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 STUDY PACKAGE IN PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
Booklet No. Title Chapter Nos. Page Nos.
Ch 0. Mathematics Used in Physics
Ch 1. Units and Measurements
Units, Measurements &
1 Ch 2. Vectors 1-202
Motion
Ch 3. Motion in a Straight Line
Ch 4. Motion in a Plane
Laws of Motion and Ch 5. Laws of Motion and Equilibrium
2 203-318
Circular Motion Ch 6. Circular Motion
Ch 7. Work, Energy and Power
Work Energy, Power &
3 Ch 8. Collisions and Centre of Mass 319-480
Gravitation
Ch 9. Gravitation
4 Rotational Motion Ch 1. Rotational Mechanics 1-120
Ch 2. Properties of Matter
Properties of Matter &
5 Ch 3. Fluid Mechanics 121-364
SHM
Ch 4. Simple Harmonic Motion
Ch 5. Thermometry, Expansion &
Calorimetry
6 Heat & Thermodynamics Ch 6. Kinetic Theory of Gases 365-570
Ch 7. Laws of Thermodynamics
Ch 8. Heat Transfer
Ch 9. Wave – I
7 Waves 571-698
Ch 10. Wave –II
Ch 0. Mathematics Used in Physics
8 Electrostatics Ch 1. Electrostatics 1-216
Ch 2. Capacitance & Capacitors
Ch 3. DC and DC circuits
9 Current Electricity Ch 4. Thermal and Chemical effects of 217-338
Current"
Ch 5. Magnetic Force on Moving
Charges & Conductor
Ch 6. Magnetic Effects of Current
10 Magnetism, EMI & AC Ch 7. Permanent Magnet & Magnetic 339-618
Properties of Substance
Ch 8. Electromagnetic Induction
Ch 9. AC and EM Waves
Ch 1. Reflection of Light
Ch 2. Refraction and Dispersion
11 Ray & Wave Optics Ch 3. Refraction at Spherical Surface, 1-244
Lenses and Photometry
Ch 4. Wave optics
Ch 5. Electron, Photon, Atoms,
Photoelectric Effect and X-rays
12 Modern Physics 245-384
Ch 6. Nuclear Physics
Ch 7. Electronics & Communication
 Contents
Study Package Booklet 3 - Work Energy, Power
& Gravitation
7. Work, Energy and Power 319-364
7.1 Work done by constant force 320
7.2 Work done by variable force 321
7.3 Kinetic energy 323
7.4 Work-energy theorem 324
7.5 Potential energy 325
7.6 Mechanical energy 326
7.7 Principle of conservation of energy 327
7.8 Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence 327
7.9 Power 333
Exercise 7.1 Level 1 (Single correct option)
Exercise 7.1 Level 2 (Single correct option)
Exercise 7.2 (more than one correct options)
Exercise 7.3 (Assertion and Reasoning
type questions)
Exercise 7.4 (Passage & Matrix)
Exercise 7.5 (Past years JEE-(Main and Advance)
Hints and