yards _
M. V.
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M65, H.E.' 1,820 15 30 70 200 530 1,900
155-mm How., 1918

Shell, M102, H.E.' 1,476 35 120 320 700
155-mm How., Ml
Shell, MIo, H.E.' 1,850 4 10 20 45 100 200 600
155-mm Gun, M1917

Shell, M1oI, H.E.' 2,410 5 10 20 40 80 300 1,100
155-mm Gun, Ml917

Shell, MiOI, H.E.' 1,955 7 15 35 75 150 500 1,500
155-mm Gun, Ml917

Proj., M112, A.P. 2,360 5 10 25 50 100 400 1,300
155-mm Gun, Mi 2,800 5 10 20 40 80 300 900

Shell, MIo1, H.E.' 2,800 152 252 502 902 3002
155-mm Gun, Ml
Prol., M 12, A.P. 2,745 4 7 15 30 100 300 800
8-in. How., Ml
Shell, M106, H.E.' 1,950 10 15 45 110 300 600
8-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M103, H.E.' 2,850 10 25 50 150
As above (white bag

base charge Ml 0) 2,600 15 35 100 220
As above (full M9
charge) 2,600 20 50 140
240-mm How., Ml
Shell, M114, H.E.' 2,300 40 100 230 430
1
With Fuze, C.P., TI 05.
2Target 10 It. high x 30 Ft. wide.
rp8's
TABLE 10
Approximate TOTAL WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS' (lb.) which must be
in Yards
M. V. -Range
Weapon and Shell (/s) .500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
75-mm Gun, M3
Prol., M61, A.P.C. 4,030 400 2,200 9,600 34,000
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, M48, H.E.' 1,980 400 2,200 9,700 35,000
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, M48, H.E.' 1,500 330 850 4,700 17,000

Prol., M62, A.P.C. 2,600 550 2,700 10,000 33,000
3-In, Guns, M5, M6, M7

Shell, M42B1, H.E.2 2,800 250 800 3,300 13,000 43,000
76-mm Guns, M1 Al,

Ml A2
1
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,700 270 1,200 5,500 20,000
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Prol., M82, A.P.C. 2,670 250 730 2,100 5,500 .14,000
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Shell, M71, H.E.2 2,700 200 730 2,200 6,000 15,000
105-mm How., M2AI

Shell, Ml, H.E.' 1,550 730 3,000 12,000 32,000
105-mm How., M3
2
Shell, Ml, H.E. 1,020 8,300
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds--in the case of separate-loading guns this is the weight of projectile, and charge. (Continued)
2With Fuze, C.P., T105.
Page 81
TABLE 10-Continued
in Yards
M. V. _Range
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M65, H.E.2 2,275 330 600, 1,200 3,000 7,300 19,000 87,000
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M65, H.E.' 1,820 800 1,800 4,700 13,000 35,000 127,000-
155-mm How., 1918

Shell, M 02, H.E.' 1,476 3,700 12,000 33,000 73,000
155-mm How., Ml
Shell, M107, H.E.2 1,850 430 1,000 2,200 4,900 10,000 20,000 63,000
155-mm Gun, Ml 917

Shell, Ml01, H.E.2 2,410 600 1,200 2,400 4,800 9,800 38,000 132,000
155-mm Gun, Ml917

Shell, Ml01, H.E.2 1,955 840 1,900 4,200 7,000 18,000 62,000 180,000
155-mm Gun, Ml917

Proj., M112, A.P. 2,360 620 1,400 2,900 6,000 12,000 51,000 162,000
155-mm Gun, Ml 2,800 630 1,300 2,500 5,000 10,000 35,000 108,000
Shell, Ml 01, H.E.2 2,800 1,9009 3,2008 6,500' 11,0000 35,0003
155-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., M112, A.P. 2,745 520 900 1,600 3,500 12,000 39,000 100,000
8-in. How., Ml
2
Shell, M106, H.E. 1,950 2,300 3,400 10,000 26,000 69,000 140,000
8-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M103, H.E.' 2,850 3,500 8,000 18,000 41,000
As above (white bag

base charge, Ml0) 2,600 5,000 12,000 34,000 75,000
As above (lull M9 charge) 2,600 6,800 17,000 48,000
240-mm How., Ml
Shell, Ml14, H.E.2 2,300 18,000 46,000 100,000 190,000

"Target 10 ft. high x 30 I. wide.
Page 88
TABLE 11
Range in Yards
M. V.
Weapon and Shell (F/s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
75-mm Gun, M3
Prol., M61, A.P.C. 2,030 35 180 750
75-mm Gun, M3
1
Shell, M48, H.E. 1,980 40 200 900
75-mm Gun, M3
1
Shell, M48, H.E. 1,500 35 80 430 1,500

Proj., M62, A.P.C. 2,600 35 170 650

1 12 50 220 800
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,800
76-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M1 A2
Shell, M42B1, H.E.1 2,700 20 90 430
90-mm Guns, MIAI,

M2, M3
Proi., M82, A.P.C. 2,670 8 25 85 230 580
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
1 9 30 90 250 600
Shell, M71, H.E. 2,700
105-mm How., M2A1

Shell, M1, H.E.' 1,550 30 130 480 1,400
105-mm How., M3
Shell, Ml, H.E. 1,020 350
4
.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M65, H.E.1 2,275 8 15 30 70 200 500 2,300
'With Fuze, C.P., T105. (Continued)

Page 89,
TABLE 11-Continued
Range in Yards
M. V.
Weapon and Shell (s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
4.5-in. Gun, Mi
1
Shell, M65, H.E. 1,820 12 20 50 130 370 950
155-mm How., 1918

Shell, M102, H.E.' 1,476 60 200 550 1,200
155-mm How., Ml
1
Shell, M107, H.E. 1,850 5 15 30 70 160 330 1,000,
155-mm Gun, M1917

1 5 8 20 35 75 150 600
Shell, MIoI, H.E. 2,410
155-mm Gun, M1917

Shell, MIOI, H.E. 1,955 5 10 25 60 130 280 1,000
155-mm Gun, M1917

Proj., M112, A.P. 2,360 5 10 20 40 80 170 720
155-mm Gun, Ml 2,800 4 10 25 50 95 180 510 1,800

Shell, MIOI, H.E.' 2,800 42 102 202 452 852 1602 5202 1,6002
155-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., M112, A.P. 2,745 5 6 8 15 25 50 170 550
8-in. How., Ml
Shell, M106, H.E.' 1,950 15 25 75 200 450 1,000
8-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M103, H.E.' 2,850 10 30 60 130 300 650
As above (white bag

base charge, Ml 0) 2,600 40 70 180
As above (full M9 charge) 2,600 15 35 85 220 520
240-mm How., Ml
Shell, M 14, H.E.' 2,300 70 170 370 700
'With Fuze, C.P., T105.

2
Target 10 ft. high x 30 ft. wide.
Page 90
TABLE 12
Approximate TOTAL WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS, (lb.) which must be
fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90%,1o probability of at least one perforation.
Range in Yards
M. V.
75-mm Gun, M3
Proi., M61, A.P.C. 2,030 680 3,600 15,000
75-mm Gun, M3
2
Shell, M48, H.E. 1,980 720 3,900 17,000
75-mm Gun, M3
2
Shell, M48, H.E. 1,500 620 1,600 8,300 29,000

Proi., M62, A.P.C. 2,600 900 4,600 18,000

2
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,800 300 1,300 5,600 20,000
76-mm Guns, Ml Al,

Ml A2
2
Shell, M42B1, H.E. 2,700 460 2,000 9,800
90-mm Guns, MI Al,

M4, M3
Proi., M82, A.P.C. 2,670 340 1,200 3,700 9,800 25,000
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Shell, M71, H.E.2 2,700 380 1,200 3,800 11,000 '26,000
105-mm How., M2A

Shell, Ml, H.E.2 1,550 1,200 5,400 20,000 60,000
105-mm How., M3
2
Shell, Ml, HE. 1,020 15,000
,Weights of unpacked complete rounds-in the case of separote-loading guns this is the weight of projectile and charge. (Continued)
2
Page 91
TABLE 12-Continued
Range in Yards
M. V.
Weapon and Shell (Ifs) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 9,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
2
Shell, M65, H.E. 2,275 530 930 1,900 4,500 13,000 33,000 150,000
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
2
Shell, M65, H.E. 1,820 800 1,300 3,100 8,700 25,000 63,000
155-mm How., 1918

2
Shell, Ml 02, H.E. 1,476 6,200 22,000 58,000 130,000
155-mm How., Ml
2
Shell, Ml 07, H.E. 1,850 540 1,400 3,400 7,600 17,000 36,000 110,000
155-mm Gun, M1917

2
Shell, Ml 01, H.E. 2,410 600 960 2,200 4,300 8,900 18,000 .72,000
155-mm Gun, M191 7

2
Shell, Ml 01, H.E. 1,955 600 1,200 3,100 7,200 16,000 34,000 120,000
155-mm Gun, M1917

Proj., Ml12, A.P. 2,360 620 1,100 .2,400 5,000 10,000 21,000 90,000
155-mm Gun, Ml 2,800 500 1,100 2,700 5,700 11,000 20,000 66,000' 200,000
2
Shell, Ml01, H.E. 2,800 5003 1,1003 3,0003 6,4003 12,0003 23,0003 72,0003 230,0003,
155-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., M1 12, A.P. 2,745 660 790 1,000 1,800 3,500 6,600 22,000 73,000
8-in. How., Ml
2
Shell, M106, H.E. 1,950 3,400 5,700 17,000 46,000 100,000 230,000
8-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, M103, H.E.2 2,850 3,800 9,600 21,000 44,000 100,000 220,000
As above (white bag
base charge M10) 2,600 14,000 25,000 62,000
As above (full M9 charge) 2,600 4,800 12,000 29,000 75,000 180,000
240-mm How., Mi 2,300

2 32,000 75,000 160,000 300,000
Shell, M114, H.E.
2
With Fuze, C.P., T105.
3
Target 10 It. high x 30 Ft. wide.
Page 92
6. TABLES FOR VARIOUS WEAPONS FIRED AT VARIOUS

RANGES FOR 90% PROBABILITY OF MAKING A BREACH
WIDE ENOUGH FOR A MEDIUM TANK (4 YD. WIDE) IN
THE FOLLOWING TARGETS:
(a) Wall 6 ft. thick and 10 ft. high.
(b) Wall 10 ft. thick and 10 ft. high.
FOR EACH OF THE TARGETS THE FOLLOWING IS GIVEN:

(a) Necessary number of hits.
(b) Total number of rounds.

(c) Weight of complete rounds.
7. THIS SECTION CONTAINS TABLES FOR VARIOUS PRO-

JECTILES GIVING:
(a) Projectile weight.
(b) Complete round weight.
(c) Muzzle velocity.

(d) Range and corresponding terminal velocity, penetration depth
and perforation thickness.
(e) For a 10-ft. high x 6-ft. thick wall and for a 10-ft. high x 10-ft.
thick wall the following data for making a breach 4 yd. wide in
5,000 p.s.i. concrete:
I. Necessary number of hits.

II. Total number of rounds.
III. Total complete round weight.
IV. No. of rds. fired at each point of aim.

V. Deflection difference between successive aiming points in
feet.
VI. No. of different aiming points.
Page 93
NOTE: The following consideration should be kept in mind when attempt-

ing to breach a concrete wall:
(a) Various factors such as amount of reinforcing, compressive
strength of concrete, size of aggregate, and use of "plums" (boulders set in
the concrete to save material) will affect the number of hits necessary to
breach a wall. Such factors as age of gun, stability of carriage emplacement,
and experience of the gunner in this type of fire will also affect the number
of rounds.
(b) The same cautions about the use of the entries when the probable
errors are not those of the range table apply, but with less emphasis, as in
the discussion of single perforations.
(c) It is recommended that the target be taken initially about 3 ft.
below the top of the wall (perhaps 2 ft. for projectiles of caliber 90-mm or
less) and lowered as successive rounds are fired and the breach deepens.
(d) It is necessary to cut a breach about 6 ft. deep from the top in a
wall 10 ft. thick; and 7 ft. deep in a wall 6 ft. thick. There should then be a
ramp of rubble in front of the breach. (If fire is continued too long, the
material of the ramp will be of too fine mesh to give good traction.) The
breach will tend to be narrower and not so deep toward the back and there
will be a drop of several feet to the rubble behind the wall. Tests have shown
that such a breach will pass at medium tank.
(e) A.P. (or A.P.C.) ammunition alone will not make a satisfactory
breach in reinforced concrete. The concrete will be removed but twisted
reinforcing rods will remain standing. If it is deemed advisable to use A.P.
rounds against reinforced concrete, a portion (say a fifth) of the number of
A.P. rounds listed should be replaced with H.E. shell, superquick fuzed,
perhaps of larger caliber and lower velocity. A few rounds of A.P. projectile
should be followed by one or two of H.E. shell. The fragments from the H.E.
shell cut the rods. (It may be assumed that most concrete is reinforced.)
Page 94
TABLE 13
WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Approximate NECESSARY NUMBER OF HITS with various ammunition
at various ranges to make a breach large enough, for a medium tank (4 yd. wide).
M. V. - -________-Range in Yards
Gun and Ammunition (f/s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
57-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P.C., M86' 2,700 175
75-mm Gun, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M611 2,030 200 240
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, H-.E., M48 2 1,980 200 240

76-mm Guns, M1 AI,
Ml A2
Proj., A.P.C., M621 2,600 110
3
-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2,800
76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2 100
Shell, H.E., M42B1 2 2,700
9O-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Shell, H.E., M712 2,700 60 75 90 115
90 -mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M82' 2,670 60 75 90 115
105-mm How., M2AI

Shell, H.E., MI 2 1,550 90 110 120
105-mm How., M3
Shell, H.E., MI 2 1,020 240 260
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., M652 2,275 35 40 45 50 60
1
About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. (Continued)
TABLE 13-Continued
in Yards
M. V. _Range
Gun and Ammunition (us) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
155-mm How., Ml918

Shell, H.E., M1 022 1,476 50 60 70
155-mm How., M1918

2
Shell, H.E., M107 1,850 30 35 40 50 60
155-mm Gun, M1917

Shell, H.E., M1012 2,410 18 21 24 27 30 35
155-mm Gun, MI917

Proj., A.P., M112B1' 2,360 18 21 24 28' 33 42
155-mm Gun, Mi
2
Shell, H.E., M101 2,800 12 14 16 19 21 24
155-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P., Mii2BI' 2,745 12 15 17 19 22 27 36
8-in. How., Mi
2
Shell, H.E., M106 1,950 12 15 16 18 21 25 30 35
8-in. Gun, Ml
2
Shell, H.E., M103 2,850 5 6 6 7 8 10 13
240-mm How., Ml
Shell, H.E., Mi142 2,300 10 12.
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed.
2
Page 96
TABLE 14
WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HiGH
Approximate TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS of various ammunition
at various ranges for 90% probability of enough hits to make a breach large enough for a medium tank (4
yd. wide).
________Range in Yards
Gu muiin
n (/) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
57-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P.C., M861 2,700 370
75-mm Gun, M3
Prol., A.P.C., M611 2,030 210 260
75-mm Gun", M3
Shell, H.E., M482 1,980 210 260
76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2
Proj., A.P.C., M621 2,600 210
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2,800

76-mm Guns, Ml Al, 210
Ml A2
Shell, H.E., M42B12 2,700
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2,. M3
2
Shell, H.E., M71 2,700 72 130 240 520
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,
M2, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M821 2,670 72 130 240 520
105-mm How., M2AI
Shell, H.E., M12 1,550 120 220 540
lO5-mm How., M3
Shell, H.E., M12 1,020 510 1,800
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., M652 2,275 42 70 140 260 520
(Continued)
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with
with H.E.
HE. ammunition, superquick Fuzed.
ammunition, superquick Fuzed. (Continued)
2
With Fuze, C.P., TI 05.
Page 91
TABLE 14-Continued
Range in Yards,
M.V. - - _ -
Gun and Ammunition (Ifs) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 .6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
155-mm How., Ml918

2
Shell, H.E., M102 1,476 84 220 540
155-mm How., Ml918

Shell, H.E., Ml072 1,850 36 54 100 220 420
155-mm Gun, MI917

2
Shell, H.E., M101 . 2,410 21 32 56 100 170 350
155-mm Gun, Ml 917

Proj., A.P., MII2BI1 2,360 24 33 60 110 210 420
155-mm Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., M1 012 2,800 16 32 70 130 240 400
155-mm Gun, Mi
Proj., A.P., MI 121B' 2,745 18 20 26 46 66 120 360
8-in. How., Mi
Shell, H.E., Ml 062 1,950 15 18 24 30 50 90 250 440
8-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., Ml 032 2,850 9 20 45 130 290 625
240-mm, Mi
Shell, H.E., Ml142 2,300 255 530
'About one-Aith of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed.
2 With Fuze, C.P., T105.
Page 98
TABLE 15
Approximate WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS' (lb.) of various ammunition
at various ranges necessary for 90% probability of making a breach wide enough for a medium tank (4 yd. wide)
Range in Yards
M.V.
57-mm Gun, Ml
2
Proi., A.P.C., M86 2,700 5,100
75-mm Gun, M3
2
Proi., A.P.C., M61 2,030 4,200 5,200
75-mm Gun, M3
3
Shell, H.E., M48 1,980 4,100 5,100
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 5,7004

76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2
2
Proi., A.P.C., M62 2,600
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2,800 5,300'

76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2
Shell, H.E., M42B1 3 2,700
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
3
Shell, H.E., M71 2,700 3,100 5,600 10,300 22,200
90-mm Guns, Mi Al,

M2, M3
2
Proj., A.P.C., M82 2,670 3,100 5,600 10,300 22,200
105-mm How., M2AI

3
Shell, H.E., Mi 1,550 5,100 9,400 23,100
105-mm How., M3
3
Shell, H.E., MI 1,020 21,000 73,000
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
3
Shell, H.E., M65 2,275 2,800 4,700 9,300 17,300 34,700
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds-in the case oF separate-loading guns this is the weight oF proiectile and charge. (Continued)
2
About one-fifth oF the A.P. proiectile must be replaced with the H.E. ammunition, superquick Fuzed.
'Weight given is For 3-in, gun. Weight For 76-mm gun is slightly less.
Page 99
TABLE 15-Continued
Range in Yards
M. V.
155-mm How., Ml918

3
Shell, H.E., M102 1,476 8,800 22,900 56,300
155-mm How., Ml918

Shell, H.E., Ml073 1,850 3,900 5,900 10,900 23,900 45,700
155-mm Gun, Ml 917

Shell, H.E., Ml 013 2,410 2,500 3,900 6,700 12,100 20,500 42,200
155-mm Gun, Ml917

2
Proj., A.P., MI 2B1 2,360 3,000 4,100 7,500 13,700 26,200 52,400
155-mm Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., M101 2,800 2,000 4,000 8,900 16,400 30,400 50,600
155-mm Gun, Ml
2
Proj., A.P., M I2B1 2,745 2,400 2,600 3,400 6,000 8,700 15,800 47,300
8-in. How., Ml
Shell, H.E., Ml063 1,950 3,400 4,100 5,500 6,900 11,400 20,600 57,200 100,700
8-in. Gun, MI
Shell, H.E., Mi 033 2,850 3,100 6,800 15,400 44,400 99,100 214,000
240-mm How., Ml
3
Shell, H.E., M114 2,300 112,000 232,000
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with the H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed.
3With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
Page 100
TABLE 16
Approximate NECESSARY NUMBER OF HITS with various ammunition

at various ranges to make a breach large enough for a medium tank (4 yd, wide)
Range in Yards
M. V.
Gun and Ammunition (Vs) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
57-mm Gun, Ml
1
Proj., A.P.C., M86 2,700 300
75-mm Gun, M3
1
Prol., A.P.C., M61 2,030 320 400
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, H.E., M482 1,980 320 400

76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
MI A2
Proi., A.P.C., M62' 2,600 180
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2,800

76-mm Gun, M1 Al,
170
M1 A2
2
Shell, H.E., M42B1 2,700
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
2
Shell, H.E., M71 2,700 100 120 150 185
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M821 2,670 100 125 150 190
105-mm How., M2AI

2
Shell, H.E., MI 1,550 150 175 200
105-mm How., M3
2
Shell, H.E., MI 1,020 400
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
2
Shell, H.E., M65 2,275 55 65 75 85 100
'About one-Afith of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. (Continued)
Page 101
TABLE 16-Continued
'WALL 10 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
M. V. _ Range in Yards
155-mm How. Ml918

Shell, H.E., M 022 1,476 80 95 110
155-mm How., Ml918

Shell, H.E., Ml072 1,850 50 60 70 80 95
155-mm Gun, M1917

Shell, H.E., M1I012 2,410 30 35 40 45 50 60
155-mm Gun, Ml 917

2
Proj., A.P., M112B1 2,360 30 35 40 45 55 70
155-mm Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., M1012 2,800 21 24 27 31 35 40
155-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P., MII2BI' 2,745 21 24 28 32 37 45 60
8-in. How., Mi
Shell, H.E., Ml 062 1,950 21 24 27 30 35 40 50 55
8-in. Gun, Mi
2
Shell, H.E., M103 2,850 8 9 10 12 14 16
240-mm How., Ml
2
Shell, H.E., M114 2,300 16 20
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed.
2
Page 102
TABLE 17
Approximate TOTAL NUMBER' OF ROUNDS of various ammunition
at various ranges for 90% probability of enough hits to make a breach large enough for a medium tank (4 yd. wide)
M. V Range in Yards
57-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P.C., M86' 2,700 620
75-mm Gun, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M61' 2,030 360 420
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, H.E., M482 1,980 360 420

76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2
Proj., A.P.C., M62 1 2,600 360
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2,800

76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2
Shell, H.E., M42B1 2 2,700 360
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Shell, H.E., M712 2,700 132 180 380 840
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M821 2,670 132 180 380 840
105-mm How., M2AI

Shell, H.E., MI 2 1,550 180 360 880
105-mm How., M3
Shell, H.E., MI 2 1,020 720
4.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., M65 2 2,275 66 130 230 430 800
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must

2
be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick Fuzed. (Continued)
Page 103
'TABLE 17-Continued
Range in Yards
M. V.
Gun and Ammunition (F/s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
155-mm How., M1918

Shell, H.E., M1022 1,476 162 340 780
155-mm How., M1918

Shell, H.E., Ml072 1,850 60 90 160 330 620
155-mm Gun, M1917

Shell, H.E., M1012 2,410 33 50 80 140 260 540
155-mm Gun, M1917

Proj., A.P., MlI1' 2,360 36 54 90 180, 340 680
155-mm-Gun, MI
2
Shell, H.E., M1 01 2,800 28 55 110 200 380 640
155-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P., M1BI1 2,745
2 24 28 42 70 100 190 600
8-in. How., Ml
2
Shell, H.E., M106 1,950 24 30 39 48 80 140 390 650
8-in. Gun, Ml
2
Shell, H.E., M103 2,850 12 30, 75 200 475 1,0008
240-mm How., Ml
Shell, H.E., M 1142 2,300 385 880,
'About one-fiFth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed.
2
3
Probably an accidental breach will occur for some smaller number of rounds.
Page 104
TABLE 18
Approximate WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS' (lb.) of various ammunition
at various ranges necessary for 90% probability of making a breach wide enough for a medium tank (4 yd. wide)
_ Range in Yards
M. V.
Gun and Ammunition (s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
57-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P.C., M862 2,700 8,600
75-mm Gun, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M612 2,030 7,200 8,400
75-mm Gun, M3
Shell, HE., M483 1,980 7,000 8,200
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 9,8004

76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2
Proj., A.P.C., M622 2,600
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2,800 9,1004

76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Ml A2
Shell, H.E., M42B18 2,700
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Shell, H.E., M713 2,700 5,600 7,700 16,200 35,900
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,

M2, M3
Proj., A.P.C., M822 2,670 5,600 7,700 16,200 35,900
105-mm How., M2A1

Shell, H.E., M13 1,550 7,700 15,400 37,700
105-mm How., M3
Shell, H.E., Ml' 1,020 29,000
4
.5-in. Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., M65' 2,275 4,400 8,700 15,300 28,700 53,400
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds-in the case of separate-loading guns this is the weight of projectile and charge. (Continued)
2
About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed.
'Weight given is for 3-in, gun. Weight for 76-mm gun is slightly less.
Page 105
TABLE 18-Continued
Range in Yards
M. V. -_
155-mm How., Ml918

3
Shell, H.E., M104 1,476 16,900 35,500 81,400
155-mm How., M1918

3
Shell, H.E., M107 1,850 6,500 9,800 17,400 35,900 67,500
155-mm Gun, Ml 917

3
Shell, H.E., M101 2,410 4,000 6,000 9,600 16,900 31,300 65,100
155-mm Gun, Ml917

2
Proj., A.P., MI 1211 . 4;360 4,500 6,700 11,200 22,500 42,400 84,800
155-mm Gun, Ml
Shell, H.E., Ml 013 2,800 3,500 7,000 13,900 25,300 48,100 81,000
155-mm Gan, Mi
2
Proj., A.P., Ml 1 2B1 2,745 3,200 3,700 5,500 9,200 13,100 24,900 78,800
8-in. How., Ml
Shell, H.E., Ml 063 1,950 5,500 6,900 8,900 11,000 18,300 32,000 89,300 148,800
8-in. Gun, Mi
3
Shell, H.E., M103 2,850 4,100 10,200 25,600 68,300 162,000 341,000
240-mm How., MI
Shell, H.E., M1143 2,300 169,000 386,000
2
About one-filth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed.
3
Page 106
TABLE 19
57-MM GUN, MI, FIRiNG PROJECTILE, A.P.C., M86

PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 7.27 lb. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 13.73 L.B. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,700 F/S
Rne(d)0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000

Triaveoiy(s)2,700 2,510 2,320 1,950 1,620
Peertofoerudit
et hc ocee Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 2.3 2.0 1.8 1,4 1.2
Fac_____ _ertca_(____._2. 1.8 1.4 1.2
S Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.1 1.7
0.Face vertical (t)32,72.6 2.1 1.7
9. Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) ______ 3 _____ ______
In Number of rounds falling in circle of -- yd. diameter necessary to perforate 3 ft. thick
concrete5 ft. thick
concrete7 ft. thick
10 ft._high,_6 ft. thick__________________________

*00 Necessary number of hits 175
o Total number of rounds 370
-omf Total complete round weight (lb.) _____ 5,100 ____ ________
5CO No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 370 ____
2Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) ______ _____
. No. of different aiming points______I______
2ak l0 ft. high, 10 ft. thick_____ __ _____________
U Necessary number of hits 300

Total number of rounds 620
°'0' "~ Total complete round weight (lb.) ______ 8,500 ____________
6-00 No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 620______

%r Deflection difference between successive aiming point (ft.)______________________________
No. of different aiming points I
Page 101
TABLE 20
75-MM GUN, M3, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M48, WITH c.r., T105 FUZE
SHELL WEIGHT: 15.04 LB. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 19.93 L.B. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 1,980, F/S
Range (yd.) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 1,980 -1,850 1,720 1,490 1,290 1,130 1,020
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round 0.85 0.19 0.057 0.022 0.010
Penetration depth of one round Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) 1.7 1.6 1,6 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.7
into thick concrete Face vertical (ft.) 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.6
Thickness ofcnrt efrtd Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 2,4 2,1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1,2
ofc conree
priratdl (ft.) 2.4 2,1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1,3 1.2
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 3 3
f .3y:daee 3 ft. thick 5 8 13 17 20

Nubro onsfaln Nubro5onsfligi ncrl
iceo .3y.daee Ft.thick 14 21 36 48 63
necessary to perforate concrete 7 ft. thick 27 41 72
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick ______
Necessary number of hits 200 240

o '
.2 c Total number of rounds 210 260
wegh (l. ______ _____ _____ _____ ____
£ '; Total complete round wegt(b)4,200 5,200 _________________
C D eflection
o fr s difference
ir d a betw
a h een
p i tsuccessive
f a m3 aiming points (ft.) 2 35
No. of different aiming points ______6 4,_ ____
oE 10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick______
yso Necessary number of hits 320 400

c otlnubeooud
^ oa ubrof rons360 420
a aa Total complete round weight (lb.) 7,200 8,400_____
da 0 No. of rds, fired at each point of aim 60 105

z38______ ____________
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 3
No. of different aiming points 6 4

Pige 108
TABLE 21
75-MM GUN, M3, FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.C., M61 OR M61A1

PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 14.90 LB. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 20.08 LB. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,030 F/S
Range (yd.) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 2,030 1,900 1,770 1,520 1,300 1,120 1,020
Penetration depth oF one round Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7
into thick concrete Face vertical (Ft.) 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7
Thickness of concrete perForated Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2
Face vertical (Ft.) 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2
§
o
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. Ft.) 3 3
t. thick 5 7 10
03 17 21
Number oF rounds Falling in circle oF 0.83 yd. diameter 5 Ft. thick 13 19 30 47
necessary to perForate concrete 7 ft. thick 25 27 60
10 ft. high, 6 Ft. thick
Necessary number oF hits 200 240
.,. Total number, of rounds 210 360
Total complete round weight (lb.) 4,200 7,200
No. of rds. fired at each point oF aim 35 65
2o Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) 2 3

o No. oF different aiming points 6 4
E e 10 Ft. high, 10 ft. thick
c Necessary number oF hits 320 400

.e g
Total number of rounds 360 420
m 0° Total complete round weight (lb.) 7,200 8,400
Z No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 60 105
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) 2 3
No. oF different aiming points 6 4
'Replace about one-fiFth oF rounds with H.E. shell, superquick fuzed, against reinforced concrete.
Page i14
TABLE 22
3-INCH GUNS, M5, M6, M7, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M42B1, WITH c.P., T105 fUZE
Range (yd.) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Terminal velocity (F/s) 2,800 2,620 2,450 2,100 1,780 1,480 .1,230
Probability oF hitting target I yd. square in any one round 0.35 0.11 0.046 0.020
I I I I I I
Penetration depth oF one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.8
Face normal to angle of Fall (ft.) 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.4
Thickness oF concrete perForated
Face vertical (Ft.) 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.4
Volume oF concrete excavated by Anrt round (cu. Ft.) 6
3 t. thick
N umber of rounds falling in circle of 0.83 yd.-diameter 5 Ft. thick
necessary to perforate concrete 7 Ft. thick
______________________ I *I'
J~ LI III~I
10 Ft. high, 6 Ft. thick
Necessary number of hits 100
ao Total number of rounds 210

9eg
S
Total complete round weight (lb.)_ 5,200
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 35

-o
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2
oe
U
No. of different aiming points 6
=t C 10 ft. high, 10 Ft. thick

~ou
Total number of rounds 360
0=
S~
.~
Total complete round weight (lb.) 9,000
Z3 . 60
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) 2

i
Page 110
TABLE 23
76-MM GUNS, MiAl, M1A2, FIRING SHELL, N.E., M42B1, WITH c.r., T105 FUZE
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 13.21 L.B. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 22.39 LB. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,700 F/S
Range (yd.) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

Terminal velocity.(f/s) 2,700 2,520 2,345 2,007 1,695 1,411 1,169
Penetration depth of one round' Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.9
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 3.6 3.2 3.0 245 2.1 1.6 1.4
~i Thickness of concrete perforated Face vertical (ft.) 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.4
o Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 6

3 ft. thick 1 3 5 10 15
Number of rounds falling in circle of 0.83 yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 5 8 14 30 43
necessary to perforate concrete 7 ft. thick 10 16 27
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick____________ ______ ______ ____________
w° Necessary number of hits 100

.2 c Total number of rounds 210_____
o Total complete round weight (lb.) 4,700 _________
V No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 35

ogDeflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2
j- No. 'of different aiming points 6__________________
a- .5
o~ l0 ft, high, 10 ft. thick___________ __________ _______ _____
A Necessary number of hits 170

_^ = Total number of rounds 360
Uo Total complete round weight (lb.) 8,100 ___________
v ~o N o o f rds. fired a t ea ch po int of a im 6 0_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _

Page 111
TABLE 24
76-MM GUNS, MIAl, M1A2, OR 3-INCH GUNS, M5, M6, M7,

FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.C., M62 OR M62A1
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 15.40 LB. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT IN 76-MM: 24.67 LB.; IN 3-IN. GUN: 27.23 LB,
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,600 F/S
Range (yd.) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Probability of hitting target 1 yd. square in any one round 0.49 0.10 0.034 0.015 0.0063
Penetration depth of one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9 .1.5 1.2 1.0
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.5
Thickness of concrete perforated 1.5
a Face vertical (ft.) 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.2 1.8
O Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 6
3 ft. thick 13 5 8 12
Number of rounds falling in circle of 0.83 yd. diameter 3 ft. thick 6 9 14 21 35
necessary to perforate concrete 5 ft. thick 12 18 26 40
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick
110
co Necessary number of hits
.2 2 Total number of rounds 210

-o P
Total complete round weight (lb.) 5,7002
-o C° No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 35
2 Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2

o2:2
S= No. of different aiming points 6
E E v 10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick

u u
F- u
^ = Total number of rounds 360
0 " Total complete round weight (lb.) 9,8003
v o No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 60

Z E2
'Replace about one-fifth of rounds with H.E. shell, superquick fuzed, against reinforced concrete.
'Weight given is for 3-in, gun. Weight for 76-mm gun is 5,200 lb.
'Weight given is for 3-in, gun. Weight for 76-mm gun is 8,900 lb.
Page 112
TABLE 25
90-MM GUNS, MIAl, M2, M3, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M71, WITH ci'., T105 FUZE
Range (yd.) 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Terminal velocity (f/s)' 2,700 2,460 2,230 2,010 1,800 1,400 1,100
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round 0.047
Penetration depth of one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.1 0.8
Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.6
C. Face vertical (ft.) 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.6
$ Volume of concrete excavated by Ant round (cu. ft.) 11 9 8 7 6
Number of rounds falling in circle of I yd. diameter 3 ft. thick 1 1 3 3

5 ft. thick 3 5 8 10
to perforate concrete
necessary 7 ft. thick 7 10 14 20
Necessary number of hits 60 75 90 115
72 130 240 520

2 Total number of rounds
Total complete round weight (lb.) 3,100 5,500 10,200 22,000
v c v No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 12 65 120 260
0C Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6 6
o = No. of different aiming points 6 2 2 2
E ro
'cE . j 10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick _ _ _ _ _
, Necessary number of hits 100 125 150 190

.caveb
^' 22 Total number of rounds 132 180 380 840
a.... a Total complete round weight (lb.) 5,600 7,600 16,100 35,600
m, a No. of rds. Fired at each point of aim 22 90 190 420
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6 6
No. of different aiming points 6 2 2 2

Page 113
TABLE 26
90-MM GUNS MIAl, M2, M3, FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.C., M82

Range (yd.) 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round 0.36 0.052 0.013
4.2 3.7 3.2 2.7 2.4 1.9 1.4

Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.)
a Face vertical (ft.) 4.2 3.7 3.2 2.7 2.4 1.9 1.4
3 Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 11 9 8 7 6

3futic 1 3 4 6
Number of rounds falling in circle of I yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 3 5 7 9
2 U Total number of rounds 72 130 240 520
C . ~0 Total complete round weight (lb.) 3,1 00 5,600 10,300 22,200
-c a No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 12 65 120 260
2 ~ Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6 6

o00
0 *_** No. of different aiming points 6 2 2 2
v, a
E Q. j 10 t. high,lOft. thick
-C C Necessary number of hits 100 120 150 185
v 2- Total number of rounds 132 180 380 840
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 22 90 190 420
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6 6
Page 114
TABLE 27
105-MM HOWITZER, M2A1, FIRING SHELL, H.E., MI, WITH C.P., T105 FUZE
Range (yd.) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 8,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 1,550 1,460 1,370 1,210 1,080 1,020 980 900
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round 0.065 0.012
Face vertical (ft.) 1.5 1.3, 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7
Face horizontal' (ft.) 0.5 0.6
c
a Thickness of concrete perforated Face vertical (ft.) 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. Ft.) 7 6 5
Nubro onsbln
ncrl l3ft. thick 5 10 12
Number of rounds falling in circle of I yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 14 27 33
necessary to perforateconcrete 7 ft. thick 27 53 64
o ° Necessary number of hits 90 110 120
>. c Total number of rounds 120 220 540
c Total complete round weight (lb.) 5,100 9,400 23,200

U _
0 No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 20 110 270
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6
o No. of different aiming points 6 2 2
E
E . 10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick
i.--5o Necessary number of hits 150 175 200
'~ Total number of rounds 180 360 880
m 0 Total complete round weight (lb.) 7,700 15,400 37,700
d No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 30 180 440

zr E~2
No. of different aiming points 6 2 2
'High-angle fire to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 6 charge for 8,000-yd. range; Zone 4, for 5,000-yd. range.
Page 115
TABLE 28
105-MM HOWITZER, M3, FIRING SHELL, H.E., Ml, WITH C.P., T105 FUZE
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 33.82 LB. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: '41.18 LB. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 1,020 F/S
Range (yd.) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 1,020 990 970 930 890 860 830
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round 0.11
Penetration depth oF one round Face normal to angle of Fall '(Ft.) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1'.4 1.3 1.3
Face vertical (Ft.) 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2
8o Volume oF concrete excavated by first round (cu. Ft.) 3 3
Number of rounds Falling in circle of I yd. diameter 3 ft. thick 12

necessary to perforate concrete 5 ft. thick 33
7 Ft. thick 65
10 Ft. high, 6 Ft. thick
240
Necessary number oF hits
510
o U Total number of rounds
Total complete round weight (lb.)
21 000
. ° No. oF rds. fired at each point of aim 170
L DeFlection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) 4
3
0m X- No. of different aiming points
SEv ~ 10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick

U U
Nis o Necessary number of hits 400
L.- Total number of rounds 720
%. Total complete round weight (lb.) 29,600
°O No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 240
No. oF different aiming points 3

Page 110
TABLE 29
4.5-INCH GUN, M1, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M65, WITH C.P., TOS FUZE
Range (yd.) 0 1,000 3,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 13,000
Terminal velocity (fs) 2,275 2,130 1,870 1,610 1,320 1,110 1,040 1,100
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round 0.38 0.055 0.010 0.0029
Face horizontal' 1.0
d Thickness of concrete perforated Face vertical (ft.) 4.8 4.6 3.8 3.2 2.4 1.9 1.7
o Face horizontal' 1.9
u; Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 19 15 11
3 ft. thick 1 1 1 4 6
Number of rounds falling in circle of I yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 1-2 4 8 16 22
necessary to perforate concrete 7 ft. thick 5 10 15 32 44
Necessary number of hits 35 45 60

owm
.2 . Total number of rounds 42 140 520
S Total complete round we2ht (lb.)

w__
2,800 9,300 34,700
M ° No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 7 70 260
o Deflection difference betweep successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6
o f No. of different aiming points 6 2 2
E CL
E >- U0 lOft, high, 10 ft thick
u u
55 75 ioo
o Necessary number of hits
Z^ Total number of rounds 60 230 800
0 Total complete round weight (lb.) 4,400 15,300 53,400
E0 00 No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 11 115 400
'High-angle fire to be used against horizontal targets at normal charge.

Page 111
TABLE 30
15-MM HOWITZER, M1918, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M102, WITH C.P., T105 FUZE
Range (yd.) 0 11000 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 1,476 1,340 1,210 1,040- 980 940 930
y Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
d. Face vertical (ft.) 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.8
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 14 11

In
3ft. thick -2 2 4 5
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 6 9 13 15
7 ft. thick 12 17 25 29
necessary to perforate concrete
10 ft high, 6 ft. thick
2 0 Total number of rounds 84 220
C 'A Total complete round weight (lb.) 8,700 22,900
° ° No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 14 110

rC
o ; Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6
o 3 No. of different aiming points 6 2
E0.>.
'E 10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick
%
eo Necessary number of hits 80 95
0 Total number of rounds 162 340
Soc Total complete round weight (lb.) 16,800 35,300

E.-
27 170
3t No. of rds. fired at each point of aim
No. of different aiming points 6 2

Page 118
TABLE 31
155-MM HOWITZER, Ml, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M107, WITH c., T105 FUZE
Range (yd.) 0 11000 3,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 1,850 1,710 1,570 1,210 1,030 990 980 1,010
Probability of hitting target i yd. square in any one round 0.19 0.044 0.014 0.0035 0.0015 0.00040
Penetration depth of one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 4.2 3.9 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3
Thickness of concrete perforated Face vertical (ft.) 4.2 3.9 3.2 2.6 2.2 1.8
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 22 16 11
3 Ft. thick 1 1 2 5 5 5 5
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 3 5 9 13 14 14 13
necessary to perforate concrete 7 ft. thick 7 11 18 25 28 28 25
10 ft, high, 6 ft. thick
.2 c Total number of rounds 36 100 420
c ' Total complete round weight (lb.) 3,900 10,800 45,600
- ° No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 6 50 210
0C Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6
o No. of different aiming points 6 2 2
c Ev d 10 ft. high, 10ft. thick

u u
o Necessary number of hits 50 70 95
..- ^ '.- Total number of rounds 60 160 620

.
° Total complete round weight (lb.) 6,500 17,400 67,300
Ev o° No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 10 80 310
'High-angle fire to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 6 charge for 12,500-yd. range; Zone 5, for 10,000-yd. range.
Page 119
TABLE 32
155-MM GUN, M1917 (G.P.F.), FIRING SHELL, H.E., MiOl, WITH c.., T1OS FUZE
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 95.14 LB. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 119.82 LB-. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,410 F/S
Range (yd.) 0 1,000 3,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 2,410 2,260' 1,970 1,690 1,380 1,140 1,030 990
into thick concrete Face vertical (ft.) 4.3 3.8 3.0 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.7
Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 5.7 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.3
CL Face vertical (ft.) 5.7 5.2 4.5 3.6 2.9 2.4 1.9
o Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 37 30 21
3 ft.thick 1 1 1 -2 4
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 1-2 4 6 9
. o Total number of rounds 21 56 170
o Total complete round weight (lb.) ,500 6,700 20,400

o e No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 7 28
o00 Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 4 6
o 3 No. of different aiming points 3 2 1
Earg
C
D~ 10 ft. high,'10 ft, thick
4Wu Necessary number of hits 30 40 50

Total number of rounds 33 80 260
me Total complete round weight (lb.) 4,000 9,600 31,200
ai; No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 11 40

Page 120
TABLE 33
155-MM GUN, M1917 (G.P.F.), FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P., M112 OR M112B1

Range (yd.) 0 1,000 3,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000
Terminal velocity (f/s) 2,360 2,210 1,900 1,600 1,280 1,070 1,010 1,000
Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 5.7 5.2 4.3 .3.6 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.2
6. Face vertical (ft.) 5.7 5.2 4.3 3.4 2.7 2.2 1.8
0
o Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 37 27 19
3 ft. thick 1 1 1 2 3
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter 3 ft. thick 1-2 3 4 7 12
7 ft. thick 3 5 8 13 3
necessary to perforate concrete
c Total number of rounds 24 60 210

-
a u Total complete round weight (lb.) 3,000 7,500 26,200
4 a No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 4 30 105

0-o
2 w Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6
E . 10 ft high, 10 ft. thick

u uE
ir5
-E
o Necessary number of hits 30 40 55
Total number of rounds 36 90 340
a
0v Total complete round weight (lb.) 4,500 11,200 42,400
E me p
JO of rds. fired at each point of aim
No. 6 45 170
Page 121
TABLE 34
155-MM GUNS, Ml, MiAl, FIRING SHELL, H.E., MiOl, WITH. ci.. T105 FUZE
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 95.14 L.B. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 125.82 L.B. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,800 F/S
Range (yd.) 0 1,000 3,000 5,000 7,500, 101000 12,500 15,000
Probability of hitting target I yd, square in any one round 0.075 0.021 0.0065 0.0026 0.0012
Penetration depth of one round Face normal to angle of Fall (Ft.) 5.0 4.6 4.0 3.2 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.2
into thick concrete Face vertical (ft.) 5.0 4.6 4.0 3.2 2.3 1.7 1.2 .0.9
Face horizontal' (ft.) 1.1
Face normal to angle of Fall (Ft.) 7.0 6.6 5.6 4.6 3.6 3.0 2.6 2.3
a Thickness of concrete perforated Face vertical 1 (ft.) 7.0 6.6 5.6 4.6 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.9
o
0 ________ Face horizontal (Ft.) 2.2
e' Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 51 40 30
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter 3 Ft. thick I I 1 1 1-2 3
necessary to perforate concrete 5 Ft. thick 1 1 2 3 5 9
7 ft. thick 2 3 4 6 10 17

.2~ Total number of rounds 16 70, 240
°0
av Ttlcmlt on egt(b)200 890 3,0
_° No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 8
o Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 6
°3 No. oF different aiming points211
= o 10 Ft. high, 10 ft. thick

.. Necessary number of hits 21 27 .. 35
=~aa
^~ Total number of rounds 28 110 380
0.
v Total complete round weight (lb.) 3,500 13,800 47,800
E .9-p
aa No. of rds. fired at each point oF aim 14
Z ______________________________ ____ ____________________ ____ ____
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) 6
'High-angle fire to be used against horizontal targets at normal charge.

Page 122
TABLE 35
155-MM GUNS, M1, MIAl, FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P., M112 OR M112Bl

Range (yd.) 0 1,000 3,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000
- Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 7.1 6.5 5.4 4.5 3.6 2.9 2.4 2.3
d Face vertical (ft.) 7.1 6.5 5.4 4.5 3.5 2.7 2.2 1.8
S Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 51 45 29 20
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter 3 ft. thick 1 1 1 1 1-2 4
necessary to perforate concrete 5 ft. thick 1 1 3 4 7 11
7 ft. thick 2 3 5 8 13
OU Total number of rounds 18 26 65 300

Cd Total complete round weight (2b.) 2,400 3,400 8,500 39,400
U
v = a No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 3 13 33

C us
2 g, Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6 6
O* No. of different aiming points 6 2 2 1
E a 10 ft, high, 10 ft. thick
} c u Necessary number of hits 21 28 37 55

r LU
W ^ Total number of rounds 24 42 100 550
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 4 21 50
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 2 6' 6
Page 123
TABLE 36
8-iNCH HOWITZER, M1, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M106, WITH c.r., T105 FUZE
PROJECTILE *EIGHT: 200.34 LB. COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 228.52 LB. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 1,950 F/S
Range (yd.) 0. 1,000 3,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000
into thick concrete Face vertical (ft.) 40 3.7 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.1
Face horizontal' (ft.) 1.3 1.4 1.5
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 6.0 5.5 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.1
FA Thickness of concrete perforated Face vertical (ft.) 6.0 5.5 4.7 4.0 3.3 2.8 2.4
Face horizontal' (Ft.) 2.7 2.7 2.9
Volume of concrete excavated by first round j(cu. Ft.) 50 40, 30 22
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.67 yd. diameter 3 ft. thick 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 ft. thick 1 2 4 6 7 8 8
necessary to perforate concrete 7 ft. thick 3 5 8 11 14 15 15
10 Ft. high, 6 ft. thick
Necessary number of hits 12 16 21 30 35

-- 2g
.2 Total number of rounds 15 24 50 250 440
Total (.) 3,400 5,500 11,400 57,100 100,500
a No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 5 8 25 125
0 C Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) 4 4 6 6
o No. of different aiming points 3 3 2 2 1
E ~ 10 Ft. high, 10 ft. thick
w o Necessary number of hits 21 27 35 50 55
Total number of rounds 24 39 80 390 650
m Total complete round weight (lb.) 5,500 8,900 18,300 89,100 148,500
0. _
mo ° No. of rds. fired at each point of aim 8 13 40 145
Z3. E.
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) 4 4 6 6
No. of different aiming points 3 3 2 2 1
'High-angle Are to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 7 charge at i 5,000-yd. range; Zone 6 at 12,500-yd. ranged Zone 5 at 1O,000-yd. range.
Page-124
TABLE 37
8-INCH GUN, Ml, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M103, WITH c.r., Tos FUZE
Rang. (yd.) 0 10,000 12,000 15,000 19,000 23,000 27,000 31,000
Probability of hitting target I yd, square in any one round 0.0088 0.0035 0.0010 0.00024
Penetration depth of one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 8.0 3.5 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.4
Into thick concrete Face vertical (ft.) 8.0 3.0 2.0 1.4
* Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angleof fall (ft.) 11.6 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.7 3.8
4 Face vertical (ft.) 11.6 4.9 3.7 2.9
O Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 75 65 55
3 ft.thick 1 1 1
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.67 yd. diameter 3 ft. thick 1 2 3 4 6 7
necessary to perforate concrete 7 f. thick 2 3 5 8 11 12
2 >. Total number of rounds 290 625
a Total complete round weight (lb.) 98 000 21,000

Sa No. of rds. fired at each point of aim
o 000 Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)

owo
p = No. of different aiming points 1 1
a
r.0V 10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick
*." = o Necessary number of hits 14 16

.c a"
o ;.; Total number of rounds 475 1,000
a'
d Total complete round weight (lb.) 1i61,000 338,000
} c.
-0 -XO No. of rds. fired at each point of aim

zu Et
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
No. of different aiming points i i

Page 125
TABLE 38
240-MM HOWITZER, MI, FIRING SHELL, H.E., M114, WITH C.P., T105 FUZE
Range (yd.) 0 8,000 10,000 12,500 15,000 19,000 23,000

Terminal velocity (f/s) 2,300 1,240 1,120 1,080 1,110
Penetration depth of one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 7.0 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.7
into thick concrete Face vertical (ft.) 7.0 2.5 1.9 1.2
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 9.7 4.9 4.4 4.1 4.4
a Thickness of concrete perforated Face vertical (ft.) 9.7 4.2 3.7
0
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) 45
Number of rounds falling in circle of 2 yd. diameter 5 ft. thick 1 2 3 5 5 5

necessary to perforate concrete 7 ft. thick 2 3 5 9 10 10
o } v Necessary number of hits 10 12
Total number of rounds 255 530
U W0 Total complete round weight (lb.) 112,000 232,000
c o No. of rds. fired at each point of aim
o ; Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)

S-:2_

u u
C
16 20
4 .... 0 Necessary number of hits
N
0iS- Total number of rounds 385 880
-002 Total complete round weight (lb.) 169,000 386,000

E 0Y 0o
Z 3 No. of rds. fired at each point of aim

Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
No. of different aiming points I
'High angle fire to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 3 charge for 19,000-yd. range; Zone 2, for 15,000-yd. range.
Page 126
Volume II, Part 3
SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE
1. TABLES OF FRAGMENT DAMAGE 4. THE CHOICE OF SHELLS
These tables give the number B of effective hits per sq. ft. of target area The artilleryman should first decide upon the type of perforation which
at a given distance r from the burst. The numbers B are averages for dif- his target requires for effective damage. The tables will then show him the
ferent directions from the burst. They are properly applied only to a con- average number of effective hits to be expected for ground bursts at a
siderable number of bursts with random orientation of the projectile axis given distance from the target provided the target is unshielded and a suf-
relative to the target. ficient number of shots are used.
If the target is shielded, as when men are in medium foxholes, air bursts
2. DAMAGE PATTERNS will increase the chance of effective damage, particularly if the target area
As distinguished from damage tables, the damage patterns represent is extended. The fragment patterns will indicate how the damage done by an
typical individual cases and vary with the remaining velocity of the pro- individual shell varies with the height of burst and angle of fall.
jectile, the angle of fall, and the height of burst. Both damage tables and For the shells considered, the optimum height of burst against shielded
damage patterns presuppose a graze or air burst with no shielding of target. personnel is approximately 30 ft. This optimum is for a controlled height of
The user of the data given here must make due allowance for target shielding burst without dispersion in height. In actual practice, the height of burst
and the penetration of the projectile into the ground before burst. The of a shell in time fire suffers considerable dispersion and when the mechanical
amount of this penetration will depend upon the remaining velocity, angle time fuze, M67 or M43, is used, the projectile fails in general on ground
of fall of the projectile, the nature of the soil, and the projectile and fuze. impact. In such cases, the optimum mean height of burst is generally higher
In the fragment damage patterns, shadings of different types indicate than 30 ft. For the fuze, M67 or M43, there may be used the following
regions of decreasing density of hits. The regions distinguished are those practical rule which assures fragment damage near the optimum against
where there is at least one hit per 1, 4, 10, or 25 sq. ft. of area. These units enemy personnel in medium foxholes.
of area are understood as normal to the fragment trajectories. Unshaded
regions entering near the burst do not indicate that there are no effective hits in
these regions, but merely that the density of effective hits is less than that belonging ADJUST THE MEAN HEIGHT H OF BURST TO A VALUE WHICH
to the nearest shaded area. IS TWICE THE PROBABLE ERROR IN THE HEIGHT OF BURST
The white centers of the fragment patterns are used to indicate the origin AS LISTED IN THE FIRING TABLES, RESTRICTING H, HOW-
of the polar system above which the missile bursts. In general, these areas EVER, TO VALUES BETWEEN 30 FT. AND 120 FT.
suffer the highest type of fragment damage as well as blast damage. The patterns indicate how the fragment damage falls off with height of
burst above 30 ft. This accounts for the upper limit of 120 ft. On the other
3. TYPES OF DAMAGE hand, the failure of shells with the fuzes, M67 and M43, to detonate on
The types of damage considered are casualties, and normal perforations of ground impact, makes it necessary to raise the height of burst as far as is
mild steel of Y 8-in., Y4-in., and Y 2-in. thickness. A casualty is supposed consistent with the maximum damage effect. The above rule is designed for
caused by a hit with at least 58 ft.-lb. of energy. It is incapacitation and not this end.
necessarily death. Damage occasioned by perforation of 8-in. mild steel
is considered effective against airplanes on the ground. In antiaircraft fire
against modern bombers, the most effective damage varies from that with
5. THE SOURCES OF DATA
-in. perforation to 3 8-in. perforation of mild steel. Damage in which The data from which the damage tables and patterns have been derived
there are perforations of u-in. or -in. mild steel is effective against is taken from measurements of fragment velocity, retardation, shape, and
trucks, light armored vehicles, railway rolling stock, and targets of similar penetration, and the mass and angular distribution of fragments as made
resistant nature. at the various Army and Navy proving grounds and laboratories.
Page 121
HAND GRENADE, Mk. II

TNT Loading
TABLE 39 TABLE 40

Distance Total number number of eFfective Fragment Distance Total number number of effective fragment
from burst of effective effective frag- Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity
(ft.) Fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s) (ft.) Fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (fs)
r N B m v ,r N B m v
10 295 .234 .012 2,230 10 86 .0686 .041 2,550
20 233 .0463 .017 1,870 20 43 .0086 .057 2,270
30 188 .0166 .022 1,640 30 22 .0020 .075 2,080
40 147 .0073 .028 1,460 40 11 .0005 .095 1,920
50 111 .0035 .035 1,310 50 7 .0002 .120 1,810
60 86 .0019 .041 1,210 60 4 .0001 .147 1,710
70 64 .0010 .048 1,120 70 3 .0001 .176 1,610
80 47 .0006 .055 1,040
100 30 .0002 .067 943
120 19 .0001 .079 870
140 13 .0001 .089 817

Page 128
20-MM H.E. SHELL, T16 20-MM H.E.I. SHELL, M97 (T23)

INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,160 F/S INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 1,960 F/S
TABLE 41 TABLE 42
CASUALTIES CASUALTIES

Distance Total number number of effective fragment Distance . Total number number of effective fragment
from burst of effective effective frag- Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity
(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s) (ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (F/s)
r N B m v N B m v
10 38 .0304 .018 1,820 10 30 .0239 .024 1,570

20 27 .0054 .025 1,540 20 21 .0042 .033 1,340
30 18 .0016 .033 1,340 30 15 .0013 .042 1,190
40 12 .0006 .040, 1,220 40 11 .0005 .050 1,090
50 7. .0002 .050 1,090 50 10 .0003 .057 1,020
60 6 .0001 .056 1,030 60 9 .0002 .063 972
70 5 .0001 .062 980 70 8 .0001 .069 929
80 5 .0001 .068 935 80 7 .0001 .075 891
Page 120
75-MM H.E. SHELL, M48

TABLE 43 TABLE 44

Distance Total number number oF effective fragment Distance Total number number oF effective Fragment
From burst oF eFfective efFective frag- From burst oF effective effective Frag Weight Velocit
(Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. () Velocity (Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft.
ment ~t (oz.) (f/s) (oz.) (fs)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,070 .213 .014 2,060 20 534 .106 .049 2,390
30 920 .0809 .018 1,820 30 442 .0391 .065 2,180
40 750 .0375 .024 1,570 40 386 .0192 .082 2,010
60 640 .0141 .037 1,270 60 300 .0066 .127 1,790
80 510 .0064 .051 1,080 80 242 .0030 .185 1,580
100 450 .0036 .063 972 100 197 .0016 .253 1,430
150 370 .0013 .090 813 130 132 .0006 .375 1,270
200 320 .0006 .116 716 160 86 .0003 .508 1,160
300 250 .0002 .173 587 190 57 .0001 .655 1,080
400 200 .0001 .244 494 225 39 .0001 .820 1,020

Page 130
3-IN. H.E. SHELL, M42A1

TABLE 45 TABLE 46

Distance Total number number oF effective Fragment Distance Total number number oF effective Fragment
From burst oF efective eFfective Frag- Weight Velocity From burst of effective effective frag- Weight Velocity
(Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s) (Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s)
r N B m v N B m v
20 547 .109 .026 1,510 20 284 .0565 .106 1,860
30 498 .0440 .033 1,340 30 242 .0214 .139 1,740
40 465 .0231 .040 1,220 40 205 .0102 .177 1,600
60 409 .0090 .055 1,040 60 151 .0033 .270 1,400
80 370 .0046 .067 943 80 113 .0014 .375 1,270
100 331 .0026 .080 862 100 90 .0007 .480 1,180
150 282 .0010 .108 742 130 64 .0003 .648 1,080
200 244 .0005 .137 660 160 43 .0001 .825 1,020
300 191 .0002 .197 549 190 28 .0001 1.01 963

400 149 .0001 .275 466
Page 131

TABLE 47 TABLE 48
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 1/8 -1N. MILD STEEL

(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) N(/s) (ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s)
r N B m v N B m
20 1,256 .250 .004 3,860 20 920 .183 .012 4,060
30 1,133 .100 .007 2,920 30 751 .0664 .017 3,580
40 1,010 .0502 .009 2,570 40 593, .0295 .022 3,200
60 847 .0187 .014 2,060 60 335 .0074 .035 2,700
80 605 .0075 .021 1,680 80 198 .0025 .051 2,360
100 436 .0035 .029 1,430 100 144 .0011 .071 2,110
150 180 .0006 .056 1,030 120 107 .0006 .097 1,900
200 129 .0003 .080 862 140 80, .0003 .128 1,780
300 80 .0001 .128 682 170 48 .0001 .188 1,560
Page 132
90-MM N.E. SHELL, M71

TABLE 49 TABLE 50
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF lA-IN. MILD STEEL

Distance Total number number of effective fragment Distance Total number number of effective Fragment
(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (F/s) (ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s)
N B m v N B m v
20 720 .143 .017 1,870 20 469 .0933 .057 2,270
30 668 .0591 .022 1,640 30 402 .0355 .075 2,080
40 631 .0314 .028 1,460 40 358 .0178 .095 1,920
60 539 .0119 .041 1,210 60 299 .0066 .147 1,710
80 476 .0059 .055 1,040 80 260 .0032 .210 1,500

100 428 .0034 .067 943 100 226 .0018 .287 1,370
150 358 .001.3 .094 796 120 195 .0011 .377 1,260
200 323 .0006 .120 705 140 171 .0007 .472 1,190
300 277 .0002 .180 575 170 145 .0004 .617 1,110
500 207 .0001 .340 418 200 124 .0003 .772 1,040
300 75 .0001 1.31 906

Page 133
105-MM H.E. SHELL,'Ml

TABLE 51 TABLE 52

r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,160 .231 .010 2,440 20 975- .194 .035 2,700
30 1,115 .0986 .014 2,060 30 923 .0816 .047 2,430

40 1,072 .0533 .019 1,770 40 853 .0424 .061 2,220
60 996- .0220 .030 1,410 60 700 .0155 .095 1,920
80 932 .0116 .043 1,180 80 570 .0071 .137 1,750
100 875 .0070 .055 1,040 100 470 .0037 .192 1,550
150 745 .0026 .083 846 120 403 .0022 .255 1,420
200 642 .0013 .109 738 140 341 .0014 .326 1,320
300 513 .0004 .166 598 170 262 .0007 .448 1,200
400 433 .0002 .232 507 200 210 .0004 .580 1,120
500 358 .0001 .312 438 300 88 .0001 1.05 955
Page 134
105-MM H.E. SHELL, M38A1

TABLE 53 TABLE 54
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 1/8 .IN. MILD STEEL

Distance Total number number of effective Fragment Distance Total number number of effective fragment
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,120 .222 .012 2,230 20 751 .149 .043 2,510
30 1,090 .0967, .017 1,870 30 707 .0625 .053 2,330
40 917 .0456 .023 1,620 40 652 .0324 .069 2,130
60 807 .0178 .034 1,320 60 538 .0119 .107 1,860
80 735 .0091 .047 1,130 80 448 .0056 .159 1,670
100 680 .0054 .060 1,000 100 372 .0030 .222 1,480
150 592 .0021 .088 822 120 326 .0018 .290 1,360
200 529 .0011 .112 .729 140 282 .0011 .367 1,280
300 431 .0004 .170 592 170 223 .0006 .495 1,170
400 360 .0002 .237 501 200 175 .0003 .632 1,090
600 256 .0001 .412 380 300 85 .0001 1.13 940

Page 135
4.5-IN. H.E. SHELL, M65

TABLE 55 TABLE 56
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF l/ 8-IN. MILD STEEL

Distance Total number number of eFfective Fragment Distance Total number number oF effective Fragment
From burst oF eFfective eFfective Frag- Weight. Velocity From burst of effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity
(Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s) (Ft.) Fragments. ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (fs)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,310 .261 .017 1,870 20 993 .198 .061 2,220
30 1,220 .108 .023 1,620 30 940 .0831 .079 2,040
40 1,180 .0588 .028 1,460 40 864 .0430 .100 1,890
60 1,080 .0240 .043 1,180 60 735 .0162 .153 1,690
80 1,030 .0128 .057 1,020 80 606 .0075 .222 1,480

100 966 .0077 .069 928 100 ) 515 .0041 .303 1,340
150 879 .0031 .095 792 120 443 .0024 .400 1,240
200 802 .0016 .122 698 140 399 .0016 .493 1,170
300 661 .0006 .183 570 170 337 .0009 .642 1,090
500 482 .0002 .342 417 200 282 .0006 .802 1,020
700 371 .0001 .550 329 300 155 .0001 1.36 896
Page 130
120-MM HE. SHELL, M73

TABLE 57 TABLE 58
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 1/8-IN. MILD STEEL

r N B m v N B m v
20 484 .0963 .022 1,640 20 376 .0748 .089 1,960
30 467 .0413 .028 1,460 30 350 .0309 .117 1,820
40 458 .0228 .036 1,280 40 319 .0159 .149 1,710
60 435 .0096 .051 1,080 60 278 .0061 .230 1,470
80 413 .0051 .065 958 80 246 .0031 .333 1,310
100 398 .0032 .077 880 100 228 .0018 .427 1,220
150 367 .0013 .103 760 120 212 .0012 .531 1,150
200 333 .0007 .133 669 140 198 .0008 .640 1,090
300 290 .0003 .199 547 170 178 .0005 .809 1,020
400 263 .0001 .275 465 200 160 .0003 .987 968
500 239 .0001 .366 403 300 118 .0001 1.58 859 '
Page 131
155-MM N.E. SHELL, M107

TABLE 59 TABLE 60

Distance Total number number oF effective Fragment Distance Total number number oF effective Fragment
From burst oF effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity From burst oF effective effective Frag- Weight Velocity
(Ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s) (ft.) Fragments ments per sq. Ft. (oz.) (F/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,460 .291 .010 2,440 20 1,240 .247 .035 2,700

30 1,400 .124 .014 2,060 30 1,170 .104 .047 2,430
40 1,360 .0676 .019 1,770 40 1,100 .0547 .061 2,220
60 1,280 .0283 .030 1,410 60 945 .0209 .095 1,920
80 1,190 ..0148 .043 1,180 80 820 .0102 .137 1,750
100 1,130 .0090 .055 1,040 100 717 .0057 .192 1,550
150 990 .0034 .083 846 120 648 .0036 .255 1,420
200 900 .0018 .109 738 140 592 .0024 .326 1,320
300 767 .0007 .161 598 170 513 .0014 .448 1,200
400 669 .0003 .233 505 200 440 .0009 .580 1,120
600 540 .0001 .402 383 300 265 .0002 1.05 955
400 111 .0001 1.61 856
Page 138
8-IN. H.E. SHELL, M103

TABLE 61 TABLE 62

(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.)
(f/s) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,860 .370 .020 1,730 20 1,440 .286 .082 2,010

30 1,770 .156 .027 1,480 30 1,330 .118 .107 1,860
50 1,680 .0533 .040 1,220 40 1,250 .0622 .136 1,750
70 1,560 .0253 .055 1,040 60 1,060 .0233 .207 1,510
100 1,470 .0117 .074 897 80 922 .0115 .293 1,360
150 1,360 .0048 .101 768 100 835 .0066 .390 1,250
200 1,260 .0025 .130 676 150 670 ,0024 .655 1,080
300 1,080 .0010 .195 553 200 567 .0011 .934 983
500 865 .0003 .359 407 300 418 .0004 1.52 867
800 647 .0001 .715 289 500 257 .0001 2.98 733
TABLE 63 TABLE 64
PERFORATION OF 4-IN. MILD STEEL PERFORATION OF 1
2-IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v r N B m v
20 762 .152 .485 2,230 20 245 .0487 3.27 2,360

30 711 .0629 .566 2,110 30 232 .0205 3.55 2,290
40 670 .0333 .655 2,020 40 225 .0112 3.86 2,230
60 590 .0130 .855 1,850 60 .188 .0042 4.53 2,110
80 514 .0064 1.10 1,710 80 156 .0019 5.23 2,010
100 447 .0036 1.37 1,600 100 133 .0011 5.97 1,930
150 323 .0011 2.16 1,390 120 119 .0007 6.81 1,850
200 252 .0005 3.15 1,240 140 100 .0004 7.72 1,780
275 179 .0002 4.70 1,110 170 80 .0002 9.20 1,680
400 106° .0001 7.45 983 225 40 .0001 13.3 1,470
Page 130

TABLE 65 TABLE 66
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 1/ 8-IN. MILD STEEL

from burst of effective effective frag- from burst of effective effective frag- Weight Velocity
(ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (ozg) (s) (ft.) fragments ments per sq. ft. (oz.) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
'20 4,160 .825 .013 2,140 20 3,250 .647 .042 2,530

30 4,080 .360 .017 1,870 30 3,070 .271 .055 2,300
50 3,660 .117 .028 1,460 50 2,720 .0865 .087 1,970
70 3,310 .0538 .040 1,220 70 2,420 .0393 .132 1,770
100 3,000 .0239 .060 1,000 100 2,040 .0162 .220 1,480
150 2,720 .0096 .087 827 150 1,670 .0059 .412 1,230
250 2,360 .0030 .140 652 200 1,360 .0027 .639 1,090
400 1,990 .0010 .240 498 275 1,010 .0011 .980 970
700 1,520 .0002 .521 338 400 638 .0003 1.70 841
1,000 1,050 .0001 .928 253 600 379 .0001 3.05 735
TABLE 67 TABLE 68
PERFORATION OF 1/4-IN. MILD STEEL PERFORATION OF /-IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v r N B m v
20 2,000 .399 .235 2,880 20 700 ° .139 1.54 3,070

30 1,910 .169 .276 2,720 30 638 .0564 1.70 2,980
40 1,820 .0903 .325 2,560 40 597 .0297 1.85 2,880
60 1,640 .0362 .436 2,310 60 498 .0110 2.23 2,700
80 1,460 .0182 .560 2,120 80 432 .0054 2.60 2,550
100 1,280 .0102 .700 1,970 100 383 .0030 3.01 2,420
150 885 .0031 1.17 1,680 150 333 .0012 4.22 2,160
200 622 .0012 1.75 1,480 200 251 .0005 5.60 1,970
300 362 .0003 3.28 1,230 250 165 .0002 7.27 1,810
500 177 .0001 7.05 997 300 82 .0001 9.15 1,680
Page 140
75-MM SHELL, HE., M48

CASUALTIES
I-900 .90°
1~~30°
00 GROUND -s0.
0 GROUND
FIGURE 67 FIGURE 68
Shell Horizontal at rest
Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm
Gun, M3
!,a At least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft.

Page 141
75-MM SHELL, H.E., M48

CASUALTIES-
j-9Oo
FIGURE 69 FIGURE 70
Height of Burst 30 ft. Height of Burst 60 ft.
Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm
Gun, M3 Gun, M3
0 At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 142
~~30°
GROUND
FIGURE 71 FIGURE 72
Shell Horizontal at rest Remaining Velocity 800U/s
Gun, M3

Page 143

1
PERFORATION OF /8 -IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 73
I/1~1((Il ii At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft.
At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. Gun, M3
Page 144
3-IN. SHELL, H.E., M42A1

CASUALTIES
339°
GROUND -O 00 GUND
0
FIGURE 74 FIGURE 75
Shell Horizontal at rest Remaining Velocity 815 f/s
Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
At least 1lhit per 4 sq. ft.

Page 145

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 76 a
Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5 Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
At least 1 hit per 4 sq., ft.

Page 146

1
00 GROUND M
FIGURE 78 FIGURE 79

Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5

Page 141

O1I1111111ThiAt least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. FIGURE 80

Height of Burst 30 It.
At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
Page 14

CASUALTIES
j-9O-
GROUND
0
FIGURE 81 FIGURE 82
Range 1,000 yd.-(charge 4)

Page 149

1
PERFORATION OF /$-IN. MILD STEEL
1-90°
FIGURE 83 FIGURE 84
Shell Horizontal at rest Remaining Velocity 459 F/s
Range 1,000 yd. (charge 4)
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft

Page 150

CASUALTIES
0 30°0
000
FIGURE 85 FIGURE 86
Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3

Page 151
'90-MM SHELL, H.E., M71

CASUALTIES
-60 600
RE -90 90° -
FIGURE 87 FIGURE 88

Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3 Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3

Page 152,

1
1-90°
GROUND 0300
-r
FIGURE 89 FIGURE 90

Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3

Page 153

1
PERFORATION OF g-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 91
Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3 Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3

""~"""~""~"~~""
"""""'~"~""'""'
"~'~"'~"""""'""'
""""""""~"'"""
"""""""""'
"""""""""
""""""~""
"""""""'
'~""""" """""""
""""~"""
""""""" ~"""'~
"""""~""""'"'~'
"'~"""""""""~"
""""""'~""""""
""""'~""~""'"""
"~""""""""' At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft.
Page 154
105-MM SHELL, H.E., Ml

CASUALTIES
.300
GROUND
0
FIGURE 93 FIGURE 94

Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-105-mm
How., M2A

Page 155
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 95

Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-I105-mm
How., M2A1
90
I At least Ihit per 10 sq. ft.
LIII At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 156
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 96
Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-I 05-mm
How., M2Al
LIZ At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 151
105-MM SHELL, HE,MI

PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
~-~300
00
FIGURE 97 FIGURE 98
Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-1 05-mm
How., M2A1

Page 158

FIGURE 100
Height of Burst 30 ft. Height of Burst 60 Ft.
0
Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-1 5-mm Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-I105-mm
How., M2AI How., M2Al

Page 159
105-MM SHELL, H.E., M38A1

CASUALTIES
00GROUND -
GROUND
000
0
FIGURE 101 FIGURE 102


Page 160
105-MM SHELL,, H.E., M38A1

1
300
S30°
GROUND _
0 00 GROUND
0


Page 161
4.5-IN. SHELL, H.E., M65

CASUALTIES
30
GROUND
0

Shell Horizontal at rest Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s
Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5in.
Gun, Ml

Page 162
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 107

Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s
Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge) -4.5-in.
Gun, M1
-900

Page 163
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 108
Remaining Velocity 1,000 F/s
Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5-in.
Gun, M1
60*
900 -90°
60
1 At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 164

0 GON
0

Shell Horizontal at rest Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s
Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5-in.
Gun, Ml

Page 165

1
PERFORATION OF / 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
-60° 60
FIRE 900
FIGURE 111 C

Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s
Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5-in. Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5-in.
Gun, M1 Gun, M1
~111 At least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft.
"""""""""""""

Page 160
CASUALTIES
FIGURE. 113 FIGURE 114


Page 107

1
3Q00
000
0


Page 168
CASUALTIES
00GROUND
0

How., Ml

Page 169

CASUALTIES
.900
FIGURE 119 FIGURE 120-

Remaining Velocity 900 F/s Remaining Velocity 900 f/s
Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-1 55-mm Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-l 55-mm
How., Ml How., Ml

Page 170
CASUALTIES
FIGURE 121

Range 9,500 yd. (charge 5)-155-mm
How., Ml
60
90
60'
I At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 171

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 122
Height of Burst 60 It.

At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. How., MI
Page 112
155-MM SHELL, I.E., M107

1
PERFORATION OF / 8 -IN. -MILD STEEL
90°I
-30"
00 GROUND 30°
0
GROUND
0
Ground Burst
Ground Burst
Shell Horizontal at rest Remaining Velocity 900 /s
How., MI

Page 113

FIGURE 125
Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-I55-mm Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-i55-mm
How., M1 How., Ml
'Ivzxl
0/1111/i At least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft.

""~"""""""'~'i'
""""""""""
~"'~"""""""'"""
'~"""""""""""~
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"""""""'~""""'
'~""""""i" ~'"""
Page 114
NOTES
Page 175
NOTES
Page 176
4NOT
__
~
:I1111I11I11111111111111111I111111111111111111111111111I11I11111111111111111111 t111111111111111.11I11111111111l111.1.~l~U~~'WllJllllllllll1111II1II111111111111111111111 1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlIIIIIII1111I111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

. ·':~t ~'~:~~;;""~_~~~'~_""'T:-"'::"'~'~'
,U'
I ;', .. I~'"
DE . . ·A·,~·~·r'''D
;:~'_ \~_:1
J ~\., ~ ~~ ~!I
'~': ·'_i-~. ~,~"'t
1;;.
':a . ;'.'. . '.
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ALl. COMMUNICATIONS SHOULD BE ACCOMPANIED BY CARBON COpy AND ADDRESSED TO
TO INSURE PROMPT ATI'ENTlON

IN REPLYING REFER TO: HFNeil/mp
OFFICE: OF THE: CHIEF OF ORDNANCE ?3'JJ 8
_ _ _ NOo _
WASHINGTON. D. c.
A1TENTION OF
SPOTH 8 Octo,per 1945

.....;~~','"
SUBJECT: Tra,nsmittal of Technical Data

TO: Commandant
Command & General Staff School
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
1. Forwarded herewith are copies of Volume III (Bomb,s,
Artiller.y & Mortar Fire & Rockets) to be added to your pre~
sent sets of Terminal Ballistic Data Which included Volume I
(Bombing), and Volume II (Artiller,yFire).
2. This volume includes additional data Which have
been accumulated on terminal ballistics, and revises and ex
pands in scope data already presented in the first two volumes
of the "Terminal Ballistic Data" series. The \revisions were
made in view of the new and more complete data which are now
available.
3. Additional copies will be supplied upon request.
FOR THE CHIEF oIi' ORDNANCE:
W. A. WEA.VER
Colonel, Ordnance Department /
Incl Assistant
Booklet (5 copies)
DECLASSIFIED
. " .' . "" .. '. ,
~,." • " , I' ... . ....

. AI..L. COMMUNI.CATI.ONS SHOULD BE ACCOMPANI.ED BY CARBON COfY AND ADDRESSED TO
TOI.NSUREPROMPT ATTENTI.ON WAR DEPARTMENT

I.N REPLYI.NG REFER TO:
, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE
_ _ _ NO. _ . WASHINGTON, D. C.
ATTENTI.ON OF
Sl1&1I<n: Tra,Dsmttalcfr.lhnlcal Data

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Col.el, OrciunoeDepariaeat
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IESTftlC1EO
Volume III
Bombs, Artillery,
Mortar Fire & Rockets
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September 1945
I NTRO DU CT ION
This volume reports additional data which have been accumulated Volume II, Part 1, Volume III, Part 11
on terminal b:dlistics, and revises and expandsin scope data already pre-' Pages 1 to 29 inclusive.
sented in the first two volumes of the "Te,rminal Ballistic Data" series. The {Vulnerability of German Tanks at Pages
revisions were required'in view of the new and more complete data which 31 to 52 inplusivehave no.t been supersed~d
are now available. . . but will b~'included in the revision' of the
pocket-size booklet "Vulnerability Tests
Listed below are the portions of VolumesIancl II. which are super ofGerman Tanks pz Kw III,IV, arid VI"
seded. by this volume. dated 15 March 1944.
Vol'ume II, Part 3 'Volume' III,; Part'S
Superseded Material , Superseded. By
Pages 126 to 139 inclusive.
Volume I,Part 2 Volume III,Parts 2 and 3 .
(Shell fragment patterns at Pages 140 to
173 have notbeensllperseded.)
Volume I,Part 3, Volume
,,., III, Part 1
Pages 64 to 72 inclusive. Comlllents,suggestions as to changes, and data acquir~from field .
(Bomb fra~ment patterns at Pages 73 to experience in the use of this book are invited. Additions and revisions' will·'
115 inclusive, are not superseded.) be made in ,the futllre as may be deemed necessary. . .
't' 4"
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_ _ . I I I_ _~······. .••.•. ,
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........
iii
CONTENTS CO~TENTS
VOLUME III-TERMINAL BALLiSTIC DATA
SECTION 1-BOMBS
t~'I~:\~M~~i~i~J,:~. A.~I.a.N.B~ .B~~~S
.' - 2. DeFormation, Rupture and Low~Order Detonation. . . . . . . . . ..
.... :: : : : : : : : pa;:
49
3. EFFects of Detonation on Armor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
PART 1--BOMB FRAGMENT DAMAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4. Quality of Armor. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 49
1. Tables of Fragment Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2,. Damage Patterns : .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PART 5-BOMB FUZE FUNCTIONING ON THIN ROOFS 51
3. Types of Damage , . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 1
1. General. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
4. SaFety Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
5. The Choice of Bombs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PART 6-BLAST.......................................... 53
GROUND BURSTS ~ ............................... 2

1. General ~ 0 • • • • • • • • • •• 53
6. The Required Bomb Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 2
2. Peak Pressure , .." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 53
AIR BURSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Demolition of a Wall-Impulse. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
7. General ;...................... 2
4. Radii and Areas of EFFectiveness '. . . .. 53
8. The Optimum Height of Air Burst '. . 3

5. EFFects of Confineme,nt '. . . . . . . . . . . . . •. .. 53'
6. Protecti,on From Blast 0,' ..•.....•.•• ; . • . •. 55
PART !-BOMBING OF CONCRETE 0.............. 25

7. EFFect of the Type of Explosive " . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 55
1. General ..'. 0" .'. o' .'0 •••• 0.0 •••••• 0.0 •••••• 0 .•••• 0 •• · •• 00. 25 8. EFFect of Charge/Weight Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
2. DeFormation, Rupture and Low Order Detonation. . . . . . . . . .. 25

9. EFFect of Blast on Industrial Structures : . . . . . . . . .. 55
3. EFFects of Detonation on Concrete. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
4. Cratering in Concrete 0 •••• ' 25 PART 7-LOW ALTITUDE BOMBING TRAJECTORIES; . .. 61
5. Back Face EFFects-Scabbing 0 • 0 •• 0 • • • • • • •• 25 1. Dive Bombing Trajectories ~ " 61
6. Rebound 0 •• 0 26 2. Bombing From Level Flight 0 •••••'. • • • • • • • • •• 61

7. Attack of a Vertical Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
3.' Bombing From a Climb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
8. EFFect of Dirt Covering Upon Concrete ..... 0 •• 0 • 0 • • • • • • • • •• 26

9. EFFect of Underground Detonation .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. 26,
SECTIO~ !-ARTILLERY, MORTAR AND ROCKET FIRE
PART a-SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE ~ . 64
PART 3-EARTH PENETRATION AND CRATER

1. Tables of Fragment Damage .... 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••
64
FORMATION BY BOMBS 32
2. Damage Patterns 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
64
1. General o' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 ••••••• 0 ',' • • • • • • • •• 32 3. Types of Damage ' " . 64
2. Quality of the Soil 0 • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • ••• 32 4. SaFety Limits . 64
3. Shape of the Underground Trajectories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32

GROUND BURSTS ~ . 64
4. Time of Operation of Fuzes. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32

5. The Choice of Shell. . 64
5. Volume of Material to Fill Craters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 32

6. The Required Shell Density . '65
6. Bombing From Minimum Altitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 33
AIR BURSTS
. 65
7. Earth Shock EFFects of Underground Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
7. Types o.~ . ~rJ",.}"c
'''orr • . 65
33
8. The Ch'··"~h;'If~' ;~',
8. UnderFooting of Columns and Stanchions. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 'o/~- "~~J .. 66
9. Orientation of a Detonating Bomb ; .. : .. . . . . . .. 33
9. The Re I.L~ silYi~ . . . 66'
"'"'--" fl f~,
iv E o
CONTENTS . ' ?1 !'fb (,~. ILLUS~RATIONS Page
PART9-~~~~~~~~.F~~~.~~~I.~~~.~.~~~~~~~~ 120 "I'I~ ..~~ '.. , ,., , ,.. ~~

1. General. " " , , . 120 . 90~1tJ ii~~·B~;"·b)..i82·(r9"·· , ,.. , ,.
2. The Target. :,' 120 4. 10° Shielding , 18
3. Aimed Fire ··· .120 100 Ib GP Bomb AN-M300r AN-M30A1
4. Area Fire 120 5 10° Shielding .' 19
5. Impact Fire 121 . 260 Ib Fragm~~t~ti~~· B~~b,' AN'-M81' (110j .
6. Time Fire ; ~ . . . . . . . . . . 121 6~ ,0° Shielding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
7. Comparison of Ground Burst and Air Burst .. ' 121 7. 10° Shielding " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 21
8. Comparison of Aimed and Area Fire 121 8. 30° Shielding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22

500 Ib GP Bomb, AN-M64 orAN-M64A1 .
PART10-RICOCHET TRAJECTORy 125 . 9. 0° Shielding ; : . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
1. General 125 10. 10° Shielding ;. 24
PART 11~ARMOR PENETRATION 134 BOMBING OF CONCRETE
1. General ' '.' . . . . . . . . . . . 134
2. Armor Penetration and Striking Velocity Curves'. . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 BOMB DAMAGE TO UNDERGROUND CONCRETE SLABS
3. Charts., 134 11. General Purpose Bombs ..'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
4. Illustrative Examples. " 134 12. Semi-Armor Piercing and Armor Piercing Bombs. . . . . . . . . .. 31
PART 12-ATTACK OF JAPANESE LOG AND/OR EARTH ARMOR PENETRATION BY BOMBS

FORTIFICATIONS 166 13. Armor Penetration of Various Bombs : .. .. .. 50
1. GeneraJ. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
2. Bornbing of Log andlor Earth Fortifications. '.' 166 BLAST

3. Artillery and Mortar Attack ' ," 166 14. Radii' of Demolition and Visible Damage.' '. 54
4. Rocket Attack ; . . . . . . . .166
15. Dependence of Blast Pressure on the Orientation of the
SurFace on Which it is Measured ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 55
PART 13-ROCKET, DEMOLITION, 7.2 INCH, T37 .... .' .1•• 185' 16. Demolition of Buildings with Load Bearing Walls by Direct
1. Number of Effective Rounds Required For Reasonable Assurance Hits of Delay-Fuzed GP Bombs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56
of Breaching Various TypesoF Obstacles to Permit Passage of 17. Peak Pressure vs. Distance For GP Bombs. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 59
Medium Tank ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185 18. Peak Pressurevs. Distance for' SAP and AP Bombs ; .. 60
2. Accuracy....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 198
LOW LEVEL BOMBING TRAJECTORIES

19. Chart Showing Terms Used in Discussion. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 62
ILLUSTRATIONS
20. Low Level Bombing Trajectories-Level, Dive and Climb
Bombing ... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
FRAGMENT DAMAGE FROM BOMBS
J.
CASUALTIES vs. HEIGHT OF BURST h FT . .¢~"~ f~?"'~
SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE PATTERNS
20 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41or A1,~!4jl~A 1il)
4.5 in. HE Rocket Shell,T22'
1. 0° Shielding lij: t:~~<~ ·,:f~t i.: lw'_~G~fut'l¥s-Ground Burst-Shell at Rest .......•... ~ . . . . . . 84
'.... ' ~hilo" P(~~R» '~j~f ,\",; ;', -~:~ MJ

v
ILLUSTRATIONS
SHELL DENSITY REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE-GROUND BURSTS

ROCKETS
4.5 in. HE Rocket Shell, T22
25.Casualties.·and PerForation of Vs in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
GUNS SHELL D~NSITY REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE-AIR BURSTS

75 mm HE Shell, M48 GUNS
26. Casualties... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 79
, 3 in. HE Shell, M42A1
27. PerForation of Vs in. Mild Steel. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
50. Casualties-'10° Foxhole.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
28. PerForation of Iii, in. Mild Steel. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

90 mm HE Shell, M71 '
3 in. HE Shell, M42A1

51. Casualties-10° Foxhole - 114
90 mm HE Shell, M71
HOWITZERS
29. Casualties " ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 91

75 mm HE Sh~lI, M48
30. PerForation of l/S in.-Mild Steel. .. -' , . . . •. . . . . . . . . .. 92

52. Casualties-10° Foxhole. ; • ; ' " 115
31. PerForation of 1,.4 in. Mild· Steel. ~ , . , . ; ... , . . . . . . . . . .. 93

105 mm HE'Shell, M1
155 mm HE Shell, M101 _

53. Casualties~O° Foxhole , 116
32. Casualties ,' , , . . .. 94

54. Casualties-10° Foxhole , .. . . . . . . . . 117
33. PerForation of Vsin. Mild Steel , ., ; .. 95

55. Casualties-30° Foxhole; , \ 118
34. PerForation of 1,.4 in. Mild Steel. .' " .. '" 96

155 mm HE Shell,'M1 07
56. Casualties-10° Foxhole. .. .. . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119
HOWITZERS
75 mm HE Shell, M48
ARMOR PENETRATION
35. Casualties............................................ 97
57. Illustrative Example ~ ., , , ., " .. " 135
36~ PerForation of Vs· in. Mild Steel " .. " ; . ; . . . . .. 98

58..30 cell Bullet, AP, M2-Homogeneous Plate ; 137
37. PerForation oFl,.4 in. Mild Steel. :..... 99

59..30 cal Bullet, AP, M2-Face Hardened Plate ~. 138 '
105 mm HE Shell, M1
60..50 cal Bullet, AP, M2-Homogeneous Plate " . 139
38. Casualties " " ., , ., , .. 100

61 ..50 cal Bullet, AP, M2-Face Hardened Plate '" 140
39. PerForation of Vs in. Mild Steel. ; . ' 101

62.20 mm Shot, AP-T, M75-Homogeneous Plate " .. " . 141
40. PerForation of 1/4 in. Mild Steel. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

63. 20 mm Shot, AP-T; M75.-FaceHardened Plate .........•.. 142
155 mm HE Shell, M107

64. 20 mm Shot, AP-T, M95 (T9E5)-Homogeneous Plate .... , 143
41. Casualties .. ; .. ' , '.' " .

A"'~
. ..; 1,03 .
..~I'i
~'1'~~"" ,~O fIIln Shot, AP-T, M95 (T9E5)-Face Hardened Plate. . .. 144
l6~'ff!3q~~ Shot, APC-T, M51B10rM51B2-Homogeneous Plate 145
42. PerForation of Vs in. Mild Steel •. . . . '5,i:~j04\-' f:·"\:6.1.!~,3;7t'l}1Ji1Shot,APC-T, M51B1 or M51B2~Face
43. PerForation of 1,.4 in. Mild Steel. : :::( {OfS ):) ;?~ g( .;~~~1!~'ned Plate '.' , '.' '.' .. ' 146,
vi
ILLUSTRATIONS , IlLUSTRATIONS
,'~ . ~ .""6'" Page
ll~:·~'~~fttl;1~!~~~~:M1'01"::::::::::::: ~~~
68. 37 mm Shot, APC.T, M59~Homogeneoc,ls Plate .. ~ ..•... ~~.rt
69. 37,mm Shot, APC.T, M59~Fa(:e Hardened Plate ·k1'.itl~
70. 37 mm Shot, AP.T, M80~Homogeneous Plate.; 1
71. 37 mm Shot, AP.T, M80~Face' Hardened Plate 150 ) 4.5 in. Gun, M1; Shell, HE, M65 171
72. 40 mm Shot, AP.T,M81 or M81A1~Homoge~eousPlate. 151 92. 155 mm Howitzer, M1; Shell, HE, M1 07 172
73. 40 mm Shot, AP.T, M81 or M81 A 1-Face Hardened Plate. 152 93. 8 in,. Howitzer, M1; Shell, HE, M106 173
74. 57 mm Shot, AP.T, M70-Homogeneous Plate 153 94. 8 in. Gun, M1 orM2; Shell, HE, M1 03 174
75. 57 mm Shot, AP.J, M70---,.Face Hardened Plate 154 95. 240 mm Howitzer, M1; Shell, HE, M11.4 175
76. 57 mm Projectile, APC-T, M86-Homogeneous Plate :155
HORIZONTAL LOG WALLS-HIGH-ANGLE FIRE
77. 57 mm Projectile, APC.T, M86-Face Hardened Plate 156
78. 75 mm Projectile, APe.T, M610r M61 A 1-Homogeneous ' 96. 75 mm Howitzer, Mt, M1A1, M2,M3; Shell, HE, M48 176
Plate ,' , , . 157 '97. 105 mm Howitzer,M2A1, M3; Shell, HE, M1 177
79.75 mm Projectile, APC-T, M610rM61A1-Face Hardened 98. 81 mm Mortar, M1; Shell, HE, M56 178
Plate , .. .' , ',' .. , . ',' , . , 158 99. 105 mm Mortar, T13; Shell, HE, T17. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 179
80. 3 in. and 76 mm Projectile, APC.T, M620r M62A1 100. 4.2 in. Chemical Mortar; Shell, HE, M3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180
Homogeneous P,ate .. , : , , 159 101. 155 mm Mortar, T25; Shell, HE, T26E1 " 181
81. 3 in. and 76 mmProjectile, APC-T,M62 or M62A1-Face 102. 155 mm Gun, M1; Shell, HE, M101
, Hardened Plate. , , , .. , ',' , . . . .. 160 4.5 in. Gun, M1; Shell, HE,M65 182
82. 3 in. and 76 mm Shot, HVAP~T, M93 (T4E20) or T4E17-, ,103. 155 mm Howitzer, M1; Shell, HE, M1 07. '" 183
Homogeneous Plate ',' , , 161 104. 8 in. Howitzer, M1; Shell, HE, M114 184
83. 90 mm Projectile, APC.T, M82-Homogeneous Plate 162
84. '90 mm Projectile, APC-T, M82-Face Hardened Plate 163
85. 90 mmShot, AP-T, T33-Homogeneous Plate .. , 164
ROCKET, DEMOLITION, 7.2 INCH, T37
86. 90 mmShot, HVAP.T, T30E16-Homogeneous Plate ~ 165 NUMBER OF ROUNDS REQUIRED FOR REASONABLE ASSURANCE
OF BREECHING VARIOUS TYPES OF OBSTACLES SUFFICIENTLY
ATTACK OF JAPANESE LOG FORTIFICATIONS FOR PASSAGE OF MEDIUM TANK

PENETRATION INTO MEDIUM EARTH AND LOGS BY VARIOUS 105. JoP Log Weills " 186
WEAPONS 106. Jap Stump Walls : 187
VERTICAL LOG WALLS~LOW-ANGLEFIRE 107. jap Coral Walls " 188
87. 90 mm Guns,M1A1, M2,M3; Shell, HE, M71; 108. Unmortared Belgium Block Walls .. , 189
MV 2 700 f/s ' 109. Unmortared Belgium Bloek Walls 190
3 in. Gun~,M5, M7; Shell, HE, M42A 1; MY 2,800 f/s 110. Mortared Granite Block Beach Walls " .. ; . . . . . . . 191
76 mm Guns, M1 A 1, M1 A 1C, M1 A2; Shell, HE, M42A1; lZ;1/~;:,??~~em~nt C (Concrete Wall Gates) " 192
MV 2,700 f / s ' . . ' rii; i~i~/~' ~:~~'Qforc,:d "Concrete Sea Walls , . 193
75 mm Gun,M3 or M6; Shell, HE, M48; MV 1,980 f/s r;::;~ 1.::~,~ (;;i§htly Re;i!nfO'fc~d.(oncrete Wall.s 194
57 mm Gun, M1 orM1A1; Shell, HE, M303; MV 2,720 f/s .' .( /'-~!" ,:1",;:. , _;!'~.:,·>/~_':':'.:~i -'-- . ,.: :~Il P;f I'y,'· - -
37 mm Gun,M30r M3A1; Shell, HE,M63; MV 2,600 f/s .. 167 '1,1t41 t!9~riIY{~~~infe~c~~'\(en~ref~>,~r'~1~~filled Walls 195
88. 105 mm Howitzer, M2A1;,Shell, HE, M1;MV 1',550 f/s ' 11'5. Dragon:'~$ T~'e~t~:;~5. 9t~'~~:~B9tI4,~~,ofrS~qll. Reinforced
105 mm HOWitzer, M3; Shell, HE, M1, MV 1,020 f/s Concrete ran~ B~J¥I'''~;.Ob,st~cle~, !~i' , . , . . 196
75mm Howitzer, M1, M1 A1, M2, M3; Shell, HE, , 116. Number of Rounds of 20Ro\;n'd5jE;~ected to Fall in '
M48; MV 1,250 f/s " " " . 168 Target Area " " . "," 199
vii
FRAGMENT DAMAGE FROM BOMBS

TABLES QE·C·
'.
L\,A~~
' ' .tltD.. ~ONCRETETABLES
-'ill!"']__
F
.
. '. Page
1. The Choice of Bombs for Fragment Effect ow 'P\ Itu e . . . ~U:ts of General Purpo~e
Bombs on Concrete Slabs.. . .. . .. 27
Bombing) ;.... 4 24. Effects of Semi-Armor Piercing Bombs on Concrete Slabs. . .. 28
2. The Choice of Bombs for Fragment Effect (Alt. of Release 25. E'ffectsof Armor Piercing Bombs on Concrete Slabs. " . . . . .. 29
10,000 ft) ~...................... 5
3. The Choice of Bombs for. Fragment Effect (Alt. of Release EARTH'PENETRATION AND CRATER FORMATION
20,0,00ft) 6
26. GP Bombs 34, 35, 36,37, 38,39; 40, 41
4. The Choice of Bombs for Fragment Effect (Alt. of Release
30,000 ft). . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . . . . 7 27. SAP Bombs ',' ..42, 43, 44, 45
28. AP Bombs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
FRAGMENT DAMAGE TABLES 29a. Typical Penetration. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 47
29b. Estimated Crater Size and Shape . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48
20 Ib Fragmentation Bqmb, AN-M41· or AN-M41 A 1

5. Casualties.: , .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . 8
/ARMOR PENETRATION BY BOMBS
6. Perforation of Vg in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
90 IbFragmentation Bomb, M82 (T9) 30. Armor Penetration-GP and SAP Bombs .... , . . . .. . . . . • .. 49
, 7. Casualties " .. 9
BOMB FUZE FUNCTIONING ON THIN ROOFS .
8. Perforation of Vg in. Mild Steel.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·9
9. Perforation of l/.t in. Mild Steel. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 9 31. Thickn~ss of Roof Necessary to Cause Functioning of
Tail Fuzes '.' ;.' . .. . . .. 52
100 Ib GP Bomb l AN-M30 or AN-M30A1
10. Casualties ;....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
BLAST
11. Perforation of Vg in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 10
32. Radii and Areas ofEffectiven~ss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
12. Perforation of l/.t in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10

33. Corrective Factors for Various Explosives. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 58
260lb Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (T10)
13. Casualties 11
SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE
14. Perforation of Vg in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
15. Perforation of l/.t in. Mild Steel : . .. . . . . . .. 11 Hand Grenade, MK. II .

34. Casualties · ·.. ; ;........ 68
16. Perforation of V2 in. Mild Steel ~ . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. 11

35. Perforation of 1;8 in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 68
500 Ib GP Bomb, AN-M64 or AN-M64A1 20 mm HE Shell, T16

17. Casualties ...........•....... ;......................... 12
36. Casualties , ;' .. .. 69
18. Perforation of Vg in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
19. Perforat~on of l/.t ~n.M~ld Steel ',~' ~ ~n, . ~,. ";7~,:1~
12
.. . . .
20 mm HEI Shell, M97 (T23)
37. Casualties ' ; .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. 69
J.•~ ' t'J. '.n.'.. .;·J.

n J 75 mm HE Shell, M48
20,pe.,lo,allo 01% 'n. M,ldSteel..... .'';; .. ,.&j :1<.'.:. 1::
.•. Casualties..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. 70
BOMB DENSITY D PER SQUARE ~oo FT X 100 if';] .~ U "" ( .~. ' Perforation of Vgin. Mild Steel .. ; .:
3 in. HE Shell, M42A1
0' • • • • • • • • • " . , ' 70
21. Required in Area Bombing to Cause 50% Casualties. . . . . . . 13 ,,, . Casualties. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71
22. Required in Area Bombing to Cause Damage to 50% of 41. Perforation of Vg in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. 71
Materiel Target Elements ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14

81 mm HE Shell, M43A1
o
viii
TABLES
43. Perforation of lh in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

81 mm HE Shell, M56
44. Casualties... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
lJ' Perforation ,of Va in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

. Percentage Factor Table..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
83
83
86
45. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . .. 73

ARTILLERY FIRE AGAINST ARTILLERY
90 mm -HE Shell, M71
46~ Casualties ; ' : ":' 74

71. Area Fire " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 122
47. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel '" .. 74

72. Aimed Fire : .' 123,'124
105 mm HE Shell, M1 - '
48. Casualties ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
RICOCHET TRAJECTORY
49. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 75
105 mm HE Shell, M38A1

73. 75 mmHowitzer, M1, MtA1,M2, M3; Shell, HE; M48 126
50. Casualties... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76
74. 75 mm Gun, M1897 Series; Shell, HE,M48 126
51. Perforation of lh in. Mild Steel. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76

75. 76 mm Gun, M1A1, M1A1C, M1A2; Shell, HE, M42At. 127
4.5 in. HE Shell, M65 76. 90 mm Gun, M1, M1 A 1, M2, M3; Shell, HE, M71 127
52. Casualties..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 77
77. 105 mm Howitzer, M2, M2A1, M4;Shell,HE, M1 ~. 127
53. Perforation oFlh in. Mild Steel , 77

78. 4.5 in. Gun, M1; Shell, HE, M65 ' ; 128
120 mm HE Shell, M 73 '

79. 155 mm Howitzer, M1917 Series, M1918 Series;
54. Casualties..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
Shell; HE, M1 02 " " .. ' 128
55. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel. , 78

80. 155 mm HOWitzer, M1; Shell,HE, M107.; 129

81'. 155 mm Gun, M1917 Series, M1918 Series;
56. Casualties..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Shell, HE, Mt01 " 129
57. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel ; : . . .. 79

82. 155 mm Gun, M1, M1 A 1, M2; Shell, HE, M1 01 1-30
8 in. HE Shell; M103
83. 8 in. Howitzer, M1; Shell; HE, M106 : 131
58. Casualties " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
84. 8 in. Gun, M1 i Shell, HE, M1 03 132
59. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel. .. ;-. ;. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 80
85.8 in. Gun, M1; Shell, HE; M1 03 ' ~ : 132
60. Perforation of 1;4 in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 80
86. 240 mm HOWitzer, M1; Shell, HE, M114 : 133
61. Perforation of V2 in. Mild Steel. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
62. Casualties .............•............ " .... '. . . . . . .. . . ... 81

ARMOR PENETRATION
63. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 81
87. Armor-Piercing Ammunition Characteristics ..... ~ . . . . . . . .. 136
64. Perforation of 1;4 in. MildSteel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
65. Perforation of 112 in. Mild Steel. ' , . . .. 81
4.5 in. HE Rocket Shell, T22

ROCKET, DEMOLITION, 7.1 INCH,T37
Nose Section
88. Rounds Required to Breach Jap Log or Drum Type Pillboxes
66. Casualties -:-: - ~ . ; . . . . . .. 82

to Allow Passage of Medium Tank 197
67. Perforation of Va in. Mild Steel ~•........ ~ '" 82

89. Rounds. Required to C1~ar Minefields or Wire Entanglements
Sidewall Section '

to Allow Passage of Medium Tank 197
Page 1
Volume III, Part 1

nrf\.~Mlt ~ENT· DAMAGE
(THIS PART suULII \Jfal~I&lrpiGES 64 TO 711. PAGES 73 TO 115 ARE NOT SUPERSEDED.)
1. TABLES OF FRAGMENT DAMAGE. 4. SAFETY LIMITS.
These tables give the number B of effective hits per square foot of target The fragment damage tables are useful in determining the distance from
area at a given distance r from the burst. The numbers B are averages for a burst at which a soldier stands a given chance of being wounded by a
different directions l fro:ql the burst. They are properly applied only to a fragment. Suppose, for example, that a soldier is required to take a 1-1,000
considerable number of bursts with random orientation of the bomb axis chance of being wounded by a fragment from a' 20 pound bomb. Suppose
relative to the target. that the soldier is in open terrain in such a position that a 2 square foot
area of his body is 'exposed to fragments coming directly from the bomb.
t. ,DAMAGE PATTERNS. Accordingly, the number of casualty producing fragments, 'per square foot,.
As distinguished from damage tables, the damage patterns represent to which the soldier is exposed is 1/1,000 X72 = 0.0005 and by Table 5
typical individual cases and vary with the remaining velocity of the bomb, this fragment density occurs at a little more than 300 feet from the bomb.
angle of fall, and the height of burst. Both damage tables and dam,age patterns Thus on the average the soldier should be at a distance at least somewhat
presuppose a graze or air burst with no shielding oj the target. The user of the greater than300 feet from the bomb.
data given here must make due allowance for target shielding and the If account is to he taken of the most dangerqus directions from the bomb,
penetration of the bomb into the ground hefore burst. The amount ~f this the average densities B oj effective jrqgments as given in the tables should be .
penetration will depend upon the remaining velocity, the angle of fall of multiplied bya factor of about six and then used as in the above example.
the bomb, the nature of the soil, and the bomb and the fuze. In the fragment In the case of a man in' an airplane wearing standard flyer's body armor,
damage patterns, shadings of different types indicate regions of decreasing a fragment capable of piercing the plane fuselage, the body armor, and then
density of hits. The regions distinguished are those where there is at least wounding a man, would be capable of perforating approximately 7'S inch
one hit per 1, 4, 10, or 25 square feet of area. These units of area are under mild steel. Safety limits relative to hits of this type may be found by using
stoop. as normal to the fragment trajectories. Unshaded regions entering near the tables for perforations of 7'S inch mild steel in the manner indicated in,
the burst do not indicate that there are no effective hits in these regions, but the above example.
merely that the density of effective hits is less than that belonging to the
5. THE CHOICE OF BOMBS.
nearest shaded area.
The white centers of the fragment patterns are used to indicate the origin Tables 1, 2, 3, and 42 which follow this discussion will be found useful in
of the polar system -above which the missile bursts. In general these areas suffer making a choice of bomb against unshielded targets according to the type
the highest type of fragment damage as well as blast damage. of fragment damage desired. At low or medium altitudes the 20 pound
Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 or AN-M41A1, is to be preferred against
3.' TYPES. OF DAMAGE. personnel or when only light damage is desired. For low altitude bombing,
as noted in Table 1, the parachute on the 23 pound Fragmentation Bomb,
The _types of damage considered are casualtie~, and normal perforation
AN-M40 or AN-M40A1, greatly improves the effect of the no~parachute
of mild steel of 7'S i.nch, 7i inch, and 72 inch thickness. s lilt wAs !t.aken
"'>li4,Bomb, AN-M41, which' except for having fins instead of a parachute is
as caused pya hi~ with at lea~t 58 foot-pou~~s of energy. ~_ . ':t~\rti9~
and not necessarIly death. Damage comprIsmg perforat eli m.t.ldi ,(4i
P.
'.t"-'
"
1,
. :"
the A"N-M40, Bomb. When released fro,m high altitudes,' the
tation Bomb, AN-M41 or AN-M41Al, is reduced in
steel is considered effective against airplanes on the groun ., "j'~JI . :
which there is perforation of 7i inch or 72 inch mild steel is effective against t i ctions to side wall directions in the case of bombs.
trucks, light armored vehicles, railway rolling stock, and targets of similar 2The ratios in 1,2 and 3 have been revised over those appearing in Volume I, Part 3,
to make an allowance of ±2° in the angle of fall on account of the yaw of the bomb and th~
resistant nature. variation in the slope of the ground.
Page 2
power. The bombs should be used in accordance ~ith the type of damage Solution. The width W of the additional fringe of area is 65 feet according
required consl1lting Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 21 and 22. t(j'Tabl.e 21. Thus the enlarged, area is 630 feet x 1,130 feet and contains
The 90 pound Fragmentation Bomb, M82(T9), may be used in clusters 71 units of area. For each of these units 0.73 bombs are required in accord
of six and when so used will be particularly effective, if the required damage ance with Table 21. When thepercent of" 'Y0llnded is to be 60 instead of 50,
is at most equivalent to perforation of .%, inch mild steel. For heavier a multiplicative factor of 1.32 is called for as given in Table 21. Thus the
damage, the 260 pound Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (T10), or the 500 number of bombs which should be distributed over the enlarged area is
pound GP Bomb) AN-M64 or AN-M64Al, may be'used. 0.73 x 71 x 1.32 = 69. The number to be dropped must be properly
The altitudes of release given for bombs assume a true airspeed of increased to take account of probable errors in bombing.
250 miles per hour. In the case of enemy materiel each target is supposed divided into a number
GROUND BURSTS of elements each 2 square feet in area and vulnerable to a hit of a given
perforative type) i.e., perforations of 78 inch, }i inch, or 72 inch mild steel.
6. THE REQUIRED BOMB DENSITY. The tables give the number D of bombs per unit area required to effectively
Let a target be given in terms of square feet units of area 100 feet x 100 feet damage 50 percent of these target elements. For example, an enemy vehicle
(i.e. multiples of 100 feet x 100 feet). Let it be required to wound 50 percent may present eight of these target elements vulnerable to hits capable of
of the enemy personnel (4.5 square feet of area) on the give~ area or to perforating 78 inch mild steel. If the bomb density isD per unit area as
damage 50 percent of matefiel target elements (2 square feet of area) given in Table 22) four of the eight target elements may be expected to be
vulnerable to fragments of a given perforative type. Tables 21 and 22 give effectively damaged. As in the case of casualties) the distribution of bombs
the number D of bombs of a given type required per unit of area (100 feet with the density D must be made over an area somewhat larger than the
x 100 feet). given target area. The width W· of this additional fringe of area. is given
To obtain the desired effect it is necessary to distribute the bombs over in the· tables.
an area somewhat larger than the given target area. The fringe of additional If the percent p of target elements which it is desired to effectively damage
area around the given target area has a width W given in Tables 21 and 22. is not 50 percent, it is sufficient to multiply the bomb density given in
This enlarged area should receive D bombs per unit of area. Table 22 by a factor F given in the same table to obtain the correct bomb
Unless the edge of the target area is very well defined and of marked density D.
importance it will usually be more' profitable t~ confine the D bombs per Shielding. The bomb densities D are calculated forHat unshielded terrain
unit area to the given target area A rather than use the enlarged area. In and, in the case of personnel, for men who are standing. For prone men or
such cases points within A at a distance at least W from the edge of A will for terrain which is rolling or shielded) the .bomb densities should be multi
receive the desired fragment. effect. plied by appropriate factors. Estimates for some of the more important
The calculations are based on a random 3 distribution of bombs oVer the cases are given following Tables 21 for casualties and Table 22 for materiel
enlarged area with an expected bomb density D. The manner ot achieving targets.
this bomb distribution will depend on the C.E.P., the plane formation) and Blast. Blast is effective against personnel in the open for relatively small
the timing of the bomb releases and will not be discussed here) except to distances, in every case for distances considerably less tha,n those at which
remark that the total number of bombs which ~ust be dropped to obtain a casualty is certain to becaused by fragments (see page 53).
the bomb density D on the enlarged area A) will considerably exceed D times
the number of units of area (100 feet x 100 feet) in A. This is due to the AIR BURSTS
errors in bombing. 7. GENERAL.
Example. Let the target area be 500 feet x 1)000 feet and suppose it is Against personnel in medium foxholes or on rough terrain, or against
desired to wound 60 percent of enemy personnel on the area using 20 pound other moderately shielded targets, an air burst of the 500 pound GP bomb,
fragmentation bombs released at an altitude of 20)000 feet. Suppose that AN-M64 or AN-M64A1, orthe 260 pound Fr~gmentation Bomb, AN-M81
the terrain is flat and unshielded. ' (T10), is recommended. A height of burst from 35 to 60 feet would be
effective, with the higher burst counteracting the greater shielding.
3Any two bursts are independent in position. Released from an altitude of 15,000 feet or more, the 20 pound Frag
Page 3
mentation Bomb, AN-M41 or AN-M41A1with impact type fuze, is dimin As the type of shielding runs from the weak zero degree shielding to the
ished in fragment damage not only from the effects illustrated in the damage strong 30 .degree shielding, the optimum heights of burst run approxi
patterns (Vol. I, Part 3, pages 74 and 75), but also because the bomb mately.as follows: ,
penetrates the soil to some extent before bursting. From these altitudes an Optimum height of burst
air burst of the 500 pound GP Bomb, AN-M64or AN-M64A1, or the Bomb No disF;>ersion
260 pound Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TID), will be highly effective. 20 Ib BombAN-M41 or AN-M41 A 1 20 ft-30 ft
90 Ib Bomb M82 (19) 30 ft-50 ft
8. THE OPTIMUM HEIGHT OF AIR BURSTS. 100 Ib Bomb AN-M30 or AN-M30A1 30 ft-50 ft
The optimum height of burst of a bomb depends upon the type of shield 260 Ib Bomb AN-M81 (110) 35 ft- 70ft
ing of the targets to be attacked. In the complete absence of shielding, 500 Ib Bomb AN-M64 or AN-M64A1 30 ft-60 ft
both by the terrain and by other targets, and on open level' ground the This optimum height is greater the greater the shielding. In the case of
optimum heigp.t of burst is just off the ground; to raise the height of burst heavy shielding, the low angles of fall (around 45 degrees) are superior to
still higher would cause a loss of effect approximately as follows: the high angles of fall (around 75 degrees). For average shielding the angles
Percent loss in targets offall (45 degrees-75 degrees) do not affect the result to any considerable
Height of burst effectively damaged degree. Computations show that a tail initiation of the burst would more
than double the effe~t in the case of low shielding and high angle of fall.
30 ft 5-15%
50 ft 25-50%
100 ft 90-80%
Types of shielding. Air bursts are recommended against men in foxholes
or open trenches and against personnel shielded by rough terrain. The type
of shielding labelled "100 foxholes" is believed to be thatmo~t commonly
encountered and will correspond to the shielding afforded men in foxholes
. . ';:.:
tIl\'
--
when the men are somewhat below the level of the ground,4 or to the shield
ing afforded prone men by rough terrain. The term "100 foxhole" 'arose II 00 FOXHOLEI'
from its definition as a foxhole in which an occupant will on the average be
unharmed by fragments with an angle of fall less than 10 degrees.
Hastily dug in positions on level ground will correspond to "00 foxholes,"
as will trenches in which the heads of men are even with the ground.
The optimum heights of burst against personnel in the absence of dis
persion in the height of burst may be read from Figures 1 to 10.5 From ~~::~----:
these figures one reads the number of casualties against the height of ~>urst -=-_-::_-. -'
assummg that there is one man in each foxhole and that the foxholes ,are· ~~f;-~--~ ~
~~:I:IL-_...J~~;-
ten feet apart. In those cases where a fuze for regulating the height· of
u 10' FOXHOLE"
burst is available and causes a known dispersion in the· height of burst,
it is possible to use Figures 1 to 10 to determine the mean height to which
.'~:------=-
the burst should. be adjusted, as is done in the case of time fire with shell.
This mean optimum height in the case of dispersion is in general larger
than the optimum heights read from the figures.
4See illustration, page 3.
5The terminal velocities for which. these curves are drawn are based on a true air speed of
400 miles per hour. For the angles of fall indicated on Figures 1 to 10 the curves will not be
materially changed if the true air speed is reduced to as low as' 250 miles per hour.
-~~~----,
"30' FOXHOLE U
TABLE 1
LOW ALTITUDE BOMBING
The choice of bombs For Fragment effect For low altitude bombing may be made with the aid of the
Following table giving the ratio of the number of. effective hits For the two .sets of bombs listed at the
leFt. The number of bombs compared in eath case are those which can be carried in the same station
in the bomb bay. .
Bombs Compared Casualties l/S in. Mild Steel 14 in. Mild Steel 1/2 in. Mild Steel
.
PerF. PerF. PerF.
Six 20 Ib bombs*
1.83 2.38 0.94
One 100 .Ib bomb
Six 20 Ib bombs*
1.03 0.96 0.52
One 260 Ib bomb .~
One 100 Ib bomb

0.56 0.40 0.55
One 260 Ib bomb
Twenty 20 Ib bombs*
1.05 1.07 0.69
Six 90 Ib bombs .
Twenty 20 Ib bombs*
1.91 2.05 1.12
One 500 Ib bomb
Six 90 Ib bombs
1.81 1.92 1.45 0.28
One 500 Ib bomb
Two 100 Ib bombs

0.79 0.65 0.67
One 500 Ib bomb
Two 260 Ib bombs "
1.42 1.61 1.21 0.85

One 500 Ib bomb
20 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 or AN-M41 A 1 i TNT Loading.

90 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, M82 (T9), RDX Comp B Loading.
100 Ib GP Bomb, AN-M30 or AN-M30A1, Amatol Loading.
260 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (T10), RDX Comp B Loading.
500 Ib GP Bomb, AN-M64 or AN-M64A1, Amatol'·Loading.
A Fragment with at least 58 Ft-Ib of energy is considered as "causing U a casualty. Other measures
of damage are normal perForations of mild steel at various thicknesses.
The above table applies in the strict sense to attacks on unshielded targets Yf,ith ground bursts
and with relatively low altitudes of 'release. .
*Replacing the 20 Ib fragmentation bomb, AN-M41, by the 23 Ib fragmentation bomb, AN-M40, with parachute greatly increases the
value of this fragment bomb released at low altitudes. '
TABLE 2
ALTITUDE OF BOMB RELEASE, 10,000 FT
The choice of bombs For Fragment effect may be made with the aid of the Following table giving the
ratio of the number of effective hits For the two sets of bombs listed at the leFt. The number of bombs
compared in each case are those which can be carried in the same station in the bomb bay.
Bombs Compared Casualties Vs in. Mild Steel lit in. Mild Steel V2 in. Mild Steel
PerF. PerF. PerF.
Six 20 Ib bombs
3.00 2.48
One 100 Ib bomb
Six 20 Ib bombs
1.41 0.88
One 260 Ib bomb
One 100 Ib bomb

0.47 0.35 0.49
One 260 Ib bomb
Twenty 20 Ib bombs
1.05 0.81
Six 90 Ib bombs
Twenty 20 Ib bombs
2.88 2.13
One 500 Ib bomb
Six 90 Ib bombs
2.74 2.64 1.80
One 500 Ib bomb
Two 100 Ib bombs

0.78 0.66 0.68
One 500 Ib bomb -
Two 260 Ib bombs

1.65 1.87 1.39 0.98
One·500 Ib bomb
20 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 or AN-M41 A 1, TNT Loading.

90 Ib Fragmentation ~omb, M82 (T9), RDX Comp B Loading.
500 Ib GP Bomb, AN-M64 or AN-M64A1, AmatolLoading.
A Fragment with at least 58 Ft-Ib of energy is considered as "causing" a casualty. Other measures
of damag~ are normal perForations of mild steel at various thicknesses. .
I
The above table applies in the strict sense to attacks on unshielded targets with ground bursts.
TABLE 3
The choice of bombs for fragment effect may be made with the aid of the following table'giving'the
ratio of the number of effective hits for the first two sets of bombs listed at the left.. The number of bombs
compared in eac'h case are tho,se which can be carried in the same station in the bomb bay.
Bombs Compared Casualties 1;8 in. Mild Steel 1,4 in. Mild Steel 1/2 in. Mild Steel
Perf. Perf. Perf.
Six 20 Ib bombs
1.67 1.19
One 100 Ib bomb
Six 20 Ib bombs
0.68 0.40
One 260 Ib bomb
One 100 Ib bomb
0.41 0.33 0.47
One 260 Ib bomb
Twenty 20 Ib bombs )
0.79 0.66
Six 90 Ib bombs
Twenty 20 Ib bombs
1.86 1.38
One 500 Ib bomb
Six 90 Ib bombs
1-
2.34 2.09 1.32
One 500 Ib bomb
Two 100 Ib bombs -
0.85 0.71 0.74

One 500 Ib bomb
Two 260 Ib bombs

2.09 2.14 1.58 1.13
One 500 Ib bomb
20 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 or AN-M41 A 1, TNT Loading.

90 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, M82 (T9), RDX Comp B Loading.
500 Ib GP Bomb, AN-M64 or AN-M64A 1, Amatol Loading.
A fragment with at least 58 ft-Ib of energy is considered as "causing" a casualty. Other measures
of damage are normal perforations of mild steel at various thicknesses.
The above table app'lies in the strict sense to attacks on unshielded targets with ground bu~sts.
TABLE 4
The choice of bombs For Fragment effect may be made with the aid of the F~lJowing table giving the
ratio of the number of effective hits For the two sets of bombs listed at the leFt. The number of bombs
compared in each case are t~ose which can be carried in the same station in the bomb bay.
Bombs Compared Casualties lfa in. Mild Steel 1/.i in. Mild Steel lf2 in. Mild Steel
PerF. PerF. PerF.
Six 20 Ib bombs
1.05 0.79
One 100 Ib bomb
Six 20 Ib bombs
0.51 0.35
One 260 Ib bomb
One 100 Ib bomb

0.48 0.44 0;61
One 260 Ib bomb
Twenty 20 Ib bombs
1.08 0.65
Six 90 Ibbombs ,
Twenty 20 Ib bombs
1.46 0.99
One 500 Ib bomb
Six 90 Ib bombs
..
1.36 1.51 0.98
One 500 Ib bomb
Two 100 Ib bombs

0.93 0.75 0.78
One 500 Ib bomb
Two 260 Ib bombs

1.91 1.70 1.27 0.91
One 500 Ib bomb
20 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 or AN-M41A1, TNT loading.

90 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, M82 (T9), RDX Comp B loading.
100 Ib GP Bomb, AN-M30 or AN-M30A 1, Amatol loading.
260 Ib Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (T10), RDX Comp B loading.
500 IbGP Bomb, AN-M64 or AN-M64A1, Amatol loading.
U
A Fragment with at least 58 ft;·lb of energy is considered as "causing a casualty. Other measures
of damage are normal perforations of mild steel at various thicknesses.
The above table applies in the strict sense to attacks on unshielded targets with ground bursts.
i......
Page 8
20 LB FRAGMENTATION, BOMB, AN-M41 OR AN-M41Al

TNT Loading
I~ITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,810 F/S
TABLE 5 TABLE 6
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Va IN. MILD STEEL

For the lightest For the lightest
Average Average -I
number of effective fragment Distance Total number number of effective fragment
Distance Total number
from burst of effective effective frag Weight. Velocity from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments ments per sq ft (oz) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments per sq ft (oz) (f/s)
r N B m v r
- N B m v
20 1,180 0.386 0.0075 2,810 20 930 0.304 - 0.032 2,810

30 1,090 0.158 0.011 2,320 30 875 0.127 0.045 2,470
40 1,000 0.0817 0.016 1,930 40 799 0.0652 0.060 2,230
60 952 0.0345 0.028 1,460 60 617 0.0224 0.102 1,880
80 895 0.0183 0.042 1,190 80 399 0.0081 0.161 1,660
100 829 0.0108 0.055 1,040 100 229 0.0030 0.230 1,470
150 677 0.0039 0.085 836 120 106 0.0010 0.308 1,340
I··
200 576 0.0019 0.111 731 140 31 , 0.0002 0.397 1,240

300 377 0.0006 0.170 591 160 10 0.0001 0.493 1,170
400 202 0.0002 0.243 502
I
Page 9
90 LB FRAGMENTATION. BOMB, M82 (T9)

RDX Comp B Loading
TABLE 7 TABLE 8
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Ya IN. MILD STEEL
Average For the lightest For the lightest
Average
Distance Total number I number of effective fragment
------. _--- Distance Total number number of effective Fragment
from burst of effective I effective lrag. I
Weight I Velocity from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(Ft) Fragments ments per sq ft I (oz) (f/s) (ft) Fragments ments· per sq Ft (oz) O/s)
r N I B m v r N ii} B m v
I
40 4,520 0.369 0.014 2,060 20 3,980 1.30 0.024 3,100

50 4,240 0.221 ·0.019 1,770 30 3,510 0.510 0.034 2,720
60 3,980 0.144 0.024 1,575 40 3,010 0.245 0.048 2,410
80 3,490 0.0112 0.036 1,280 60 1,980 0.0716 0.082 2,010
100 2,880 0.0376 I 0.050 I
1,090 80 1,620 0.0331 0.125 1,790
150 2,000 0.0116 0.080 862 100 1,2'90 0.0168 0.180 1,590
200 1,770 0.0058 0.105 753 120 975 0.0088 0.250 1,430
300 1,400 0.0020 0.160 610 140 760 0-.0051 0.330 1,310
400 1,040 0.0009 0.2~0 509 170 580 0.0026 0.465 1,190
600 646 0.0002 0.405 383 200 435 0.0014 0.605 1,100
800 413 0.0001 0.632 307 300 149 0.0002 1.12 952
TABLE 9
PERFORATION OF ~ IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v
20 1,220 0.398 0.192 3,100

30 1,040 0.151 0.230 2,900
40 896 0.0731 0.275 2,720
60 681 0.0247 0.380 2,420
80 540 0.0110 0.500 2,200
100 395 0.0052 0.650 2,020
120 285 0.0026 0.815 1,870
140 193 0.0013 0.992 1,750
170 83 . 0.0004 1.36 1,610
200 18 0.0001 1.74 .1,490
Page 10
100 LB GP' BOMB,AN~M30 ORAN·M30Al

Amatol Loading
TABLE 10 TABLE 11
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF 'Va IN. MILD STEEL
Average Average
effective fragment effective fragment
Distance Total number number of Distance Total number number of
I
from burst of effective , effective frag Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments ments per sq ft (o~) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments per sq ft (o%) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
70 4,286 0.114 0.009 2,570 40 4,120 0.336 0.009 4,350

,80 3,943 0.0804 , 0.011 2,320 50 3,480 0.182 0.012 4,060
100 3,310 0.0432 0.017 1,8'70 60 3,330 0.121 0.016 3,670
120 3,040 0.0276 0.024 1,570 80 3,040 0.0620 0.024 3,100
140 2,730 p.0182 0.033 1,340 100 2,620 0.0342 0.037 2,650
170 2,300 0.0104 0.047 1,130 120 2,150 0.0195 0.052 2,350 .
200 1,880 0.0061 0.062 980· 140 1,670 0.0111 0.071 2,110
300 1,080 0.0016 0.107 746 170 1,090 0.0049 0.105 1,870
500 519 0.0003 0.214 531 200 758 0.0025 0.150 1,700
700 2,32 0.0001 0.357 411 400 58 0.0001 0.68 1,070
TABLE 12
PERFORATION OFY4 IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v
20 3,070 1.00 0.022 7,320

30 2,830 0,411 0.029 6,390
40 2,560 0.209 0.039 5,660
60 1,950 0.0707 0.060 4,760
80 1,370 0.0279 .0.086 4,140
1,00 990 0.0129 0.115. 3,780
120 758' 0.0069 0.1.50 3,470
140 594 0.0040 0.191 3,110
170 393 0.0018 0.265 2,760
200 239 0.0008 0.352 2,490
300 55 0.0001 0.750 1,930
Page 11
26Q LB FRAGMENTATION BOfJIB, 'AN-M81 (nO)

RDX Comp B Loading
INITIALF~AGMENTVELOCITY 3,410 F/5
TABLE 13 TABLE 14
CASUALTIES PERFORATIONOF,Vs IN. MILD STEEL

Distance Total number number of effective Fragment Distance Total number number of effective Fragment
From burst of eFFective eFF~ctiveFrag- Weight Velocity From burst of effective effective Frag Weight Velocity
(Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (0%) (F/s) (Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (0%) (F/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
40 6,620 0.540 0.012 2,230 ,20 6,330 2.070 0.020 3,410

50 6,490 0.339 0.016 1,930 30 6,070 0.880 0.029 I
2,880
60 .6,300 0.228 0.021 1,680 40 5,680 ,0.463 0.040 2,570
80 5,910 0.120 0.033 1,340 60 4,8,30 0.175 0.066 2,160
100 5,450 0.0711 0.047 1,130 80 4,010 0.0817 Q.100. 1,890
150 4,540 0.,0263 0.076 886 100 3,330 0.0434 0.149 1,710
200 3,990 0.0130 0.101 768 150 2,170 0.0126 0.307 1,340
300 3,230 0.0047 0.157 616 200 1,580 0.0052 0.513 1,160
500 2,190 0.0011 0.301 444 300 999 0.0014 0.994 967
700 1,620 0.0004 0.492 348 400 587 0.0005 1.55 863
1,000 1,090 0;0001 0.887 259 600 170 0.0001 ' '2.85 742
TABLE 15 TABLE 16
PERFORATION OF lA, IN. MILD STEEL PERFOR,ATION OF V2 IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v r N B m v
20 3,330 1.090 0.149 ,3,410 20 8~8 ' 0.283 1.15 3,410

30 3,040 0.440 0.176 3,240 30 770 0.112 1.27· 3,330
40 2,640 0.216 0.225 2,920 40 679 0.0554 1.40 3,200
60 2~200 0.0798 0.300 2,620 60 509 I 0.0185 1.68 2,990
80 1,840 0.0375 0.400 2,380 80 379 0.0077 2.01 2,790
100 I 1,580 0.0206 0.515 2,180 100 281 0.0037 2.37 2,640
150 1,080 0.0063 0.890 1,820 120 189 0.0017 2.75 2,510
200 685 0.0022 1.38 1,600 140 117 0.0008 3.16 2,380
250 379 0.0008 2.00 1,420 170 43 0.0002 3.85 2,230
300 189 0.0003 2.75 1,300 200 25 0.0001 4.62 2,100
Page 12
500 LB GP BOMB, AN-M64 OR AN-M64Al

- Amatol Loading
TABLE 17 TABLE 18
CASUALTIES PERFORATION. OF Ya-IN. MILD STEEL
- For the lightest . Average For the lightest
Average
effective 'fragment Distance Total number number of effective fragment
Distance Total number number of
from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments ment;s per sq ft (0%) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments per sq ft (0%) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
70 14;940 0.398 0.009 2,570 40 14,940 1.22 0.009 4,350

.80 13,450 0.274 0.012 2,230 50 13,450 0.702 0.012 4,060
100 11,830 0~154 0.017 \ 1,870 60 12,450 0.451 0.015 3,770
150 8,160 0.0473 0.037 1,270 80 10,330 0.211 0.023 3,150
200 6,100 0.01·99 0.061 990 too 8,280 0.108 0.036 2,670
250 4,920 0.0103 0.084 840 150 5,030 0.0292 0.081 2,020
300 4,160 0.0060 ·0.106 750 200 3,160 0.0103 0.148 1,710
500 2,340 0.0012 0.214 531 300 1,260 0.0018 0.370 1,270
700 1,330 0.0004 0.356 411 400 410 0.0003 0.680 1,070
1,000 430 0.0001 0.653 302 600 137 0.0001 1.48 873
TABLE 19 TABLE 20
PERFORATION OF ~ IN. MILD STEEL PERFORATION OF Y2 IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v r N B m v
, 20 10,770 .3.51 0.021 7,390 20 2,790 0.910 0.17 7,390

30 9,210 1.34 0.029 6,390 30 2,480 0.359 0.20 6,770
40 8/030 0.655 0.038 5,730 40 2,190 0.179 0.23 6,460
60 6,250 , 0.227 0.059 4,800 60 1,670 0.0605 0.30 5,740
80 4,890 0.0998 0.085 4,160 80 1,170 0.0239 0.39 5,180
100 3,920 0.0512 0.114 3,790 100 872 0.0114 0.47 4,810
150 2,380 0.0138 0.209 2,990 150 349 0.0020 0.74 4,030
200 1,390 0.0046 0.345 2,510 200 237 0.0008 1.05 3,550
300 361 0.0005 0;735 1,940 250 137 0.0003 1.44 3,160
500 100 0.0001 2.12 1,400 300 116 0.0002 1.86 2,880
TABLE 21
BOMB DENSITIES D PER SQUARE 100 FT x 100 FT
REQUIRED IN AREA BOMBING TO CAUSE-50% CASUALTIES. GROUND BURSTS.
INSTANTANEOUS FUZE. FLAT TERRAIN. NO SHIELDING. MEN STANDING.
I Altitude 01 Release I The Required Bomb IWidth- Win F

Bomb I· It I Density D 01 Fringe
Low 0.70
20 Ib FRAG, AN-M41 or AN-M41 A1 10,000 0.45
65
20,000 0.73
30,000 0.98
\
Low I 0.24
90 Ib FRAG, M82 (19) 10,1000 0.17
90
20,000 0.21
30,000 0.35
Low 0.25
100 Ib GP, AN-M30 or AN-M30A1 10,000 , 0.25
95
20,000 0.20
30,000 0.17
Low 0.14
'" Ib FRAG, AN-M81(T1 0)
260 10,000 0.12
140
20,000 0.083
30,000 0.083
Low 0.099
500 Ib GP, AN-~64 or AN-M64A1 10,000 0.096
125
20,000 0.087
30,000 0.079
*Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D.

To obtain p percent casualties the above value of D should be multiplied by the factor F in the
following table:
Percent p 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
The factor F 0.150 0.322 0.516 0.740 1.00 1.32 1.74 2.32 3.32
In case the target area is not flat or is shielded, or the men are not standing, the above values of D
should b,e multipliedby an appropriate factor. Estimates of this factor are given below fora number
of typical cases.
Factor The Tactical Case
3 Men prone, flat terrain, no shielding.
2 Men standing, rolling terrain, no shielding.
-4 Men prone, rolling terrain, country fields.
10- 20 Men firing from trenches.
20-100 Mef'l in foxholes.
The above values of D were calcuJatedfor the case of a plane speed of 250 mph.
TABLE 22
BOMB DENSITIES D PER SQUARE 100 FT x 100 FT
REQUIRED IN AREA BOMBING TO CAUSE DAMAGE TO 50% OF MATERIEL TARGET ELEMENTS
(2 SQ FT) VULNERABLE TO A FRAGMENT OF GIVEN PERFORATIVE TYPE. GROUND
BURSTS. INSTANTANEOUS FUZE. FLAT TERRAIN. NO SHIELDING.
The'required bomb density D for

the following perforative type Width *W in ft of fringe
-
Altitude Vs in. 1/tt in. 112 in. l/S in. 1/tt in. V2 in.
of Release Mild Steel Mild Steel Mild Steel Mild Steel Mild Steel Mild Steel
Bomb ft Perf Perf Perf Perf Perf Perf
20 Ib FRAG, AN-M41 or Low 2.73

AN-M41A1 10,000 2.61
27
20,000 4.47
30,000 5.73 ~
90 Ib FRAG, M82 (T9) Low 0.99 1.91

10,000 0.73 1.45
50 30
20,000 0.91 1.77
30,000 1.12 2.14
J
100 Ib GP, AN-M30 or Low 1.17 1.38

AN-M30A1 10,000 1.08 1.27
60 45
20,000 0.89 1.06
30,000 0.76 0.90
260 Ib FRAG, AN-M81 Low 0.47 0.76 2.41

(T10) . 10,000 0.38 0.63 1.98
. 0.50 70 55 30
20,000 0.30 1.55
30,000 0.33 0.55 1.74 .
500 Ib GP, AN-M64 or Low 0.38 0.46 1.02 -.
AN-M64A1 10,000 0.36 0.44 0.97

80 65 40
20,000 0.32 0.39 0.88
30,000 0.28 0.35 0.80
*W·Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst densityD.
To obtainp percent damage the above value of D should be multiplied by the factor F in the
following table: .
Percent p 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
The factor F 0.150 0.322 0.516 0.740 1.00 1.32 1.74 2.32 3.32
In case the target area is not flat or is shielded, the above values of D should be multiplied by an
appropriate factor. Estimates of this factor are given below for two typical cases.
Factor The Tactical Case

2 Rolling terrain, no shielding.
3 Rolling terrain, rough country.
The al10ve values of D were calculated for the case of a plane speed of 250 mph.
H-++++-H BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 20 LB, AN-M41 and AN-M41Al '~++-I
0° SHIELDING ~
, Casualties J vs. Height of Burst h Feet
24
22
20
18
16
J
14
12
10
8 One ma'n per foxhole.

Foxhole interval 10 Feet.
6 w Angle of Fall degrees. +++-+-<1--I-+++4-I-l-I-~
V Remaining Velocity fIs

4
2
. , .PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT :
I I
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
h Height of Burst-feet
FIGURE 1
BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 20 LB ,AN-M41 and AN-M41Al
14 '1111111111
t± 10°
I-l-+--l-+-I-++-++++-++++++++++++-H-t-H • I I
SHIELDING
I
~++++-t
Casualties Jvs. Height of Burst hFeet
12
11
10
8
J
+++++-+++-t-t+++++-++
1--+-,f.-,4--l-++++, ++++++++-,H-t-+--i
3 ~,one man per foxhole. ~

2 I Foxhole interval 10 Feet. : .
~ w Angle of Fall degrees.
:1 V.Remaining Velocity
, T"TT"' ,T'T "
1-+-+++-I-+-+-++1i+++ -+-++t-H+-rTt-t'-+
tls~·.
T +-~
" +-,-H
- PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT

", +,'-1"#"+1+-'" -t-r, ~-P,:::H",'::=t b:t~i+~+--r'
I
++++++++++-++++++++++--+-+-
'n-t t
. i
, 't-i'
'
+i---f-ttt,
,
ill,',,~m:t ,
r-r~--t'-h-tii
+ +
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
FIGURE 2
~4-+- BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 20 LB, AN-M41 and AN-M41Al >+++++++f
. - .- ..•
711-llllr'~JC~!~ ~ '~li ~!'~}:~. H:~;:iD;i:u~tb Feet
2 One' man per foxhole.

w Angle of Fall degrees.
V RemainingVelocity fls
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
FIGURE 3
-a
I»
OQ
CD
BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 90 LB ,M82 (19) I

co
- -
42 10° SHIELDING - - -
Casualties J vs. Height of Burst h,Feet

40
38
f hC(,
! ,>. ~
N\. ~
~o .
36 I
Cc,
~
I
~
~o
34 ~
~ ,~
~ ,:,
~o "O!.
32 ~~~
~
;
~
30 ~~
J ~
~
28
.,'
26
24
22
One man per foxhole.
I
Foxhole intervallO Feet.

20 I

V Remaining Velocity fls
18
16
PREPARED BY ORDNANC ~ DEPT ~t
--.~_.-
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
FIGURE 4
BOMB, GP, 100 LB ,AN·M30 and AN·M30Al c
10° SHIELDING.
Casualties J vs. Height of Burst hFeet·
40
38
36
«:,~')
34
'~o
ee:,
\\
32 ~o ~\
~
. ~ ~ .
\\
~; ~
J 30 .~
tJ'o ~
.• ~
.~
~
. ~ ua .
\\
28 '~
~
~
ua
26
24
22
One'man per foxhole.

H-++++-t-t-t-H
20 I-I-IO-I--I-H-I-I-+-I
I-I-+-++-H-H-H
H-+-H-t-t-t-H-IW Angle. of Fall degrees.
1E I-+-+-t--I-H-I-I-+-I
V Remaining Velocity fls

1-++-H-H-t-H-1
16

I II
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 90 100
I
FIGURE 5
I-l-+++++-H-+-H-++-l BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 260 IB , AN-M81 (T10) .
1_11111.1~:'IJI!:Lm!.L'LI!-.[!oo;S~H~IEILDING _~rH-"T ++-+++++'rH-++++++-t-++i-+++++++-+++-H1-H-I-I--I
- +_+ .
t:t:t:::I:1=t::t::tttf:l:j:::t:t1+I=t:I:tttt:t:t::~ Casualties J YS. Height of Burst h Feet
110
100
50
40
30
H-++-+-+++++++++++HH-+-H+-f-++++-H-H+-H'--!-H-i---H-+I-++-H-I-I-H
One man per foxhole.
W =Angle of Fall-degrees.
'111
~-I-I-H-+++++-++-HH++-l
V Remaining Velocity fls -l-H-HH-H-+-H-+++--H-I
10
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT H-+-+-++++-HH-l

I I " " I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
hHeight of Burst-feet
FIGURE 6
. I. I I I I J "'.LI J I I. J.L J I_J. I j.I_I_11 I_I J 1.1 1.1 I I.j J J I J.. J...LJJ.. J..IJ.. __l.-I.
BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 260 LB ,-AN-M81 (T10)

I l IT r ., ,·,-r .'-'''' -. _
70 10° SHIELDING II 11.1 I,J . .J-..J I I I J.JJ-.l.-I-l-
I-H-H-++++++-H-~-++++++++-H-+-++.Casualties J vs. Height of Burst hFeet H-+++-t-I-++'H-++++++H-++,-++++-1-+1
50
t-+++++++++++-+++-f ~ .
l=I=I=ttt:t::tmm· II mt:t::!1m~t::I::ttU+lmt+l+++t:!ml=l=l=ttt:t::tm~ttt::I:mmt:t-tt-'
++t:!+I$;;ld=t:l:t:t::t:tI
H-+-+++++++++++'~JmtII111B1~~~_
mmw .~~salllllill One man per foxhole.
t-+-H-t-H-+++ik ~
40
J ~~~ ~~.~'~~~~~~~~~~W~-i~~~~e;~i~;JI~~;U;ee~s·J'lrrrll
1=1=tt1::J::+h
J; ~I~
H-H-+-H-I-+++Il1qs
V Remaining Velocity fIs mEeElWI:E
++
H-++-f-+-H-++h' II -II++++++-i-+++H+++++-f-+++-H-++++-H-+++-H-+++++++++-t-+++-H++++-HH-H-H++++-H-+++-H-++++++++-HH-++-I
30
--- - - - ~rJ
o '# ./
~
:~l!~~I·1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
I '
r-i' ~rI II
H- rJ ~
ttJ, 1
mlw~~
20m,W~
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT,

.
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
h Height ,of Burst-feet
FIGURE 7
30~RAGMENTAl1OtW6OU~~_
~ .BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 260 LB, AN-M81 (TIO)

r
28 OOfi-mBmE 30° SHIELDING

I I 1'1 1 I I I I I I I I I
I
• I I 1 I-I. 1-1.1 I
H-+-t-IH-t-++-t+ Casualties J. vs.Height of Bursth Feet
V 700 ·f/s H-++i-+t-++-l-+++-t-t-H
24
22
w 60° V 860 f/s-++++-+-+++++-++++++++-+-'P'IooId-++-+-H
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
One man per foxhole. ~
-
Foxhole interval 10 Feet. .~
6 . -
w Angle of Fall degrees. :
-
V Remaining Velocity tis::
4
2
o 10 20 30 40 50 - 60 70 80 90 100
FIGURE 8
1111I111 I
I
J-+++++++-l-+-I-I BOMB, GP, 500 LB, AN-M64, AN-M64Al and AN-M43

1--I-H-+-l-+--1-1-+4
I 0°
J I
SHIELDING III&EIIIIII
11m
Casualties J vs. Height of Burst hFeet :t:t:1+\::U:t:!:t:I:ttmtttt:t:l:±l±ttttl:j

I·
130
120
110
J
100
90
80
70
60
50
One. man per foxhole.

.I-H-+++++-I-l-I
tI:tt'ttttjttJ Foxhole interval 10 Feet.

40
w Angle of Fall degrees..
V- Remaining Velocity fls
30
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
FIGURE 9
" ..
I-++H-H-I-+++ BOMB, GP, 500 LB, AN-M64, AN-M64Al and AN-M43
I
10° SHIELDING,
.4,..1-.1-..1·1 .....1.. .1-.1 -.~.!.!-. .-.....
I-+-H-I-+++-l-++-+-HH-+-H-++++-I--l--I-H-i Casualties J vs. Height of Burst h Feet Wt:EElms:tnEtmWI:E
120
110
90
y" 1010 !Is
40
30 ~~:tt One man per foxhole.

Foxhole interval 10 Feet. PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT r
20
V Remaining Velocity f/s
10
o 10 20" 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
FIGURE 10
Page 25
Volume III Part 2
BOMBINGOF'CONCRETE
(THIS PART SUPERSEDES VOLUME I PART 2, BOMBING OF CONCRETE)
1. GENERAL. Semi-Armor Piercing and Armor Piercing bombs withstand impact on

The relatively large dispersion and low striking velocities of bombs strong concrete without damage that may impair their effective detonation.
prevent the bombing of strongly built concrete fortifications from being However, SAP bombs dropped from high altitude (over 15,000 feet) are
generally profitable. Large Armor Piercing (AP) Bombs dropped from con known to deform appreciably and this may somewhat reduce their pene
siderable altitude are effective in perforating all but the thicker roofs of trative ability. .
fortifications, but the general area effect of the many unavoidable misses Hits against heavy concrete columns or beams result in damage impairing
is negligible. On the other hand, General Purpose (GP) bombs are effective the effectiveness of GP but not of SAP or AP bombs.
for area bombing of defensive positions but generally ineffective against
thick concrete because of bomb case rupture and low penetrative efficiency. 3. EFFECTS OF DETONATION ON CONCRETE.
Finally, Semi-Armor Piercing (SAP) bombs are specifically designed so as The destructive effect achieved by the detonation of AP or SAP bombs
to have' the largest pqssible charge consistent with sufficient structural that have not succeeded in perforating a concrete slab is small to moderate.
strength to withstand impact stresses. Thus they ought to possess optimum General Purpose bombs fitted with an instantaneous nose or, better, with a
characteristics against concrete; however, the accompanying data (Tables non-delay tail fuze achieve a substantial effect. The accompanying tabu
23 and 24) show that the range of circumstances in which they are to be lations (Tables 23, 24 and 25) contain estimates of the total effect of
. preferred to GP bombs is rather narrow. impact and explosion of American bombs on concrete. Since speci!ic data
To evaluate the effort required to hit a specific target the following table on the quantitative effects of detonation on concrete are scarce and frag
may be used: (The smaller numbers are based on good accuracy (15 mil); mentary, extensive extrapolation was necessary in the preparation of the
under operational conditions the larger numbers may be more realistic). dat~.
4. CRATERING IN CONCRETE.
Altitude of plane (ft) 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000
The shallow penetration of GP and SAP bombs that do not succeed in
Number of bombs re 50% 25-250 100-1,000 400- 4,000 1,000-1 0,000 perforating concrete slabs res'ults in wide cracking and spalling of the front
quired to hit a 10 yd x
10 yd target with a prob 90% 80-800 350-3,500 1,300-13,000 3,500-35,000 face of the slab with formation of a crater. The size of this crater is quite
ability of variable. Estimates of the expected depth are shown in the accompanying
tables. As a guide to the expected diameter of the crater one 'may assume
!. DEFORMATION, RUPTURE AND LOW ORDER
that it will be about four times the depth.
DETONATION.
When AP bombs succeed in penetrating deeper than 2 or 2~ feet, there
General Purpose bombs with a delay fuze do not withstand impact on is no further increase of the crater depth, but, rather, a bore hole of the
thick concrete slabs. Such an impact leads to deformation or breakage of diameter of the bomb is formed at the bottom of the crater.
the casing which is generally accompanied by a low order detonation of the
explosive filling (Amatol, TNT or RDX Comp B). Breakage is also expected 5. BACK FACE EFFECTS-SCABBING.
, when a delay fuzedGP bomb ~ttikes a strong fortification covered with a A shock travels across a concrete slab ahead of a penetrating bomb or
layer of earth that is some~hat thinner than the maximum earth penetration of the expanding gases that result from its detonation. As this shock is
(see Vol. III, Part 3). However, when a GP bomb hits a sufficiently thin reflected from the back face of the slab, this face tends to crack with violent
slab, the slab rather than the bomb is ruptured so that a perforation results ejection of loose pieces of concrete and formation of a back crater. This
without effective damage to the bomb. Estimates of the slab thicknesses phenomenon, called "scabbing," actually occurs when the bomb or its'
that can be thus defeated are shown in Table 23. I detonation products come sufficiently close'to the back face and may do
Page 26
serious damage to personnel or light material behind the slab. Special forms effect would be no better than that attained from 5,000 feet on horizontal
of surface steel reinforcement are sometimes used to prevent scabbing. roof slabs.
Estimates of the maximum thickness of shtb .which will be scabbed under
various conditions are given in the accompanying tabulations. 8. EFFECT OF DIRT COVERING UPON CONCRETE.
Complete perforation is achieved when the front face· crater and the Dirt covering on the roof or ~all of a concrete fort'ification may cushion
scab crater merge. Thicker concrete can therefore be perforated than the the impact of the bomb so as to reduce its penetrating power. Data on the
depth of penetration in a very thick slab. penetration of bombs in various soils are shown at pages 34 to 48 inclusive.
Heavily scabbed roofs will show considerable sag even when not blown A thickness of earth of 20 percent of the maximum underground trajectory
through. of a bomb is expected to reduce its penetrating power in underlying concrete
by less than 20 percent. Newly piled dirt is likely to cushion the impact of
6. REBOUND. a bomb even less than wet clay.
A bomb that does not perforate a slab tends to rebound. It is not known
how long it takes under various conditions for a bomb to penetrate and 9. EFFECT OF UNDERGROUND DETONATION.
rebound the small amount necessary to render detonation ineffective The underground detonation of bombs is comparatively effective against
against the slab. It seems probable that it will take longer than 0.025 second the underground portion 'of concrete fortifications because of the confining
for a medium or large bomb to rebound this amount, but probably less effect of the earth..Figures 11 and 12 show what damage can be expected to
than 0.1 second.' It is practically certain that whenever a fuze delay in result to an underground concrete slab by a given bomb detonating at a
excess orO.l second is used, that the bomb will rebound sufficient to cause given distance. The difficulty with this method of attack is that the bomb
an ineffective detonation. must be made- to detonate within a comparatively narrow region around
the target, at a sufficient depth underground. In the case of GP bombs,
7. ATTACK ON A VERTICAL WALL. if the concrete target is hit by the bomb before its velocity is very consider
Minimum altitude attack of vertical walls is generally impractical because ably reduced, rupture of the bomb and consequent failure to detonate
of the necessity of using long delay fuzing for safety. Also the penetrating effectively would be expected.
TABLE 23
EFFECT OF GENERAL PURPOSE BOMBS ON CONCRETE SLABS
Bomb
100lb 250lb 500lb 1,OOOIb 2,OOOIb
Fuzing
AN-M30, AN-M57, AN-M43, AN-M44, AN-M34,
AN-M30A1 AN-M57A1 AN-M64, AN-M65, AN-M66,
AN-M64A1 AN-M65A1 AN-M66A1
Crater Depth Inst Nose % % 1 1lh 1%
(Ft)
Non-Delay Tail 1lh 1% 2 1,4 2% 3%
Delay* % % 1 1 1,4 1V2
.D Inst Nose 2lh 3 3% 4% 6
0
-wi
...: Scabbed Non-Delay. Tail 3lh 4lh 5lh 6% 8%
0
**::G) Delay* 1% 2 2% 3 1,4 4%
G).D
~=
-~ ~
Blown Inst Nose 1% 1% 2lh 3 3%
~o Through Non-Delay Tail 2lh 3 3% 4% 6
-i!
--.:; Perfo Delay 1 1lh 1% 2lh 3
...1 rated
The performance presented in this table is achieved with dive bombing or with bombing from horizontal flight at
5,000 ft altitude. No better performance is expected by bombing from higher altitude due to breakage of the bomb.
*No effect of detonalion is included in these data-since the bomb is likely to break up prior to fuze operation and/or
to detonate low order_
**The effect indicated will occur in all slabs of thickness up to the limit thickness indicated but not for thicker slabs.
TABLE 24
EFFECT OF SEMI-ARMOR PIERCING BOMBS ON CONCRETE SLABS
,
Bombing from Horizontal Flight.
True Air Speed 250 mph DiveBombing600Dive,
Fuzing 350 mph, 4,000 ft
Bomb 5,000 ft 10,000 ft . 20,000 ft Altitude
Altitude I Altitude Altitude
Crater Depth Inst Nose %
(Ft)
Non-Delay Tail 1% 2th 2% 2 111
Delay 1% I 2th I 3 I 2th
oD Inst Nose 3th
500lb c
AN-M58, en
-41 Scabbed Non-Delay. Tail 4% 5 ., 5%. 4%
AN-M58A1,
AN-M58A2 *
OoD
Delay 4% II 5 I 53,4 I 5
*=1
41_ Blown Inst NOle 2
C c
Through ,
~.; Non-Delay Tail 3th 3% 4th 31;2
-
.c_
1-..::
'E
.::; Perforated
Delay'
Delay
3th
2th
3%
3
41;2
31;2
31;2
2%
Crater Depth Inst Nose 1
(Ft)
Non-D,elay Tail 2th 2% 3th 21;2
Delay 21;2 I 3th I 4 I
3,
oD Scabbed Inst Nose 4
c
en
-41 Non-Delay Tail 5% 6th 63,4 6
OoD
I -
1,0001b
AN-M59, .
*
*=
::41_~
Delay 6 I 61;2 I 71;2 I 6th
c Blown Inst Nose 2%

AN-M59A1 C
Through
~-:E Non-Delay Tail 4 41;2 5 4th
-
.c_
1-':::
'E
.::; Perforated
Delay
Delay
4th
3
5
4
6
5
43,4
33,4
These data have been computed f.or strong concrete, of compressive strength 5,000 Ib/sq in; they should be increased
by 5-15% for medium quality concrete of 3,000 Ib/sq in.
It has been assumed that the bomb does not rebound prior to the time of fuze operation. Rebound may occur, how
ever, with a fuze delay of 0.1 sec, in which case the effect of detonation is lost:'
**The effect, indicated will occur in all slabs of thickness up to the limit thickness indicated but not for thicker slabs.
TABLE 25
EFFECT OF ARMOR PIERCING BOMBS ON CONCRETE SLABS
Bombing from Horizontal Flight Q

True Air Speed 250 mph Dive Bombine. 60
Dive, True Air peed,
5,OOOft 10,000 ft 20,000 ft 30,000 ft 350 mph,~OOO ft
Bomb Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitu e
, 1,000 Ib Crater Depth (ft) 1V2 2% 33,4 4% 21,4

AN-Mk 33 Scabbed 4 5 1/.1 71,4 81,4 51,4
Limit Thickness** of
slab (ft) that will be Blown thru 3 41,4 " 6 63,4 4
Perforated 23,4 4 53,4 6% 33,4
1,600lb , Crater Depth (ft) 13,4 31,4 5 61,4 23,4

AN-Mk 1 Scabbed 5 63,4 91,4 11 61,4
Limit Thickness** of
slab (ft) that will be Blown thru 33,4 5% 73,4 91,4 5
Perforated 3% 5 1/.1 7% 9 43,4
These data have been computed for strong concrete, of compressive strength 5,000 Ib/sq in; they should be increased
by 15-30% for medium quality concrete of 3,000 Ib/sq in.
It has been assumed that the bomb does not rebound prior to the time of fuze operation (0.08 sec 'nominal for the
AN-MK 228 fuze). In case of rebound the crater depth and the limit thickness of slab scabbed and blown thru should
be reduced by about % ft or 1/.1 ft.
**The effect i,ndicated will occur in all slabs of thickness up to the limit thickn~ss indicated but not for thicker slabs.
I
Page··30
BOMB DAMAGE TO UNDERGROUND CONCRETE SLABS MAXIMUM THICKNESS OF
SLAB DAMAGED VS. DISTANCE FROM BOMB BURST
GENERAL PURPOSE BOMBS
'0
c PREPARED BY OR DNANCE DEPT. -
-
. FIGURE 11
5
B
Curve A-Breaching of the slab.
Curve B~Heavy damage
(Heavy cracks, heavy
. scabbing).
--- - ---- - - Curve C-Moderate damage
A (Medium cracks,
I slight scabbing).
U. Curve D-Slight, damage (Fine
cracks on back face of
Cf) slab).
Cf) The bombs are assumed to de
w . tonate at the depth for which
z
~ 0 maximum crater diameter is ob
0 tained (see page 38). The effect
-
I
:I: is reduced by at least 30% if the

‫ן‬-
A 8
C depth is only 25% of the assumed
,
depth. .
m -I EXAMPLE-A 10 ft concrete wall
<I: : will be heavily damaged by a
.-J -I
Cf) 2,000 lb GP bomb detonating
10 ft away.
-0 -0 -0 J O t .
IOOLBGPO I 5 10 15
A~~M~crBrhmtrHI 1'1111 L'II} IrtrrrriJTFl1OJTI1Tmr'll JlI 'n IFIo-n UJHfr'! rmJlllll'lllJ IllllT(rTTT nFllfi11H
250 LBG p O I 5 10 15 20
f;l~'M~~T .-tnd ITllTTr(nrtrnTIFI( IJ±tnltrrrtrrriooT 111'IIFltrnulIlmllll'lll iJ [[fhTltmtFlIIIIII' II rTIF!
500 L B G P O I 5 . 10 15 20 25 30
AN-M64.A~~~:44A~j Irrtntl T[I II' I II'tLI'I:! I'111111 irrlrrtrrtrrtr[EJIT'm1rJlll tflinIIDlo'LII'1I l'EuFntrrtn I',rtrrtlll'ffil
1000 LB G P O I 5 \0 15 20 25. 30 35 40
I AN-M44
AN-M65,AN-M65AI'
.... 1..• , , j • , , , I , I ' , ,1,,'. uh+"J..+n-'rrhf + TniTTrn 1 h ' , , 1
·tEllUlIl±1l1UHlElllLUIIIIII·llllmEIIIJ ~Htmj(mrlltlnmmr.111hrlllllllllll FFrhlDJ lJ
I T + rh I L.
2j)00 k~:~
AN-M66,AN-M~6AI. -
0, I , , ~ L-rrrJA~' tP-h-+r+ri2P .. I ,2,5 .. , ,3P. , , P. '.. ' ,4p, , ,3
,4p . .•. ,5,0
, j 1llllTuwumrlt-UJlliI / IlJHHH I fill [1111111 )11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111]]
I
DISTANCE OF BURST - FT
Page. 31
BOMB DAMAGE TO UNDERGROUND CONCRETE SLABS

MAXIMUM THICKNESS OF SLAB DAMAGED VS. DISTANCE FROM BOMB BURST
(SEMI- ARMOR PIERCING AND ARMOR PIERCING. BOMBS)
I·
D
C --
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT.
FIGURE 12
5 B
Curve A-:-Breaching of the slab.
Curve B-Heavy damage
(Heavy cracks, heavy
scabbing).
Curve C-Moderate damage
5 A (Medium cracks,
l slight scabbing).
lL. 5
, Curve D-Slight' damage (Fine
5 cracks on back face of
slab).
(J) The bombs are assumed to de
(J)
laJ
tonate at the depth for which
Z 0 maximum crater diameter is ob
:ll' tained (see page 39). The. effect
2 C is reduced by at least 30% if the
:r:::
‫ן‬-
A 8 depth is only 25% of the assumed
depth. .
m ,...1 EXAMPLE-A 5 it concrete wall
«
..J
will be heavily damaged by a
(J) 1,000 Ib AP (AN-Mk 33) bomb
detonating 5 ft away.
500LBSAPO
AN M58' r
AN-M5.8AI,AN:M58A2
I
~ -- I . , I
5.
I , I I
JITlfi 11111 f Illll-IIIIrmHTqbIIJJJ!lITIItIrJTWJttIIIIIIIIIIUlllllltF~ItRl::ttwIIf III Ilium
,
10
L l..- I ~
. 15
I I , .1 'Wt,J _,
20
,I, r.-I .J
25
1 ,-l
J IQOO LB SAP
A~~M~;;.
~ooo LB A P O I
I.
r-r IE ll'III'III'III£J (1IiI'III'III'III'1
5
-
1015'
' .
utfl'III'III'III'III'JII'III'III'III'O f 111'IIIII'rrdntEEtrrtFlJI11111'1 Ulll 1'111
20 . 25
15 . 20· . 30
AN-MK.33 I· I I I I ,.' t· I I ,_. J. .. l-r-n+rr-.~J,-~,.,.l,.-r,J· ,J ~~ l.-.-.:r:.......

I 11111111111111111111H11111I1111tT111111111'11111111 HuuuUU±lwwlll LffiuuJJWWW[uUUL!
IPOO LB AP O ' I . 5 - 10 - 15
1,600 LB AP
M52
I
EEEH±BfEHE' , I .. I
~~J I ~ IILIUtlllll1 f I ~I LUnlllI~d 11111111111111&IJllLlniill]JII~Q 11111.1111111111
I 'ffia3 I I I b=:cuh::rrr=& X I 1 1
AN MKI I· I , I I '1- 1- h-,' I I ~,

I11IIIII11 .11111111111111111111111111111 [ I1II1I11 ~ 11/111' 1111/11111'11 tlll/11111 ittllllill Ff~
I. I I I I I I I' I I I I , 1 I
- . I
DISTANCE OF BURST - FT
Page 32
Volume III Part 3

EARTH PENETRATION AND CRATER FORMATION BY BOMBS
(THIS PART SUPERSEDES VOLUME I PART 2, PAGES 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 AND 59)
1. GENERAL. Swerving generally occurs in such a direction to bring the bomb nearer
Information on the travel of bombs in earth, on the depths re~ched at to the ground surface, but it is quite erratic. Bombs 'frequently swerve to
definite fuze settings, and on the size and types of craters produced in o the right or leftof their initial trajectory, resulting in considerable lateral
different soils is presented in the. following tables (26 to 29 inclusive). offset, sometimes even in a backwards direction with respect to the motion
The underground trajectory may be of importance in considering the at of the bombing plane.
tack on fortifications. (See pages 26, 30 and 31.) It is reported that American bombs swerve to a considerably lesser extent
Accidental a:nd irreproducible factors such as the type of earth, differences than similar British orGerman bombs, that is, the J-shape of their path is
in the constitution of the earth at the point of impact, stones, etc., have a less pronounced.
large influence on the behavior of penetrating bombs.
4. TIME OF OPERATION OF FUZES.
The times of operation of the instantaneous nOse fuze (AN-M103) and
2. QUALITY OF THE SOIL.
any of the standard tail fuzes with a non-delay detonator have been esti
Different soils may be arranged in a rough scale with respect to their mated to be as follows:
resistance to bomb penetration and detonation. Dry sand, because it does Instantaneous Nose 0.0005 second
not easily transmit and distribute the action of the bomb over a wide region, Non-'Delay Tail 0.002 to 0.003 second
and because its successive layers have to be crushed with considerable (depending on size of the bomb)
waste of energy, is extremely high in resistance. Conversely, wet clay is The time limits for delay elements of the American tail fuzes, with
extremely low in resistance. The water content tends to distribute the Primer-Detonator M14, are set by acceptance tests as follows:
effects of bomb penetration and detonation over wide ranges, so that wet 0.01 second nominal delay: 0.008 to 0.013 second
clay can more easily "give in" to a bomb without being crushed. In general, 0.025 second nominal delay: 0.018 to 0.032 second
the greater the soil's water content and plasticity, the easier it is penetrated 0.1 second nominal delay: 0.10 to 0.15 second
and the more readily call-large craters be formed. Variations within these limits may affect the depth of the burst and hence
Data for three types· of soil are given in the accompanying tables. These the crater sizeto a considerable extent.
soils have been labeled f-lS "soft", corresponding to a fairly wet clay; "me
dium", corresponding, for example to a sandy clay loam or to soft chalk; 5. VOLUME OF MATERIAL TO FILL CRATERS.
and "hard pan", corresponding to sand or gravel or mixtures thereof. Some The amount of material that must be trucked in to refill a bomb crater
degree of interpolation between these types of soils should be possible. affects considerably the amount of effort that must be spent in repairing it.
It appears that the maximum crater diameter does not depend on the This amount of material-excludes, of course, the loose material that is
quality of the soil to the same extent as does the depth of penetration. already available in the bottom or on the lip of the crater. Also, this amount
does not depend only on the apparent volume of the crater, but also on the
3. SHAPE OF THE UNDERGROUND TRAJECTORIES. amount of soil crushed, loosened or displaced in the crater bottom. Crude
estimates of the volume of loose soil that must be trucked in for repair are
The underground trajectories 'of bombs are generally J-shaped~ A bomb
shown in the accompanying tables. (Figures given are based on the assump
travels ,straight as long as its yawl remains small, but swerves after its
tion that all the available loose and trucked-in soil must be packed hard.)
instability (i.e., tendency to tumble) has resulted in a considerable yaw.
It is also estimated that the manpower requirement for repair may run at
lYaw is the deviation of the longitudinai axis of the bomb from the line of flight. about 172 man-ho~rs per cubic yard of material need~d.
Page 33
6. BOMBING FROM MINIMUM ALTITUDE. Any trench or duct tends to absorb a ground shock, even though its
walls may be damaged. In particular, service pipes laid in ducts. are effec
Bombs dropped on level or gently sloping soil from planes flying at
. tively protected, unless included in the crater itself.
minimum altitude, generally ricochet. Such bombs will penetrate steep
Adjacent structures or earthworks will shift the center of the crater off
emba~kments. If the releasing plane flies very fast, for example at nearly
from the point of detonation. The presence of a trench relieves the earth
400 miles per hour, and the embankment has a 45 degree inclination, the
pressure, so that 'craters will be directed towards that direction. On the
penetration path followed will not differ much from that of a bomb dropped
contrary, craters are shifted away from embankments or strong structures
from 5,000 feet on level ground. Less penetration will be achieved if the
that withstand the earth shock.
plane is slower or the embankment is not as steep.
The effect or earth shock on the underground portions of fortifications is
discussed at page 26.
7. EARTH SHOCK EFFECT OF UNDERGROUND DETONATION.
A violent shock is propagated earthquake-like through the earth around 8. UNDERFOOTING OF COLUMNS AND STANCHIONS.
the point of a bomb explosion. Cratering action of bombs may be exploited to remove the ground support
The demolition of buildings by earth shock is somewhat unpredictable, from columns or stanchions in industrial structures. It is estimated that this
since it appears to depend, among other things, on whether the building can . form of attack will be successful whenever the foot of a structural element
vibrate in st~p with the shock waves from the detonated bomb.. falls within the crater limits.
Demolition does not appear to extend to buildings at a distance from the Attack of structures by cratering seems to be particularly valuable against
point ·of burst greater than the maximum crater diameter produced by the strongest type of factory buildings, namely those with gantry cranes.
the bomb. These structures may be strong enough to withstand the removal of a single
Damage to fixed gun emplacements by the bomb action tilting them column. Consequently, bombs large enough to contain two columns in one
effectively seems to be confined to a distance of about % of the maximum crater are recommended.
crater diameter.
Damage to ceramic service pipes (of earthenware, brick or tile) seems to 9. ORIENTATION OF A DETONATING BOMB.
extend to pipes whose closest approach to the point of detonation is equal The orientation of a· bomb detonating. underground and the thickness of
to or slightly greater than the maximum crater diameter. Damage to cast the bomb casing do not seem to have much influence on the resulting effects.
iron pipes is likely' to occur up to distances from the point of burst of about Only the nature and amount of charge and the position of its center have to
0.6 of the maximum crater diameter. be considered.
TABLE· 26
EARTH PENETRATION AND CRATER FORMATION
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE/ 20/000 Ft-AIRSPEED/ 250 mph-LEVEL FLIGHT

CRATER MEASUREMENTS. AND TYPE
Appar
Displace Depth ent Actual Volume
Type of ment Penetrated Diameter Depth Depth for Refill Crater
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Feet**** Feet Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
~
Soft ....:0.17 -·0.72 10.0 2.8 3.1 - -1.7

0.0005 Medium -0.17 -0.72 7.9 3.0 3.4 - -1.9
(INST) Hard -0.17 -0.72 6.0 1.6 1.8 - -2.4
Soft 0.11 0.50 13 3.9 4.8 12 1.2
0.002 Medium 0.11 0.48 11 3.4 3.9 4 1.3
100 LB (NON-DELAY) Hard 0.10 0.46 9.9 2.7 3.3 2 1.5
GP
AN-M30A1/ Soft 1.5 6.1 22 6.9 12 46 14
AN-M30 0.01 Medium 1.6 5.6 20 5.1 9.3 30 15
Hard 1.4 5..1 16 2.6 8 15 17
Soft 3.5 12.0· 21 2.8 14 24 28
0.025 Medium 3.6 9.6 19 3.0 14 18 25
Hard 2.9 6.8 16 3.0 10 14 23
Soft 4.9 14.0 16 1.3 19 18 32
0.10 Medium 3.8 9.6 19 3.0 14 18 25
Hard 2.9 6.8 16 3.0 9.9 14 23
Soft -0.25 -1.0 13 4 3.5 - -1.8
0.0005 Medium -0.25 -1.0 11 3 3.2 - -2.0
(INST) . Hard -0.24 - .97 8 2.4 2.2 - -2.4
Soft 0.15 0.59 17 5.7 5.1 19 1.0
0.0023 Medium 0.14 0.58 15 4.5 4.0 13 1.2
250 LB (NON-DELAY) Hard 0.14 0.55 12 4.1 3.5 10 1.4
GP
AN-M57A1/ Soft 1.7 6.7 29 7.8 12 100 12
AN-M57 0.01 Medium 1.6 6.3 25 6.9 11 66 13
Hard 1.5 6.0 21 5.4 10 35 15
Soft 3.8 15 28 4.3 21 60 26
0.025 Medium 4.2 13 25 3.7 18 40 26
Hard 4.1 9.1 21 2.3 13 33 23
Soft 7.1 19 20 1.1 25 40 33
0.10 Medium 5.4 14 24 3.2 19 37 27
Hard 4.1 9.1 21 2.3 13 32 23 .
---
Soft -0.38 -1.3 16 4.4 5.1 -1.8
0.0005 Medium -0.38 -1.3 14 3.2 4.2 -2.0
(INST) Hard -0.38 -1.3 10 2.6 3.1 -2.6
Soft 0.14 0.50 24 9.3 10 48 0.68
0.0025 Medium 0.14 0.49 19 5.4 6.4 33 0.76
500 LB (NON-DELAY) Hard 0.13 0.46 15 4.5 5.1 19 0.90
GP
AN-M64A1/ Soft 2.0 6.9 35 9.8 14 200 9.4
AN-M64/ 0.01 Medium 1.9 6.6 31 8.6 12 140 10.0
AN-M43 Hard 1.8 6.2 26 7.1 11 72 12.0
Soft 4.9 17 38 7.0 24 200 23
0.025 Medium 4.8 15 33 6.1 21 120 24
Hard 5.1 12 26 4.6 17 61 .
24
,;'
Soft 10.3 25 '22 3.5 33 81 35.0

0.10 Medium 7.7 18 30 . 3.8 25 100 28.0
Hard 5.8 13 26 4.3 18 48 25.0
*Volume of refill is the cubic feet of earth that it is necessary to cart in to fill the crater. This volume assumes that
all loose earth in the crater has been tamped into the crater.
**Crater type refers to values given in Table 29b. Values other than those indicated in table must be interpolated.
***Apparent and actual depths are illustrated in Table 29b.
****Displacement and depth penetrated are illustrated in Table 2~a.
TABLE 26' (Continued)
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE, 20,000 Ft-AIRSPEED, 250 mph-LEVEL FLIGHT

CRATER MEASUREMENTS. AND TYPE
Appar-
Displace- Depth ent Actual Volume
Soft -0.46 -1.6 20 5.8 6.4 - -1.7

0.0005
(INST)
Medium
Hard
--0.46
-0.46
-1.6
-1.6
18
11
4.9
3.6
5.7
3.9
-- -2.0
-2.5
Soft 0.14 0.49 27 7.9 8.8 100 0.53
0.0027 Medium 0.14 0,48 ~24 6.9 8.1 64 0.59
(NON-DELAY) Hard 0.13 0.46 19 6.5 5.5 34 0.71
1,000 LB Soft 2.0 7.0 42 12 16 360 7.5
GP 0.01 Medium . 1.9 6.7 37 10 15 250 8.3
AN-M65A1, Hard 1.8 6.3 31 8.8 12 140 9.7
AN-M65,
AN-M44 Soft 5.1 18 50 11 27 450 19
0.025 Medium .4.3 15 43 10 23 300 18
- Hard 5.2 13 35 7.7 19 150 20
Soft 11.2 28 40 4.2 42 200 30
0.10 Medium 8.4 20 42 6.9 28 220 24
Hard 6.3 14 35 7.1 20 150 21
Soft -0.63 -2.2 26 7.2 8.2 - -2.0
0.0005 Medtum -0.63 -2.2 21 6.3 6.9 - -2.2
,(INST) Hard -0.63 -2.2 16 4.1 4.9 - -2.7
Soft 0.066 0.23 32 9.4 10 160 0.19
0.0030 Medium 0.062 0.22 29 8.2 9.3 100 0.22
(NON-DELAY) Hard 0.054 0.19 22 6.5 7.4 55 0.23
2,000 LB
GP
Soft L9 6.6 48 13 18 600 5.6
AN-M66A1, 0.01 Medium 1.8 6.4· 43 13 16 420 6.3
AN-M66, Hard 1.8 6.2 37 11 14 240 7.6
AN-M34
Soft 5/3 18 61 15 30 900 16
0.025 Medium 4.9 17
54 13 .28 ·600 18
Hard 4.9 15 44 9.8 23 300 19 -
Soft 15.0 38 42 15 51 350 33

0.10 Medium 12.0 27 50 17 38 320 27
Hard 8.7 19 47 8 27 290 23
**Crater type refers to values given in Table 29b. Val.ues other than those indicated in table must be interpolated.
***Apparent and actual depths are illustrated in Table 29b. .
****Displacement and depth penetrated are illustrated in Table 29a.
TABLE 26 (Continued)
"
CRATER MEASUREMENTS AND TYPE
Appar.
Displace. Depth ent Actual Volume.
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Feet**** Feef Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.29
~0.29
-0.76
-0.76
9.6
8.2
2.7
2.3
3.0
2.5
-- -1.7
-2.0
(INST) Hard -0.29 -0.76 6.0 2.0 1.8 - -2.5
Soft 0.087 0.23 12 3.7 4.1 9.0 .53
0.002 Medium 0.076 0.20 11 3.2 3.6 6.0 .53
100 LB (NON.DELAY) Hard 0.070 0.18 8.7 2.6 2.8 3.0 .60
GP
Soft 1.8 4;7 21 6.4 9.6 43 11.0
AN.M30A1, 0.01 Medium 1.7 4.4 20 5.2 7.9 29 12.0
AN·M30 Hard 1.6 3.9 15 4.1 6.8 15 13.0
Soft 4.4 9.9 23 2.3 14 42 23.0
0.025 Medium 3.8 7.3 21 4.5 11 30 19.0
Hard, 3.2 5.1 16 3.9 8.1 15 17.0
Soft 5.8 11 22 3.7 15 30 25.0
0.10 Medium 4.3 7.6 20 4.3 12 30 20.0
Hard 3.2 5.1 16 3.9 8.1 15 17.0
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.41
-0.41
-1.0
-1.0
12
11
315
3.0
4.0
3,4
-- -1.8
-2.0
(INST) Hard -0.41 -1.0 8.0 2.2 2.4 - -2.5
Soft 0.087 0.22 16 4.7 5.3 20 0.38
0.0023 Medium 0.074 '0.18 14 4.0 4.5 13 0.36
250 LB (NON·DELAY) Hard 0.075 0.18 11 3.2 3.6 7 0.45
GP
AN-M57A1, Soft 2.0, 5.0 27 5.9 10 91 8.7
AN-M57 0.01 Medium 1.9 4.7 24 6.6 9.4 61 9.4
Hard 1.8 4.4 20 5.5 8.2 33 11.0
Soft 4.8 12 31 6.3 17 100 21.0
0.025 Medium 4.9 9.6 26 6.0 '14 68 19.0
Hard 4.2 6.8 21 5.2 11 35' 17.0
Soft 8.1 15 29 4.3 20 65 26
0.01 Medium 6.1 10 27 5.4 15 68 21
Hard 4.6 7 21 5.0 11 35 18
---
Soft -0.58 -1.4 16 4.4 5.1 -1.90
0.0005 Medium -0.58 -1.4 14 3.8 5,0 -2.20
(INST) Hard -0.58 -1.4 9.7 2.8 3.1 -2.70
Soft 0.038 0.089 20 6.0 6.7 40 0.12
0.0025 Medium 0.024, 0.057 18 5.1 5.8 26 0.089
500 LB (NON-DELAY) Hard 0.016 0.039 14 4.0 4.6 13 0.076
GP
AN-M64A1, Soft 2.1 5.0 33 9.2 12.0 170 6.8
AN-M64, 0.01 Medium 2.0 4.8 29 8.3 11.0 118 7.5
AN-M43 Hard 1.9 4.5 24 6.6 8.7 64 8.8
Soft 5.5 13.0 39 9.2 20 220 18.0
0.025 Medium 5.2 11.4 34 8.1 18 150 18.0
Hard 5.4 8.8 27 6.6 14 74 17.0
Soft 11.0 19.4 36 5.0 27 130 26
0.10 Medium 8.2 13.6 34 6.9 20 140 21
Hard 6.1 9.2 27 6.4 19 74 18
****Displace l11 ent and depth penetrated are illustrated in Table 29a.
.TABLE 26 (Continued)

Appar.
Displace. Depth ent Actual Volume
Type of ment Penetrated Diameter Depth Depth for Refill· Crater
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Fe~t**** Feet Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.69
-0.69
-1.6
-1.6
21
18
6.5
6.3
5.7
5.5
-- -1.7
-2.0
(INS1) Hard -0.69 -1.6 13 3.9 3.6 - -2.5
0.0027'
Soft
Medium
-0.0042
-0.0105
-0.010
-0.0248
25
10
8.4
7.3
7.4
6.5
-- -0.011
-0.031
(NON·DELAY) Hard -0.0187 -0.0442 18 5.2 5.8 - -0.068
1,000 LB Soft 2.2 5.2 38 11 14 300 5.6
GP 0.01 Medium 2.1 5.0 34 9.9 13 210 6.2
AN.M65A1, Hard 2.0 4.7 29 8.4 11 120 7.2
AN.M65,
AN·M44 Soft 5.6 13.2 49 13 22 450 14.0
0.02~ Medium 5.2 11.8 42 11 19 300 15.0
Hard 5.4 9.3 34 8.8 16 150 14.0
Soft 11.9 20.9 49 9.3 30 420 22
0.10 Medium 8.8 14.6 43 10 23 300 18
Hard 6.6 9.9 34 8.8 16 150 15
..
Soft -0.97 -2.2 26 7.6 8.4 - -1.9

0.0005
(INS1)
Medium
Hard
-0.97
-0.97
-2.2
-2.2
21
16
6.6
4.5
6.0
4.8
-- --"2.2
-2.7
0.0030
Soft
Medium
-0.15
-0.15
0.33
0.34
22
17
7.0
4.8
5.8
5.1
-- -2.8
-3.3
2,000 LB
(NON.DELAY) Hard -0.16 0.36 11 2.8 2.8 - -4.4
GP Soft 2.0 4.6 44 13 15 460 3.9
AN.M66A1, 0.01 Medium 2.0 4.4 39 12 14 300 4.3
AN.M66, Hard 1.9 4.2 33 9.8 12 190 5.1
AN·M34 -.
Soft 6.1 14 58 16 25 850 12
0.025 Medium 5.7 13 52 14 22 560 13
Hard 5.0 10 41 11 18 300 13
Soft 17 28 61 9.9 40 620 24
0.10 Medium 12 ' 20 55 12.0 30 580 20
Hard 9.3 14 43 11.0 22 300 17
"'Volume of refill is the cubic feet of earth that it is necessary to cart in to fill the crater. This volume assumes that
"'*Crater type refers to values given in Table 29b. Values other than those indicated in taDle nlust be interpolated.
"''''*Apparent and actual depths are illustrated in Table 29b.
"''''''''''Displacement and depth penetrated are illustrated in Table 29a.·

- Appar
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Fe~t**** Feet Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
Soft -0.45 -0.76 9.6 2.7 3.0 - -1.7

0.0005 Medium -0.45 -0.76 8.2 2.3 2.5 - -2.0
(INST) Hard -0.45 -0.76 6.0 1.6 1.8 - -2.5
0.002
Soft
Medium
-0.021
-0.029
-0.035
-0.048
12
10
3.5
3.0
3.9
3.3
-
-
-0.08
-0.13
100 LB (NON-DELAY) Hard -0.036 -0.060 8.1 2.4 2.7 - -0.20
GP
AN-M30A1, Soft 2.0 3.3 20 5.6 7.4 37 7.6
AN-M30 0.01 Medium 1.8 3.1 17 4.9 6.6 25 8.2
Hard 1.8 2.6 15 4.1 6.8 15 13.0
Soft 4.9 7.0 23 5.6 11 46 16
0.025 Medium 4.5 5.2 20 5.2 8.9 30 14
Hard 3.5 3.5 15 4.2 6.3 14 12
Soft 6.2 7.6 24 5.5 12 46 18
0.10 Medium 4.6 5.2 20 5.2 8~9 30 14
Hard 3.5 3.5 15 4.2 6.3 14 12
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.62
....:::0.62
-0.99
'-,-0.99
12
11
3.5
3.0
4.0
3.4
-- -1.7
-2.0
(I NST) Hard -0.62 -0.99 8.0 2.2 2.4 - -2.5
0.0023
Soft
Medium
-0.049
-0.055
-0.079
-0.088
15
13
4.5
3.8
5.1
4.3
-
-
-0.14
-0.17
250 LB (NON·DELAY) Hard -0.063 -0.012 11 3.2 3.6 - -0.25
GP
AN-M57A1, Soft 2.2 3.4 24 6.9 8.6 71 5.9
AN~M57 0.01 Medium 2.0 3.3 21 6.2 7.9 51 6.6
Hard 1.9 3.0 18 5.2 7.2 28 7.5
Soft 5.2 8.5 30 7.7 14 100 15
0.025 Medium 5.3 6.7 25 6.8 11 67 14
Hard 4.7 4.7 20 5.4 8.3 34 12
Soft 8.6 10 30 7.2 16 100 18
0.10 Medium 6.5 7.1 26 6.7 12 68 14
Hard 4.8 4.8 20 5.5 8.8 32 12
Soft -0.83 -1.3 16 3.7 4.4 - -1.8
0.005 Medium -0.83 -1.3 14 4.2 3.2 - -2.0
(INST) Hard -0.83 -1.3 10 3.1 2.6 - -2.6
0.0025
Soft
Medium
-0.18
-0.18
-0.29
-0.30
20
17
6.0
4.8
6.7
5.4
-
-
-0.39
-0.47
500 LB
GP
(NON-DELAY) Hard -0.20 -0.31 13 3.6 4.1 - -0.60
AN-M64A1, Soft 2.1 3.3 28 8.4 10 130 4.5
AN-M64, 0.01 Medium 2.0 3.2 26 7.6 12 92 5.0
AN-M43 Hard 1.8 2.9 21 6.1 7.6 50 5.7
Soft 5.7 9.1 37 10 16 220 12
0.025 Medium 5.1 8.2 33 8.9 14 150 12
Hard 5.7 6.0 26 7.0 11 71 12
Soft 11.2 13.5 39 8.9 21 220 18
0.10 Medium 8.3 9.3 3,4 8.6 15 150 14
, Hard 6.1 6.2 26 7.1 11 72 12
*VoJume of refill is the cubic feet of earth that it is necessary to cart in to fill the crater. This volume assumes that
**Crater type refers to values. given in Table 29b. Values other than those indicated in table must be interpolated.
****Displacement and depth penetrated are illustrated in TQbl~ 29a.
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE, 51000 Ft-AIRSPEED, 250 mph-LEVEL FLIGHT

Appar
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Feet**** Feet feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
Soft -1.0 -1.6 21 6.5 5.7 - -1.7

0.0005
(INST)
Medium
Hard
-1.0
-1.0
-1.6
-1.6
18
13
6.3
3.9
5.5
3.6
-- -2.0
-2.5
0.0027
Soft
Medium
-0.25
-0.26
-0.40
-0..41
24
21
7.0
6.0
7.9
6.9
-- -0.43
-0.51
(NON-DELAY) Hard -0.26 -0.42 16 4.9 5.5 - -0.65
1,000 LB
GP Soft 2~0 3.2 34 10 12 230 3.4
AN-M65A1, 0.01 Medium 1.9 3.0 30 8.9 10 150 3.7
AN-M65, Hard 1.9 2.8 25 7.2 8.8 85 4.3
AN-M44
Soft 5.8 9.2 45 13 18 400 9.9
0.025 Medium 5.6 8.4 40 11 16 280 10.0
Hard 5.4 6.2 32 8.8 12 140 9.5
Soft 12.0 14.5 48 13 23 450 16
0.10 Medium 8.9 10.0 41 11 18 300 1'2
Hard 6.6 6.6 32 8.8 13 140 10
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-1.3
-1.3
-2.1
-2.1
26
21
7.6
6.6
8.4
6.0
-- -1.8
' -:2.1
(INST) Hard -1.3 -2.1 16 4.5 4.8 - -2.6
Soft -0.46 ~0.74 29 9.9 8.8 - -0.63
0.0030 Medium -0.47 -0.75 25 7.4 8.2 - -0.73
2,000 LB
(NON-DELAY) Hard· -0.49
-
-0.78 20 5.7 6.5 - -0.96
GP Soft 1.8 2.8 40 12 12 350 2.4
AN-M66A1, 0.01 Medium 1.7 2.7 35 10 12 230 2.6
AN-M66, Hard 1.6 2.6 29 8.6 10 140 3.2
AN-M34
Soft 6.0 9.5 ' 53 15 20 740 8.1
0.025 Medium 5.5 8.8 47 13 17 500 8.6
Hard 5.5 5.5 34 10 13 300 6.7
Soft 17 20 62 15 32 .900 17
0.10 Medium 12 14 52 14 24 570 14
Hard 9.1 9.2 40 11 17 290 13
*Volume of refill is the cubic feet of earth that it. is necessary to cart in to fill the crater. This volume assumes that
all loose earth in the crater has been tamped into the crater. .
***Apparent and actual depths are iIIustrQted'in Table 29b.
****pisplacem~l1t Cilnd depth penetrat~d Qr~ i1h"$trat~d in TQbl~ 29a:
ALTITUBE OF RELEASE1 4/000 Ft--AIRSPEED1 350 mph-60° DIVE

". CRATER MEASUREMENTS AND TYPE
Appar
Displace., Depth ent Actual Volume
Type of ment Penetrated Diameter Depth Depth for ReFiI( Crater
Bom.b Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Feet**** Feet Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
Soft -0.29 -0.79 10 2.7 3.0 - -1.8

·0.0005 Medium -0.29 -0.79 7.9 2.'3 2.6 - -,-2.1
(INST) Hard -0.29 -0.80 5.7 1.6 1.8 - -2.7
Soft 0.03 0.09 12 3.5 4.0 8.2 0.21
0.002 Medium 0.03 0.08 10 3·.0 3.4 5.4 0.21
100 LB (NON-DELAY) Hard 0.02 0.07 8 2.4 2.7 2.7 0.23
GP
AN-M30A1 1 Soft 1.6 4.5 21 5.9 8.7 42 10
AN-M30 0.01 Medium 1.4 4.0 18 5.1 7.6 28 11
Hard 1.5 3.5 15 4.2 6.3 14 12
Soft 3.8 9.0 23 4.8 13 46 21
0.025 Medium 3.8 6.8 20 4.6 11 30 18
Hard 3.0 4.7 16 4.0 7.6 15 16
Soft 5'.2 10 23 4.2 14 41 23
0.10 Medium 3.9 6.9 20 .4.6 11 30 18
Hard 3.0 4.7 16 4.0 7.6 15 16
Soft -0.29 -0.78 13 3.9 4.3 - 1.4
0.0005 Medium -0.29 -0.78 11 3.7 3.1 - 1.6
(INST) Hard -0.29 -0.78 8.6 2.4 2.7 - 2.0
Soft 0..12 0.32 16 4.9 5.4 22 0.56
0.0023 Medium 0.12 0.31 14 4.2 4.8 15 0.62
250 LB (NON-DELAY) Hard 0.11 0.30 12 3.4 3.8 8.5 0.75
GP
AN-M57A1, Soft 1.7 4.6 26 7.4 10 86 8.0
AN-M57 " 0.01 Medium 1.6 4.3 23' 6.4 8.9 59 8.7
Hard 1.6 3.9 19 5.4 7.6 32 9.8
,Soft 4.1 11 30 7.0 16 105 18
0.025 Medium 4.3 8.6 26 6.4 13 69 17
Hard 4.0 6.2 21 5.3 10 35 16
Soft 7.0 13 30 5.5 19 98 23
0.10 Medium 5.3 9.2 26 6.0 14 68 18
Hard 4.0 -6.2 21 5.3 10 35 16
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.55
-0.55 \
-1.4
-1.4
16
13
4.6
4.4
4.9
3.8
- -1.9
-2.2
(I NST) Hard -0.55 -1.4 9.9 3.1 2.8 - -2.7
Soft ::-0.07 -0.18 20 5.1 5.8 - -0.24
0.0025 Medium -'-0.07 -0.19 17 4.7 5.4 - -0.30
500 LB
GP
(NON-DELAY) Hard -0.08 -0.20 13 4.5 ·3.8 - -0.39
AN-M64A1 1 Soft 1.6 4.2 30 8.1 11 150 5.7
AN-M641 0.01 Medium 1.5 4.0 27 7.8 9.9 100 6.2
AN-M43 Hard 1.4 3.7 22 6.6 8.4 58 7.2
Soft 4.3 11 38 9.9 18 220 15
0.025 Medium 4.2 9.8 33 8.6 16 150 15
Hard 4.8 7.9 27 6.9 13 74 16
Soft 9.1 17 39 7.0 24 200 23
0.10 Medium 6.9 12 34 7.7 18 150 18
Hard 5.2 8 27 6.9 13 74 16
all loose -earth in the crater has been tamped into the crater.
EARTH PENETRATION AND CRATER' FORMATION
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE, 4,000 Ft-AIRSPEED, 350 mph-60° DIVE

Appar.
Displace. Depth ent Actual Volume
Soft -0.65 -1.7 20 5.8 6.5 - -1.8

0.0005
(INST)
Medium
Hard
-0.65
-0.65
-1.7
-1'.7
17
13
4.8
3.5
5.6
4.0
-- -2.1
-2.6 .
Soft -0.11 -0.29 25 6.4 7.2 88 0.31

0.0027 Medium -0.12 -0.31 21 6;1 6.9 58 0.38
(NON.DELAY) Hard -0.12 -0.32 23 11.0 12.0 32 0.49
1,000 LB
GP
Soft 1.5 4.0 35 10 13 250 4.3
AN·M65A1,
0.01 Medium 1.5 3.8 32 9.1 11 170 4.7
AN·M65,
Hard 1.4 3.6 27 7.8 9.8 100 5.5
AN·M44
Soft
4.3 13.2 48 13 22 450 14
0.025 Medium 4.1 10 40 11 18 290 12
Hard 4.4 8.0 33 9.0 . 14 150 12
Soft 9.8 18 52 11 27 450 20
0.10 Medium 7.4 13 42 11 21 300 16
Hard 5.5 8.6 33 ·9 15 150 13
Soft -0.83 -2.3 26 7.2 8.2 - -2.0
0.0005 Medium -0~84 -2.3 21 6.0 6.6 - -2.2
(INST) Hard -0.84 -2.3 16 4.5 4.9 - -2.8
0.0030
Soft
Medium
-0.25
-0.25
-0.68
-0.69
29
26
8.8
7.3
9.9
8.2
-
-
-0.58
-0.68
(NON.DELAY) Hard -0.26 -0.71 20 5.9 .. 6.7 - -0.87
.2,000 LB
GP Soft 1.3 3.6 41 12 15 400 3.1
AN.M66A1, 0.01 Medium 1.3 3.5 37 11 13 270 3.4
AN·M66,
Hard 1.2 3.3 31 9 11 160 4.0
AN·M34
Soft
4.2 12 56 16 22 800 9.8
0.025 Medium 3.9 11 50 14 20 540 10
Hard 4.1 9.3 40 11 17 290 11
Soft 13 25 63 12 37 880 21
0.10 Medium 9.7 17 54 13 28 580 17
Hard 7.3 12 42 11 20 300 14
all loose earth in the crater has been tamped. into the crater.
**Cratertype refers to values given in Table 29b. Values other than those indicated in table must be interpolated.
TABLE 27
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE, 20,000 Ft-AIRSPEED, 250' mph-LEVEL FLIGHT

Appar
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.38
-0.38
-1.4
-1.4
12
10
4.0
3.2
3.4
2.9
-- -2.3
-2.6
(INST) Hard -0.38 -1.4 7.3 1.9 1.8 - -3.3
Soft 0.18 0.65 17 4.9 4.3 44 1.0
0.0027 Medium 0.17 0.64 15 4.9 4.4 25 1.2
(NON-DELAY) Hard 0.16 0.61 12 4.0 3.5 14 1.4
500 LB
SAP Soft 1.9 7;0 31 8.5 13 120 11
AN-M58A2, 0.01 Medium 1.8 6.8 27 7.4 12 83 13
AN-M58A1, Hard 1.7 6.5 ' 22 5.8 11 44 15
AN-M58 '
Soft 4.8 18.0 28 3.2 24 60 29
0.025 "Medium 4.4 16 22 2.1 22 37 31
Hard 4.9 14 16 1.3 18 18 32
0.10
Soft
Medium
12
9
31
22
-4.8 ---
39
28
30
20
51
41
Hard 6.8 15 12.0 19 16 35
Soft -0.51 -1.8 19 4.6 5.0 - -2.3
--
0.0005 Medium -0.51 -1.8 13 3.0 3.4 ~2.7
(INST) Hard -0.51 -1.8 9.2 2.4 2.9 -3.3
Soft 0.20 0.68 22 6.7 7.4 60 0.88
0.0030 Medium 0.19 0.66 20 6.6 5.9 43 0.98
(NON-DELAY) Hard 0.18 0.63 16 4.9 5.4 24 1.20
1,000 LB
SAP Soft 2.1 7.2 37 10 14 230 9.3
AN-M59A1, 0.01 Medium 2.0 7.0 33 9.1 14 160 10
AN-M59 Hard 1.9 6.7 27 7.4 12 85 12
Soft 5.5 19 40 6.6 27 170 25
0.025 Medium 5.1 18 32 5.1 25 97 26
Hard 4.2 14 26 4.0 20 50 26
'.'
0.10
Soft
Medium
15
12
38
27
-7.7 --5.9
48
35
60
40
50
40
Hard 8.6 19 16.7 24 32 34
****Displacement and depth penetrated are illustrated in TClble 29Cl.
TABLE 27 (Continuecl)
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE, 10,000 F~AIRSPEED, 250 mph-LEVEL FLIGHT

Appar.
Displace. Depth ent Actual Volume,
Type of ment Penetrated , Diameter Depth Depth for Refill Crater
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Feet**** Feet Feef*** Feet*** CuFt* Type**
Soft -0.58 -1.4 12 4.0 3.4 - -2.3

0.0005
(INST) ,
Medium
Hard
-0.58
--'0.58
-1.4
-1.4
10
7.3
3.2
1.9
2.9
1.8
-- -2.6
-3.3
0.0027
Soft
Medium
-0.067
-0.060
-0.16
-0.15
16
15
4.8
4.4
5.4
:4.9
-- -0.26
-0.28
500 LB
(NON.DELAY) Hard ."...0.053 -0.13 12 4.0 3.5 -' -0.30
SAP Soft 2.1 5.1 28 8;0 11 110 8.3
AN.M58A2, 0.01 Medium 2.0 5.0 25 7.1 9.9 77 9.3
AN.M58A1, Hard L9 4.7 21 5.9 8.8 42 11.0 -
AN·M58
Soft '5.5 14 33 6.2 20 123 ,22
0.025 Medium 5.1 12 28 5.1 18 75 23
Hard 5.8 10 22 3.6 35 35 24
0.10
Soft
Medium
13
9.7
24
16
10
22
-2.1 31
22
-
-25
38
31
0.0005
Hard
Soft
Medium
7.4
-0.58
-0.58
- 11
-1.4
-1.4
21
12
10
3.2
4.0 '
3.2
16
3.4
2.9
--
26
-2.3
-2.6
(INST) Hard -0.58 -1.4 7.3 1;9 1.8 - -3.3
, Soft -0.067 -0.16 ' 16 4.8 5.4 - -0.26
0.0030 Medium -0.060 -0.15 15 4.4 4.9 - -0.28
1,000 LB
(NON·DELAY) Hard -0.053 -0.13 12 4.0 3.5 - -0.30
SAP Soft 2.1 5.0 33 9.6 12 190 6.4
AN.M59A1, 0.01 Medium 2.0 4.8 30 8.6 11 170 7.1
AN·M59 Hard 2.0 4..6 25 7.0 9.7 76 8.5
Soft 6.0 14 41 9.4 22 260 18
0.025 Medium 5.6 13 36 8.1 20 170 19
Hard 5.6 11 29 5.9 17 88 21
0.10
Soft
Medium
16
12
28
20
18 - 37 80 37
30 3.4 27 78 30
Hard 8.9 14 28 4.3 19 55 25
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE/ 5/000 Ft-AIRSPEED/ 250 mph-LEVEL FLIGHT

CRATER ·MEASUREMENTS AND TYPE
Appar.
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Feet**** Feet Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type~*
--
Soft -0.87 -1.4 12 4.0 3.4 -2.3
0.0005 Medium -0.87 -:--1· .4 10 3.2 2.9 -2.6
(INST) Hard -0.87,' -1.4 7.3 1.9 1.8 - -3.3 .
0.0027
Soft
Medium
-0.14
-0.17
"":""0.22
-0.26
16
13
4.7
4.5
5.2
5.0
-- -0.38
-0.48
500 LB
(NON.DELAY) Hard
Soft
-0.18
2.1
-0.29
3.4
11
25
3.2
7.4
3.5
9.2
--
86
-0.67
5.5
SAP 0.01 Medium 1.7 2.8 21 6.4 7.8 54 5.2
AN.M58A2/ Hard 1.5 2.4 18 4.8 6.0 28 5.6
AN·M58A1/
AN·M58 Soft 6.0 9.6 32 8.1 15 130 16
0.025 Medium 5.6 8.8 28 7.0 14 84 16
Hard 5.7 6.9 23 5.5 11 45 16
Soft 14 16 30 4.3 23 72 27
0.10 Medium 10 11 29 5.9 17 86 21
Hard 7.5 7.6 23 5.5 12 45 18
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.87
-0.87
-1.4
-1.4
12
10
4.0
3.2
3.4
2.9
-- -2.3
-2.6
(INST) Hard -0.87 -1.4 7.3 1.9 1.8 - -3.3
0.0030
Soft
Medium
-0.14
-0.17
-0.22
-0.26
16
13
4.7
4:5
5.2
5.0
-- -0.38
-0.48
(NON·DELAY) Hard -0.18 "":""0.29 11 3.2 3.5 - -0.67
1/000 LB Soft 2.0 3.2 29 8.7 10 140 4.1
SAP 0.01 Medium 1.9 3.1 26 7.8 9.4 98 4.6
AN·M59A1/ Hard 1.9 3.0 22 6.4 8.1 58 5.6
AN·M59
Soft 6.1 9.8 39 11 17 250 13
0.025 Medium 5.7 12 36 8.4 19 170 I' 18
Hard 4.3 6.5 28 7.4 12 85 12
Soft 16 19 40 6.2 28 160 25
0.10 Medium 12 14 36 7.7 20 170 20
Hard 8.9 9 29 7.0 14 88 17
all loose earth in the crater has-been tamped into the crater.
***Apparent· and actual depths are illustrated in Table 29b.
****Displacement and depth penetrated are iIIust.rated in Table 29a.
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE, 4,000 Ft-AIRSPEED, 350 mph-60° DIVE

\

I
Appar
Type of ment Penetrated Diameter Depth Depth For Refill Crater
SoFt -0.58 -1.5 12 2.7 3.0 - -2.4

0.0005 Medium -0.58 -1.5 10 2.8 2.9 - -2.8
(I NST) Hard -0.58 -1.5 8.8 2.4 2.6 - -3.5
SoFt -0.05 -0.12 17 4.9 5.5 23 -0.20
0.0027 Medium -0.05 -0.13 15 4.3 4.8 15 -0.24
(NON-DELAY) Hard -0.06 -0.14 12 3.5 4.0 8.7 -0.32
500 LB
SAP Soft 1.6 4.2 27 7.7 9.8 100 6.8
AN-M58A2, 0.01 Medium 1.5. 4.0 24 .7.0 9.1 69 7.5
AN-M58A1, Hard 1.5 3.8 20 5.6 7.7 39 8.8
AN-M58
SoFt 4.4 12 33 7.5 18 130 19
0.025 Medium 4.2 11 29 6.2 16 78 20
Hard 4.5 8.6 23 4.9 13 40 20
SoFt' 11 20 21 1.2 27 50 33
0.10 Medium 8.3 14 26 3.7 20 48 26
Hard 6.2 9.6 23 4.3 14 42 22
0.0005
Soft
Medium
-0.73
-0.73
-1.9
-1.9
15
13
4.2
3.4
4.6
3.7
--
-
-2.4
-2.8
(lNST) Hard -0.73 -1.9 3.5 2.7 2.4 - -3.5
0.0030
SoFt
Medium
-0.11
-0.12
-0.30
-0.31
20
18
6.5
5.7
7.3
6.4
--
-
-0.39
-0.46
(NON-DELAY) Hard -0.12 -0.33 14 4.0 4.6 -- -0.61
1,000 LB SoFt 1.5 4.0 31 9.3 11 170 5.2
SAP 0.01 Medium 1.5 3.8 28 8.1 10 115 5.6
AN-M59A1, Hard 1.4 3.6 23 6.8 14 66 6.7
AN-M59 /
SoFt 4.5 12 40 10 19 260 15

0.025 Medium 4.2 11 38 9.1 18 170 16
Hard 4.4 9.4 29 6.8 15 88 17
Soft 13 24 31 3.1 32 110 31
0.10 Medium 9.8 17 34 5.4 24 110 25
Hard 7.4 12 30 5.9 17 87 21
*Volume of refill is the cubic Feet of earth that itis necessary to cart in to fill the crater. This volume assumes that
**Crater type reFers to values given in Table 29b. Values other than those indicated in table must be interpolated.
TABLE· 28
EARTH PENETRATION AND CRATER FORMATIO'N
- ALTITUDE OF RELEASE, 20,000 Ft-AIRSPEED, 250 mph-LEVEL FlIt?HT

Appar
Type of ment Penetrated Diameter Depth Depth for Refill -Crater
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**~* Feet**** Feet Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
- -
---
1,000 LB Soft 18 50 10 113
AP
AN-MK 33
0.08 Medium
Hard
16
13
38
26
-
- -- 8
5
99
78
--- - -
1,600 LB Soft 18 55 4 80
AP 0.08 Medium 18 - 44 - -' 3 74
AN-MK 1 Hard 15 31 - - 1 65
ALIITUDE OF RELEASE, 10,000 Ft-AIRSPEED, 250 mph-LEVEL FLIGHT

Appar
Type of ment Penetrated Diameter Depth . Depth for Refill Crater
1,000 LB
AP 0.08
Soft
Medium
19
17
37
28
-- --- -- 10
8
83
72
-
AN-MK 33 Hard 13 19 - - 5 57
1,600 LB Soft 19 41 - - 4 4 59
AP 0.08 Medium 19 32 - - 3 3 53
AN-MK 1 Hard 15 22 - - 2.8 1 46

Appar
1,000 LB
AP 0.08
Soft
Medium
19
16
-
-
-
-
-- -
-
10
8
58
48
AN-MK 33 Hard 15 - - - - 5 45
1,600 LB Soft 19 27 11 - 34 4 39
AP
AN-MK 1
0.08 Medium
Hard
18
15
22
15
15
19
-1.9 28
20
-3
2.6
36
31

Appar
Bomb Fuze Delay Earth Feet**** Feet**** . Feet Feet*** Feet*** Cu Ft* Type**
1,000 LB
. AP 0.08
Soft
Medium
14
14
31
23
-
-
-- -
-
10
8
70
59
AN-MK 33 Hard 10 16 - - 20 5 48
1,600 LB Soft 14 36 -1.2 - - 4 53
AP 0.08 Medium 14 27 - 34 3 45
AN-MK 1 Hard 12 19 8.8 - 24 1 39
*Volume of refill is the cubic feet of earth that it is necessary to cart in to All the crater. This volume assumes that
****Displacementand depth penetrated are illustrated in Table 29a.
TY PI CAl- PENETRATION
PATHS OF 500LB. GP BOMBS
o
....-----HOR I Z b N TA L FLI GH "T----.....o---. __-60 DIVE
250 MPH 350 MPH
20,QOO FT 10,000 F T 5,000 F T 4,000 F T
r_.~INST ~,'r INST "...----INST

'" ~. '. " t· r.... :.:.
;,:,: ~l' NO
'""r-
. . -
-- ;::'\~ __ NO ." ",. NO .... \~
-0' -~r----,..-.------~~--.O-I ~~_o:::::::::...:...=....:----~~==__....-::::..:.:..=:O..:...I---
,025
__ .1
~-:~ --
-~-----
~-----------_ .. _ - - - - - - - - - -----------~...--~....:. • .:...-I-
. -I
~~_.:.----------------
20'--I---~------------~~~--------------------
- ---_._- ----,_--:-.--'--....:........
~.-':~ INST
O,_~P""'.:::;;;;.----'---·-:.'\~\~--::::...-N.:..O------.Jr.~~~.:.:......-------~~---.;..--.;;.----
z
:r: ...J
I
a. ~
::;:1 O'-----\I'""""--------~~::::::---==:::.::..::=---.:.--~;..;~=--~--~~--;....---
oLLJ :J
-,--- -_._--------------'-----------~~~----
C
L1J_
~ -.. ....:, ·~~;....---.I
\~ '~--------.-~ ~---~~--==-~---:~~;~-;~=:~-=-~~~---~--~--------------_ . ----_..- . ------_._._---
________ ~_~.:~-~~.l , -~-~_~_~-_~-_--~_-_~~-~:-_-:_-~ .. .. _
20'----....:.\·~:---_·---.,.---------:------------~------"""----
..• ,~ INST .".....--- INST
\;-'--~NO \:~.;<~----- NO
, '.. \. \~'" ....
-'_ O. .
o ". \, ~----
(J) -\::;"""_-'"'-=--= . 0 I
Z
<C
a..
BOMBS ARE SHOWN AT EXPECTED POINT OF DETONATION
FO R V A R IOU S F U Z I ~ G S
TABLE 29a
ESTIMATED CRATER SIZE AND· SHAPE
1000 LB. TNT CHARGES IN AVERAGE SOIL
SCALE I CM = 10 FEET
I
I,
TYPE 0 TYPE 10
DIAMETER ---;0...1
TYPE 20 TYPE 30
~ .....
1':. .."
.'
h ..
~ :
,.. ,
.".:
i~ ~,
':'
-
-
-/ '1..
"'I'
1\ -
L TYPE 40
\ lJ -
"-.,..-./
*
1\-(;'.'.:'1 LOOSE MATERIAL
POINT OF DETONATION
L
_ _ _ _ _ _ _--,_T-YPE--50------_l
t
i :
-
TABLE 29b
Page·.49
Volume III Part 4
ARMOR PENETRATION BY BOMBS
1. GENERAL. Quality" armor. One inch thickness of this armor is roughly equivalent to
0.6-0.7 inch "Class A" or "Face Hardened" armor, to 0.9-1.0 inch of
The relatively large dispersion and low striking velocity of bOlnbs prevent "Homogeneous Hard" armor, and to 1~ inches of mild steel.
the direct attack Qf armored targets for perforation from being generally
profitable, except for targets of unusual importance or size. However, large
Armor Piercing (AP) bombs dropped from high altitudes can perforate the
armored decks of battleships of current construction. Also, the detonation TABLE 30
of large high capacity bombs may tear armor plate of considerable thickness.
ARMOR PERFORATION
2. DEFORMATION, RUPTURE AND LOW·ORDER GP AND SAP BOMBS
DETONATION.
General Purpose (GP) and Semi-Armor Piercing (SAP) bombs with delay Maximum Thick
fuze do not withstand impact on heavy armor. Such an impact leads to de ness of Plate Per Maximum Thick
- forated With Delay ness of Plate
formation and breakage of the casing, which is generally accompanied or Bomb Fu.ze Without Punched Through
preceded by a low order detonation of the explosive filling (Amatol, TNT or Break-up or Low By Detonation
RDX Comp B). However, when a GP orSAP bomb hits a sufficiently thin Order Detonation 1 With Quick Fuze 2
armor plate, the plate rather than the bomb is deformed and ruptured so (in.) (in.)
that a perforation results without effective damage to the bomb. Estimates 100 Ib GP
of the plate thicknesses that can be thus defeated are shown in Table 30. AN-M30 and AN-M30A1 1.0 1.8
SAP bombs perform better than GPbombs of equal weight.
Armor Piercing bombs with standard Explosive D filling withstand 250 Ib GP
AN-M57 andAN-M57 A 1 1.3 2.3
impact on all but the heaviest armor without appreciable deformation or
danger of low order detonation. The expected performance of AP bombs is 500lbGP
shown in Figure 13. Notice that use of the 1,000 pound and 1,600 pound AN-M43, AN-M64 and AN-M64A1 1.5 3.0
bombs against armor thicker than seven and eight inches respectively is 1,000 Ib GP
not recommended, because of the danger of deformation. AN-M44, AN-M65 and AN-M65A 1 1.7 3.8
3. EFFECTS OF DETONATION ON ARMOR. 2,000 Ib GP

AN-M34, AN-M66 and AN-M66A1 2.0 4.8
General Purpose, and to some extent Semi-Armor Piercing, bombs pro
vided with a quick fuze achieve considerable effect when hitting armor plate 500 Ib SAP
AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and AN-M58A2 2.0 2.0 EST
of moderate thickness which would withstand the impact of the same bombs
with delay fuze. Estimates of the plate thicknesses that can be thus punched 1,000 Ib SAP
through, letting fragments and some of the detonation gases pass through AN-M59 and AN-M59A1 2.5 2.5 EST
the plate, are shown in Table 30. It is realized, however, that no substantial
demolition can be thus effected on heavy structures behind the defeated lThe perforations shown in this column can be obtained under the following conditions:
plate in contrast to the effect of a delay fuzed perforating bomb that would (a) Against horizontal plate:
burst behind the plate. Level Bombing: about 5,000 ft altitude or more.
The detonation of uncased or lightly cased charges of TNT-laid on armor Dive Bombing at 60° dive, 350 mph air speed, any altitude.
produces penetrations greater than those from corresponding weights of

explosive in bombs dropped on armored targets. The compactness of the (b) Against vertical plate:
Minimum Altitude Bombing: 400 mph air speed.
rule appears to hold approximately: W pounds of TNT pierces up to
inches of armor: •
3YW
charge and its proximity to the armor increases penetration. The following
About 30% loss of thickness perforated can be expected for level bombing from
1,500 ft or for minimum altitude bombing at 300 mph air speed.
No increase of thickness perforated above the figures shown in table can be obtained
by increasing the striking velocity, since with thicker plate break-up and/or low order
4. QUALITY OF ARMOR. detonation would probably occur.
The data given here refers to Homogeneous Armor which is also commonly 2The figures shown refer to use of. an instantaneous nose fuze. Use of a non-delay tail fuz~
referred to as "Special Treatment Steel" or "Class B" or "Machinable should increase the thickness punched through, possibly by 20%.
Page 50
ARMOR PENETRATION BY AP BOMBS
THICKNESS OF PLATE PERFORATED THICKNESS OF PLATE PERFORATED

VS. STRIKING VELOCITY VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE
FOR VARIOUS OBLIQUITIES BOMBING FROM HORIZONTAL FLIGHT 250 MPH

(w.. ANGLE OF FALL) DIVE BOMBING, 60° DIVE. 350 MPH
··10 10
..z
~ 6
i
J
~s
IU IU
Z Z
1,000-LB A P ~
~
AN- MK.33 o 0
~
t- 4 ~ 4
2 2
DIVE
HORIZ ONTAL FLIGHT
o 0
O' 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
STRIKING VELOCITY (f/s) ALTITUDE (THOUSANDS OF FT)
FIGURE 13
1. The graphs on the left side serve to determine

8 the maximum thickness perforated under any
condition of impact. If the armor plate is not
horizontal, the angle formed by the trajectory
with the plate should be entered instead of the
angle of fall.
2. The graph on the right side serves to de
termine the maximum thickness of horizontal
plate perforated under typical conditions of
bomb release.
2 • 3. The bomb 1,000 lb AP AN-M52 is some
what heavier than the AN-Mk.33 and hence
it performs slightly (about 4%) better under
o, equal conditions of impact. However, its
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 explosive charge is smaller and its exterior
STRIKING VELOCITY (fls) ballistics poorer.
Page 51
Volume III Part 5

BOMB FUZE FUNCTIONING ON THIN ROOFS
1. GENERAL.
The nose fuze in bombs will presumably be initiated by all roofs, but the
tail fuze in bombs is inertia activated and will.not function on the thinnest
roofs. The effective thickness of roof necessary depends only on the weight
per square foot. The following table (Table31) gives, for various bombs
and altitudes of release, the thinnest roof which will cause Junct,oning of
most of the bombs dropped when using any of the AN-MIOO, AN-MIOI or
AN-MI02 series fuzes.
Values are given for the General Purpose (GP) bombs, and also for Semi
Armor Piercing (SAP) bombs. For the latter category (SAP) the use of such
a table will be to determine whether the fuze will be. 'initiated on the roof or.
the cellar, when bombs strike protected cellars that are covered by thin
roofed buildings. In this case heed should be given that thinner roofs than
those tabulated will still initiate the fuze of a considerable fraction of the
bombs. Only roofs one-third of the thickness tabulated or less will pass most
of the dropped bombs without initiation of the fuze.
Roof and floor thicknesses are not to be added in estimating fuze action.
That is, if the bomb .must pass many layers of floors (spaced 'more than five
feet apart) and no single one of the layers would initiate the fuze, then the
multiple layers will in general not initiate the fuze.
TABLE 31
THICKNESS OF ROOF NECESSARY TO CAUSE FUNCTIONING OF THE TAIL FUZES
AN-Ml00Al, AN-Ml00A2, AN-Ml01Al, ·AN~Ml01A2, AN-Ml02Al OR
AN-Ml02A2
Bomb GP, 2,000 Ib

AN~M66
AN-M66A1
GP, 500 Ib AN-M34
A~-M64 SAP, 500 Ib
GP, 100 Ib AN-M64A1 AN-M58
AN-M30 AN-M43 AN-M58A1
Altitude AN-M30A1 GP, 1,000 Ib AN-M58A2
from which GP,· 250 Ib AN-M65 SAP, 1,000 Ib
bomb is AN-M57 AN-M65A1 AN-M59
dropped Roofing AN-M57A1 AN-M44 AN-M59A1
(a}lb/sq ft 3 4.5 6
5,000 ft (b) in. concrete 1/4 3/8 1/2

-
(c) in. metal 1/12 1/8 1/6
(d) gage metal 14 11 9
(a) Ib/sq ft 2.5 3.5 4.5
10,000 ft (b) in. concrete 1/4 1/3 3/8
(c) in. metal 1/15 1/10 1/8
l (d) gage metal 16 ~

13 11
(a) Ib/sq ft 2 3 4
(b) in. concrete 1/6 1/4 1/3

20,000 ft
.' (c) in. metal 1/20 1/12 1/10
(d) gage metal 18 14 12
(a) Weight in pounds per square foot

(b) Thickness in inches if roof is concrete
(c) Thickness in inches if roof is sheet metal (steel)
(d) U. S. Standard Gage of sheet metal roof
Page 53
Volume III Part 6
BLAST
1. GENERAL. inertia, which now tends to overcome the structural strength. The eventual
The hot gases ejected by a detonating bomb sweep out and compress the attainment of a deformation leading to collapse will depend on the velocity
surrounding air and throw that compressed body of air against adjacent acquired by the wall under the impact of the blast. This velocity depends
layers of air. In this way a belt is formed within which the air has high in turn not only on the blast pressure but also on its duration, specifically,
pressure and high outward velocity. This belt is limited by an extremely on its measurable impulse which is the average pressure multiplied by
sharp front (less than one thousandth of an inch) called the "shock front" the duration, (i.e., the integral of pressure over time).
in which the pressure rises abruptly.
4. RADII AND AREAS OF /EFFECTIVENES$.
The shock front travels away from the point of detonation with an ex
tremely high initial velocity (3,000 feet per second at 60 feet from a 4,000 The damage caused by various types of bombs· in German load bearing
pound Light Case (LC) bomb where the pressure jump· is 100 pounds per ~all construction can actually be correlated with the blast impulse measured
square inch). The velocity then decreases rapidly towards the velocity of at various distances from the bomb. Therefore, the known impulse V8.
sound (about 1,100 feet per second) as the shock front travels on and the distance relation for any type of bomb can be used to estimate the distance
pressure jump decreases. at which a bomb would cause a certain degree of damage. Radii and areas of
The excess pressure prevailing at a point in the air after the arrival of blast effectiveness for bombs have been obtained in this way and are shown
the shock front decreases and vanishes in a short time (about 0.04 second in Table 32 and Figure 14.
at 400 feet from a 4,000 pound Light Case (LC) bomb; about 0.006 second Data for bombs and fuzes are included in Table 32 .which do not cor
at 50 feet from a 100-po_und General Purpose (GP) bomb) and is followed respond to a normal tactical employment, because these data also serve to
by minor disturbances which often include a partial vacuum. The entire indicate the comparative blast effectiveness of different bombs on targets
disturbance produced in air by the detonation of a bomb is called "blast." other than German load bearing. wall construction.
Data for the effectiveness of bombs on Japanese light construction are
2.·. PEAK PRESSURE. not yet available. However, it has been estimated that the areas of effective
The "peak pressure", that is the highest excess pressure which, is attained ness may be at least five times greater than the corresponding areas for
right at· the shock front, gives a measure o~ the maximum force exerted German construction.
against a structure by the blast (Pressure times area = force). Figures
17 and 18 show the peak blast pressure V8. the distance from the point of 5. EFFECTS OF CONFINEMENT.
burst, for various bombs. The peak pressure required to produce certain The presence of obstacles that prevent the travel of blast in some direction
specific effects is also shown. may increase the effect of blast in other directions.
The numbers in Figures 17 and 18 refer to the hydrostatic pressure, A blast traveling along a tunnel, a corridor, a trench. and In the case of
which is that measured on a surface which is "side on" to the blast (i.e. large bombs, even along a street, is effectively confined, so that its intensity
parallel to the direction of travel). Larger pressures (up to eightfold) would decreases much more slowly than in the open.
be measured on surfaces at a right angle to the direction of travel due to When a bomb-detonates inside a house, demolition of the walls may occur
the impact of the blast. (Figure 15.) even if the jistance to the· walls exceeds the radius of demolition fqr the
same wall~and for the same type of bomb bursting in the open. This is due
3. DEMOLITION OF A WALL-IMPULSE. to a variety of effects, among which is the "multiple punch" effect created
A blast cannot quickly travel around anything as large as the wall of by the blasts hitting on a wall in quick succession after having been re
a house; therefore the pressure d,ifference established by the blast on the flected by other walls. For this reason, separate radii and areas of demoli
outer and inner faces of ~uch a wall persists until the· blast has subsided. tionare given in Table 32 for bombs bursting inside and outside of buildings.
As a result of the great inertia of walls, the deformation produced by the If· the effect of a blast is intensified on one side of a wall by its confining
blast seldom attains the point of collapse before the blast has. subsided; action, it is reduced by the same token on the opposite side of the wall by
,the wall .keeps on deforming further after that time, again a result of its its screening ~ction (see Figure 16).
Page 54
RADII OF EFFECTIVENESS OF GP BOMBS
4,000 LB LC
BOMB. AN-M56
AND AN-M56AI
2.000 LB GP
BOMB. AN-M34.
AN-M66 AND AN-M6SAI w•••••••••••••••••,j
54 118
~.
155!! lEE!.
o
liill
1,000 LB GP
BOMB. AN-M44,
AN- M65 AND AN- M65AI
500 LB GP
BOMB. AN- M43.
AN- M64 AND AN- ¥64AI KEY
_ TOTAL DEMOLITION
__.J VISIBLE DAMAGE
250 LB GP
BOMB. AN-M57 -ONE IN.
AND AN-M57AI
ONE IN. EQUALS APPROX. 33 FT
.11
100 LB GP Ali
BOMB. AN- M30
AND AN-M30AI
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT.
FIGURE 14
Page ~S
6. PROTECTION FROM BLAST. energy taken up by fragments, and (2) it will increase the weight of charge
A wall effectively reduces blast pressure and impulse on objects close i~cluded in a bomb of given weight. The LG bombs are best among present
to it if it is about 10 feet by 10 feet or larger and it is of sufficient strength bombs from the stand-point of blast effectiveness.
to withstand the blast.
Foxholes, slit tr~nches or ditches reduce the blast pressure by about 9. EFFECT OF BLAST ON INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES.
50 percent in the range where serious injury can occur to persons. The demolition of industrial structures, which are gen,erally steel framed,
A simple right-angle bend in a tunnel reduces the blast pressure about cannot be analyzed in the same comparatively simple terms as the demolition
50 percent. A system of four such bends reduces it to about 15 percent. of buildings with load bearing walls.
H, has been estimated that the factory area whose structure is effectively
7. EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE. damaged by a direct hit with the 500 pound GP Bomb AN-M64 with a
0.01 second fuze delay averages about 400~450 square yards (1,600-1,800
The data in Table 32 and Figures 14 to 18 inclusive' refer to TNT fillings.
square yards per ton). A considerable reduction of damageisl experienced
Corrective factors to obtain data for other explosives are given iIi Table 33.
if the same bomb is fuzed 0.025 second delay, because its detonatio'n then
occurs far below the roof structure.
8. EFFECT OF CHARGE/WEIGHT RATIO.
The area of factory structure damaged by various' otherGP bombs is
, The action of the explosive of a bomb detonating in air imparts a great not very different, when expressed in square yards per ton of bombs.
speed to the bomb casing. The casing breaks up into fragments. Later the No direct evidence is available on the effectiveness of the U.S. 4,000
action produces an air blast. The lighter the casing, the less energy it takes pound LC bomb on factory structures, but Allied experience indicates that
to accelerate it. Therefore, a high charge/weight ratio increases the effect the damage by this type of bomb is greater than tllat of all GP bombs,
of detonation in ail' in a twofold manner; (1) it will reduce the fraction of when expressed in square yards per ton of bomb load.
FIGURE 15
DEPENDENCE OF BLAST PRESSURE ON THE ORIENTATION OF
THI: SURFACE ON WHICH IT IS MEASURED
1. The peak pressure on the surface (A) parallel to the direction of travel 4. The peak pressure on the ~urface D at right angle to the direction of
of the blast, at 20 ft from the point of burst of a 2,000 lb GP bomb is about travel of the blast, at 200 ft from 'the point of burst of a 2,000 lb GPbomb
580 lb/sq in. is about 5.8 lb/sq in., that is, little more than 2 times the pressure onC.
2. The peak pressure on the surface B at right angle to the' direction of
5. The ratio of the peak pressure on pairs of surfaces oriented like A and
travel of the blast, at 20 ft from the point of burst of a 2,000 lb GP bomb
B, or C and D decreases with increasing distance from the burst. It is equal
is about 4,100 lb/sq in., that is, more than 7 times the pressure at A.
to 8 at very short distances from the burst, and equal to 2 at very great
3. The peak pressure on the surface C parallel to the direction of travel distance. The pressure on a surface oblique to the direction of travel of the
of the blast, at 200 ft from the point of burst of a 2,000 lb GP' bomb is burst is intermediate between the pressure on surfaces parallel and at right
about 2.7Ib/sq in. angles' to the same direction.
,~B ~
~OF~
.. /{'
A~~
._ 200 FT
---'--
Page 5&
FIGURE 16 IPOO LB
GP
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS WITH LOAD
BEARING WALLS BY DIRECT HITS OF DELAY·
FUZED GP BOMBS.
Circles represent mean radii of demolition of:

(1) 250 lb GP (22 Ft)
(2) 500 lb GP (35 Ft)
(3) 1,0001b GP (55 Ft)
Bombs detonating inside· houses, as given in Table 32, for

buildings of German construction with load bearing walls.
A series of duplex houses, each unit iueasuring30 ft x 45 ft
is shown at the left of a street, a 50 ftdeep block is shown
on the right. Cross hatched areas indicate extent of prob
able demolition.
Notice that:
(a) The area within the circles increases faster than
the weight of the bomb.
(b) With increasing weight of the bomb, the radius of
effectiveness exceeds the dimensions of the build
ings, resulting in a loss of effectiveness.
(c) The larger bombs are more efficient against the 250LB
GP
larger buildings, the smaller against smaller
buildings. .
(d) Demolition does not extend to buildings other
than the one directly hit (upper left corner.)
Near misses by delay-fuzed bombs produce cratering and

earth shock effect (see p~ge 32). SCALE
Pap 51
TABLE 32
RADII AND AREAS OF EFFECTIVENESS
APPROXIMATE VALUES FOR TYPICAL GERMAN BUILDINGS WITH LOAD BEARI'NG WALLS
(TNT LOADING)
Detonation outside Building on ground or roof Detonation inside building

(Bomb must be fu.zedinstantaneous) (Direct penetration hit only)
(Bombs must be fuzed delay)
Demolition Visible Damage Demolition
Mean Maximum Mean Mean Maximum .Mean Mean Mean
Radius Radius Area Radius Radius Area Radius Area
(ft) (ft) (sq yd) (~) (ft) (sqyd) (ft) (sq yd)
Bomb I
4,000 Ib LC 120 150 5,000 265 (330) 24,000 (200)tt (14,OOO)*tf
AN-M56 or AN.;M56A1
2,000 Ib GP 54 66 1,000 118 (150) 4,900 (90)tt (2,900)*tt
AN-M34, AN-M66 or AN-M66A1
1,000 Ib GP (33) (40) (375) (72) (90) (1,800) 55 1,000*
AN-M44, AN-M65 or AN-M65A1
500 Ib GP (20)t (25)t (150)t (45) (56) (700) 35 400*
'AN-M43, AN-M64 or AN-M64A1
250 Ib GP (13)t (15)t (60)t (28) (35) (275) 160
AN-M57 or AN-M57A 1
100 Ib GP (7)t (9)t (17)t· (16)t (20)t (90)t 12 50
AN-M30 or AN-M30A1
1,000 Ib SAP (18)t (22)t (110)t (39) (48) (500) 30 300
. AN-M59 or AN;.M59A1
i
500 Ib SAP (11 )t (13)t (40)t (24) (30) (200) 18 100

AN.M58, AN;,M58A1 or AN-M58A2
1,600 Ib AP (12)t (14)t (50)t (26) (32) (240) (20) (150)
AN-Mk.1
1,000 Ib AP (9)t (11)t (28)t (20)t (25)t {140)t (15) (80)
AN-Mk.33
260 Ib Frag (3)t (4)t (3)t (7)t (9)t (17)t (5)t (9)t
AN-M8t (T10)
See text for significance of these data. Figures in parentheses do not correspond. to al a guide to the relative effectiveness of different bombs. However figures marked with a t
normal or advisable tactical employment of the bomb in question, and are shown mainly are believed to be lower than the actual damage due to the neglect of fragment damage
for .purpose of comparison. Starred figures should be' scaled down in keeping with limited and lome other effects. The figures marked tt ar.e probably greater than the real damage
size of buildings. This table purports only to represent the results of mathematical extrapola due to the effect of building design and other neglected effects.
tion of rules that have been established for medium and large bombs, and ilmainly intended
TABLE 33
CORRECTIVE FACTORS
CORRELATING THE BLAST EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS EXPLOSIVE FILLINGS
(TNT. 100)
Radius of Effectiveness Area of Effectiveness

Peak Pressure Load Bearing Wall Load Bearing Wall
Explosive (At Equal Distance) Construction Construction
Torpex 1221j2 125 160

(RDX/TNTI AL,42/40/18)
.
HBX 1171j2· 120 150
(RDX/TNT/ AL/Wax, 40/38/17/5)
.
Minol 115 1171j2 130
(NH4NOa/TNT/ AL, 40/40/20)
Tritonal 1121j2 1171j2 140

(TNT/AL,80/20)
DBX 1121j2 112112 130

(NH4NOa/RDX/TNT/ AL, 21/21/40/18)
RDXComp B 110 110 120

(RDX/TNT,60/40)
Ednatol 105 105 110

(Halite/TNTI 57/43) -
TNT 100 100 100
Picratol 100 100 100

(Expl. D/TNT, 52/48)
Amatex 100 971j2 95 -
(NH4NOa/RDX/TNT/ 43/9/48)
Amatol 95 87lf2 80
(NH4NOa/TNT,50/50)
PEAK BLAST PRESSURE VS.
DISTANCE FROM BOMB BURST
(TNT LOADING GP AND OTHER BOMBS)

,:.!..,. : l''''>. ;"::'
1000: .1' ," .. ;': ; ' •• : .•...
:i;";;,~::
:.co;.::.::.··.
; . '
':',
- i-o-< "'1--....... I ~l,""";;"'" ;....~ +-.: ..... ;......;.;,;..;~,j' ,':'l';' c ,.
c.. ,. c·:;·; .. ~,=jc~~ r=~;.,. :'C;. c' .; :
10: I· '. .. '

..
. ..
.' ,
c'·· ..
til
Ie t
1-+,-+-+-4-+++.....'·-1-;· c. .c. . . . . . -J.
IOO-LB G P
AN-M30,AN -M30AI
250-LB G P
AN - M57, AN - M57A I
500-LB GP
AN-M43,AN-M64,
, AN-M64AI
I,OOO-LB GP
AN-M44, AN-M65,
AN-M65AI
2,OOO-LB GP
AN-M34,AN-M66,
AN-M66AI
4,OOO-LB LC
AN- M56,AN-M56AI
DIST~NCE ·FROM POINT· OF DETONATION (FT)

FIGURE 17
PEAK BLAST PRESSURE VS.
DISTANCE FROM BOMB BURST
(TNT LOADING -S A PAND OTHER BOMBS)
=t:.:=....1:=. _, __-~ - .
300~~
200
FLANGE FACING
BURST T r " ""!'"'i-+-+++-+-++--H-I-t-+-t-I-H-t-H
1H++-H-+-l+-H-+-iIH-'-H, -I--+-+,t .. .
100 _.=; ~'----:--~
-=10' E;-cJ MEN SERIOUSLY
_INJURED (5CWct> =
STEEL COLUMNS
- ... - ~.:=r= .i="-+
( I BEAMS)
MEN STANDING BLOWN SERIOUSLV DAMAGED
AWAV AT 25 f Is
ILl
fill WEB FACING
a: 30 BU~ST
::)
en
CJ)
20
IJJ ,-MEN'sEARDRUMS
a: -r~Up'-~U~ED, ..H-Ht-t-t-t-H
a- I I I I I I
'~-' ---:!=.. -::.3=.f-=J;=:":.

=E; -~ ==1=~::r~gJ~~3.'~.='
lii
<l:
~ ; ~~=1=-~
~ ~~=r-td=!=
. ,+'+-+-=1=1=1=1= .
...J ___ .. - --- - -'E'.o§'. _." °i~"f='':'
m - ~ -r~ i=1?.'1=:J- a . ; ':.=- =:'dC",c: =:

r ~~t=' -~
.. ~
<l: 3
ILl
Q. 2
o 50 100. 150
1'1' t ~
I, , '~I
AN~~~!~\~~i58AI LlII.1111l10 H.I%? HI lIt UJ IlI1J86UIIUIIII: 111
'
II/II
'TTt:rn'
'6' 'tnifl
9~'11~1!1 (lll'lll~
1
Ani! III U'III'I!ll'n11 f!11ITIlI'11 Elil
AN-M59, AN-M59AI ~
I,OOO-LB SA P
50 IQO
ItO~N°':~~ p 11' II! t' 11 f I J'.i t , n'11-111111111 1f ] nJ11111 'Ill III' IIIII'IIIIE Iitl tB II r III Fill
1
~
21~~:~~:J::G ~::;:: :::~~~~~::::~t::.': :~':::;:; ~f:':
AN- M81 (TIO)
DISTANCE
, FROM POINT OF DETONATION (FT)
50 ~
: 1:0
FIGURE 18
Page 61
Volume III Part 7
LOW ALTITUDE BOMBING TRAJE(:TORIES
LEVEL, •DIVE, AND CLIMB BOMBING
1. DIVE BOMBING TRAJECTORIES. 2. BOMBING FROM LEVEL FLIGHT.
The following chart (Figure 20) gives the The procedure is the same as for dive bombing except that the angle
(a) Angle of Fall of dive is zero. The initial point lies on the' upper edge of the chart,and
(b) Striking Velocity the horizontal component of velocity is then the plane' speed. The .curve of
(c) Time of Flight fall to be used is that at the extreme right.' The time of flight is read from
of a bomb dropped from a dive. The chart isbased on v,a~uum trajectories, the figures along this curove.
and neglects air resistance. It will be accurate for low altitude release, and
more accurate for heavy than light bombs. 1 . 3. BOMBING FROM A. CLIMB. .
Enter the chart with The graph may also be used for bombing from a climb. It is necessary
(1) The plane speed to enter the chart with" the angle of climb, plane speed, and altitude of
(2) Altitude of release release, as is the case for dive bombing. The trajectory of the bomb, when
(3) Angle of dive . ' ..' released from· a climb, can be .considered to 'consist of two. parts; first,. a
At the top the plane speed must be entered in miles per hour or feet per climb over the apex and descent to the same altitude as the point of release,
second. The circles are those of the plane speed shown at the top. On the and then the faU from the altitude of release. At the' end of the first portion,
circle of correct plane speed, at the angle of dive, is the initial/point. Verti wlien the bomb has returned to the release altitude, it is moving with the
cally above and below this initial point are i.dentica;l horizoIl;tal scal~s giving release velocity, and with an angle of faU equal to the original angle of
the horizontal component of the bomb velOCity, which remams constant. At climb. From then on. the trajectory is the same as if.released from a' dive
the left, on the level of the initial point, the scale gives the initial vertical with the same plane 'speed as. the actual' plane speed, same altitude of release
component of the bomb velocity.. as the actual, but with angle of dive equal to the actual angle of climb. The final
Use the curve'of fallon the right, starting at the initial vertical component striking velocity and angle offall of the bomb is the same as for the correspond
(the level ofthe initial point) and follow do~il the curve as far as the altitude ing dive, but the time of flight is longer by the time required to climb over
of release, shown at the top. The level of thiS curve, read on the extreme left, and down from the apex in the ip.itial part of the bomb trajectory. This latter
is the final vertical component. of bomb velocity.· The point on this level time is just twice the time which would have been required to attain the
directly.under the initial point.is the final point. The circle on which this initial vertical component of· velocity of the bomp if it had been dropped
point lies gives the striking velocity. The angle of this point is the angle offall. from level flight. These'times are marked on the curve on the extreme right.
The time of fall is given in the lower right corner as the number of seconds. The directions for obtaining data for climb bombing are then as follows:
The correct time is that. corresponding to the straight slanting line (scaled (1) Use actual plane speed.
1 to 12 seconds) intersecting the curve of fall at the correct altitude of release. (2) Use actual altitude- of release.
The range is the time of flight multiplied by the horizontal component of (3) Use angle of dive equal to the actual angle of climb.
velocity. . (a) Read the angle of fall as usual for the case of dive.
For ease in using this chart, Figure 19 gives the location of each of the (b) Read the striking velocity' of the bomb as usual for the case
above italics terms. of dive.
Example of Bombing from a Dive: (c) Obtain the time of flight by adding the time taken from the
A bomb released at 4,000 feet altitude from a plane diving at 60 degrees case of dive to the time required by the bomb to go over the
and 350 miles per hour, will fall atan angle of 69 degrees and with a striking apex. To obtain the latter time proceed as follows: Use the
velocity. of 7.20. feet per second. Its range will be 255 feet per second x initial vertical velocity from the dive and follow at this level
7 seconds = 1,800 feet. along the chart to the curve on the extreme right. Take the ,
number of seconds marked on that curve at this velocity, and
IForlevel bombing at 300 miles per hour from 4,000 feet the values multiply by two. .' .
obtained from the chart are in error as follows: . (d) The range will be, as always, the·true time of flight times the
Angle of fall 4 degrees too low initial horizontal component of the plane speed.
100 pound GP bomb {Striking velocity 17 p.er.cent too high Example of Bombing from a Climb:
Range 9 percent too long A bomb released at 3,000 feet altitude from a plane' climbing at 20 degrees
Angle of fall 2 degrees too low and 310 miles per hour, will fall at an angle of 47 degrees and with a striking
1,600 pound AP bomb {Striking velocity 5. percent too high velocity of 625 feet per second. Its range will be 420 feet per second x 19.8
Range 2 percent too long seconds = 8,316 feet. Time of flight was 10 seconds + 2 x 4.7 seconds
The errors for Give bombing trajectories from the same altitude .aire less. = 19.8 seconds.
Page 62
PLA~E SPEED AND STRIKING V~.'-OCITY __ .f/~_

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
. I
...-.---:..:A=.LT:...:,.l"rU::.=D:..=E----=..:OF:.....=BQMB RELEA~E IN FEET ...:
m
-l :i
<t 0
o m
f= LL
0::: 0
~ >
.... -1m
-I <3 <t:i
<t 0 00
Z -I m
U. LLJ .... u.
> ffio
>:>
Z I
o
Z 0
-I
~~
HORIZ ONTAL SPEED

BOTH PLANE AND BOMB
TIME OF FLIGHT
FIGURE 19
Page 63
LOW ALTITUDE TRAJECTORY

PLANE SPEED f /s
I
,lqO I 2~0 I 3cPo I 4~0 I
5~0 . mph I
ALTITUDE OF RELEASE FT
, I~)o' 2(~0 3~>b 400

500 6(0 1~ 0 6< 0 f/s 100< 000 3000 4000
5000 6 0 o
o ..
,I SECOND,.
,'r -,
2'
100
iOo 3
'"'CJ
;::c
4
m
'"'CJ
5~ »
;::c
-, m
200
6
,0
<00 ~7'
tp ,
~8
-<
~IO'
~ 0;::c
.... 300
0
JO o .. Z
> II,
»
t
0400
o
,
tit 12
Z
()
m
-J
1LI
>
-
9
00
" II
-
0
m
'"'CJ
-t
~Oo
.
..J 500
«
(.)
t
o: ~
~ 600
0
~
Q'
0
C1J
CD
00
q
700
I2
I I
Io
800
s
- .
8
900
100 200 300 400 . 500 600 700 800 234 5
6 7
HORIZONTAL VELOCITY f/s TIME OF FLIGHT SEC
FIGURE 20
Page 64
Volume III Part 8
SHELL ,FRAGMENT DAMAGE
(THIS PART SUPERSEDES VOLUME II PART 3, PAGES 126 TO 139. PAGES 140 TO 173 ARE NOT SUPERSEDED.)
1.TABLES OF FRAGMENT DAMAGE. from that with Y8 inch perforation to % inch perforation of mild steel.
These tables give the number B of effective hits per square foot of target Damage in which there are perforations of >i inch or ~ inch mild steel is
area at a giv,en distance r feet from theburst. The numbers B are averages effecti;ve against truck~, light armored vehicles, railway rolling stock, and
for different directions from the burst. They are properly applied onI y to a targets of similar resistant nature.
considerable number of bursts with random orientation of the projectile
4. SAFETY LIMITS.
axis relative to the target. The fragment damage tables are useful in determining, the distance from
2. DAMAGE PATTERNS.
a, burst at which a soldier stands a given chance of being, wounded by a
fragment. Su;ppose, for example, that a soldier is required to take a 1-1,000
As distinguished from damage tables, the damage :patterns represent chap.ce of being wounded by a fragment from the 105mm HE Shell, Ml.
typical individual cases and vary with the remaining velocity of the shell Suppose that the soldier is in open terrain in such a position that f.5 square
or rocket, the angle of fall, and the height of burst. Both damage tables feet of his body are exposed to fragments coming directly from the shell.
and damage patterns presuppose a graze or air burst with no shielding of Accordingly, the number of casualty producing fragments per square foot
target. The user of the data given here must make due allowance for target to which the soldier is exposed is 1/1,000 x 1/2.5 = 0.0004 and by Table 48
shielding and the penetration of the shell,or rocket, into the ground before this fragment density occurs at 300 feet from the shell. Thus on the average
burst. The amount of this 'penetration will depend upon the remaining the soldier should not be much I\earer than 300 feet from the shell.
velocity, the angle of fall of the shell or rocket, the nature, of the soil, and If account is to be taken of the most dangerous directions from the
the shell or rocket and, the fuze. In the fragment damage patterns, shadings shell, the average densities B of effectiv~ fragments as given in the tables
of different types indicate regions of decreasing density of hits. The regions should be multiplied by a factor of about six and then used as in the above
distinguished are those where there is at least 'one hit per 1, 4, 10, or 25 example. In the case of a man in an airplane wearing standard flyer's body
square feet of area. These units of area are understood as normal to the armor, a fragment capable of piercing the plane fuselage, the body 'armor,
fragment trajectories. Unshaded regions entering near the burst do not indicate and then wounding a man, would be capable of perforating approximately
that there are no effective hits in these regions, but merely that the density of 7B inch mild steel. Safety limits relative to hits of this type may be fOl1nd
effective hits is less than that belonging to the nearest shaded area. by using the tables for perforations of Y8 inch mild steel in the manner
The white centers of the Fragment patterns are used to indicate the origin of indicated in the above example.
the polar system above which the missile bursts. In general, these areas suFFer
the highest type of Fragment damage as well as blast damage. GROUND BURSTS
This part of Volume III contains damage patterns only for the 4.5 inch 5. THE CHOICE OF SHELL.
HE Rocket Shell, T22. The damage patterns for various other shell are Ground bursts are recommended in all cases" where' the targets are, rela
contained in Volume II Part 3, pages 140 to 173. tively unshielded. This will Include'most cases of materiel targets, 'and of
personnel other than those in foxholes or prone on rough. terrain. In the
3. TYPES OF DAMAGE. case of materiel targets, the artilleryman should first decide upon the type
The types of damage considered are casualties,' and normal perforations of perforation necessary, to effectively damage his target. Given the type
of mild steel of Y8 inch, 7.i inch, and ~ inch thickness. A casualty is sup of perforation and the range; the shell, propelling charge and elevation
posed caused by a hit with at least 58 foot-pounds of energy. It is incapa~ita must be chosen. One of the factors bearing on this choice will be a knowledge
tion and not necessarily death. Damage occasioned by perforation of Y8 inch of the minimum number of shell per unit area required to do the predeter
mild steel is considered effective against airplanes on the ground. In anti mined fragment damage. This can be obtained from Figures 25 to 49.
aircraft fire against modern bombers, the most effective damage varies Example. Suppose an area target given at 10,000 yards range using the
155mm Howitzer M1 and that effective damage of the target requires
lIncluding the 4.5 inch HE Rocket Shell,T22. fragments which will perforate 7.i inch mild steel. Figure 43 shows that
Page 65
the minimum number of .shell for this range is required if Charge 5 and high If the percent of target elements which·it is desired to effectively damage
angle ~re are used. is not 50 percent, it is sufficient to multiply the shell density given in the
figures by afactor F given in Table 70 to obtain the correct shell density D.
6. THE REQUIRED SHELL DENSITY. Shielding. The shell densities D are calculated for flat unshielded terrain
and, in the case of personnel, for men who are standing. For prone men
Let a target area be given in terms of square units of area 100' feet x 100 or for terrain which is rolling or shielded, the shell densities should be
feet (i.e. multiples of the 100 feet x 100 feet area). Let it be required to multiplied by appropriate factors. Estimates for some of the more im
wound 50 percent of the enemy personnel (4.5 square feet of area) on the portant cases are given following Table 70.
given area or to damage 50 percent of materiel target elements (2 square Blast. Blast is effective against personnel in' the open for relatively small
feet' of area) vulnerable to fragments of a given perforative. type. ·The distances, in every case for distances considerably less than those at 'which
number D of shells of a given type required per unit of area (100 feet x 100 a casualty is. certain to be caused by fragments.
feet) is given by Figures 25 to 49 against range and charge. .Example. 'Let the target area be 500 feet' x 1,000 feet and at 5,000 yards
To obtain the desired fragment effect, it is necessary to distribute shell and suppose it is desired to wound 60 percent of the enemy personnel on
over an ~rea somewhat larger than the given target area. The fringe of the area using the 105mm HE Shell, Ml and Charge 4, high angle fir~~
additional area around the given target area has a width W· indicated on Suppose that the terrain is flat and unshielded.
each graph. This enlarged area should receive D shell per unit of area. Solution. The width W of the additional fringe of area is 58 feet according
Unless the edge of the target area is very well defined and of marked im /to Figure 38. The enlarged target dimensions are 616 feet x 1,116 feet.
portance it will usually be more profitable to confine the D shell per unit Thus the enlarged area contains 69 units of area. For each' of these units~
area to the given'target area A rather than use the enlarged area. In such . 0.58 shell are required· in accordance with Figure. 38.. When the percent of
cases points within A at a distance at least W from the edge of A will ~eceive . wounded is to be 60 instead of. 50, a multiplicative factor of 1.32 is called
the desired' fragment effect. The calculations are based on a. random dis for as given in Table 70. Thus the number of shell which should be dis
tribution of shell over the enlarged area with an expected shell density D. tributed over the enlargedarea is 69 x 0.58x 1.32 = 53.
The manner of achieving this shell distribution will depend on the burst
dispersion and type of fire. AIR BURSTS
. In the case of enemy materiel, each target is supposed divided into a 7. TYPES OF SHIELDING. .
number of elements each 2 square feet in area and vulnerable to a hit of a Air bursts are recommended against men in foxholes or open trenches
given perforative type, i.e., ~ inch, 74: inch, or ~ inch perforations of mild arid against personnel shielded by rough terrain. The type of shielding
steel. The figures give the number D of shell per unit area required to ef labelled "100 foxholes" is believed to' be that .most commonly encountered
fectively damage 50 percent pf these target elements. For example, an and will correspond to the shielding afforded men in foxholes when the'
eRemy vehicle may present eight of these target. elements vulnerable to men are somewhat below the level of the ground, or to the shielding afforded
hits capable of perforating ~ inch mild steel. If the shell density is taken prone term by rough terrain. The term "io o foxhole" aros~ from its definition,
from Figures 25 to 49 for ~ inch perforations, four of .these eight target' as a foxhole in which an occupant will on the average be unh~rmed 'by
elements may be expected to be effectively damaged.' As in the case of fragments with an angle of fall less than 10 degrees. (See sk~tch on page 67.)
casualties, the distribution of shell with the density D must be made over Hastily dug in positions on level ground will correspond to "00 foxholes,".
an area somewhat larger than the given target area. The width W of this as will trenches in which the heads of men are even with the ground. Men
additional fringe of area is indicated on the figure. in "300 foxholes" are relatively safe from attack by high explosive shell~
Page 66
0
. even by air burst fire. In general, Figures 50 to 56 are drawn for "10 fox on the figure. It is assumed that the mean height of burst has been adjusted
holes." In the case of "00 and 300 foxholes," figures are given for the 105mm in accordance with Rule A.
Howitzer only, and will serve as a guide for other guns and shell. As in the case of ground bursts, it is necessary 'to distribute D bursts
per unit area not only over the given target area but also over a som~what
larger area..To this end Rule B may be used.
8. THE CHOICE OF SHELL.
Given the range, Figures 50 to 56 will show which weapon and which RULE B
charge will obtain a 50% casualty effect with the minimum number of THE WIDTHW (FEET) OF THE ADDITIONAL FRINGE OF AREA IS VERY
bursts per unit area.· With the range, gun, shell and propelling charge APPROXIMATELY EQUAL2TO THE MEAN HEIGHT H OF BURST,AS
determined, the artilleryman can use the firing tables to obtain the probable PRESCRIBED BY RULE A, PLUS 10 FEET.
error in the height of burst. This will be needed in Rule A which follows. If the percent casualties desired is p and not 50 percent it is sufficient
Height of burst. For the shells considered, the optimum height of burst as in the case of ground bursts to multiply the shell density D given by
against shielded personnel is for the most part between 25· and 50 feet. the graphs by the factor F written below p in Table 70.
This optimum is' for a controlled height of burst without dispersion in Example. Given an area target 100 feet x 500 feet, consisting of men
height. In actual practice the height of burst of. a shell in time fire suffers in "100 foxholes," let it be required to wound 20 percent of the enemy
considerable dispersion and the best mean height of burst is generally higher personnel in the area using the 105mm Howitzer, M2A1 and Shell H.E.,
than the best controlled height. The following practical rule assures fragment Ml. ~uppose the range is 5,000 yards.
damage near the optimum against enemy personnel in medium foxholes. Solution. For a range of 5,000 yards and for Charge 7, the firing table
gives a probable errorin the height,of burst of 1 mil or 15 feet. Following
RULE A Rule A, adjust the mean height H of burst to a value which is twice the
ADJUST THE MEAN HEIGHT H OF BURST'TO·A VALUE WHICH IS TWICE probable error in the height of burst as listed in the firing tables, restricting.
THE PROBABLE ERROR IN THE HEIGHT OF BURST AS LISTED IN THE H, however, to values between 30 feet and 120 feet. This gives' H = 30
FIRING TABLES, RESTRICTING H, HOWEVER, TO VALUES BETWEEN 30
FEET AND 120 FEET.
feet. According to Rule B, the width of additional fringe required is 30 + 10
= 40 feet so that the total area to be covered is 180 feet x 580 feet or 11
,. THE REQUIRED SHELL DENSITY. units (100 feet x 100 feet). Figure 54 shows that 7.5 shells are required
per unit area so that 7.5 x 11= 82.5 shells must be distributed over the
As in the case of ground bursts, the target area is given in terms of units enlarged area to obtain 50 percent casualties. To obtain 20 percent casualties,
of area (100 feet x 100 feet): Once the range, weapon and ·charge have 'it appears from Table 70 that 82.5 x 0.322 = 27 shells should be distributed.
been chosen, Figures 50 to 56 give. the number D of air bursts. per unit
of area required to cause 50% casualties with the type of shielding indicated 2Except in the case of the 155mm Howitzer in which case take W=2H.
PATH OF FRAGMENT
=~-~~ -
--- --=-~ -
=--
- '=--- -=- . -
..--
~
~.::--
- -
11 00 FOXHOLE II
--
-:....
- .~-
=.-=:..-
--~---..:.--
- -
~~...::----
- - - -
::::- -
- ~-
II 100 FOXHOLE II
=..---- - - =
,. ' --
- - - -- -
--tr~~~1~
--~ ~ -
"300 FOXHOLE II
Page. 68
HAND GRENADE, Mk. II

TNT Loading
TABLE 34 TABLE 35
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Vg IN. MILD STEEL

Average
effective Fragm'ent Distance effective Fragment
Distance Total. number number of Total number number of
From burst of effective effective Frag Weight Velocity From burst of effective effective Frag Weight Velocity
(Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (oz) , (F/s) (Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (oz) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
10 312 0.217 0.011 2,330 10 86 0.0686 0.041 2,550

20, 254 0.0505 0.015 1,990 20 43 0.0086 0.057 2,270
30 188 0.0166 0.022 1,640 30 22 0.0020 0.075 2,080
40· 147 0.0073 0.028 1,460 40 11 0.0005 0.095 1,920
50 111 0.0035 0.035 1,310 50 7 0.0002 0.120 1,810
60 86 0.0019 0.041 1,210 60 4 0.0001 0·147 1,710
70 64 0.0010 0.048 1,120 70 3 0.0001 0.176 .1,610
80 47 0.0006 0.055 1,040
100 30 0.0002 0.067 943
120 19 0.0001 0.079 870
140 13 0.0001 0.089 817
PIp.
20 mm HE SHELL, T16 2Q mm HEI SHELL, M97 (T23)

INITIAL fRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,160 F/S INITIAL FRAGMENT. VELOCITY 1,960 F/S
TABLE 36 TABLE 37
CASUALTIES CASUALTIES
Average For the lightest. Average For the lightest

number of effective fragment number of effective fragment
Distance Total number Distance Total number
from. burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments ments per sq ft (ox) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments per sq ft (ox) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
10 38 0.0304 0.018 1,820 10 30 0.0239 0.024 1,.570

20 27 0.0054 0.025 1,540 20 21 0.0042 0.033 1,340
30 18 0.0016 0.033 1,340 30 15 0.0013 0.042 1;190
40 12 0.0006 0:040 1,220 40 1t 0.0005 0.050 1,090
50 7 0.0002 0.050 1,090 50 10 0.0003 0.057 1,020
60 6 0.0001 0.056 1,030 60 9 0.0002 0.063 972
70 5 0.0001 0.062 980 70 8 0.0001 0.069 . 929
80 5 0.0001 0.068 935 80 7 / 0.0001 . 0.075 891
>
Page 70
7S mm HE SHELL, M48
TABLE 38 TABLE 39
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Ya IN. MILD STEEL

Average Av~rage
from burst of effective effective frag ; Weight Velocity from .burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments mentsper sq ft (ox) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments per sq Ft (ox) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m if
20 1,070 0.213 0.014 2,060 20 534 0.106 0.049 2,390

30 920 0.0809 0.018 1,820 30 I
442 0.0391 0.065 2,180
40 750 0.0375 0.024 1,570 40 386 0.0192 0.082 2,010
60 640 0.0141 0.037 1,270 60 300 0.0066 0.127 1,790
80 510 0.0064 0.051 1,080 80 242 6.0030 0.185 1,580
100 450 0.0036 0.063 972 100 197 0.0016 0.253 1,430
150 370 0.0013 0.090 813 130 132 0.0006 0.375 1,270
200 320 0.0006 0.116 716 160 86 0.0003 0.508 1,160
300 250 0.0002 0.173 587 190 57 0.0001 0.655 1,080
400 200 0.0001 0.244 494 225 39 0.0001 0.820 1,020
Page 71
3 in. HE SHELL,M42Al
TABLE 40 TABLE 41
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Va'IN. MILDSTJEL

Distance Total number number of effective Fragment Distance Total' number number of effective fragment
from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag-' Weight Velocity
(Ft) fragments ments per sq ft (0%) (F/s) (Ft) fragments ments per sq ft (0%) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 547 0.109 0.026 1,510 20 284 0.0565 0.106 1,860

30 498 0.0440 0.033 1,340 30 242 0.0~14 0.139 1,740
40 465 0.0231 - 0.040 1,220 40 205 0.0102 0.177 1,600
60 409 0.0090 0.055 1,040 60 151 0.0033 0.270 1,400
80 370, 0.0046 :
0.067 943 80 113 0.0014 0.375 1,270
100 331 0.0026 0.080 ' Q62 100 90 0.0007 0.480 1,180
150 282 0.0010 0.108 742 130 64 0.0003 '0.648 1,080
200 244 0.0005 0.137 660 160 43 0.0001 0.825 1,020
300 191 0.0002 0.197 549 190 28 0.0001 1.01' 963
400 149 0.0001 0.21'5 466
Page 72
81 mm HE SHELL, M43Al
INITIAL FRAGMENT'VELOCITY 3,930 F/S
TABLE 42 TABLE 43
(:ASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Ys IN. MILD STEEL
For the lightest Average For the lightest
Average
effective Fragment Distance Total number eFFective Fragment
Distance Total number number of number of
From burst of eFFective eFFective Frag Weight Velocity From burst of eFFective eFFective Frag Weight Velocity
1Ft) Fragments ments. per sq Ft (ox) (F/s) (Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (ox) (Fjs)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 818 0.163 0.009 2,570 20 541 0.108 0.027 2,970

30 695 0.0615 0.014 2,060 30 473 0.0418 ·0.036 2,670
50 645 0.0321 0.017 1,870 40 407 0.0202 0.047 2,430
- .
60 541 0.0120 0.027 1,480 60 282 0.0062 0.073 2,090
80 459 0.0057 0.038 .1,250 80 164 0.0020 0.105 1,870
100 384 0.0031 0.051 1,080 100 88 0.0007 0.146 1,720
150 267 0.0009 0.077 880 120 58 0.0003 0.197 1,530
200 169 0.0003 0.104 758 140 40 0.0002 0.258 1,420
300 76 0.0001
-
0.159 611 180 23 0.0001 0.399 1,240
Page 73
81 111m HE SHELL,· MS6

TABLE 44 TABLE 45
CASUALTIES PERFORATIONOF1jg IN. MILD STEEL
Average For the lightest
Average' For the lightest
Distance Total number number of eFfective Fragment.
Distance Total number number of eFfective Fragment
From burst of eFfective eFfective Frag Weight Velocity From burst of eFfective eFfective Frag Weight' Velocity
(Ft) Fragments mentsper sq Ft -(oz) (F/s) (ft) Fragments mentsper sq Ft (oz) (F/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 2,580 0.513 0.004 3,860 20 1 j040 . 0.208 0.012 4,060

30 2,060 0.182 ·0.006 3,150 30 762 0.0674 0.017 3,580
40 1,680 0.0836 0.008 2,720 40 583 0.0290 0.022 3,200
60 906 0.0200 0.014 2,060 60 314 0.0069 0.035 2,700
80 614 0.0076 0.021 1,680 80 193 0.0024 0.051 2,360
,100 412 0.0033 0.029 1,430 100 130 O.OOto 0.071 2,110
150 170 0.0006 0.056 1,030 120 76 0.0004 0.097 1,900
200 112 0.0002 0.080 862 140 63 0.0003 0.128 1,780
300 63 0.0001 0.128 682 170 40 0.0001 0.188 1,560 i
Page 74
90 mill HE SHELL, M71

TABLE 46 TABLE 47
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF % IN. MILD ·STEEL
. Average
Distance Total number number of effective fragment effective fragment
Distance Total number number of
. from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(Ft) fragments ments per sq ft (ox) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments persq ft (ox) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 668 0.133 0.015 1,990 20 424 0.0844 0.057 2,270

J
30 594 0.0525 0.022 1,640 30 . 380 0.0336 0.075 2,080

40 547 0.0272 0.028 1,460 40 345 0.0172 0.095 1,920
60 474 0.0105 0.041 1,210 60 288 0.0064 0.147 1,710
80 427 0.0053 0.055 1,040 80 243 0.0030 0.210 1,500
100 398 0.0032 0.067 943 100 222 0.0018 0.287 1,370
150 347 0.0012 0.094 796 120 203 0.0011 0.377 1,260
200 319 0.0006 0.120 705 150 163 0.0006 0.519 1,150
300 264 0.0002 0.180 575 200 113 0.0002 0.772 1,040
500 208 0.0001 0.340 418 275 59 0.0001 1.16 935
Page 75
105 mmHE SHELL,' Ml

INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,500.F/S
TABLE 48 TABLE 49
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF l/S IN. MILD STEEL
Average For the lightest· . Average For the lightest

Total number number of effective Fragment effective Fragment
Distance Distance
·Total number
number of
From burst of effective effective Frag Weight Velocity From burst
of effective
effective Frag Weight Velocity
(Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (0%) (F/s) (Ft)
Fragments
ments persq Ft (0%) (F/s)
r N B m v r
N B /
m v
20 1,160 0.231 0.010 2,440 20

975 0.194 0.035 2,700
30 1,115 0.0986 0.014 2,060 30
923 0.0816 0.047 2,430
40 1,072 . 0.0533 0.019 1,770 40
853 '. 0.0424 0.061 2,220
60 996 0.0220 0.030 1,410 60
700 0.0155 . 0.095 1,920
80 932 0.0116 0.043 1,180 80
570 0.0071 0.137 1,750
100 875 0.0070 0.055 1,040 100
470 0.0037 0.192 1,550
150 745 0.0026 0.083 846 120
403 0.0022 0.255 1,420
200 .. 642 0.0013 0.109 738 140
341 0.0014 0.326 1,320
300 513 0.0004 0.166 598 170
262 0.0007 0.448 1,200 .
400 433 0.0002 0.232 507 200
210 0.0004 0.580 1,120
500 358 0.0001 0.312 438 300 .
88 0.0001 1.05 9.55
Page 76
105 mmHESHELL, M38Al

TABLE 50 TABLE 51
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF VS IN. MILD STEEL
Average For the lightest Average For the lig<htest

effective fragment ~ effective fragment
Distance Total number number of Distance Total number number of
from burst of effective effective <frag Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments ments persq ft (oz) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments per sq ft (oz) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,120 0.222 0.012 2,230 20 751 0.149 0.043 2,510

30 1,090 0.0967 0.017 1,870 30 707 0.0625<' 0.053 2,330
40 917 0.0456 0.023 1,620 40 652 0.0324 0.069 2,130
60 807 0.0178 0.034 1,320 60 538 0.0119 0.107 1,860
80 735 0.0091 0.047 1,130 80 448 0.0056 0.15-9 1,670
100 680 0.0054 0.060 1,000 100 372 0.0030 0.222 1,480
150 592 0.0021 0.088 822 120 326 0.0018 0.290 1,360
200 529 0.0011 0.112 729 140 282 0.0011 0.367 1,280
300 431 0.0004 0.170 592 170 223 0.0006 0.495 1,170
400 360 0.0002 0.237 501 200 175 0.0003 0.632 1,090
600 256 0.0001 <0~412 380 300 85 0.0001 1.13 940
Page 77
4.5 in~ HE SHELL, M65

TABLE 52 TABLE 53
CASUALTIES PERFQRATION OF Ys IN. MILD STEEL
For the lightest Average For the lightest

Total number Average
Distance effective fragment Distance Total number effective Fragment.
number of number of
from burst of effective From burst of effective
effective Frag Weight Velocity effective Frag Weight Velocity
(ft) Fragments (Ft) fragments
ments' per sq Ft (oz) (f/s) ments per sq Ft (oz) (F/s)
I
.r N B m v r N B m v.
-
20 1,310 0.261 0.017 1,870· 20 993 0.198 O.0~1 2,220
30 1,220 0.108 - 0.023 1,620 30 940 0.0831 0.079 2,040
-
40 1,180 ·0.0588 0.028 1,460 40 864 0.0430 0.100 1,890
60 1,080 0.0240 0.043 1,180 60 735 0.0162 .0.153 1,690
80 1,030 0.0128 0.057 1,020 80 606 0;0075 0.222 1,480
100 966 0.0077 0.069 928 100 515 0.0041 0.303 1,340
150 879 0.0031 0.095 792 120 443 0.0024 0.400 1,240
200 802 0.0016 0.122 ~98 140 399 0.0016 0.493 1,170
300 661 0.0006 0.183 570 170 337 0.0009 0.642 1,090
500 482 0.0002 0.342 417 200 282 0.0006 0.802 1,020
700 371 0.0001 0.550 329 300 155 0.0001 1.36 896
Page 78
120 mm HE SHELL, M73

TABLE 54 TABLE 55
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF % IN. M~LD STEEL
Average Average
Distance Total number effective fragment Distance Total number effective fragment
number of number of
from burst of effective from burst of effective
effective frag . Weight Velocity effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments (ft) fragments
ments per sq ft (o~) (f/s) ments per sq ft (0%) (F/s)
r N B m v. r. N B m
- v
;
20 484 ·0.0963 0.022 1,640 20 376 0.0748 0.089 1,960

30 467 0.0413 0.028 1,460 30 350 0.0309 0.117 1,820
40 458 0.0228 0.036 1,280 40 319 0.0159 0.149 1,710
60 435 0.0096 0~051 1,080 60 278 0.0061 0.230 1,470
80 413 0.0051 0.065 958 80 246 0.0031 0.333 1,310
100 398 0.0032 0.077 880 100 228 0.0018 0.427 1,220
150 367 0.0013 0.103 760 120 212 0.0012· 0.531 1,150
200 333 0.0007 0.133 669 140 198 0.0008 0.640 1,090
300 290 0.0003 0.199 547 170 178 0.0005 0.809 1,020
400 263 0.0001 0.275 465 200 160 0.0003 0.987 968
500 239 0.0001 0.366 403 300 118 0.0001 1.58 859
Pagel9
155 mm .HE SHELL, Ml07

'INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,500 F/S
TABLE 56 TABLE 57
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Vg IN. ~ILD STEEL

Average
number of eFFective Fragment eFFective Fragment
Distance Total number Distance Total number number of
From burst of eFFective eFFective Frag-, Weight Velocity from burst of eFFective eFFective Frag Weight Velocity
(Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (oz) (f/s) (ft) frdgments ments per sq ft (oz) (f/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,460 0.291 0.010 2,440 20 1,240 0.247 0.035' 2,700

30 1,400 0.124 0.Q14 2,060 30 1,170 0.104 0.047 2,430
40 1,360 0.0676 0.019 1,770 40 1,100 0;0547 0.061 2,220
60 1,280 0.0283 0.030 1,410 60 945 0.0209 0.095 1,920
80 1,190 0.0148 0.043 1,180 , 80 820 0.0102 0.137 1,750
100 1,130 0.0090 0.055 1,040 ' 100 717 0.0057 0.192 1,550
150 990 0.0034 0.083 846 120 648 0.0036 0.255 1,420
200 900 0.0018 0.109 738 140 592 0.0024 ,0.326 1,320
300 767 0.0007 0.161 598 170 513 0.0014 0.448 1,200
400 669 0.0003 0.233 505 200 440 0.0009 0.580 1,120
600 540 0.0001 0.402 383 300 265 0.0002 1..05 955
400 111 0.0001 1.61 856
Pag~ 80
8 in~ HE. SHELL, M103

TABLE 58 TABLE 59
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF Vs IN. MILD STEEL

Average Average
number of effective Fragment effective Fragment
Distance Total number Distance Total number number of
From burst of effective effective Frag Weight Velocity From burst of effective effective Frag Weight Velocity
(Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (0%) (F/s) (Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (0%) (F/s)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 1,860 0.370 '0.020 1,730 20 1,440 0.286 0.082 2,010

30 1,770 0.156 0.027 1,480 30 1,330 0.118 0.107 ~ 1,860
50 1,680 0.0533 0.040 1,220 40 1,250 0.0622 0.136 1,750
70 1,560 ,0.0253 0.055 1,040 60 1,060 0.0233 0.207 1,510
100 1,470 0.0117 0.074 897 80 922 0.0115 0.293 1,360
150 1,360 0.0048 0.101 768 100 835 0.0066 0.390 1,250
200 1,260 0.0025 0.130 676 150 670 0.0024 0.655 1,080
300 '1,080 0.0010 0.195 553 200 567 0.0011 0.934 983
500 865 0.0003 0.359 407 300 418 0.0004 1.52 867
800 647 0.0001 0.715 289 500 257 0.0001 2.98 733
TABLE 60 TABLE 61
PERFORATION OF 1fiI IN. MILD STEEL PERFORATION OF Y2 IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v r N B m v
I
20 762 0.j52 0.485 2,230 20 245 0.0487 3.27 2,360
30 711 0.0629 0.566 2,110 30 232 0.0205 3.55 2,290
40 670 0.0333 0.655 2,020 40 225 0.0112 3.86 2,230
60 590 0.0130 0.855 1,850 60 188 0.0042 4.53 2,110
80 514 0.0064 1.10 1,710 80 156 0.0019 5.23 2,010
100 447 0.0036 1.37 1,600 100 133 0.0011 5.97 1,930
150 323 0.0011 2~16 1,390 120 119 0.0007 6.81 1,850
200 252 0.0005 ' 3.15 1,240 140 100 0.0004 7.72 1,780
275 179 0.0002 4.70 1,110 170 80 0.0002 , 9.20 1,680
400 106 0.0001 7.45 983 225 40 0.0001 13.3 1,470
Page 81
240 mm HE SHELL, M114

TABLE '62 TABLE 63
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF% IN. MILD STEEL
For the lightest I For the lightest
Average Average
,eFFective Fragment number of eFFective Fragment
Distance Total number number of Distance Total number
From burst of eFFective eFFective Frag Weight Velocity From burst of eFFective eFFective Frag- Weight Velocity
(Ft) Fragments ments per sq Ft (6%) (f/s) (Ft) fragments ments per sq Ft (0%) (F/s)
.
r N B m v r N B m· v
20 4,160 0.825 0.013 2,140 20 3,250 0.647 0.042 2,530

30 4,080 0.360. 0.017 1;870 30 3,070 0.271 0.055 2,300
50 3,660 0.117 0.028 1,460 50 2,720 0.0865 0.087 1,970
70 3,310 0.0538 0.040 1,220 70 2,420 0.0393 0.132 1,110
1,00 3,000 '0.0239 0.060 1,000 100 2,040 0.0162 0.220 1,480
150 . 2,720 0.0096 0.087 827 150 1,670 0.0059 0.412 1,230
250 2,360 0.0030 0.140 652 200 1,360 0.0027 0.639 1,090
400 1,990 0.0010 0.240 498 275 1,010 0.0011 0:980 970
700 1,520 0.0002 0.521 338 400 638 0.0003 1.70 841
1,000 1,050 0.0001 I 0.928
. 253 600 379 . 0.0001 3.05 729
TABLE 64 TABLE 65
PERFORATION OF .1fiI IN. MILD STEEL PERFORATION OFY2 IN. MILD STEEL
r N B m v r N B m v
20 2,000
.
0.399 0.235 2,880
-20 700 0.139 1.54 3,070
30 1,910 0.169 0.276 2,720 30 638 0.0564 1.70 2,980
40 1,820 0.0903 0.325 2,560 40 597 0.0291 1.85 2,880
60 1,640 0.0362 0.436 2,310 60 498 0.0110 2.23 2,700
80 1,460 0.0182 0.560 2,120 80 432 0.0054 2.60 2,550
100 1,280 0.0102 0.700 1,970 100 383 0.0030 3.01 2,420
150 885 0.0031 1.17 1,680 150 333 0.00t2 4.22 2,160
200 622 0;0012 1.75 1,480 200 251 0.0005 5.60 1,970
300 362 0.0003 3.28 1,230 250 165 0.0002 7.27 1,810
500 177 0.0001 7.05 997 300 82 0.0001 9.15 1,680
Page'S2
4.5 in. HE ROCKO SHELL, T22

TNT Loading
NOSE SECTION
INITIA~ FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,500 F/S
TABLE 66 TABLE 67
CASUALTIES PERFORATI'ON OF 'Is IN~ MILD STEEL

number of effective fragment Distance Total number number of effective ,fragment
Distance Totalnumber
from burst of effective effective frClg.. Weight Velocity from burst of effective effective frag;. Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments ments per sq ft (oz) (f/s) (ft) fragments ments per sq ft (oz) (f/s)
~
r N B m v r N B m
- v
20 377 0.228 0.010 2,440 20 179 0.108 0.035 2,700

30 316 0.0850 0.014 2,060 30 143 0.0384 0.047 ,2,430
40 264 0.0400 0.019' 1,770 40 1'12 0.0170 0.061 2,220
60 199 0.0134 0.030 1,410 60 99 0.0066 0.095 1,920
80 152 0.00S7, 0.043 1,180 80 84 0.0032 0.137 1,750
100 125 0.0030 0.055 1,040 100 68 0,0016 0.192 1,550
150 102 0.0011 0.083 ' 846 120 52 0.0009 0.255 1,420
200 93 0.0006 0.109 738 150 36 0.0004 0.365 1,280
300 76 0.0002 0.166 598 200 23 0.0001 0.580 1,120
400 59 0.0001 0.232 507 225 18 0.0001 0.700 1,060
,
Remaining velocity of rocket = 500 fls '
The nose section limits are 0° Qnd 70° from the nose.
PageB3
4.5 in. HE ROCKET SHELL,T22

TNT Loading
SIDEWALL SECTION
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 4,000 F/5
TABLE 68 TABLE 69
CASUALTIES PERFORATION OF % IN. MILD STEEL
Average For the lightest' Average For the lightest

Distance' number·of effective· fragment Distance Total number number of effective fragment
Total number
from burst 'of effective effective frag Weight Veloc:ity From burst of effective effective frag Weight Velocity
(ft) fragments ments per sqft (0%) (Fts) (Ft) fragments ments per sq ft (oz) (Fts)
r N B m v r N B m v
20 868 0.410 ,0.009, 2,570 20 481 0.227 0.026 3,020

30 695 0.146 0.014 2,060 30 390 0.0819 0.035 2,700
40 601 I
0.0710 . 0.018 1,820 40 321 0.0379 0.045 2,470
60 456
0.0240 0.028 1,460 60 236 0.0124 0.071 2,110
80 353
0.0104 0.040 1,220 80 207 0.0061 0.104 1,870
100 289
0.0054 0.052 1,070 100 180 0.0034 0.144 1,720
150 231
0.0019 0.078 873 120 148 0.0020 0.195 1,540
200 207
0.0010 0.104 758 150 102 0.0008 0.290 1,360
300 168
0.0004 0.160 610 200 61 0.0003 0.474 1,190 ,
400 130/ 0.0002 0.223 51'7 250 41 0.0001 0.680 1,070
Remaining velocity of rocket = 500 fls
The sidewall section limits are 70° and 120° from the nose.
Page 84
4.5-IN. HE ROCKEl SHEll, T22
CASUALTIES PERFORATIONS OF V.·IN. MILD STEEL
lIl!BoI-----t--~.!::..--l-90
FIGURE 21 FIGURE 22
GroundS""t
Rocket Horizontal at Rest

Page 85
4.S-IN. HE ROCKET SHEll, T22
CASUALTIES PERFORATIONS OF V.·IN. MILD STEEL
0°· .
90°·1----+----+- 90°1----4-----I----+
FIGURE 23 FIGURE 24
Ground Burst

GROUND BURSTS
SHELL DENSITIES REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE
Figures 25 to 49 give the shell densities D per unit area (100 feet x 100 feet) required to cause damage of the type
specified on the graph. To obtain p percent cas~alties or damage to p percent of the materiel target elements (see
paragraph 6), the values of D obtained from the graphs should be multiplied by the factor F given in the following
table under p.
TABLE ·70
Percent p 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
The factor F 0.,150 0.322 0.516 0.740 1.00 1.32 1.74 2.32 3.32
In case the target area is not flat or is shielded, or the men are not standing, the above values of D should be
multiplied by an appropriate factor. Estimates of this factor are given below for a number of typical cases.
MEN MATERIEL
Factor The Tactical Case Factor The Tactical Case
3 Men prone, Rat terrain, no shielding. 2 Rolling terrain, no shielding.
2 Men standing, rolling terrain, no. shielding. 3 Rolling terrain, rough country.
4 Men prone, rolling terrain, country rields.

Page8T'
ROCKET DENSITY D REQUIRED, IN AREA FIRE

W 15 Ft GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING
REMAINING VELOCITY 500 f/s
ROCKET,
,
HE', 4.5 INCH, .T22
,
Damage Type: VB in. Mild Steel Perforations

Expected Damage Coverage' 50% by Number,
of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft)
.:t
0
4 ~
)(
...:
LL.
0
-0
Ql
0::l
~
Qj
a.
""0
~
'3
0'".
~
Ql
-5i
2 (;
Qj W 25 Ft
- ..0
E
::l
Damage Type Casualties
-z Expected Casualties 50%
II
C'l , by Number, of Enemy Personnel
1.
Angle of Fall deg.
o 15 30 45
W=Width of fringe aropnd target area requiring the burst density D.
FIGURE 2S
~age88
2. 0 H+++++++++t""t-H-iH-H-H-H-+-t-H-'"I-t-H-t++-t-t-t+++t+++-H-H-+-I~t-t-H-"t-"r""1"T""""""""""""""I""'T"T'"T'"""""""""""""""'''''''''1 I~n-r-r-Ir-T""T"T""T"'T'T"T'"T""':""T"T'"T"T'"1"""1M"'T"T""I""T"T'"T".,.,.-r-r.,-,-,
""T""'l""Mr-T""T"T""T"'T'T"T'''''''''''''''..,...,...,..,n-r-r-......,...,..T""T"'":'"T'TT
• , I ' t
SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE E
1.8 SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING : l"ll
r _
u..
0
1.6 ....
....
.. u..
~o
><
1.4
\0
Q)
I
0
:::l .
0'"
III
I-
1.2 i- Q)
Q. . Reduced Charge
'"0
Q)
I-
'5 "Normal Charge .
1.0 ~ g
I-
~
Supercharge
Q) ,
...c.
0.8 ~
III
0
'Damage Type Casualties
I-
Q) Expected Casualties 50%
..0
E by" Number, of Enemy Personnel
0.6 zII
i-
:::l
.
I--
0 Gun, 75 mm, M3
Shell, HE, 75mm, M48
0.4 I
W 37 Ft

Range Yd I "TTlI1 I nTTTI n I I I I I I I I I I I·
o
° 1,000·2,000 3,000 _ 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000
W::;:Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D.
FIGURE 26
7.5.mr===~~~
SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE

SUPERQUICKGROUNDBURsrs NO SHIELDING
6.5
5.
6.0
5.0 -
,u..
0
0
..-
-
,>(
4.5 u..
0
0
..-
(I)
s...
0
4.0 :;)
0'"
III
s...
Reduced Charge
(I)
Q.
, Supercharge
3.5
'""0
(I)
Normal Charge
s...
·5
0'"
(I)'
s...
3.0
....0 Damage Type: VB in. Mild Steel Perforations ,
s...
2.5
(I)
..a Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number,
E
Z
:;)
II
£:)
2.0 Gun, 75 mm, -M3
Shell, HE, 75 mm,M48
1.5 W 20 Ft
1.0
0.5
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT, '
Range Yd
o
° 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,00010,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D.
FIGURE 27
20
19
SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA fiRE
18 " SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING
17
16
15
13 ~
GI
o
12 [
~
a.
""0
.~
11 g.
~
4l Supercharge
10 ~
'0 Reduced Charge
~
Normal Charge
.:0
9 §
Z
II
o
-Damage Type: 1;4 in, Mild Steel Perforations

Expected· Damage Coverag'e 50% by Number,
of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft )
5, Gun, 75 mm, M3
Shell, HE 75 mm, M48
I
W 13 Ft
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT'
Rang~ yd.
o
o 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16.00018.000 20,000
FIGURE 28
3°lllm~=~='~'·~==~=~~:m:s.el]
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING
26
·Gun,90 mm, M1, M1A1, M2" or M3 -+-I"W-f-t-+-++-l-++++I
-H-++-r+++++++-H-+-+++-I-H-H-++f-++-++++-I-++H-t-+-++-l-+-H Shell, HE, 90 mm, M71

W 46 Ft
Normal Charge

Expected Casualties 50%
6 ~y Number, of Enemy Personnel
•r i~:t _ ... . .
2 !"
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT ~

. . . ~
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
FIGURE 29
10.0 . Reduced Charge ;a
Normall:harge 0C1
CD
~
9.5
9.0
Gun, 3!n.,M3, M5 or M7
8.5 Sbell, HE, 3jn., M42Al
W18 Ft
8.0
1.5
7.0
u:
6.5 0
Normal Charge
~
6.0
-
0
~
)(
LI
CD
C
:;)
go
5.5
Gi Gun, 90 min, Ml, MlAl,M2 or M3
a. Shell,H E, 90 mm, M71
-c
~
5.0 '5· W 23 Ft
0-
~.
CD
4.5 ~
0
...CD
..0
E
4.0 Z
:;)
II .
0
3.5
3.0 SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING
Damage Type: Vsin. Mild Steel Perforations
2.5 Expected DamageCoverage 50% by Number,
of Vulnerable Target"Bements (2 Sq Ft)
2.0
1.5
1.0
o. 5~ PREPARED BY OR DNANCE DEPT
o Range Yd
o 2,000 4,000 6,000 - 8,OnO 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
W=Width of fringe around target area requiri~g the burst density D.
FIGURE 30
14
.
Normal Charge :
12
11
....
u..
10 1 8....
><
....
u..
0
9 ....
0
SHELL DENSITYD REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE
CI>
~
0
::::>
0
II)
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING
8 I ~
CI>
0 . . , . .
-0
~ Damage Type: 1;4 in. Mild Steer .perforations
7
::::>
0
CI>
wm:amsm Expected Damage Coverage-50% by Number,
OOmOOOOft of V~!~~~~~~~ !a~~I~t, ,~Ie,ments ,(2, Sq Ft)
~
I
Q;
..c.
II)
., .
I
6 ......
0
~
Gun, 90 mm, Ml, M1Al, M2 or M3
CI>
...a
E
Shell, HE, 90 mrri, M71
::::>
5 Z
II W 16 Ft
£:)
o
i
llllllllll~!!~~PIRiEPiAiRiEDi·IBiYIOIRiDiNIAiNiCiE
o 2,000
Yd '
4,000 . 6,000 8,000
iDiEiPTi,'. 'l
Range
10,000 12,000
14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
FIGURE 31
Page 94 .
I" I I II I'll I •
~
~
. ~.
' - .
~
SHELL DENSITY DREQUIRED IN AREA FIRE

0.9 SUPERQUICK GROUND. BURSTS-NO SHIELDING . ~
0.8
U-
o
-
o
x
0.7 -
~
-...
o
Q)
o
0.6 5
II)
'ea.
u
-0
Q)
0.5 '5
0'"
...
Q).
Normal Charge Supercharge
0.4 1
...o
II)
... r
Q) Gun, 155 mm, Ml, M1A1 or M2
..0
0.3 E
:::)
Shell, HE, 155 mm, M101
Z I I Damage Type Casualties
II
0.2
'0 - - L o w Angle Fire
- -High Angle Fire
1\ I r
by Number, of Enemy Personnel e.a
'W 72 Ft
0.1
rtttm:f:tt=ttmm:t:tttttt PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT

Range Yd I-+++-t-+++++++++-H--++-H-++-I-II--l-. .'
o TTl I I , I ' "
"l
I I
•
. ,., •
o 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000
FIGURE 32
Page 95
III I I I I I

2.25 SUPERQUICKGROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING.
2.00
-
u.
o·
.
-
0
-
><
l75 Supercharge
u.
0 Normal Charge
l50
-
0
CI)
"
0
:::»
0"
II)
"
CI)
0
l25 .-0
CI)
"
·5
0"
CI)
~ "
lOO
CI)
..r::
Gun, 155 mm, M1, M1A1 or M2
'11
II)
.....0
Shell, .HE, 155 mm, M101
0.75 •
"-
CI)
Damage Type: l/S in. Mild Steel Perforations
...a
E
:::».
Z
Low Angle Fire

Expected/ Damage Coverage 50%· by Number, m
II - High Angle Fire . of. Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) ,
0.. 50 0 " • • r.,
W' 34 Ft
0.25
Range Yd
o I
I
I
o 2,000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10;000. '12.000 14,000 16,000 18,00020,000

. I
22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000
FIGURE 33
Page 96
I I

4.0 Supercharge
-
f-
f-LL.
f-O
3~5 ~~
o

LL.
><
Normal Charge
3.0 f-~
Q)
~
o
:>
0
Il)
2.5 - Q;
Q.
\J
Q)
~
·3
2.0 g-
~
..c.
II)
Q)
Gun, 155 mm, M1, M1A1 or M2
1.5 . '0 Shell, HE, 155 mm, M101
~ II II I 1IIIII11
Q)
-01.-.. - - l o w Angle Fire Damage Type: 1/4 in.. Mild Steel Perforations
E I-'
:> . - - High Angle Fire Expected -Damage Coverage 50% by Number,
1.0 z
1/ of Vulnerable Targel Elements (2Sq Ft)
o W 29 Ft
0.5
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT F

Range Yd I I
1 I I
°° 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000
FIGURE 34
Page 97
-
SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA ~IRE ~
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING ~

LL.
o
o
......
o
o
><
LL.
......
Ch 1 Ch 2 ~l-+--I-+- Ch 3 H+I-++++++++++-I+ Ch 4
CI)
..c:
....o
III
s-
CI)
...a
E
~ : Howitzer, 75 mm~ Ml, M1Al, M20r M3 Damage Type Casualties ~
o : Shell, HE, 75 mm, M48 ExpectedCasualties 50%
- I 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I I • II I I I I I I 1
II
- - - l o w Angte Fire.
by Number, of Enemy Personnel
- - -High Angle Fire
,",
I
W 37 Ft
Range Yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT ::

• "'11"'1",.'-'"1"1""""'1-"1"" ",",
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000
FIGURE 35

SHELL DENSITY DREQUIRED IN AREA FIRE ~
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING ,~:
- - l o w Angle Fire
- - - High Angle Fire
,Ch 1 Ch2 Ch 3 Ch 4
...;
a
3 h-5; Q)
~ '0 Damage Type: ~ in. Mild Steel Perforations

p Q) +++++f-+++++++-H-I-+-I-+-l-~I-I-I Expected Damage Coverage 50% by' Number,
:1
_Z
. of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) •••• i
- II
.0
Howitzer, 75 mm, Ml, M1Al, M2 or M3
, S~ell, HE, 75 mm, M48'
111111 "'11
W 20 Ft
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT -
o Range· Yd
° 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000" 9,000 10,000
FIGURE 36
20

SUPERQU'CK GROUND- BURSTS NO SHIELDING
18
17
15 ,
14
. Ch 1 Ch 2· Ch 3 Ch 4
I!:
12 g
...><
u..
11'~
Gl
C :;:)
10' [
. :D
: a.
"'0
Gl
9 ·s
0"
~
Gl
8 -5i
'0
:D
..0
7
z5
II
Q
. Damage Type: % in. Mild Steel Perforations

Expected Damage Coverage 50% by, Number,
Howitzer, 75 mm, Ml, M1Al, M2 or M3 :

Shell, HE, 75 mm. M48
low Angle Fire

- - - - - -High Angle Fire
W==13 Ft
Range Yd
o
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 '5,000 6,000 7,000 8,.000 9,000 10,000
FIGURE 37
Page 100
2 mllf~HO~~i~t'~~~~:~'110~51~~I~~:M~'2~:'M~'2IA~lT~~,~r~M4~.Im:.~.lmml••W*~ifs~H~ELrLnlDE~N~SlrnTY~Dn;REUQmUIDIR"ED;lIWN~A;R~EA~FmIRnE""""""""
Shell, HE, 105mm, Ml SUPfRQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING
I I TTlTl
- - L o w Angle Fire
- - - -High Angle Fire
u:
o
-
o
><
u.
o
-
o
CI>
..c:
CIl
.....
o
~
CI>
..0
E
:::» Ch 1 Ch 2! 'Ch 3' Ch 4 ~4-4-'Ch 5++++-1--1-+1-'
Z Ch 6 Ch 7
II
CI Damage Type Casualties ~ ~
'. Expected Casualties 50%
W 58 Ft by Number, of Enemy Personnel
I
I I I
I I _
1
.-H-++++-t--+++l--l-l-HH-++-H-1 PRE PAR E0 BY ORO NAN CEDE PT :-
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000. 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 . 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000
FIGURE 38
PagelDI
5 p ,
I
SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA .FIRE Low Angle Fire
High Angle Fire
I,
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NOSHIELDING·
4 -
u..
0
-
-
0
""0
-><
u..
0
-CI)
'
0
~
3 0
lI)
'
CI)
a.
-0
CI)
'
'3
0
CI)
'-
Ch 7 :
CI)
2 ...c
lI)
......
0 Ch 1 - Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4: Ch 5 Ch 6
'-
CI)
- -
..0
I E
~
Z
II
0
Damage Type: VB in. Mild Steel Perforations . ~
1-'
I
W 29 Ft
Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number, :
1I11II1I1111111
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT Howitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2A1 or M4

I
Range Yd Shell, HE, 105 mm, M1
1 I ..
°°
I
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000
W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density 0,
FIGURE 39
Page 102
I
I
I I I
I
I I
I
II
II

9
- High Angl~ Fire SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING
Howitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2A1or M4
H++++++-H-+H+-r+++++++-Ht-+++++-+-I

u..
o·
o
Shell, HE, 105 mm, Ml
..

><
7
u..
o
o
..
Q)
6 L
o:;)
0'"
&II
L
Q) Ch 7
5~ Ch 6
Ch 5
.~ t::t:I:l:t:tt:I:lt:t::t:mt:j~ Ch 1 Ch 2 .Ch 3'~ Ch 4
0'"
Q)
L
Q)
....c.
&II
.....o
L
3 Q)
..0
.E
:;)
Z
2 ~
Damage Type: 1;4. in. Mild Steel Perforations ++++++-+-1
Expected Damage Coverage ·50% by Number,

W 19 Ft I
Ra n ge Yd .-1-1r-t-++-11-+-H-1-+ PRE PAR ED BY 0 RDNA N CE DEPT tl:tt1::t:ttt~=t:I
·-+-t-t-H-t-t-t-+-H-· I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1.1 I I I I I I :
o0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000
FIGURE 40
Page 103
1.0
II
- - l o w Angle Fire
- High Angle Fire
0.9
0.8
-
LL
0
0
-
0
x
LL
0.7 ......
0
dl
C
:::l
e
."
0.6 Q;
a.
""0
~
'5
0.5 e-
Ch 1
~
Ch 3
Ch 2 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6
dl
..c
."
Ch 7
0.4 '0
J,;,
dl
..0
E
:::l
0.3 z
II
Cl
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO ·SHIELDING
0.2 :TTTT Damage Type Casualties
Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 or M1A1 Expected Casualties 50%,
Shell, HE, ;155 mm, M107 by Number, of Enemy Personnel
0.1
W 72 Ft 1.1
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000
Range-Yd
FIGURE 41
Page 104
2.50
-------'-low Angle Fire
-- - - - -High Angle Fire
2.25
....
LL.
2.00 0
0
><
....
LL. Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7.
1.75 0
0
...0
Q)
~
1. 50 0
Ill,
:n,
Q.
-0
~,
1.25 '5
0
~
Q;
1. 00 ..r=
III
(;
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING·
...
Q)
0.75
...0,
E
Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 or M1A1
~
Z Shell, HE, 155 mm, M107
II
Q
Damage Type: Vs-in. Mild Steel Perforations

Expected Damage Coverage-50% by Number,
of Vulnerable- Target Elements (2 Sq Ft)
0.25
W=34 Ft
o
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8.000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000
W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst densityD. Range-Yd
FIGURE 42
Page 105
5.0

4.5
4.0
-
u..
0
0
-
><
u..
0
3.5 0
Q)
0
:::)
C'"
III
3.0 Q) Ch 6 Ch 7
a. , Ch·' Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Cn 5
. "1J
~
·5
2.5 0
~
4i
--;c
III
2.0 '0
...
Q)
...c
1.5
:::)
z' Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 or M1A1 Damage Type: Ih-in. Mild Steel Perforations
0
1\
Shell, HE, 155mm, M107 Expected Damage Coverage-50% by Number,
of Vulnerable Target Elements· (2 Sq Ft)
1.0
- - - - - -High Angle Fire
W=29 Ft
0.5
- Range-Yd
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,00n 12,000 13,000 14,000 ·15,000 16,000' 17,000
FIGURE 43
Page 106
SHELL DENSllY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE

1.8 SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING·
r "
. II •
+-I-I-I-~~.+-l- Ch 3 -++-H-H-+++r Ch 4 ++++-H-+-H Ch 5 Ch 6

Expected Casualties 50% .
by Number, of Enemy Personnel'
002
Range Yd I I
I
r-T I I
°o 250 500 ·750 1,000 1,250 \

1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250 3,500 3,750
W=Width of fringe around .target area req~iring the burst density D.
FIGURE 44
7.5.
7.0
_Lll _l. LLLLLI. LI.LLL.LJ.
I
SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE __ ~III
SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIEL~!NG

•
TITTllll I
6.5
Mortar, 81mm, Ml
Shell, ~ E, 8lmm, M43Al
6.0
u:
0
5.5
-
0
><
-
LL.
b
5.0
-
0
(\)
'
0
=> ChO.
0
ell
Ch 1
'
(\) Ch 3
4.5 a. Ch 4
"1J
(\)
Ch 2 Ch 5_
'
.:; Ch 6
0
r (\)
-'
4.0
(\)
..c
ell
.....0
3.5 '- .
(\)
..0
E
=>
z
II
3.0 Cl
- ~
1.5
1.0
Damage Type: Vs in Mild Steel Perforations
Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number,
0.5 W 21 Ft . of Vulnerable Target Elements (2. Sq Ft)
o~
IBBI"I'IIIIIIIB~'~ II~II~II~II~I~~::~~~~II
I PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
o 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000
Range-Yd
W=Width of fringe around target area requiri.ng the burst density D.
FIGURE 4S
17
SUPERQUICKGROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING
Ch 0
16
Mortar, 81 mm, M1.
Ch 1
Shell, HE,81 mm, M43A1
15 . Ch 3
Ch 4
Ch 5
14 Ch 6
13
12 Ch 2
11
10
8 Lt
o
~
><
7 Lt
o
o
Q)
6
o: ;)
CT
III
...
Q)
a.
5e ·5
CT
~
4 Q)
..s::.
III
o
Gi
-0
E
::;)
Z
II
Cl
Damage Type: % in. Mild Steel Perforations

Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number, .
W 11 Ft of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft)
o
o 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000
Range-Yd
FIGURE 46
Page 109
I I,

2.00

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~ II _
~ £:) :
~ - Damage Type Casualties
by Number, of Enemy .Personnel '
-'11111111111111 •
0.25
,PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT:
., __ ,_...-": _,. l ._,_
1
1
Range Yd
o -, I 1111"" I
o 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250 3,500 3,750
FIGURE 47
Page 110
5.0 I
I .- -.-I
.-
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-I
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I
I
SHELL DENSITYD REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE

T
l3fiEmiBEmmiEmfimimEEEm3
•
4.0 u: Mortar, 81 mm, M1
o

o
'Shell, HE, 81 mm,M56
3.5
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Damage Type: VB in. Mild Steel Perforations
0.5 Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number,
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPt of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft)
I I
.- I.
I
o I I I111 I I I I
•-.
o 250 500 750 1,000 1~250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250 3,500 3,750
, Range-Yd
FIGURE 48 .
Page 111
9
Ch 1
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o
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o
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3 E
Z ++++-+-t-++-t-H-t SHELL .DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE
~ S~~Q~~GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING~~~~~~~~~~~
2111_~':_~~~
mm, Morta~ 81 Ml ~~~~~~~~D~a~ma~g~e ~Ty~pe~:~~~4~i~n.~M~ild~~St~ee~1 P~e~rfo~ra~ti~on~-
1!!1!lIIIIIiShielil'i '11mimi'iMi561111111~E~xp~ec~te~d~Da;ma~g1e .~co~ve~ra~ge~50~%~b~Y

Elements (2 Sq ~Ft)Nulm~be:H-+++-+-t
~r, ~I
H 81
o 1
o
W 14 Ft
250 500 750 1,000

IE
of Vulnerable Target
1,250 1,500 1,750

Range-Yd
2,000 2,250
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT++++
I
2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250

-r-r-r1'""rl-H-t-H
:H-+++-+-t
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII"IIIIIIIIII~
3,500 3,750
W=Width of fringe around .target area requiring the burst density D.
FIGURE 49
Plge 112
AIR BURSTS
BURST DENSITIES REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE
Figures 50 to 56 give the shell densities D per unit area (100 feet x 100
feet) required to caiuse 50 percent casualties over a given target area. It
is understood that the mean height H of burst has been adjusted to the
value which is twice the probable error in the height of burst as listed in
the firing tables, restricting H, however, to values between 30 feet and
120 feet, and that the width WI of the additionalfringe of area over which
the burst density D is'to be extended equals H +
10. To obtain p percent
casualties the values of Dobtained from the graphs should be multiplied
by the factor F written beneath p in Table 70.
IThe one exception to this evaluat~on of W is in the case of the 155mm Howitzer when W
should be taken as 2H.
III
/:I:l:tt:I::l:tttt::t:I=l SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE

28 AIR BURSTS AT OPTIMUM* MEAN -HEIGHT
26 Gun, 3in., M3, M5 or M7

Shell, HE, 3in., M42A1
11I1111111111111111111111111
Fuze, MT, M43 or Modifications

24
22
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Z
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Cl
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W Mean height of burst plus 10 ft
4 Shielding Equivalent to 10 deg Foxhole

Expected. Casualties .50% by Number
2 of Enemy Personnel.
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT I
*See/Rule A, Introduction.
o
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000
Range-Yd
~f fringe <;lround target area requiring the burst density D. I
-
W.=Width
FIGURE 50 e.."
I
-
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I-
I r l 1"1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
26
24
22

6
Shielding Equivalent to 10 deg' Foxhole
4 W Mean height of burst plus 10 ft Expected· Casualties. 50% by Number .
of Enemy Personnel.
. "
TIIIII III
2 *See Rule A, Introduction.
Range Yd
o
o 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
FIGURE 51
Pall 115
I III I I
I I I I I I
.I LI I
Ch 2
SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE +-H++-I-+-f Ch 1
Ch 3
18 AIR BURSTS-AT OPTIMUM*MEANHEIGHT '
... .'
11111111111111111111111 11111
16 Howitzer, 75 mm, Ml,' M1Al,M2 or M3 '

Shell, HE, 75 mm, M48
_ u.
Fuze, TSO , M54
'14 ·: 0
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~ 0
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I-
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Damage Type 'Casualties

~ E
I- ,::) Expected Casualties 50% by Number
4 ~z
I- II of Enemy Personnel. ~
~o
I-
I
*See Rule A, Introduc,tion..

2 . '. H'·
J , -
W :Mean height of burst plus 10 ft
h 1II111TII"I'IIIIIIII1111111111111111
I Range Yd
'0 I I
o 1.000 tODD 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
W=Widthof fringe around target area req~iring the burst density D.
FIGURE 52
Page 116
18 SHELL DENSITY DREQUIRED IN AREA FIRE

AIR BURSTS AT OPTIMUM*MEAN HEIGHT
16 Howitler,105 mm, M2, M2A1 or M4
o Shell, HE, 105 mm, Ml
o .-rT'".· ,
14 >< Fuze, TSO , M54

+
LL.
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Shielding Equivalent to 0 deg Foxhole Prone Man
Z Damage Type Casualties
4 II
Q
Expected Casualties 50% by Number
of Enemy Personnel.
I 1 I , , I I I I I .,L.L..LLLL..L J__ 1 . Ll__ l 1 loot u~
2 *See Rule A, Introduction.
W Mean height of burst plus 10 ft PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT

; Range Yd,
°o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

W=Width of fringe around target area requiringthe burst density D.
FIGURE 53
Page 117
20 -, , T
. - PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT ,
18
AIR- BURSTS AT OPTIMUM* MEAN HEIGHT
16 Howitzer, 105 min, M2, M2A1 or M4
Shell, HE, 105 mm, Ml
14
-
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I 111111
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II
Cl r T
. Damage Type Casualties
W - IL Mean height of burst plus 10 ft. Expected Casualties 50% _by Number
2 _
- of Enemy Personnel.
*See Rule A, Introduction:
o
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
--_ Range~Yd
FIGURE 54
'age 118

18 ,Ch 2
16 Ch 4
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'41
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ell
SHELL DENSITYD REQUIRED I'N AREA FIRE
'0
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Shielding Equivalent to 30 deg Foxhole
Z
~
Howitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2Al or M4 Damage Type .Casualties

II
0 Shell,H E, 105-mm, Ml Expected Casualties 50% by Number
of Enemy Personnel.
2
Fuze, TSO ,M54 *See Rule A, Introduction.
, W I Mean height of burst plus 10ft.
o
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
Range-Yd
FIGURE 55
30mp~~,~~~m!~~,OO~~=~I'I~'I~I~~,ijl,g.~Chb~711111
26 ~mmt1m! Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 orM1A1

ttj Shell, HE, 155 mm, M107
Fuze, MT, M67 or Modifications
22
20
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2 ~'U'Wtmt:tTWttOttt:sim:ses::Em~es:ans:~he~igtIhtttOttfttbuttrsjjt
~
oomw Expected Casualties 50% by Number
of Enemy Personnel.
*See Rule A, Introductio~.'m
°° 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 1.4,000 16,000 18,000 20,00~
Range-Yd
W=Width of frin'ge around target area requiring the burst density 0,
FIGURE 56
Page 120
Volume III' Part 9
ARTILLERY FIRE AGAINST ARTILLERY MATERIEL
1. GENERAL. 90 percent probability of damaging the target in aimed fire. The figures
For several gun-ammunition combinations, -ranges, and types of fire, for time fire are based on the assumption that the· fuze time is set so that
the following tables give the number of rounds to be fired to obtain a certain the center of burst is at the target. The significance of the numbers listed
degree of destruction of enemy artillery. "under Impact,. Time, Time and Impact is explained in paragraphs 5 and 6.
There is an advantage in total weight of projectiles in using the smallest Firing table probable errors have been assumed, and consequently the
shell which will reach the target, and frequeIl,tly, in time fire, among shell numbers refer to observed fire, well adjusted.
of the same caliber in using that with the highest muzzle velocity.
4. AREA FIRE.
I. THE TARGET.
If only the general location of the enemy pieces is known, the fire must
Th~ target considered is the German 88mm AA gun Flak 18/ or Flak 41. be directed over a general area. The number of rounds required for given
In general the degree of destruction considered is that necessary to prevent probability of damaging one piece known to be in the area is then pro
temporarily the use of the piece as .an anti-aircraft weapon. The most portional to the area over which the fire is· distributed. The probability of
vulnerable "part of a piece is the countp,r recoil mechanism. Perforation of hitting another piece in the area is, of course, the same, so the number of
the counter recoil gas cylinder ii considered as a main cause of damage but rounds required to put out of action half the enemy pieces in the area is
. not the only cause, and this prevents the. use of the piece temporarily. independent of the number of enemy guns in the area.
Somewhat more damage is required to prevent the use of the piece. against The number of rounds per 10,000 square yards of the area over which the
ground targets (for instance, anti-tank use) than for anti-aircraft use, and fire is directed, required to damage half the enemy pieces located in the
for the former ca~e the figures of the tables should be increased about area, is listed in Table 71. The fact that the number of rounds is listed for
20 percent. . . an area of 10,000 square yards (100 yard by 100 yard square) is not to be
The numbers are approximately correct for other arttllery targets. They interpreted as meaning that area fire over such a small area is possible
should be increased by not more than 50 percent for more highly resistant without wasting ammunition outside the area. The numbers listed must
targets, or for the requirement of more serious damage. If the target piece be multiplied by the total area in square yards under fire divided by 10,000.
is of different size than the Flak 18 or Flak 41, the numbers should be Even so, there is a band of area at the edge of the target in which the
altered. For targets of smaller gun area the numbers. should be increased, probability of hitting a target with fragments is lower than 50 percent,
about by the same factor as the area is smaller, except for fire at very being in fact 25 percent at edges away from corners. This could be over..
short ranges. come by increasing the'number of rounds near the edge. Frequently,how..
Effect of the fire against personnel has been neglected. The most common ever, in area fire the concentration of targets is suspected to be gre"ater at
effect of counter battery fire is to prevent manning the guns. For the effect the center of the area, and consequently the effect of a rou:p.d ofa:qlmunition
against personnel see Part 8 of this volume.· In general the best condition is greater here. "
for fire against personnel is. also nearly the best for fire against artillery, The significance of the numbers listed under impact, time, time and
so that tables 71 and 72· indicate the added effect against materiel if anti impact is explained in paragraphs 5 and 6. In the case of time fire the
personnel fire is conducted. . height'of center of burst is taken as onemil for ranges not exceeding 10,000
Table 70 gives the percent of guns damaged when the number of rounds yards, and 30 feet for longer· ranges. This is a simple workable rule giving
differs bya given fraction from that listed in tables 71 and 72. very close to maximum effect of fire against the materiel for the problem
in hand. When the probable error is large a mean height of burst equal. to
I. AIMED FIRE. two probable errors in the height of burst, as given in the firing table, is
If the enemy piece is accurately located, the fire should be directed at preferable for maximum effect against personnel. The tabulated numbers
the piece itself. In Table 72 are given the number of rounds required for are applicable to this case.
Page 121
, I. IMPACT FIRE. ,.fire ,is largely directed against personnel, and when air bursts are employed,
The numbers tabulated opposite Impact in the tables are those caused ,the numbers listed opposite Time and Impact should indicate the damage
by direct hits only. No damage due to blast or fragments from 'near mi~ses done to materiel.
has, been considered, since this depends on the degree of shielding and the In the case of aimed fire (Table 72) except at the longer ranges with the
,way the weapon is emplaced. heavier weapons, the Impact entries ,are lower than those of Time and
These figures are consequently cpnservative, since if no shielding or r~vet. Impact, which means that direct 'hits are more effective than air bursts,
mentsare present there will be considerable damage due to fragments. and PD fuzes, set superquick, are superior to time fuzes if the effect against
materiel alone is desired. '
6. TIME FIRE. The added effect of fragment damage from near miss ground bursts,
The numbers of rounds required for air burst fire are entered opposite w:Q.ich is neglected in all the numbers listed and depends on the revetments
Time and Impact in the tables. present, will be greatest for the PD fuze set superquick, next for the com
The values tabulated opposite Time give the number of rounds required bination time and superquick setting, and absent for time fuzes with no
.when the damage is caused only by fragments arising from air bursts. combination superquick feature.
This is separately listed for purpose of general interest. The ratios of the required numbers of rounds .listed under Impact to
In Table 72, Aimed Fire, the fuze setting is assumed to be such that the those under Time and Impact ar~ therefore:
center of burst occurs at the target. In Table 71, Area Fire, the height of a. Somewhat greater than the ratios of required rounds for actual fire
center of burst is assumed to be one mil for ranges up to 10,000 yards, and with PD fuze (set SQ) as against time fuzes with-both T and SQ.
30 feet for greater ranges. ' b. Considerably greater than the ratios of required rounds for actual
Due to the dispersion in fuze -functioning, half the shell will burst below fire with PD fuze (set SQ) and time fuzes with no' superquick feature.
the center of burst and half above it. In the case of aimed fire, with center c. More nearly correct the greater the shielding due to revetments.
of burst at the target and not above it, the half with delayed functioning
will strike the ground before bursting. In the case of area fire, with higher • .'COMPARISON OF AIMED 'AND, AREA FIRE.
center of burst" there will- still be a considerable number' of shell striking
The numbers listed in Tables 71 and 72 for the same gun ammunition
the ground before bursting. These shell may strike the target and destroy
combination and range are not directly comparable, since they . refer to
it by direct hits. The effect of these hits has been ignored in the line marked
entirely different quantities, those in 72 being number of rounds per enemy
Time. It has been included in the line marked Time and Impact.
piece attacked, and those in 71 number of rounds per 10,000 square yards
The entries under Time and Impact therefore give the combined effect of area fired upon.
air burst and direct hits. However, as in the case of the entry on the line
In general, aimed fire, if the enemy pieces are accurately located, is at'
marked Impact, the effect of fragment damage from near miss ground
least as' good as area fire and, is almost always, better when the same height
bursts, which occur with the shell fuzed combination time and superquick,
of center of burst is used. At great ranges, where dispersion is large, and
is neglected, since' this damage depends greatly on the shielding and type
with very many enemy pieces in a small, area, area fire may be ess~ntially
of revetment. In the case of minimum' shielding the entries are therefore
as good, since the rounds fired at neighboring enemy pieces may, overlap
conservative when the combination time and superquick fuze is used.
due to dispersion. In this case, rounds aimed at one piece may damage its
neighbor. If this situation, of extremely ,high area concentration of enemy'
7. COMPARISON OF GROUND BURST AND AIR BURST.
pieces, holds, then the numbers given ip Table 72 for aimed fire may be
No general statement of the relative effectiveness of ground burst and high (since any given weapon may be" damaged by rounds aimed. at its
air burst fire is possible since this depends entirely on the emplacements. neighbor) and the numbers in Table 71 pertaining to area fire may represent
With no shielding at all by revetments, ground bursts are generally more the true damage figures, even if aimed fire is used. In general, it is 1I10st
effective against materiel and personnel iIi the open but personnel in fox profitable to fire th~ same number of rounds at each enemy piece, all other
hoZes or trenches are to be attacked by air burst fire. Since counter battery factors, being equal.
Page 122
TABLE 71
NUMBER OF ROUNDS REQUIRED AGAINST ENEMY ARTILLERY
FOR 50%· EFFECT FOR 10,000 SQ YD IN AREA FIRE
Muzzle Range (yd)

Velocity
Gun and Am~unition Type of Fire
F/s 2,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Howitzer, 7~mm, 'M1( M1 A 1, M2, M3 Impact 210 680

Shell, HE, M48 1,250 Time 230 700
.
Fuze, TSQ, M54 Time and impact 170 500
Fuze, PO, M48A2
Howitzer, 155mm, M1 Impact 70 260 790 1,400

Shell, HE, M107 1,850 Time 43 67 ,,160 300
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and impact 38 59 150 280
Fuze, PO,M51 A3
Gun, 155mm, M1, M1A1, M2 Impact . 27 92 330 810 1,300 1,700

.Shell, HE, M101 2,800 Time 26 53 92 180 320
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and impact 26 48 83 160 290/
Fuze, PO, M51 A3
Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Impact 1,100 1,400

Shell, HE, M114 2,300 Time 120 160
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and impact 110 150
Fuze, PO, M51 A3
Page·123
TABLE 72
NUMBER OF ROUNDS REQUIRED AGAINST ENEMY ARTILLERY FOR 90% PROBABILITY
OF AT LEAST ONE EFFECTIVE HIT IN AIMED FIRE
MY Range (yd)
Gun and Ammunition Type of fire
f/s 2,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 I 25,000 30,000
Howitzer, 75mm, M1, M1 A 1, M2, M3 Impact 24 460
Shell, HE,M48 1,250 Time 340 1,400
Fuze, TSQ, M54 Time and Impact 43 560
Fuze, PO, M48 and Mod
Gun, 75mm, M1897, M1897A1, M1897.A2,
M1897A3, M1897A4 Impact -
7 120
Shell, HE, M48 1,950 Time 340 790
Gun, 76mm, M1A1,M1AC, M1A2 Impact 6 55 )
_Shell, HE, M42A1 2,700 Time 270 430

Fuze, MT, M43A5 Time and Impact 13 87
Gun, 90mm, M1, M1 A1,M2, M3 Impact 3 42 770
Shell, HE, M71 2,700 Time 260 360 1,400
FuzeiMT, M43A5 Time and Impact 7 68 730
Fuze, PO, M48 an~ Mod
Howitzer, 105mm, M2, M2A1,M4 Impact 24 460
_Shell, HE,M1 1,020 Time 250 820
Fuze, PO, M48 and Mod .~
Howitzer, 105mm, M2, M2A1, M4 Impact 6 91

Shell, HE, M1 1,550 Time 270 450
- Fuze, TSQ, M54 Time and Impact 13 130
Gun, 4.5 inch, M1 Impact 3 19 380 2,600
Shell, HE, M65 1,820 Time 410 430 960 3,400
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 7 36 420 2,000
--
Gun, 4.5 inch, M1 Impact 16 39 460 2,300 7,700
Shell, HE, M65 2,275 Time 500 560 1,200 4,000 9,000
FlIZe, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 31 69 520 -2,100 5,900
. Howitzer, 155mm, M1917, M1917A1, M1918 Impact 10 190
Shell, HE, M102 1,082 Time 170 380
Fuze, TSQ, M55A1 Time and Impact 19 190
Howitzer, 155mm, M1917, M1917A1, M1918 Impact 7 130
Shell, HE, M102 1,476 Time 210 320
Fuze, TSQ, M55A1 Time and Impact 14 140
Howitzer, 15Smm, M1 Impact 7 69
Shell, HE, M107 1,220 Time 240 320
Fuze l MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 14 96
Fu~e, PO, M51 and Mod
Howitzer, 155mm, M1 Impact 3 23 250 2,300

Shell, HE, M107 1,850 Time 340 320 590 1,900
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 7 41 270 1,400
Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod I
Page 124
Range (yd)
MV Type of fire
Gun and Ammunition f/s 2,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
Gun 155mm,M1917,M1917A1, M1918 Impact 5 42 570 2,900
f HE, M101
Shel, 1,955 Time 370 340 770 2,300
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and impact 11 68 460 1,700
Gun{ 155mm, M1917, M1917A1, M1918 Impact 4 23 250 1,600 5,900
Shel, HE, M101 2,410 Time 450 410 480 1,500 3,700
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 9 42 240 1,000 2,800
. Gun 155mrn, M1, M1A1, M2 Impact 81 570 2,300
Shel,f HE, M101 !",1.00 Time 330 700 1,800
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 110 430 1,300
Gun 155mm, M1,M1 A 1, M2 Impact 9 48 330 2,300 4,500 11,000
f HE, M101
Shel, 2,800 Time
Time and Impact
520
18
460
80
590
31'0
960
790
2,500
1,800
4,500
4,000
Fuze, MT, M67A1
Howitzer, 8 inch, M1 Impact 3 28 380
Shell,HE, M106 1,380 Time 210 220 390
Fu.Ie,'MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 7 45 ~50
Fuze, PO) M51 andMod
Howitzer, 8 inch, M1 Impact 3 54 330
Shell, HE, M106 ' 1,950 Time 290 280 430
Fuze,.MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 7 78 260
Fuze; PO, M51 and Mod I
Gun, 8 inch, M1 Impact 130 770 2,300

Shell, HE, M103 2,600 Time 410 1,100 3,100
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 160 640 1,900
Fuze, PO, M51A2.Mod 3 and Mod
Gun, 8 inch, M1 Impact 1,100 2,300 25,000
She,ll, HE, M103 2,85,0 Time 1,400 3,400 7,000
F~ze, MT, M67A1
- Time and Impact 850 1,900 6,200
FuZe, PO, M51 A2 Mod 3 and Mod
Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Impact 330 2,300
Shell, HE, M114 1,500 Time 320 1,200
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 220 950
Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Impact 1,100
Shell, HE, M114 1,740 Time 1,600
Fuze, MT, M67A1 Time and Impact 930
Fuze, ~D, M51 and Mod
Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Impact 2,300 7,700
Shell, HE, M114 2,300 Time 1,000 2,400
Fuze, MT; M67A1 Time and Impact 820 2,100
Fuze, PD,M51 and Mod /
Page 125
Volume III Part 10
RICOCHET TRAJECTORY
BURST P. E.IN HEIGHT OF BURST

._ •. ~. ~I!? F.
'il1~
t •.} ··50%0 OF BURSTS
HEIGHT OF BURST
~~1 . t
ANGLE
OF RECOVERY
Ie RANGE --------_I,I+___ IMPACT TO BURST
1. GENERAL. angles of fall) than those tabulated. The angle and velocity of recovery
The figure titled Ricochet Trajectory shows the position of the burst and consequent position of burst depend on the slope of the soil, the soil
with respe«t to the impact after ricochet from level ground when· a point density and other factors. These tables are based on data gathered on level
detonating delay fuze is used. The quantities angle of fall, angle of recovery, soil which is a sand clay mixture, well integrated and believed to be ageneral
distance from impact to burst, height of burst, and probable error in height average of soil hardness. The probable error in height of burst will depend
of burst are tabulated against range for several combinations of gun and on the uniformity of the surface in the impact area.
ammunition. The tables apply not only to the gun and ammunition listed Note: The following tables contain data for the fuze listed and certain
but to any gun and charge firing the ammunition with the tabulated muzzle listed fuze delay times only. These same f\lzes have other delay times than
velocity and any fuze of the same standard contour with the tabulated that listed. However, the delay time is indicated on each fuze as part of
delay time. Ricochets are not ordinarily expected at longer ranges (larger the fuze nomenclature.
Page 126
TABLE 73 TABLE 74
Howitzer, 75mm, Ml, M1Al, M2, M3 Gun, 75mm, M1897 Series

Shell, HE, M48 Shell, HE, M48
PEin PEin
Angle of Angle of Impact Height Height Angle of Angle of Impact Height Height
Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of BUIst Range fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst
yd mils mils yd ft ft yd mils mils yd ft ft
Charge 1
I
' Reduced Charge
MV 700 f/s 1,000 109 155 26 12 2 MV 950 f/s 1,000 59 90 40 11 2
Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 242 265 17 14 3 Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 126 170 33 17 3
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 415 315 7 7 2 M48A2 and M51A4 3,000 206 245 25 18 4
(0.15 sec delay) (0~15 sec delay) 4,000 301 295 17 16 4
Charge 2 Normal Charge
MV810 f/s 1,000 82 120 32 12 2 MV 1,500 f/s 1,000 26 45 62 8 2
Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 178 220 24 16 3 Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 65 100 50 15 3
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 295 295 15 14 3 M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 115 160 41 19 4
(0.15 sec delay) (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 174 220 33 22 5
5,000 240 265 26 21 5
Charge 3 6,000 313 300 19 17 4
MV 950 f/s 1,000 58 90 40 11 2 7,000 394 315 13 12 4
Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 127 175 33 21 4
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 208 245 25 18 4 Super Charge
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 305 295 17 15 4 MV 1,950 f/s 1,000 13 25 28 2 0
5,000 425 315 8 8 3 fuze, PO, M48, 2,000 36 60 23 4 1
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 70 105 19 6 1
Charge-4 (0.05 sec delay) 4,000 116 160 14 7 1
MV 1,250 f/s 1;000 38 60 51 11 2 5,000 171 215 12 8 2
Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 86 125 42 16 3 6,000 234 260 9 7 2
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 142 190 35 20 4 7,000 303 .295 7 6 2
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 206 245 28 21 4 8,000 378 315 5 4 .1
5,000 279 285 21 18 4
6,000 363 310 14 14 4 Note: Data also applies to the Gun, 75mm, M3 and M6.
Page 127
TABLE 75 .TABLE 77
Gun, 76 mm, M1Al, M1A1C, M1A2 Hllwitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2Al,' M4
Shell, HE, M42Al Shell, HE, Ml'
PEin PEin
Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst Range fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst
MV 2,700 fls
yd
1,000
mils
8
mils
20
yd
40
33
ft
3
4
- ft
0
1
Charge 1
,MV 650 fls
yd
1,000
mils
1.26
mils
170
yd
24
ft
12
ft
2
Fuze, PO, M48, 2,000 20 35
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 38 60 26 5 1 Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 272 285 15 13 3
(0.05 sec delay) 4,000 65 100 21 6 1 M48A2 and M51 A4
5,000 106 150 16 7 1 (0.15 sec delay)
6,000 163 210 12 7 2
7,0,00 233 260 9 7 2 Charge 2
8,000 315 300 6 6 1 MV 710 fls 1,000 104 145 27 12 2
9,000 407 315 4 4 1 Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 226 260 19 15 3
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 370 315 10 10 3
Note: The data on distance from impact to burst, height of burst and PE in height (0.15 sec delay)
of burst are approximately true for any 3 inch gun firing this projectile with MV from .. '
2,600 to 2,800 f/s. Charge 3,

MV 780 fls 1,000 87 125 31 12 2
Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,000 188 230 23 16 3
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 304 295 15 14 3
(0.15 sec delayl-
TABLE 76 Charge 4
MV 875 fls 1,000 69 105 36 11 2
Gun, 90 mm, Ml,M1Al, M2, M3
Fuze, PO, M48A1,
M48A2 and M51 A4
2,000
3,000
147
237
195
265
305
29
21
14
17
17
13
3
4
3
(0. ~ 5 sec delay) 4,000 343
Shell, HE, M71
Charge 5·
MV 1,020 fls 1,000 51 80 44 10 2
- 109 155 37 17 3
Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2~000
PEin M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 174 220 30 20 '4
Angle of Angle of Impact Height Height (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 247 270 23. 19 4
Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst 5,000 331 305 17 15 '4
6,000 430 315 10 9 3
yd' mils mils yd Ft ft
Charge 6
MV 2,700 E/s 1,000 7 20 41 2 0 MV 1,235 fls 1,000 39 65 51 10 2
Fuze, PO, M48, 2,000 17 30 36 3 1 Fuze, PO, M48A1, 2,OOQ 86 125 43 17 3
M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 30 50 32 5 1 M48A2 and M51 A4 3,000 138 185 36 20 4
(0.05 sec delay) 4,000 47 75 '28 6 1 4,000 198 235 30 21 4
69 105 23 7 1 (0.15 sec delay)
5,000 5,000 265 280 24 20 4
6,000 98 140 19, 8 2 6,000· 339 305 17 16 4
7,000 136 180 15 8 2 7,000 422 31'5 10 10 4
8,000 187 '230 12 8 2
9,000 249 270 9 8 2 Charge 7
10,000 314 300 7 6 2 MV 1,500 fls 1,000 25 45 65 8 2
Fuze, PO,M48A1,
M48A2 and M51 A4
(0.15 sec delay)
2,000
3,000
4,000
60
104
156
95
145
200
54
44
37
15
19
22
..
3
4
5,000 214 250 29 22 5
6,000 278 285 23 20 5
7,000 348 310 17 16 4
8,000' 42g 315 10 10 4
Note: Data for Charges 1-5 applies also to Howitzer, 105 mm, M3. '
Page 128'
'TABLE 78 TABLE 79
Gun, 4.5 inch, Ml Howitzer, 155 mm, M1917,MI917Al, M1918

Shell, HE, M65 Shell, HE, Ml02
PEin PEin
Angle of Angle of Impact ' Height Height Angle of Angle of Impact Heigfrt Height
Ra~ge Fall . Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst Range Fall Recovery , to Burst of Burst of Burst
yd mils mils yd ft ft yd mils mils yd ft ft
Normal Charge
- Charge 1
MV 679 f/s 1,000 112 155 26 12 2
MV 1~820 f/s
1,000 16 30 83 7 1
2,000 36 60 74 13 2 Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 241 265 18 14 3
Fu,z8, PO, M51 A3 ,
and M51A4 3,000 397 315 9 8 3
and M51A4 3,000 60 95 65 18 3
(0.15 sec delay) a,OOO 89 130 56 22 4 (0.15 sec delay) "
5,000 125 170 48 24 5

6,000 168 215 39 25 5 Charge 2
7,000' 219 250, 32 24 5 MV741 f/s 1,000 95 135 30 12 2
8,000 274 285 26 22 5 Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 200 240 22 16 3
9,000 334 305 ' 19 18 5 and M51A4 3,000 322 300 14 13 3
'10,000 315 14 13 4 (0.15 sec delay)
Super Charge
395
- Charge 3
12, ,
1,000
10 20 105 7 1 MV 831 f/s 1,000 75 110 35 2
MV 2275 f/s ' 158 27 17 4
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 22 40 '96 11 2 Fuze~D, M51A3 ·2,000 205
3,000 37 60 87 15 3 and 51A4 3,000 251 275 20 17 4
and,M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 361 310 13 12 3
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 54 85 78 20 4
5,000 75 110 70 23 4
6,000 100 140 61 26 5 Charge 4
7,000' 130 175 52 27 5 MV 938 f/s 1,000 58 90 40 11 2
8,000 167 215 44 28 6 Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 124 170 34 17 3
9,000 211 250 36 27 6 and M51A4 3,000 196 235 27 19 4
10,000 261 280 29 24 5 (0.15 sec delay) , 4,000 277 285 21 18 4
11,000 317 300 22 20 5 5,000 371 310 14 13 4
I 12,000 376 315 17 16 5
13,000, ' 438 315 11 11 4 Charge 5
MV1,082 f/s 1,000 46 75 47 10 2
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 97 140 41 16 3
and M51A4 3,000 153 200 34 20 4
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 216 250 27 ' 21 4
5,000 286 290 21 19 4
6,000 366 310 15 14 4
Charge 6
MV 1,357 f/s 1,000 32 55 58 10 2
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 72 110 49 15 3
and M51A4 3,000 118 165 41 20 4
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 171 215 34 22 4
5,000, 229 260 28 22 5
6,000 292 290 22 ' 19 4
7,000 359 310 16 15 4
8,000 ,432 315 10 10 4
Charge 7 "
MV 1,476 f/s 1,000 25 45 64 8 2
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 60 95 54' '15 3
and M51A4 3,000 102 145 45 19 4
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 ' 151 . 195 38 22 4
5,000 206 245 31 23 5
6,000 265 280 25 22 5
7,000 328 305 19 18 I
4
8,000 395 315 14 13 4
Page 129
TABLE 80 TABLE 81
Howitzer, 155mm, Ml Shell, HE,Ml07 Gun, 155mm, M1917,M1917Al,M1918
Angle of Angle of Impact Height Height

PE in
Shell, HE, M10l
Range Fall Reco.very to Burst, of Burst of Burst
yd PEin
mils mils yd ft ft Angle of 'Angie of Impact Height Heigh~
Charge 1 Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst 'of Burst
MY 680 f/s 1,000 112 155 26 12 2 'yd
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 240 265 18 14 3 yd mils, mils ft ft
and M51A4 3,000 397 315 9 8 3 Normal Charge -
(0.15 sec delay)
MY 1,955 fls 1,000 14 30 89 8 2
Charge 2 Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2;000 32 55 81 13 3
MY 770 f/s 1,000 87 125 31 12 2 and M51A4 3,000 53 85 71 18 4
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 185 225 24 16 3 (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 79 115 61 21 4
and M51A4 3,000. 297 295 16 . 14 3 5,000 111 155' 52 24 5
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 ·436 315 - 7 7 3 6,000 151 195 44 26 5
. 7,000 198 235 36 25 5
" Charge 3 8,000 253 275 28 23 5
MY 880 f/s 1,000 68 105 .37 12 2 9,000 314 300 21 20 5
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 141 185 30 17 3 10,000 380 315 15 15 4
and M51A4 3,000 223 255 23 4
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000
5,000
318
433
300
315
16
8
18
15
. 8
4
3 Super Charge
11,000
- 448 315 10 9 4
Charge 4
MY 2,410 f/s 1,000 .9 to 111 7 1
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 20 35 102 11 2
'MY 1,020 f/s 1,000 50 80 45 10 2 ,andM51A4 3,000 33 55 92 15 3
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 106 150 38 17 3 (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 49 80 83 19 4
and M51A4 3,000 168 215 31 20 4 5,000 68 105 74 23 4
(0.1 5 sec delay) 4,000 237 265 24 20 4 6,000 91 130 65 25 5
5,000 315 300 18 16 4 7,000 120 165 56 28 6
, 6,000 406 315 11 11 4 8,000 154 200 47 28 6
Chdrge 5 . 9,000 195 235 39 28 6
MY 1,220 f/s 1,000 38 60 51 9 2 10,000 245 270 31 25 6
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 82 120 45 16 3 11,000. 302 295 24 22 5
and·M51A4 3,000 133 180 38 20 4 12,000 365 310 18 17 5
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 188 230 32 22 5 13,000 432 .315 11 11 4
5,000 249 270 26 21 5
6,000 315 300 20 18 4
7,000 389 315 13 12 4
Charge 6 -
MY 1,520 f/s
Fuze, PO, M51 A3
andM51A4
(0.15 sec delay)
1,000
2,000 '
3,000
4,000
24
54
92
138
40
85
130
66
56
48
40
7
14
19
22
. 2
3
4
4
185
5,000 190 230 34 23 5
6,000 247 270 27 22 5
7,000 307 300 21 19 5
8,000 371 310 16 15 4
9,000 439 315 10 10 4.
Charge 7
MY 1,850 f/s 1,000 1S 30 83 7 1
Fuze,cPO, M51A3 2,000 35 60 74 13 2
and M51A4 3,000 60 95 64 18 4'
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 92 130 55 21 4
5,000 130 175 46 24 5
6,000 176 220 38 25 5
7,000 228 260 30 24 5
8,000 286 290 24 21 5
9,000 348 310 18 17 4
10,000 411 .315 13 13 4
-
Page 130
TABLE 82
Gun, 155mm, Ml, M1Al, M2
Shell, HE, MlOl
PEin
Angle of Angle of Impact Height Height
Rqnge Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst
yd mils mils yd ft ft
Normal Charge
MY 2,100 f/s 1,000 12 25 .96 7 1
Fuze, PO, M51 A3. 2,000 28 50 86. 13 2
and M51A4 3,000 47 75 77 17 3
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 70 105 67 21 4
.5,000 98 140 58 24 5
6,000 132 180 49 26 5
7,000 173 215 40 26 5
8,000 221 255 33 25 5
9,000 276 285 26 22 5
10,000 336 305 20 18 5
11,000 399 315 14 14 4
Super Charge
-
MY 2,800 f/s 1,000 7 20 130 7 1
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 14 30 121 10 2
and M51A4 3,000 22 40 112 13 3
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 33 55 102 17 3
5,000 46 75 93 21 4
6,000 62 95 84 24 4
7,000 82 120 74 26 5
8,000 107 150 65 29 6
9,000 135 180 • 56 30 6
10,000 169 215 47 30 6
11,000 207 245 39 29 6
12,000 252 275 31 26 6
13,000 302 295 24 22 5
14,000 358 310 19 18 5
15,000 419 315 14 14 5
Page 131
HOWITZER, 8 in. MI, SHELL HE, Ml06

TABLE 83 TABLE 83 (Continued)
PEin PEi~
Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst
yd mils mils y~ ft ft yd mils mils yd ft ft
Charge 1 Charge 5
MY 820. f/s 1,000 76 . 110 34 11 2 MY 1,380 f/s 1,000 28 50 60 9 2
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 158 205 27 17 4 Fuze, PO,M51A3 2,000 64 100 52 15 3
and M51A4 3,000 251 275 20 17 4 and M51A4 3,000 107 ,150 45 20 4
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 358 310 13 12 3 (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 154 200 38 23 5
5,000 206 245 32 23 5
Charge 2 6,000 262 280 26 22 5
MY 900 f/s 1,000 63 95 39 11 2 7,000 321 300 20 19 5
Fuze, PO, M51A3 2,000 132 180 32 17 3 8,000 384 315 15 14 4
and M51A4 3,009 206 245 26 19 4
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 291 290 19 17 4 Charge 6
5,000 387 315 12 11 3 MY 1,640 f/s 1,000 20 35 73 8 2
Charge 3
- Fuze, PO,M51 A3
and M51A4
2,000
3,000
45
75
70
. 110
65
56
14
19
3
4
MY 1,000 f/s 1,000 50 80 44 10 2 (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 111 155 48 22 4
Fuze,PO,M51 A3 2,000 106 150 38 17 3 5,000 154 200 41 24 5
and M51A4. 3,000 167 215 31 20 4 6;000 203 240 34 24 5
(0.15 sec delay) 4,000 235 265 25 20 4 7,000 256 275 28 23 5
5,000 309 300 19 17 4 8,000 313 300 22 20 5
6,000 393 315 13 12 4 9,000 372 310 17 16 5
Charge 4
- 10,000 434 315 11 11 4
MY1,150f/s 1,000 41 65 50 10 2 Charge 7
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 86 125 44 16 3 MY 1,950 f/s 1,000 16 30 92 8 2
and M5:tA4 3,000 137 185 38 21 4 Fuze, PO, M51 A3 2,000 33 55 80 13 3
(0.15 s'ec delay) 4,000 192 235 32 22 5 and M51A4 3,000 53 85 71 18 4
5,000 252· 275 26 21 5 (0.15 sec delay) 4,000 76 110 63 21 4
6,000 317 300 19 18 4 5,000 105 150 55 24 5
7,000 388 315 14 13 4 6,000 . 139 185 47 26 5
7,000 180 225 40 27 6
8,000 227 260 33 26 6
9,000 279 285 26 23 5
10,000 335 305 21 19 5
11,000 393 315 15 14 4
Page 132
GUN, 8 in. MI, SHELL, HE, MI03
TABLE 84
TABLE 85
PEin PEin
Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst Range Fall Recovery to,Burst of Burst of Burst
·yd mils mils yd It ft yd mils mils yd ft ft
Reduced Charge Reduced Charge
MY 2100 fls 1,000 11 20 33 2 0 MY 2,100 fls 1,000 11 20 97 6 1
Fuzj PD,M51 A 1 2,000 24 40 31 4 1 Fuzj PO, M51A4' 2,000 ' 24 40 89 10 2
Mo 1 and 3;000 39 65 28 5 1 Mo 3 3,000 39 6S 81 15 3
M51A2Mod 3 4,000 56 85 26 7 1 (0.15 sec delay) . 4,000 56 85 74 18 3
(0.05 sec delay) 5,000 75 110 24 8 2 5,000 75 110 66 22 4
6,000 97 140 22 9 2 6,000 97 140 59 24 ' 5
7,000 122 170 19 I
10 2 7,000 122 170 52 26 5
8,000 150 195 17 10 2 8,000 150 195 46 26 5
9,000 183 225 1-5 10 2 9,000 183 225 40 27 6
10,000 220 255 13 10 2 10,000 220 255 35 27 6
11,000 261 280 11 9 2 -11,000 261 280 30 26 6
12,000 306 295 9 8 2 12,000 306 295 27 24 6
13,000 357 310 7 6 2 13,000 357 310 24 23 6
14,000 412 315 5 5 2 14,000 , 412 315 23 22 7
Normal Charge
-
Normal Charge
MY 2600 fls 15,000 272 285 11 10 2 MY 2,600 fls 15,000 272 285 32 27 6
Fuzj PO, M51A1 16,000 310 300 9 8 2 Fuzj PO, M51A4 16,000 310 300 29 26 6
Mo 1 and 17,000 351 310 7 7 2 Mo 3 17,000 . 351 310 27 25 7
M51A2 Mod 3 18,000 395 315 6 6 2 (0.15 sec delay) 18,000 395 315 25 24 7
(0.05 sec delay) 19,000 1 442 315 4 4 2 19,000 442 315 24 23 9
Super Charge Super Charge
MY 2850 fls 17,000 275 285 12 10 2 MY 2,850 fls 17,000 275 285 33 29 6
Fuzj PO, M51A1 18,000 309 300 10 9 2 Fuzj PO, M51A4 18,000 309 300 30 27 6
Mo 1 and 19,000 347 305 8 7 2 Mo 3 19,000 347 305 28 26 7
M51A2 Mod 3 20,000 387 315 6 6 2 (0.15 sec: delay) 20,000 387 315 26 25 8
(0.05 sec delay) 21,000 430 315 5 4 2 21,000 430 315 26 24 9
1'118133
TABLE 86
Howitzer, 240 mm,Ml

Shell, H~, Ml14
PEin
Angle of Angle. of Impact Height Height
Range Fall Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst
yd mils mils yd ft ft
Charge 1
MV 1,500 fls 9,000 371 310 17 16 5
Fuze, PO, M51 A3 10,000 428 315 11 11 4
and M51A4
(0.15 sec delay)' I
.
Charge 2
MV 1,740 fls 11,000 405 315 15 14 4
Fuze, PO, M51 A3
. and M51A4
(0.15 sec delay)
Charge 3
MV 2,020 fls 13,000 407 315 15 14 4
Fuze, PO, M51 A3
andM51A4
(0.15 sec delay)
Note: Few ricochets expected with Charge 4 at minimum elevation with lev~
cC;lrriage. . . .
Page 134
VoIUR1e III Part 11
ARMOR PENETRATION
(THIS PART SUPERSEDES VOLUME II PART 1, PAGES 1 TO 29. PAGES 31 TO 52 ARE NOT SUPERSEDED.)
1. GENERAL. (1) Example 1.

This section provides information pertaining to the performance of armor Given-3-inch plate thickness.
piercing projectiles against homogeneous and face-hardened armor plate. Required-The striking velocity and maximum range at which penetration
The various theories· and analyses of the mechanics' of ar~or penetration at 20-degree obliquity can be achieved.
will not be dealt with in thi~ discussion, although such knowledge is neces Solution-(l) Enter the penetration scale at point "A" which represents
sary for better evaluation of results obtained from test firings of projectiles 3-inch plate thickness. (2) Proceed upward along the vertical line
against armor plate. It also allows these find.ings to be interpreted ~ore until the intersection with the 20-degree obliquity penetration curve
easily and accurately. It is from the test firmgs that data are obtamed is reached at "B". (3) From "B" proceed left along a line until the
and compiled as a basis for determining penetrations. intersection with the striking velocity curve at "C" is reached. (4)
From "C" continue left along the horizontal line to "E" where the
striking velocity of 2,160 feet per second can be read; then proceed
2•. ARMOR PENETRATION AND .STRIKING
downward from "C" along the vertical line to "D" where the range
VELOCITY CURVES~
of 1,430 yards is found. Thus, a striking velocity of 2,160 feet per
Armor penetration data are graphically presented for standard and second is needed to penetrate 3 inches of plate, and the maximum
limited procurement projectiles when fired against armor plate at various range at which the projectile will penetrate the plate is 1,430 yard~.
angles of impact and plate obliquities. These data are shown for both
rolled homogeneous armor and face-hardened plates. From the charts, (2) Example 2.
the thickness of armor plate which can be penetrated, at a given range Given-1,430-yard range.
or striking velocity, can be determined. It will be noted that certain portions Required~The maximum thickness of armor plate which can be penetrated
of the penetration curve 'are shown as broken lines. This represents an at 20-degree obliquity and the corresponding striking velocity required.
. estimated performance for which actual firing data have not been obtained.
Solution-(1) Enter the range scale at 1,430 yards on "D" and proceed
The penetration curves are cOIllpiled for intact or shattered projec
upward on a vertical line to point "C" where the striking velocity
tile, with the greater portion of the fragIllents, com.pIeteIy penetrat
curve is intersected. (2) Proceed right from "C" along a horizontal
ing the plate. line to "B" where the penetration curve for 20-degree obliquity is
intersected. (3) Then proceed downward along a' vertical line to "A"
3. CHARTS. where a thickness of 3 inches is read. (4) From point "C" proceed left
along horizontal line to "E" where a striking velocity of 2,160 feet
The chart shown in Figure 57 is for use in conjunction with the examples per second is ~ead.
given below to illustrate the use of the striking velocity apd armor penetra
tion curves. (3) Example 3. .
Given-2,160 feet per second striking velocity.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Required~The range and thickness of 20-degree obliquity armor plate
The following examples and the chart shown in Figure 57 illustrate the which can be penetrated.
use of the striking velocity and armor penetration curves. The range scale Solution-(l) Enter the striking velocity scale at point "E" which repre
in yards and the penetration scale in inches are shown. along the bottom sents 2,160 feet per second. (2) Proceed right to point "C" and then
of the chart, the striking velocity in feet per second is shown along the left downward along the vertical line to "D" where the range of 1,430
hand border. The striking velocity curve is designated by showing the yards can be read. (3) From point "C" proceed right to "B" on the
muzzle velocity upon which it is based. The penetration curves are des 20-degree obliquity curve and then downward along the vertical line
ignated to indicate the obliquity upon which they are based. to "A" where the thickness of 3 inches can be read.
Page 135
'.
2,500 Penetration Curves
~
2,300
E ~ C
2,100 I
I
I
I
I
en
1,900 ~1 1.6
....>
'u
I
I
o I
Q)
1,700 >
I
C> I
I
c:
32 I. . . .
-CI'
....
I..
(f) I
I
1,500 I
T •
I
Stri king Velocity Curve
~
1,300
I
I
--.
I
1,100 I
"T
I
•I
I A Penetration In.
900
++++~+-+++-H-+ 2.0
1±tI:±tti:ttt1:±tti±t 1. 0 ++Hf++Il-f++++++-+ 3. 0 I
'r-H-HH-+-H-++++++ 4.0
I I
-+-I--I-l-+-I-I4-II--l--I--l--+--l-l- 50
•
6. 0 ++++-++-1-++++++-++ 7. 0 ~-++-I-I
1 I I I
I
Range yd
o PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
o 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,5003,000 3,300 ' 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500
FIGURE 57
TABLE 87
ARMOR·PIERCING .AMMUNITION CHARACTERISTICS.
(These characteristics were used in the computation of the

armor penetration and striking velocity~urves.)
I
Muzzle
Proi Wt Vel Based on Figure
Proiectile Model and Caliber Gun
Ib f/s ** No.
.30 cal AP, M2 166 grains 24-in. barrel MG 2,775 C6=0.250* 58,59
.50 cal AP, M2 708 grains 36-in.barrel MG 2,835 C6=0.458 60,61

45-in. barrel MG 2,935 C6=0.458
"
20mm, AP-T, M75 2,548 grains M2 2,555 C6=0.344* 62,63
20mm, AP-T, M95 2,000 grains M2 2,800 C6=0.403 64,65
37mm,APC-T, M5181 and M51 B2 1.92 M3,M6 2,900 C6=0~544 66,67
37mm, APC-T, M59 1.91 . AN-M9 2,800 C1=0.492 68,69

M1A2 2,050 C1=0.610*
,
37mm, AP-T,M80 1.66 AN-M9 3,050 C1=0.78 70, 71
•
40mm, AP-T, M81 or M81 A 1 1.96
M4
M1
1,825
2,870
C1=0.78
C6=0.615* 72, 73
57mm, AP-T, M70 6.28 M1 2,950 C1=0.974 74, 75
57mm, APe-T, M86 7.27 M1 2,700 C6=1.31 76, 77
75mm, APC-T, M61 or M61A1 14.96 M4, AN-M5A1 2,030 FT75-AY-1 78, 79
MfO, M3
-
3 in. & 76mm, APC-T, M62 or M62A1 15.44 3 in.M'5, M7 2,600 FT3-W-1 80,81
76mm, M1A1, FT76-C-1
M1A1C, M1A2
3 in. & 76mm HVAP-T, M93 (T4E20), 9.36 3 in. M5, M7 3,400 C7=0.885 82
T4E17 76mm, M1A1,
M1A1C, M1A2
90mm, APC"I, M82 24.11 M1, M2, M3 2,800 FT90-F-1 83,84

2,670
90mm, AP-T, T33 24.06 M1, M2, M3 2,800 C7=1.86 85

I
90mm, HVAP-T, T30E16 16.80 M1,M2,M3 3,350 C7=1.11 86
I
*Variable ballistic coefficient.
**Striking velocity curves are based on calculation made by Siacci's Method, using the indicated ballistic coefficients
unless a .Firing Table number is indicated.
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY· CRITERION * Page 137 .
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE BULLET, AP, .30 'CAL , .M2
2,750
2,500
2,250
II)
.:::
I
2,000

'u
>
0
Q)
>
m
1,750 c:
~.
'i:
en
1,500
1,250
MV-2,775 f/s
1,000
Penetration in.
750 f-. I-
I
I
~ 104 _
I I
0.1 0.2 I 0.3:- 0.4 S0.5E :: 0 6

I- • : ; 1.0=
• f-. ~1.1_ 1.2
...
~ 1.3 _ 1.5
Range y d ++++-I'H-H-+-I-H-+-+-+-l--I--l--+-I--U
I I
IIII 1.111 _
I
I-III _LLll I .. " , ,., •••• 1-'. r' ... .......
o 200 400 600 800 '1,000

1,200
2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
*See definition, page 134
FIGURE 58
Page 138
STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR "PENETRATION and RANGE 'NAVY CRITERION * ,
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE BULLET, AP, .30 CAL, M2
3,000
. '
2,750
2,500
..
2,250
~
I
2,000
....:L,
'u
0
Q)
1,750 >
0>
c:
32
....
'C
(f)
1,500
1,250 r;
MV-2,77S f/s
1,000
If.
~ Penetration in.
750 ~ --
0.1 ~ 0.2 0.3= 0.4: 0.5:= 0.6 0.7 0.8 r- O.g> 1.0 1.1 ~ 1.2 - 1.3 1.4 - l. 5
"1111 II r III T III II 11 , II I I I I I I II I I , .
~
III :11111 1.1111 I! I I
Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT

I 1 r 'I ,"
"
o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800' 2,000 2,200 2,400.. 2,600 2,800 3,000.
*See definition, page 134 FIGURE 59
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION * Page 139
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE BULLET, AP, .50 CAL, M2
3,000
2,750
, . !
2,500
2,250
--~ .....
2,000
-
-
-
-
'u
I
>
0
Q)'
1,750 >C>
c:
:5t
1,500
-'
tf)
.
1,250
MY-2,935 f/s, (45 in. barrel)

1,000 MY-2,835,_f/s (36 in. barr~1)
Penetration in.
.
750
0.1
II
0.2
,
1I11
,,
003 0.4 0.5
11I1
0.6
"'1111
0.7
"1'1 :m 0:8
I l l r r- r l l l ' I I , 1
' D.9
"'I
l
~ 1.0
r,'
1.1
I"l I
I-
t 1.2
'j-, ," h
1;3
IIII
1.4
"'I
r
1"",
1. 5
I
,
,
I I
,,
, Ran ge' yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE, DEPT,~
o 200' 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 60
Page 140 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION-*
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE BULLET, .AP, .50 CAL, M2
3,000
2,750
-2,500
2,250
!
I
-
I/)
.:::
2,000 I
->
'u
0
Q)
1,750 , >
C>
c:
~
1,500
-
.~
( f)
1,250
I
MY-2,935 f/s (45 in. barrel)

1,000 MY-2,835 f/s (36 in. barrel)
Penetration in.
750 f- t
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 ; &,0.7 mO.8 0.9 , ~ 1.0 . 1.1 1.2 . ' 1.3 ~ 1.4 '1. 5
, .... -,
.
I
.
I
-
1-, 1'""', •
I
I
I
I
Range yd
..• PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
IIII ·11111 I .-.1 I J
o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
*See definition, page 134 . FIGURE 61
Page 141
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION *

,ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE
2,600~oo: 50 0 ·............-T',.......,.40° r 30° 0° SHOT, Ap·T, 20 mm, M75
2,400
2,200
2,000
II)
1,800 .:::I
....
·u
>.
Q)

1,600 >0)
c:
32
...."
tf)
1,400
1,200
MV-2,SSS f/s
1,000i
Penetration in.
, 800 I I I
_" ++t-H 0.2· ~

0-.+ 0.4 r- 0.6 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT_
-"] 11"'"11 f I TT1,-
o 200 400 600 8,00 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 62
Page·142
NAVY CRITERION*
SHOT, AP-Y, 20 mm, M75
2,400
2,200
2,000
~
1,800, I
~
'u
o
Q)
1,600'
>
1-0)
.:;:
-
.;::
V)
1,400
1,200
NJV-2,SSS f/s
1,000
800
"
o- '0.2 0.4 0.6 ~ 0.8 +ti++.. 1.0 1.2 1. 4 ~ 16 1.8

• ,- I •, I " I • ,-!-=tFt=ff1 ,WWI:t++:J:++tI::t:I:l+q::mQ::t::l:tTTf II H-tt-~rl1m.Ird.jj±t±ttittttttttt:ttttiii"1H:1
I • I I .m=tt.g..111-+- I I
•• I
I
I I
III
o 200 . 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2~400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 63
Page 143
3,000 STRIKING VELOCITY vs. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLAT~EJI~IIII~: g~.P~IWS~HO~T, MAP~-TJ~20~m~mJ~M~95~.(T~9E5~)

--.H-+-l-I--H--IH-+-H.-++-H--I--I-+-+++++++++++++t-+++ 70° -I-I--t--t-c1-H 60° 50°.. 40° 30° +-H++-t++ 20° 0° ++++-t+l-H-++++++++-H-I-H++++++++I
2,500
2,25'0
2,000
--
~
I
>
'u
I
0
1,750 Q)
>
0>
c:
:s2
1,500 -
'i:
en
1,000
1IIIIIIIIIIIIgIEIIIIRlgiEM~V.~2,8;OO~f~/sIIIElllllm
Penetrati 0 n in. ++++++++++++-H+-H-++-H-I-H-+++++-++++++++t-+++-R""f'IItooI"""-:I:::-H-++++++++++++-I
750
~ 0.3 .
f
0.1,.:..
.
I
I
== OJ
I
I
h I
,I
t 0.5 ,c
0.6
• ,.,i
I
I
I I
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,bOO 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,0.00
FIGURE 64
Page 144
STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE SHOT, AP-T, 20 mm, M95(T9E5)
3,000
1 I 11_ .1 I I 1_ •.U.J I ,1111
- - -
50° ~ 40° ~ 30° 20°- 0°
1
- l
2,>150 .
2,500
2,250
I/)
;:;:
2,000 I
-
l-
I-
I-
I-
>
I
I-
'u
I- 0
I- Q)
I-
l-
I-
>
0>
I-
I-
c:
I-
I-
:52
I- "
I-
l-
v;
1,500
1,250
..
I.
MV-2,800 lIs
1,000 ,
Penetration in.
'TI I I I I
750
0.1 F
I I I .'
0.2
l
:= 0.3 '"
I
0.4
,r 1 I 1
0.5
t
~
r.
0.6 illO. 7OO 0.8
l-
~
l-
0.9
I
~
I-
1.0
I
~
r
1.1 ~ 1.2
.1
:= 1.3
I
1.4 1. 5
I
I
Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE' DEPT'~
I I I I I I I I I I I
200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600' 2,800 3,000
°
FIGURE 6S
Page 145
STRIKING VELOCITY ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE

V5. _ - NAVY, CRITERION*
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE SHOT, APe·1,37 mm, M51Bl or M51B2
3,000 -
;65 0 60° 55°50° 45°: 400:~ 830°, 20° 0°

70°
2,800
2,600
en
2,400 :
~
I
-
~
·u
0
Q)
2,200 >
m
c:
"~
2,000 -
.t:
'tJ)
1,800
MV·2,900 f/s
1,600 "
1,400
1,200
0
I 1.0
TI'
2.0
Penetration in.
: 3.0
"~.
4.0
'r,'
5.0
r_· • ....,.. ..,,-,_r
Range yd ' PREPAR~D BY ORDNANCE DEPT. :
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

°
FIGURE 66
Page 1.46
STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and. RANGE NAVY CRITERION*

SHOT, APe-T, 37 mm, M5181 or M5182
2,800
2,600
2,400
2,000
1,800
MV-2,900 f/s
1,600
1,400
Penetration in.
1,200
o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
I I I I I I I I I J LJ.
I. PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
. Range
. yd
I
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

FIGURE 67
Page 147
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION *
..
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE -SHOT, APe-T, 3'7 mm, M59
3,500
·3,000
2,500
MV-2,800f!s
2,000 ~-.;
P Til
~ II)
;:;::
1;500 I -
'g
>
Q)
> MV-2,800 f/s + 3'50 m~h ,airspeed
C>
c:
1,000
~
-
.~
en
MV-2,050 f/s
I Penetration in.
500
0 '0 ..5 . 1.0 2. 0 r+-+-!++++++-+++-I-I-l 2. 5 3. 0 3. 5
, ,,"
I
.I LI U
Range
I I 1.1 I I 1.1 I.
yd I 'PREPARED BY . OR"DNANCE DEPT]

I
-.I 'rl r r '·Jrl" ,.",. I I '"[
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 . 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 68
Page 148
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE SHOT, APe-T, 37 mm, M59
3,500
3,000
2,500
MV-2,800 lIs
2,000
1,500
MV-2,800 lIs + 350. mph airspeed
-++-+-+++++++++-+++++++++++++++++-t+++-H-t-t-+++-t
MV-2,OSI lIs
Penetration in.
, II1II i II I I
1.0 1.5 I
Range yd
• '" f II
I .1 I I
o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 69
Plge 149
STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE: NAVY CRITERION*
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE~~~~~~~~~~~~SHOT,A~~ 37mm, M80

VI
.:::
I
-
>,.
'u
o
Q)
>.
3,300'
2,800
1,800
MY-3,050 f/s + 350 mph airspeed r++-+-H-++-iH-++-ir+++l-H
MY-3,050 f/s
.I I " ',' • - ". •
. ""Y-.1!~~~.Ys.+ 350 mph airspeed

-Penetration in. MY-l.,825 f/s
800 i
tttEwmw 1. 0
1+ ", , I I
+Jt:t:tl=t+~m 2.0
.+1
+++++++-+-H-+--t-f-H 3.0 ++++:ttt:J=jftl:+j:+l=. 4.0
++- --t+++++-+-HH-H-t++ 5.0
Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT::
-
o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000· 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 70
Page 150
STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RAN,GE NAVY CRITERION*.
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE SHOT, Ap·T, 37 mm, MOO
~
I'
'l:
'u
o
Q)
>
Q')
c:
3,800 :it
2,800
2,,3,00
1,800
MV·3,050 fls + 350 mph airspeed
MV·3,050 f/s
MV.1,825 f/s + 350 mph airspeed t-+++-t-+++-t-t-t-+H-t-t-H-I
800 ~II 1. 0
Penetration in.
2.0 .-+++-H-+-HH-t-HH-t-H 3. 0+-+-++++++.f-++-I-H-+-I-':, 4.0 --.
·'MV.1,825- f/s
H-++-l'+++-++-H-++-H 5.0
- Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT ~
-,III I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I ~
o 200 . 400 600 800 . 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 71
Page 151
STRIKING VELOCITY, ,
Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and 'RANGE ..
NAVY CRITERION *'
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE SHOT,AP~T, 40 mm,M8l or M81Al
2,750
2,500
V)
;:::
2,250 I
-
>
·u
0
(1)
2,000 >C)
c:
Jt
1,750
-
.~
t J)
1,500 t-H-I-H-++-t-++-HH-H-I'-+-lfl-hff*H-+++++++++++++-H-+-H'-+-N-+ MV· ~ ,870 f/5
Penetration in.
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000

*See .definition, page 134
FIGURE 72
Pili 152 .
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
lllllllii~'••
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE SHOT, Ap·T, 40 mm, M8l or M81Al
-,
3,2501•
3,00
0 • • • • , ..j.....j...W-J.-.+.W-J....I..-+..<!....I--l--W
60° 45° ++++-If-++-I-I- 30° 20° I-+--l--J.-.+-I--!- 00 ..j.....j...W-J.-.+.W--i--/-l-.I-l-I-W
2,500
2,250
~
I
l:
2,000 ·uo
G)
>
0>
c
MV·2,870 fI5 ++-HH-l--I-I-I-4-l-+-+-I-+--l--I-l-4-l-l-1--l-+-l-l-1

1,500
· 1,250
Penetration in.
1,000 -
0.2
I J
OA
J J I .-
~
h
0.6
IIII
0.8
IIII
1.0
I
1.2
,
I I
I I
I
I
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 ~,400 2,600. 2,800 3,000
*5•• definition, page 134
FIGURE 73
Page 153
STRIKING VE_LOCITY vs. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE- NAVY CRITERION *

ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE SHOT, Ap·T, 57 mm, M70
3,000 60°: 50° 40° 30° 20° 0° (
2,750
2,500
- .
2,250
\
11).
;:;::
I
l:
2,000 "u
0
a;
>
0> I
c:
1,750 ~
"C:
ci5
1,500
- MV..2,9S0 f/s
1,250
Penetration in.
,.
1,000
1.0 2.0 3.0 1
4.0 5.0 ..6.0 7.0
I
I
I
Range yd . . .
o 200 400 600 800 - 1,000 ·1,200 1,400· 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
.*See definition, page 134
FIGURE 74
Page 154
STRIKING ,VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE SHOT, Ap·T, 57 mm, M70
'2,750
2,500
2,250
2,000 1~
'u
o
~
'" L-
v;
1,500 MV·2,950 f/s
1,250
Penetration in.
"1111
2.0 , 3.0 : 4.0

II
111111111111111
+ ,.
Range-yd
800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,6.00 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
FIGURE 75
Page 155
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE PROJECTILE, APC-T, 57 mm, MBG
, WITH FUZE, B0, M72
2,500
2,300
2,100
I/)
-.:;::
1,900 >I,
....
·u
0
Q)
>
1,100 C>
c:
~
....'
(f)
1,500
1,300
1,100
Penetration in .
. 900
H-+-H-+-+-t++++HH-t-++ 1. 0 s=mElEm 2. 0 f=I::++1+1++m+++ 3. °t=ttJ=jm+t=t:t:l+tt 4. °
I
"I ,
H--t-t-1H-++-t-+++-t--H- 5. 0 +++++++-+-H-++i-+-t 6. 0
I ~,... •
t-++-+'-lH-t-++-r-H-t--H-
1 ,
7. 0
., ,
rt+++t-H
,
I
Range yd PREI¥.RED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
I ++++-H-++++++-+-l-+-+-t+-H+-.-'TTTT I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I
° 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 1,000

FIGURE 76
Page 156
STRIKING VELOCITY vs. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
3,200
FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE 1IIIIIIIIIIlmlillmEIiPiPR~OJ~EC~TIL~E,~AP~C.~T,~57~m~m,~Mi8I86~
WITH FUZE, BD, M72
2,800
2,600
2,400
\I)
2,200 .:::
L
r C)
c .
32.
....
'i: . MV·2,700 f Is I--H-H--++++++++-I--H-H-+++++++-HH-+++-+++-t-+++-H
en
1,800
l,600
Penetration in.
1,400
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 1.0
II I I rl 111-1 1II1 IIII III J J
I
,,
I Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
I" - , . ·'111111111111111111 I 11I111
• I
0 500 1,000 1~500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500

FIGURE 77
Page 157

rPROJECTILE, APC-T, 75 mm, M61 or M61Al
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE WITH FUZE, B0, M66Al
2,600 55°· E50045°~~~"""""30° 20°
2,200
2,000
l-
I- II)
t.:::
II
1,800 1= ?:'
I 0_
I U
:=
I
0
Q)
t >
1,600 ~ g>
t 32
I 01- .
I ..-
:: Cf)
1,400
1,200
MV-2,030f/s + 350 mph airspeed
1,000 MV·2,030 fIs :tttttttt±±tttt:ttj
Penetratio.n in.
800 .
I
I
.- Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
I : I I II I I I
° 1,000
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000' 6,000 7,000
FIGURE 78
Page 158
2,600
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR
'.
PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
. -
~~FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE PROJECTILE, APC-T,75' mm, M61 or

M61Al WITH FUZE, B.D , M66Al
2,200
2,000
1,800
--
~
I
>
b 'g
1,600 Q)
f->
f- C)
f- c:
f- •

~
.~
1,400 en
1,200
MV-2,030 f/s + 350 mph. airspeed

1,000 MV~2,030 f/s t::I:tt:lmt:tl=l:~
;
Penetration . in.
.,
800
1.0 .2.0 3.0 I
4.0 5.0
II II 111 I IIII I -rr-o-
I
I
I Range yd ++-t---I-+++--l-t-H-l+-+-H+-+-H++' PRE PAR ED BY 0 RDNA NeE DEPT .
I
. I r I I r-Y- ,
O· 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,00D

'l'See definition, page 134
FIGURE 79
Page 159
STRIKING VELOCITY vs.·ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION *
2,800 . . I I
2
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE PROJECTILE, APC:t; 3 INCH an'd 76 mm , M6:
1 1
11
II
00 or M62Al WITH FUZE, BD, M66Al
60° 5 5° 50° 45° 40~ 30° 20°
2,600
2,400
2,200
2,000
.....
~
I
~
1,800 'u
0
Q)
>'
0>
c:
, 1;600 ~
.~
en
76 mm Guns M1A2
1,400 MV-2;600 f1s I I I ~
MV-2,600 fls
I I I -I I I I ! •
76 mm Guns M1Al M1AIC and 3 in. Guns MS, M7
1,200
Penetration in.
1,000
1.0
I
2.0
III
3.0
I II (
I
,
4.0 5.0
I
I
'T
6.0
I. I I
',: 7.0 ..
I
Range Yd. PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT ::
I
I III I I TTl 1 ITl '-'11 II 1 II 11
o 1.000 2,000 3,000 4,000 ' 5,000 6,000 7,000

*See definitio~, page 134
--FIGURE 80
Page 160
STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE

NAVY CRIT·ERION*
2,800
~FACE' HARDEN'ED' ARMOR PLATE
I I
- I
I
, PROJ.ECTllE, APC-T, 3INCH and 76 mm,
45° 30° . 20° : 0° - M62 or M62Al WITH FUZE, B0, M66Al
2,600
2,400
..
2,200
2,000 - \I)
'-:.:;:
: I
c..
i- >-
_
- .-
1,800 ~ ~
- (1)
E>
~ C>
i-
- .-c:
1,600 ~. ~
....
~c.n
f-
-
MY-2,600 f/s
1,400 76 mm Guns M1A2
MY-2,600. fls
111 f If' I I Ill'
76 mm' Guns M1Al, M1A1C and 3 in. Guns MS / M7

. ' I _
1,200
I
I I I I I II I I I I I I I I
Penetration in.
1,000 -
,- I .
,
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
I f II .111111111111111 111111 I I."
f
I
I Range yd PREPARED BY QRDNANCE DEPT
I
. I I I I I I I I I I I I I
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

5,000 6,000 7,000
FIGURE 81
Page 161
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR 'PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE SHOT, HVAP,3 INCH and 76 mm, T4E17.or M93 (T4E20)
3,200
3,000
2,800
en
.:::
2,600 I.
, ....>
'u
o
CI)
>
2,400 0)
c:
~
MV-3,400 fI 5 -++++-+-+++++++t+++-t-+++-t-t-t-t-t-t-H-++-H
....
'C
(J)
2,200
2,000
d.
,;'1
1,800 ,,
!I'
I
Penetration in.
1,600 1-I-I-+++-H-+++-t-+++-t-+++-t-+-H-t-H-H-1 0 _ 2.0 3.0 4.0~~, ?o,t$ 6.0 ~ 7.0 ~ 8.0 9.0 E, 10.0 ~,ll.0 ~ 12.0
.11 I II IL.l I I I I I I I I 1+J::+++t++U+t=+ttt~ PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT . ~
Range: yd I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1'1 1 1 I
°
200 400
600 800 1,000 1,200, 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,O~0
FIGURE 82
Page 162
STRIKING,VELOCITY V5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION*
, ROLLE'D HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE PR'OJECTltE;APC-T, 90 mm, M82

I r WITH FUZE B0, M68
55°· ~ 50°·'
2,600
2,400
III
~
2,'200 I
....>
·u
o
<I>
, 2,000 >0)
c:
~
.i:
....
en
1,800 MV-2,800 f/s
MV-2,670 fls
1,600
1,400
Penetration in.
1,200 ,
1-H-++++++-f-J++++-+-I--l-4' 1. 0
-+ +++-++++++++++'
-+-t' 2. 0 f-+++-l-++++-++++++- 3. 0 -t+++-+-+++-+++++-+-H 4. 0 ++++-I--l--l-+-I---I-I-l-l-~ 5. 0 H-H-t-++-t+++-t-+-+-H' 6. 0 -++++++++-t-+-I-4-l-l-4; 7. 0 -+-!-l-I-I-l-I
" 1 I " T I l I 1 I 1 ". H-H-tt+t++++++++-rr--r-t-rl++t+++-H-+H--H-+-t--t-t-t-t+++++H

Range yd i IIII1I11
o 1,000 2,000 3,00D 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000

FIGURE 83
Page 163
STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY'CRITERION*'

FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE P'ROJECTILE, APC-I, 90' inm~ MOl
2,600
2,400
I
II)
-.::::
- I
2,200
-
-- 'u
,=
>-" ~
0
Q)
>
2,000 0>
c:
.:52
-~
V ):
1,800
MV-2,800 f/s
1,600
MV-2,670 f/s
1,400
Penetration in.
1. 0
1 IIII
\-l....I-I-l--I-+-I--l-+++-l++ 2. °
1'1 I"
++-H-+++-HH-H-+-H 3. 0 4. 0 I-+++-H--H-i-++-+-+-++
, r" , l--I-+-I--l-++-+-+-+-t-+-+-f-+" I
5. °
, I I I
I--I-+-I--H-+++-++++++ 6. 0 ' 7. 0 H-I-I-+-+-+-I
Range yd PREPARED, BY ORDNANCE DEPT,

" , IT' '" 1
o 1,000 2,000 3,000 ' 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000

*See definition, page 134 '
FIGURE 84
Page 164

..
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE SHOT, AP-T, 90 mm, T33 :
3,000
55° 30° 20° .0°
2,750
- I/)
I
2,500 -
>-
'u
0
Q)
>
Ie 0>
c:
2,250 ~
1-.
-
'i:
V )'
2,000
1,750 MV-2,SOO f1s
1,500
• !
Penetration In.
1,250 7.0 '
3.0 _4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0
- . .....
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT _
Range yd I r .•. ,. ,-
o 1,000 2,000 - 3,000 4,000 6,000 7,000
*See'definition, page 134
FIGURE 85
Page 165
STRIKING VELOCITY V5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION *

ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE' SHOT, HYAP-T, 90-mm, T30E16
.- #-., ,. ,...
3,200
,~
-,
I
~.~0
3,-000 ~
~~
,s::
2,800 ~:s2 .~
'ci)
2,600
2,400
2,200
2,000
Penetration
..,.,-,....
in .
1,800 1-H-HH-H-l'3. 0 4:0 5.0 ~ 6.0 1. 0 r8.0 ~ 9.0 11.0 12.0
Range . yd.
I'" I T · . ·. • ..,,··, ....· , · . . - ,
TT'
o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
*See definition" page 134
Volume III Part 12
ATTACK OF ;JAPANESE LOG AND/OR EARTH FORTIFICATIONS
1. GENERAL. It appears that soft woods like palm should be as easily penetrable as
earth while hardwoods like oak, ebony, or mahogany wo~ld be equivalent
Japanese log and/or earth fortifications of the type considered in this in stopping power to two times th~ir thickness of earth.' Medium hard
discussion are built with vertical walls made of several layers of logs or of one woods like pine or spruce shQuld come in between.
or 'more layers of earth-filled oil drums and with log roofs, the whole covered The data are given in graphs representing the thickness of earth penetrated
with earth. They are usually constructed quit~ low so as to be almost in or the thickness of logs in the walls versus range for the various weapons. There
visible. In. cases, however, where the water table is high, the fortifications is one set of graphs for the attack of vertical walls with low-angle fire and
would of necessity lie mostly above ground and be more. easily seen. Th~ a second set for the attack of roofs with high-angle fire.
structureS. are usually well compartmentalized into bays so that a shell It is dear that as high-angle fire is practiced, relatively light weapons
detonating in one bay will do a minimum of damage in a bay next to it. like the 75mm and 105mm howitzers, the 155mm mortar, and the 81mm
mortar are of borderline usefulness in attacking heavier type roofs of log
fortifications. It would seem from the graphs that a well-made bunker or
I" 'BOMBING OF LOG AND/OR EARTH FORTIFICATIONS. pillbox with three layers of logs and say 5 or 6 feet of earth would stand
Bombs are not very effective against this type of target due to the small up against any of the light weapons used in high~angle fire. Such targets
percentage of -hits scored, the resilience of palm-log shoring, the dispersion would he vulnerable to high-angle fire from the. 4.5 inch Gun Ml, the
of personnel in bays, and the high recovery coefficient of· these targets. 155mm Gun Ml, the 155mm Howitzer Ml or the 8 inch Howitzer Ml.
Direct hits are required since near-misses seem to do negligible damage. Question~ of probable errors would, however,'come to the fore.
See Volume III Part 3 for penetrations of bombs in earth. In dir~ct fire against a vertical wall of similar construction to that of the
roof just mentioned, the 57mm, 75mm, 76mm, 3 inch and 90mm would be
effective. The 105mm Howitzer M2Al would also be effective but the 105mm
3. ARTILLERY AND MORTAR ATTACK. Howitzer M3 and the 75mm Howitzer would be at the limit of their effective
ness at point blank range. Heavier direct firing guns and howitzers will all
In artillery attack it is. required that the projectile perforate the earth defeat such a wall.
covering and log or oil drum walls and detonate inside the fortifications.
Since the materials of the bunkers are rather soft, ordinary HE projectil~s
4. ROCKET ATTACK.
may be used without fear Of their deforming. A suitable delay fuze is required
to bring about the detonation inside. The ordinary PD fuzes with delay It appears from experiments that the 2.36 in~h rocket is ineffective
setting attached to most HE artillery projectiles would be satisfactory at against log and earth fortifications. It can be effective. only if it enters
ranges for which strikingvelocities are relatively low. The CP M78 (TI05) an embrasure since it does not have much penetrating power. This would
Fuze, where it can be attached ~o a projectile, may be used at all ranges. require attack from extremely small ranges of approximately 15 yards.
Its use is required at the shorter ranges of certain weapons where the At a range of 150 feet the 4.5 inch Rocket, M9, can penetrate 4 feet of
striking velocity is high and an ordinary PD fuze would malfunction. earth and three layers of I-foot pine logs. Data for the newer spin stabilized
The treatment is limited to giving the .maximum ranges at which the , 4.5 inch Rocket, T38, are given in one Of the figures.
various weapon-ammunition combinations will perforate a given thickness When fired from a plane flying low and level at 350 miles per hour the
of earth and/or logs as the case may be. 5 inch HVAR is estimated to penetrate 21 feet of earth at 1,000 yards
In the case of earth filled drums it may be assumed that the steel walls range and 19 .feet at 2,000 yards. The small arigle of fall of this rocket
are equivalent to 6 inches of earth in stopping power. Thus the thickness limits its use to the attack of vertical walls. With the BD fuze at 0.02 second
of earth in a vertical wall would be considered increased by as many times delay there might be some danger of the rocket· passing all the way through
6 inches as there are layers of' steel drums. a bunker and then detonating. .
Page 161
(/)
z 20 FIGURE 87
aCL PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT.
"'"
.,,.,
90 mm-90 mm-Guns, MIAl, M2 or M3 with
<{ I IS Shell, HE, M71; MV 2,700 f/s.
W Z
~
,(/)
l1J
:e
~
Z
-
0
10
(\J
FUZE ANY
C.P. M78 FUZE
(0.025 SEC. DEL.),
16
3 in.-3in, Guns, M5. or M7 with Shell, HE,
M42Al; MV 2,800 f/s.
76mm-76 mm Guns, MIAl, MIAIG or
MIA2 with Shell, HE, J\f42Al; MV /2,700 f/s~
:::> «m 75 mm-75 mmGun, M3 with Shell, HE,
a :e
l1J
z
« 14
M48; MV 1,980 f/s.
57 mm-57mm Guns, Ml or MIAI with
0:: :I:
Projectile, APC-T, M86; MV 2700 f/s.
I
~ J:
I-
0::
75~'~M 12
37 mm-,-37 mm Guns M3 orM3Alwith Shell,
HE, M63; MV 2600 f/s.
0::
>-
00
«
l1J
l1J
I 90.~M I
All the above shell with standard PD Fuze
with 0.05 sec. or greater delay, including Fuze,
« CP, M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec. delay) may be
(/) l1J 10 -5 used at ranges greater than the rangesindi
I- 0:: :3"
(!) ::::> (!)
· catedby the dash line on the curves. The use
a~ 0 --I
of the M78Fuze is mandatory at shorter ranges.
-
I
J: 0
w I- lLI S'I 4
0::
LL d5 ~ :e 57MM
I -5
-
Example:
::> 76 MM I
A Japanese bunker has vertical walls consisting
I en I
- of 2 feet of hardwood logs with an ~nbankment
l.LI 0:: en 61 4 -3
-I
(,!) I- 0 « ; · 5 feet thick. At what maximum range will the
z 0:: z ,-5 · 76 mm Gun, MIA2 firing Shell, HE, M42Al
«
I
«W J:
t- o 37MM
I :
3 .
-
4 1_": 4-- ----2
perforate?
At the right of the diagram it is seen that
~ I : -
3= « 2 feet of hardwood logs (lower horizontal dashed
0 z 3 2
-I ~ en ~
-
-- I ine) is equivalent to 4 feet of earth to which
:::> -I ::i 2 ..; 2 must be added 5 feet, of earth (right vertical
-I -I
0 «
(.)
z
:
: -I dashed line). Following the remaining dashed
W ~
-:
. -- I ines shows that the maximum range of pene
tration is 4,350 yards.
~ I-
o '=0 -0 -,0
g,
(!) Z
0 l1J
-I ~ 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 TH.ICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFO.RATED FEET
~
L
Z -I Z
[ HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY t MAHOGANY)
« «
(0
RANGE (YARDS)
Z (.)
r THICKNESS OF' LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
a I- ~
l MEDIUM
~
0::
l.LI
>
-
l.LI
r THICKNESS
HARD' WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET

0:: l SOFT WOOD (PALM)
I
W
Z PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)
W
.0..
Page 168
(f)
Z
0 20 FIGURE 88
a..
<:(
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. .F==
~
I 105H-105 mm Howitzer, M2A1 with Shell,
W Z
3:
(f)
W
~
~
Z
-
0
10
18 HE, M1; MV J550 f/s.
105h-105 mm Howitzer, M3 with Shell,
HE, M1; MV 1020 f/s.
C\J 75h-75 mm Howitzer, M1, MlA1, M2 or
:::> «
CO
16 M3 with Shell, HE,M48; MV 1250 f/s.
0 Z All the above shell using Fuze, PD, M 48 or
~
w « Mod. or "any other PD Fuze, including Fuze,
0:: :J:
14 CP, M78 (T105) (0.025 sec. delay). The use
I-
~ :J:
I-
a:::
of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory.
a:::
>-
CD
«
w
lLJ
I I- 12 Example:
« ANY FUZE J A Japanese bunker has vertical walls con~isting
(f) lLJ of 2 feet of hardwood logs with. a horizontal
'I- a::: embankment 5 feet thick. At what maximum
CD :::> <.!> 10 range will the 105 mm Howitzer, M2A1 firing
0 0
:J: 0 Shell, HE, M1 perforate? .
w -.J I- lLJ
- -j
a::: I
lL.
W
CO
I
3:
a:::
~
:::>
en 'I05h
105 H == 8'I
I
2 feet of hardwood logs (lower horizontal dashed
line) is equivalent to 4 feet of earth to which
en I must. be added 5 feet of earth (right vertical
...J
(,!) I- 0 « 75 h' ! f--
61
I dashed line). Following the remaining dashed
Z 0:: :J: lines shows that the maximum range of per
« <:( I
Z
0 l=: I
, foration is 4,850 yards.
I
W f.:=
3: 3: l I
0 « 4 1-
2
...J ~ en z
:::> ...J
...J
...J
0 « z 2
W 3:
~ I
(,!) Z -0 o
~
0 w
...J ~
~
Z 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 ,- ""-HICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
~ HARD
...J Z
e« «co WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY)
Z 0 RANGE (YARDS)
~
0 I-
~
a:::
w
>
-
w '------4
THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PE~FORATED FEET
MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
0:: THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
I- 1-_----1
SOFT WOOD (PALM)
W
Z
W
a.. L-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)
Page 169
(f)
z PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT.
FIGURE 89
0
-0 4.5 in. R--,--4.5 in. HE Rocket Shell,' T38 with
<t: I Fuze, PD, M48A2 or Fuze, CP, M78 (TI05)
W Z (0.025 sec. delay). The use of the M78 Fuze
~
(/)
W
~
~
z
-
0
I{)
(\J
, is not mandatory.
'Example:
:::> «m A Japanese bunker has vertical walls consi~ting
0 ~
z of 2 feet of hardwood logs with a horizontal
w « ANY FUZE 14 embankment 5 feet thick. At what maximum
0:: :I:
range will the 4.5 in. HE Rocket Shell, T38
l-
~ I
I- 0::: 12
perforate?
0:::
>CO «
W
lJJ
I-
2 feet of hardwood logs (lower horizontal dashed
line) is equivalent to 4 feet of earth to which
« must be added 5 feet of earth (right vertical
(/) lJJ 10
I- 0::: dashed line). Following the remaining dashed
(!) ::> C> lines shows that the maximum range of pene
0 0 tration is 1,300 yards.
w ...J :I: a 4.5
11
R
0::: I- lJJ
l1..' ro 3= ~
::>
w I en
0::: en 3
...J
(!) ~ 0 «
z 0::
«
I
«
W
J:
I
Z
0
2
3: 3= I
0 <C
...J ~ en z
:::> ...J
...J
...J
(.)
0 <C Z
W 3:
.~ I o
r.
(!) Z
~
0
...J
W
~ 'lHICKNESS OF LOG WA. ~L
PERFO.RATED F EE~
Z ...J
~
Z ~HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY)
« «
m
RANGE (YARDS)
Z (.) THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
~
'------I
0
~
I
0:::
W
>
-
W
L.- --1
MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE J SPRUCE)
THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
.-
0::
W
SOFT WOOD (PALM)
Z I...-----------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)

w
a..
Page 170
FIGURE 90
(f)
z PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT.
155 mm Gun, Mi918Ml; Shell, HE, MIOl.
0 The letters in the graph refer to the propellent
a...
«
w
I charge, N for Normal Charge and S for Super
charge. See figures 87, 88 and 89 for examples
~
(f)
Z
W
~
~
Z
-
0
to
C\I
on how to use the chart.
With all the above shell either Fuze, PD, M51
:::> « and Mod. (0.05 sec. delay or longer) or Fu~e,
m z CP, M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec. Delay) may be
0 ~ «
0:: w I
used at all ranges given by curves or portions of
l curves laying below the horizontal dashed
~ II 0:::
lines. Use of the Fuze, CP,M78 is mandatory
> -«0:::W
co
w
I
FUZE, C.P., M78 (0.025 SEC. DELAY) at all ranges on the portions of curves lying
above the horizontal dashed lines.
« ANY FUZE
(f) w
I 0::: 15
<.9 ::> <.!)
0 0
I a
w .-J I W
0:::
~
G: dS 3: ::>
S
CJ)
N
W I 0::: CJ)
....I
(!) l 0 « 10
z 0:: :c z
«
I
«
W
I 0
3: 3: i=
«
9 ~ CJ) z
:.J
:::> ....I
....I 0
5~
0 « ~
W 3: 2
~ (!)
I
Z
~
0 W
Z
Z
0
....I
....I
«
0
I
~
~
Z
«
m
~
01 II . i
o 0
.T.HICKNESS
HARD WOOD OF LO.G
(OAK,
.
WAL.LMAHOGANY)
EBONY,
~ ,
PERFO.. RATEO FEET

0::: W
t( W
> TH ICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
0:: MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
l-
W
Z TH ICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
W SOFT WOOD (PALM)
a...
PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEEl)
Page 171
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 91

(/)
z 155 mm Gun, Ml; Shell, H.E, MI01.
0
0.. 4.5 in. Gun, Ml; Shell, HE, M65
<{ I The letters in the graph refer to the propellent
W
~
(/)
Z
W
~
~
Z
-
0
1.0
(\J
charge. N for Normal Charge and S for Super
charge. See figures 87, 88 and 89 for examples
::> «
m With all the above shell either Fuze, PD, M51
0 ~
z and Mod. (0.05 sec delay or longer) or Fuze,
w «
cr: ::c
I 20 CP, M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec Delay) may be used
~ ::c
I 0::
at all ranges given by curves or portions of
curves laying below the horizontal dashed
0::
>
CD
«
W
w
I FUZE, C.P., M78 (0.025 SEC. DELAY), lines. Use of the Fuze, CP, M78 is mandatory
«
w ANY FUZE
at all ranges on the portions of curves lying
(/) I 0::
above the horizontal dashed lines.
<.9 ;:) (!) 15
0 e
w .-J ::c 0
0::
I w·
~
ii: ciS 3= ;:)
4.5"N
155 MM S
w I en 155MM N'
0::
e en
...J
.t!) l «
~
cr: :r: z
10 5
I
«
W
l e
3= 3= ~ 4
e...J «
~ en z·
::> ...J :J :3
...J 0
0 « ~
W 3= 2
~ t!)
l
2
Z
e
~
w
i
...J ~
Z ~
...J Z
« « 0 0 ,
Z
0
0
I
0::
m
~
W
0 II THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY)
~ W
>
cr: THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
W
Z THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
W
a... SOFT WOOD (PALM)
PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)

FIGURE 92
(f)
z 155 mm Howitzer,Ml; Shell~ HE, MI07.
0 PREPARED BY. ORDNANCE DEPT. ttttlij ......---f
The ,fjgure..s iri the· graph refer, to the zone
a..
«w ....,
z
numbers of· the propellent charge. See figures .
87, 88 and 89 for examples on how to u'se the
~
(.f)
I.LJ
.:e
:liC
Z
-
0
10
(\J
25
chart. . / / .
-With all the above shell either Fuze, PD, M51
::::>. « iuid JY-Iod~ (0:05 sec Delay or longer). or. Fuze,
m' z CP, .M78, (TI05) (0.025 sec Delay) may be
0 :e « r- "
I.LJ used at all ranges given'by curves or portions
0:: !C.
....., 20
,of curves laying below the horizontal dashed
~ I:I: 0:
lines.Use. of the Fuze, CP,M78 is mandatory
0:
r -« I.LJ .at all ranges On' the portions of curves lying
...., above ,the horizontal dashed lines.
CD I.LJ
«
(f) /. I.LJ -
I- 0: 1 - 15,
(9 :::> C)
0 0
w .....J :I: a
0: I- l1J 1
LL ciS ~ :e
::> I
(J) 6
I.LJ I 0: (J)' I
..J
(!) t- o « -10
5
z 0:: z
«
I
«
W
:I:
I- 0 4
1
3= ~ ;::: 3 '1
« 1
9 ~' en z
::::> ..J ::J\ 1
,.
..J -0
:~5'1
0 « ~
W ~
~ ....,
(!) z
0 0 w
F ..J :e
~
Z Z
.....J Ii III~ 0
« « 0
[11111111111 Ullllm 111111111 un rlnllllll"IIIIII"1 UII I 11111111.11 11111111 1/1111.111
2000 40ob' 6000 8000 10,opO 12,000 14pOO 16,000 18,000 2QOOl"
O'
Z. 0 '£0 THICKNESS OF LOG' WALL PERFORATED FEET
0 I :e RANGE (YARDS) HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY,MAHO~ANY)
0: I.LJ
~ I.LJ
> TH ICKNESS >OF LOG·· WALL PERFORATED FEET
0:: MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
t-
W
Z TH ICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
,W . SOFT WOOD (PALM)
a..
Page 173
PREPARED- BY ORDNANCE DEPT. '

FIGURE. 93
Cf) 8 in. Howitzer, Ml;- Shell, HE., Ml06.
z
0
a.. The figures in the graph refer to the zone
«w I-
Z
numbers of the propellent ch~rge. See figures
W 87, 88 and 89 for examples on how to use the
~ ~ 0 chart.
~ 1.0
Cf) Z (\J
With all the above shell either Fuze, PD, M5l
:::> «
m
FUZE, C.P., M78 (0.025 S-EC. DELAY)
and Mod. (0.05 sec Delay or longer) or Fuze,
0 ~
z ANY FUZE CP, M78 (Tl05) (0.025 sec Delay) may be used
w « 20
0:: I at all ranges given by curves or portions of
l-
~ I
I
0:::
curves laying below the horizontal dashed lines.
Use of the Fuze, CP, M78is mandatory at all
0:::
>-
CD
«
W
w
I-
ranges on the portions of curves laying above
« the horizont~1 dashed lines.
Cf) w 15
I- 0:::
(9 ::> (!)
0 e
I a
w .....J I- W 6
0::: 5 7
i:L dS ~ ~
::> 4
w I en 3
0:::
e en 10
-J
(.!) l- «
z 0:: :r: z
«
I
«W l- e
3: ~ i=
«
9 ~ en z
:::> -J
-J
:J
(,)
0
W
~
~
«
3:
(.!)
e.,j
~
I
Z
w
~
5J I'
~
Z -J Z " 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 II 1111 1111 1111 111111111 1111 II 1111 11111 III II 1111 II 11111130 0
« «
m o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,oOQ 2qOO THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
Z (,)
~ RANGE (YARDS)
0 I-
0::: W
~ W
>
TH ICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
0::
I
W THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
Z SOFT WOOD (PALM)
W
a..
LOW-ANGLE FIRE
FIGURE 94
30
8 inch Gun, Ml or M2; Shell, HE,
M103; Fuze, PD, M51 or Mod. or
FUZE, C. P M 78 Fuze; CP, M78 (T105) (0.025 sec
. 0.025 SEC. DELAY 25 Delay) .
my FUZE With all the above shell either Fuze,
PD, M51 and Mod. (0.05· sec Delay
\0
or longer) or Fuze, CP, M78 (T105)
20 (0.025 sec Delay) may be use,d at all

3 9 ranges given by curves or portions of
8
curves· laying below the horizontal
2 10 dashed lines. Use of the Fuze, CP,M78
.. 1 15
7 is mandatory at all ranges on the por·
8 6 tions of curves lying above the hori·
. zontal dashed lines.
5
6 The numbers in the graph refer to the
4 zone numbers of the propellent charge.
4 3
See Figures 87,.88 and 89 for examples
2
2
I
0 0 ·
I. I.·
.
~. THICKNESS OF LOG. WALL P.ERFORATED
. HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY)
(FE.ET)
THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED (FE;ET)
'-------'----I THICKNESS· OF LOG WALL PERFORATED (FEET)
SOFT WOOD. (PALM)
' - - - - - - - PENETRATION INTO ·EARTH (FEET)

Page 175
(f)
z
0
0
«
w
S
(f) r- PRE~RED BY ORDNANCE DEPT
1-=
:
LOW-ANGLE FIRE
=:)
z --- ~
w 01.[)
0 ~ (\j 35
0:: ~
z :
z FIGURE· 95
5 <[
CD «
I
:

-30
240mm Howitzer, MI; Shell, HE,
~ :
>-
eo W r- . FUZE, C. P., M 78 (0.025 SEC. DELAY)
:::

M114; Fuze, PD, M51 or Mod. or
I 0::: ANY FUZE - . . Fuze, CP, M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec
r-
(f) 0:::
W 1,-: 25 Delay).
(!) <[ trW 1
: With all the above shell either Fuze,
PD, M5I and _Mod. (0.05 Sec delay
w
9 r
~
0::::
<..9
4.
=
1-:: 20
:
10 or longer) or Fuze, CP, M78 (TI05)
(0.025 sec Delay) may be used at all
0 9 ranges given by curves or portions of
d5 0 '-:
I W : curveS laying below the horizontal
r- .~ 8
I~ 15 dashed lines. Use of the Fllze, CP,
:
I 5 ~
(J)
7 M78 is mandatory at all ranges on
~ (J) 1-: the portions of curves lying above the
0:: 0::: : 8 6
<[ horizontal dashed lines.
«
w
0
I Z
I~IO
:
10
6
5
4
The figures in the graph refer to the
-
r- 0 1
:
zone numbers of the propellent charge.
See figures 87, 88· and 89 for examples
~ 5 tr -=- 5 _
3
:J (J) z 2
2
0 -l
-l -l I
0
W
~ z I I'I I I I I~I
=0 o a
~
<..9 r- a 5000
I I I
10000
I I I
15000
I I II
20000 25000
I I [THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERPORATED (PEEr)
HAR 0 WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY)
z
~ 9
RANGE (YARDS) ..
.[. THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED (FEET)
w . MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
~ '----"~~~~-1 THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERJ=ORATt:D (FEET)
Z -l <[
~
SOFT WOOD (PALM)
Z
0
f-"
«
m '----~~~_.._...._l. PENETRATION INto EARTH (FEET)
Z 0::: ~
0 w w
tr.0:: --
>
f-
W
Z
W
0
Page 176
-7
PREPARED BY/ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 96
--
-
75 mm Howitzer, Ml, MIAI, M2 or M3;
<J)
-- Shell, HE, M48; Fuze, PD, M48 or Mod. or
z -,
- Fuze, CP, ,M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec Delay).
0 -6 -4 -3 (Use of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory.)
a.. --
«w --
The figures in the graph refer to the zone
numbers of the propellent charge. See, figures
~ CJ) -- - 87, 88 and 89 for examples on how to use the
~ 2 chart. .
CJ) z 5 - 5
-==
a '0:
1LI
> ---
0::
P~
0
(.)
-
-- - -3
> :I: --
1LI
0:
>- t
0:
CD «
--- 4 -4 -2
Li: 1LI -
1LI
CJ)
(!) t , - -
-'
....J ::::>
,
C> 0 0 --
z -.J
« :I:
t 3 3 -2
I d5 --
:I: 3:
C>
:f .-0::
J:
0:
0
'
-
-- -
«w :I:
- -
t
3:
--
--,
2 2 -I
~ --
:::> ~ - - -I
0 0 -
w 0
0:
-
~
~ -- I -I -
C>
.-
0
Z
0
....J
....J
-
-
-
-- ' - -
j:!
Z z
0 0
N
~ :I:0a: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1,1 I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I
o . 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
LJTHICKN,ESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
I HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY)
0::
I
W RANGE (YARDS) I THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
Z I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) ,
W
a.. ' - -_ _---11 THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
I SOFT WOOD (PALM)
'-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)

PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. l= 7 .J FIGURE 97
105 mm Howitze~, M2Al or M3; Shell, HE,

(f)
Ml;Fuze, PD, M48 or Mod. or Fuze, CP, M78
z (Tl05) (0.025 sec Delay).
0 "3 . (Use of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory.)
~ 3
«w The figures in the graph refer to the zone
numbers of the propellent charge. See figures
~ (/)
2 - ]
87, 88 and 89 for examples on how to use the
(!)
z chart.
(f) 5 -5
::J a:::
0 w
>
0:: 0 - -3
c..:>
~ ::c
4 -4 -2
W > I-a:::
(1). «
a::: w
G: (f) -
w (9 I
.....J :::>
(,!) 0 0
z .-J ::c
.« l
3-3-2 -
I d5
::c
(,!) I
3:
:E I a:::, -
0:: 0
«
W
::c
-
I 2 -2 -I
~
3:
::J ~ - -I
0 0 .
W 0
~
a::: .
(!) I -I -
0 0
..J
I -
Z .....J -
«
I
Z Z
0 0
N 0-0-0-0
~ ~
.0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5,,00
LI THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED" FEET
0:: ::c I HARD WOOD (OAK. EBONY. MAHOGANY)
I RANGE (YARDS) ~_-II THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED, FEET
W
Z I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE. SPRUCE)
W
~ L..-_ _ ----.,1 THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
I SOFT WOOD (PALM)
L.-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)

Page 178
FIGUJl,E 98
81 mm Mortar, M1; Shell, HE, M56; Fuze,

(f) PD,. M53E2.
-z Numbers in graph refer to number of incre
0 6 -4 -c
0 ments of propellent charge. See figures 87, 88
«
W
and 89 for example on how to use the chart.
~ (I)
-
(f)
::::>
"z
0:: 5,- 5
LW
0 > "
0:: 0
(.) - -3
~ ::I:
itJ,J
a:
>co ....~ 4- 4 -2
i:i: LW
(j)
LW (9 -
-I
<.!) 0 """
::>
0
z .....J
«I CO ::I:
\-r
.~.
3 - 3 -2
::J: ~
<.!)
:E
:c
~
0::
@5 -
«
W
::I:
~
-
.~ 4 2 - 2 -I
~
:::> ~
0 0 - -I
W 0
a:::
~ 2
<.!)
1 -I ....
0 9 .
zr- -I
-
..,
~
z
5
0
N
~
0-0-0-0
iE
0 o 1000 ~ 5000 '-- THICKNESS OF l.OG WALL PERFORATED FEET
0::: ::I: 2000 3000 4000
I
W RANGE (YARDS) '--"':"-"_ THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
Z
~
'--- THICKNESS' OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET

SOFT WOOD (PALM)
L----~--PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)

Page 179
FIGURE 99
105 mm Mortar, "T13; Shell, HE, T17; Fuze,

en. " PD, M4Al.
z
0 6 -4 -~
Numbers in graph refer· to number of incre
a..
<{
ments of propellent charge. See Figures 87, 88
w and 89 for example on how to use the chart.
~ en
(.!) -
en z
0:: 5 - 5
::J UJ .
Q >
0:: 0 . -3
(.)
~ ::t:
j--,
UJ
>-:- 0:: 4 -4 -2
0:: OJ c::(
[i: UJ
(f)
W (!) j--, -
..J :::>
(!) 0 0
zc::( .....J ::I:
j--, 3 -:: 3 -2
I d5
::I: ~
(!) :r:
:E l- 0::
-
0:: 0 4
<t' ::I:
w I
~ 3
~
::J ~
0 0 - -I
w 0 2
0::
~
(!) I -I -
0 0
..J
l- -
Z ..J
c::(
j--,
-
Z z
0 0
N 0-0-0 -0
~ OC
0 o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
LJ THICKNESS OF LOG· WALL PERFORATED FEET
0::: ::I: ~ HARD WOOD (OAK,· EBONY J MAHOGANY)
l-
W RANGE (YARDS) " ' - ' - - - 11 THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED· FEET
Z IMEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE I SPRUCE)
W
a.. I THiCKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
'---~---II SOFt WOOD ( PAL.M )
'----,-----PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)

Page 180
7
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. f- FIGURE .100
(f)
z 4.2 in. Chemical Mortar; Shell, HE, M3; Fuze,
PD, M4Al. .
0
a.. Numbers in graph refer to number of incre
«w 6 -4 -3
and 89 for example on how to. use the. chart.
3= C/)
C,!)
(f)
:J
a::z -
1.LJ 5 - 5
0 > --
0:: 0
<..:>
~ J:
-3
t-
1.LJ
C£:
>-
en a::
« 4 -4 -2
G: 1.LJ
(f)
1.LJ (!) t
.....I :::>
(!) 0 0
z ..J :c
« t 3- 3 -2
I ciS 17
:r:
(!) I
i 15
:f f- a:: I~ -
0:: 0
«W J:
II
14
16 18 -
t 9 2 - 2 -I
~
~ 12
:::> 7
r:c 10 - -I
0 0 6
W 0 5,+1-1'\
8
~
a:: 4 6t I -I -
(!) 5f
0 0
.....I
4t -
f 3t
Z .....I
-
~
Z z o 0- o -0
0 0
Y
N THICKNESS OF LOG. WALL PERFORATED FEET
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
tt
0:::
0:
0
:c
5000
RANGE (YARDS) I THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET

f-
W I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
Z
W I THICKNESS QF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
a.. I SOFT WOOD ( PALM)

Page 181
PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 101

155 mm Mortar, T25; Shell, HE, T26E1; Fuze,
PD, M4Al.
~ Numbers in graph refer to· number of incre
0 -4 -2
a.. and 89 for example on how to use the chart.
«
w
~ en -
(.!)
(f) z
5 - 5 -
:::> a=
IJJ
0 >
cr: 0
() - -3
~ :c 3
> ....
a= 4 -4 -2
IJJ
a= CO «
[i: IJJ
(f)
IJJ (9 ....::::> -
-I
(,!) 0 0
z .-J:c
«
I dS ....
:c
(,!) I
3:
:E I a= 2 -
0::: 0
« :c -
W .... 2 -2 -I
~
~
:::> ~ - -I
0 0
W 0
a=
~
(!) I -I -
0 0
-I
I
~ -I
-
~
Z z
0 0
N 0-0-0-0
a:
~ 0:c ~ THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
I
0::: HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY. MAHOGANY)
I-
W RANGE (YARDS) ""---_-"II THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
Z I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
W
a.. '--_ _~I THiCKNESS QF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
I SOFT WOOD (PALM)
L-'-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET)

rage 182
(/)
z
0 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 102
0..
«w
155 mm Gun~ Ml; Shel1~ HE~ MI0l; 4.5 in.
~ (f) Gun~ Ml; Shel1~ HE~ M65; Fuze~ PD~ M51 or
C,!)
z Mod. or Fuze~ CP~ M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec
(/) Delay).
4.5"N.
::::> 0::
W (The use of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory.)
0 >
0:: 0 The letters in the graph refer to the propellent
0 charge~ N for Normal Charge and S for Super-·
§£ :c .I55MM N charge. See Figures 87 ~ 88 and 89 for example
>- ~ on how to use the chart.
W 0::
0:: CD «
u:: w
(/)
w <9 ~
...J :::>
(!) 0 0
z --I :c
« ~
I dS
:c
(!) I
3:
:f I- 0::
0:: 0
«
W
:c
2
~
~
3:
::::> ~
0 0
W 0
0::
~ 000
0
(!)
0 I 1- ~ THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATEO FEET
I ...J 0
~ HARD WOOD (OAK,EBONY, MAHOGANY)
Z ...J
j5 THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
Z z MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
0 0
N
ti
0::
0:
0
:c L------'-----1
THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
SOFT WOOD (PALM)
I
W
Z L- PER,F0RATION INTO EARTH (FEET)
W
0..
Page 183
(f)
z
0
0..
«
w . PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT.
FIGURE 103 !
3= en
(.!)
. 155 mm Howitzer, M1; Shell, HE, M107; Fuze,
PD, M51 or Mod. or Fuze, CP,M78 (T.l05)
if) z (0.025 sec Delay).' .
::::> a:: ANY FUZE
LtJ (The, use of the ,M78 Fuze is not mandatory.)
0 > The numbers in the graph refer to the zone
0:: 0
(,) numbers in the propellent charge. See Figures
~ J: 87, 88 and 89 for examples on how to use the
chart.
w >CD ....<ta:: 7
a:: w
6
i:i:
if) 5
l.LJ
....J
(!) ....
:::J
(!) 0 0
z· -l
<t
I dS ....J: 2
3
J: i
(!) I
:E I a::
0:: 0
«
W
J:
I-
~
i
::J ~
0 0
W 0 o 0 o·
~
a::
• r,
L '[ THICKNESS
(!)
OF LOG WALL P,E, RFORAT.ED FEET
0 0 0 I"
HARD WOOD (OAK,EBONY, MAHOGANY)

I ....J
Z ....J THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
~ MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE)
Z Z
0 0
N THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
~ 0::
0
SOFT WOOD (PALM)
a::: J:
I ' - - - - - - - PERFORATION INTO EARTH (FEET)
W
Z
W
0..
Page 184
(j)
z
0
a..
«w ,. PREPARED B'y ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 104
~ Cf) 8 in. Howitzer, Ml; Shell, HE, MI06;Fuze,

(!) PD, M51 or Mod. or Fuze, CP, M78 (TI05)
(f) z (0.025 sec Delay).
::::J 0::
IJJ (The use of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory.) /
0 > The numbers in the graph refer to the zone
0::: 0
(,) 6
7
numbers in the propellent charges. S~e Figures
~
5 87, 88 and 89, for .examples on how to use
2 3
:c 4 the chart.
I
lJJ >
CD
0::
« 10 5
0::
i:i: IJJ
(f)
w <.9 I
....J ::::> 8
(.!) 0 0
z ..J
«
I dS ~
:c ~ 6
(.!) J:
I I 0::
0::: 0
4 2
«
W
:c
I
:E 3: 2
::::J fQ
0 0
W 0 o o 0
0::
~ 1-. ['THICKNESS OF L. O.G .WALL PERFORATED FEET
o ~ HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY)
(.!) I
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
0 0
....J
I RANGE (YARDS)
Z
....J THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
~
z
~ 0
N THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET
~ CE SOFT WOOD (PALM)

0
0::: :c
I L- PERFORATION INTO EARTH (FEET)
W
Z
W
a..
Page 185
Volume III Part 13.

ROCKET, DEMOLITION, 7.2 inch T37
1. NuMBER OF EFFECTIVE ROUNDS REQUIRED FOR REASON

ABLE ASSURANCE OF BREACHING VARIOUS TYPES OF
OBSTACLES TO PERMIT PASSAGE OF MEDIUM TANK.
Figures· in the listing which follows are based on tests, or on multiples
of figures obtained from tests, using the T -37 rocket fired from the M17
rocket launcher. The test results pertain to effective rounds; hence the
figures presented herein do not allow for duds or for rounds going beyond
or falling short of the target.
On the average, each effective round displaces approximately %-cubic
yard of concrete. However, the amount displaced by any given round is
observed to vary considerably, the first rounds of anyone series causing
surface damage and cracking but little actual displacement.
Page 18&
BREACHING OF TANK
OBSTACLES .
l'l2.:l
2, 'POST'S AT
. S'INTERVAL
'
FIGURE 105
JAP LOG WALLS

. ht-5 ft.
No. of Roun d 5 -5
Helg I
~r less
~:::>
~~iiii;=:::;- ~
"-.-----~e:_
----...~
Page 187
BREACHING Of-TANK
OBSTACLES
FIGURE-l06
JAP STUMP WAllS

Height-Approx. 4 ft.
No. of Round.-5 or less
~~
~
~~
~
.~
"
SrUMP FACING-TREE ROOTS EXPOSED
Page 188
BREACHING OF TAN
OBSTACLES K
, FIGURE 107
J~PCORAL WALL
Helght-5 ft.
No. of Rounds-5 or l.s5
Page 189
BLOCK STRUCTURES
FIGURE 108
UNMORTARED
BELGIUM BLOCK WALLS
Height-5· ft. '
No. of Rounds-5 or less
Page 190
BLOCK STRUCTURES
FIGURE 109
UNMORTARED
BELGIUM BLOCK WALLS
Height-5 ft.
No. of Rounds-5 or less
Page 191
BLOCK· STRUCTURES
FIGURE 110.
MORTARED GRANITE
BL~CK BEACH WALLS
H
N .e
. l.gPh tot -
10U
ft·'
o. of Round 5-10
-c "
15to
•
Page 192
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
GATES.
STEEL RAIL
1111~gl1~~~:-
~
ELEMENT C
Range-Approx. 100 ft.
No. of Rounds-l 0 to 1 5
Page 193
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
•I 'I, "
,,... )-&
I
I
I
t
I
FIGURE 112
I
UNREINFORCED
CONCRETE
SEAWALLS
Range-Approx. 100 ft.

Height-Up to 6 ft.
Thickness-3%. ft. (average)
No. of Rounds~5 to 10
O.C.STAGG ERED
Page 194
CONCRETE STRUaURES
FIGURE 113
CONCRETE WALLS
liGHTLY REINFORCED
Range-Approx. 100ft.
Height-Up to 8 ft.
Thickness-Up to 6 ft.
No. of Rounds-1 0 to· 1 5
Y2." ~ 6" o.c.
Page 195
CONCRlTl SlRUClUR£S
FIGURE 114
. KiAVilY RUl
RlINFORKCEFD'll~~~ AllS
ORBAC.. . . _
A prox. 100 ft.
Range-P to 6 ft.
Height-Up U to 6 ft.
Thickness- ,P -15 to 20
No. Of Rounds
. t-6 to 8 ft.
Heigh6t08ft.•
Thickness- . -20 to 40
No. 0 f Rounds
8 to 9 ft.
Height- 8 to 9 ft.
Thickness- -40 to 60
No. 0 f Rounds
Y.i'~ STEEL
I
~6"
•
Page 196
FIGURE 115
DRAGON/S TEETH
.AND OTHER BANDS
OF SMALL
REINFORCED CONCRETE
TANK BELLYING
OBSTACLES
No. of Rounds-l 0 to 1 5
~-
Page 191
TABLE 88
JAP LOG OR DRUM TYPE PILLBOXES

Earth and Log Structures
No. of Rounds-5 to 10
TABLE 89
MINE FIELDS AND WIRE

ENTANGLEMENTS
Depth-Not over 40 ft.

No. of Rounds-1 5 to 20
Depth-Not over· 160 ft.


Page.198
I .. ACCURACY.
The projectile may veer off course when acceleration continues heyond
the guide rails of the launcher. For this reason, the dispersion of shots from
a given rail may depend quite markedly on the burning time and hence
on the temperature. The following table illustrates the effect of tempera
ture on dispersion:
Amount of
burning while . Mean lateral
Temperature on rails deviation·
10° F 33% 20 mils

Normal 40% 10 mils
·120° F 60% 7 mils
Under field conditions, ~ lateral standard deviation of at least 9 mils and

an equ'al vertical deviation may be expected. That is; at a range of 100 feet,
. not more than 13 rounds of a launcher-load of 20 rounds may be expected
to fall within a wall target area 10 feet longbs 3 feet wide. Ata range of
200 feet, only 6 out Of 20 rounds may be expected to hit such a target area.
Figure 116 shows the relation of range to the number of rounds, out of a
launcher-load of 20 fired, which may be expected to hit selected wall target
areas.
The effect of wind on these projectiles may be neglected for practical
purposes.
If two projectiles are fired nearly simultaneously, one may be caught
in the blast from the other and suffer a considerable deviation. For this
reason, projectiles should be fired at least 7§. second apart. At close range
no round should be fired until the previous one has detonated, since -the
blast from the detonation of one round may deflect the next round from
its target, or cause"its detonation preIll,aturely.
Page r199
ROCKET, OEM OLITION, ? 2 ", T 37
FIRED FROM THE LAUNCHER, ROCKET, MULTIPLE, 7.2", M 17
NUMBER OF ROUNDS, 'OUT OF THE 20 FIRED FROM THE LAUNCHER,

EXPECTED TO HIT A VERTICAL TARGET 12, FT WIDE BY 4 FT HIGH,
AND ONE 10 FT WIDE BY 3 FT HIGH.
20
en ~.
0
z 15 I'
, 12 'FTx 4FT
:::> "
0 " ~"
I'
TARGET
a: " \.,
\.
LL
0 10 ", f!lI
,,\
a: I\. Ill.
w IOFTx3FT
I':
~
I"'lii
I"lli
CD ~' ""'" 1"'1
:E 5 ~
TARGET i""l
1""''''
I'll
':::> ""', ""'''' 1"'1-.,

z "'" """'100.
..... I'll
iii.
~ 1"'1 ...
1"'0
....
.0 100 200 300 400 500

RANGE IN FE E T
FIGURE 116
NOTES

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Office of the Chief of Ordnance

TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA

Терминальная (конечная) баллистика - это раздел баллистики, изучающий

c. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST RE-

Comments, suggested changes, and data relating to field experience

CONTENTS Page SLLU:STRATIONS

T9 (M82)) .. .................................... 31 51. Crater Diameter and Depth-250-lb., G.P., AN-M57 or

AN-M41) ......................................... 42 Mild Steel........................................... 75

40. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-MB81(T10) ........... 44 Mild Steel................................. 77

The charts on bomb ballistics include the following subjects:

a. Range vs. Altitude of Release.

I. Effect on Range of a 10-m.p.h. Differential Ballistic Wind vs. Altitude of Release.

c. Striking Velocity and Angle of Fall vs. Altitude of Release.

d. Trail vs. Drop.

2. CHARTS OF RANGE VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE

iJ-3SV3131I 3JO 30f01L

00 UL- 3SV313a 30 300hlllV

13-3SV313I :40 30(ULE1d

3. CHARTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON RANGE

Effect on Range of a 10 percent Departurefrom Standard Ballistic Density. 3,000...................................1.095

The difference at various altitudes between the actual air density

'13 - 3 SV313 d-i

'3- 3SV313JI dO 3OflillilV

' - 3SV313Ji 3O 3GflLl1V

0Z Wr..L ii,0 ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _

'l: - 3SV3138 .40 3afllil1d

' - 3SV3138 -10 3Gf iJ.L1V

4. CHARTS OF STRIKING VELOCITY AND ANGLE OF FALL VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE

Li. __ __ ____. - 3S13'13~i JO 3ft.fl IN

_____ ___ ____ ___

~(0 ___ ____

CLUS TER, FRAGMENTAT ION, 100-LB, AN-M1AI(6-20&LB.AN-M41)

ICLUS TER, FRAGMENTATION, 50Q-LB, T8 (M27)(6 -m9-LBT9(M 82)

----- U-- -5000 LL

BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 26O- LB., AN -M81(T 10)

10000 AND 25000 FEET

10000 --. 25000

BOMB, G17 10OO- LB., AN-'M30 AND AN-M30A1

BOMB, G.P, 250-LB., AN- M57 AND AN-M 57A

BOMB,G.P, 500-LB.,AN-M64 AND AN- M64A1

BOMB, G.P, 1000 -LB., AN -M65 AND AN-M65A1

B0MB,G.F, 2000-LB., AN- M66AND AN- M66A1

BOMB,DEMOLITION, L.C.,4 000 - LB.,AN-

TRAIL IN FEET FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES

BOMB,S.A.P, 500' LB..AN M 58,AN-M58AI AND AN-M58A2

BOMB, S.AP, 10OOO-LB., AN-M59 AND AN-M59A1

BOMB, A.P, 1600-LB. AN-MK I

--- -1;:- 5000

CRATER TYPES 171

DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF GROUND TO CENTER OF MASS o)

IL ____ _____: ACAMOUFLETON

ABOVE GROUND BELOW GROUND GRATER TYPES z

GRAVEL mDTAEFRMSFAEO ~ea a,,* ,

DITNEFO UFC FGROUND TO CENTER OF MASS

330 i. ~DEBRIS MOUND 0D

00000ABOVE GROUND BELOW GROUND CRATER TYPES Z Z~

SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS- EARTH DISPLACEMENTS DUE TO UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIONS IN CLAY SOIL

DEFORMATION AND RUPTURE

Bombs will begin to deform at Bombs will rupture at altitudes

3,400 p.s.i. 5,000 p.s.i. 3,400 p.s.i. 5,000 p.s.i.

G.P. 100-lb., AN-M30 or AN-M30AI 1,500 all 7,000 3,000

S.A.P. 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1, or

A.P. (all) No deformation or rupture

3. PENETRATION AND PERFORATION

0Z Wr..L ii,0 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _

Li. ____. - 3S13'13~i JO 3ft.fl IN

___ _ __ _

~(0 _ __

IL _: ACAMOUFLETON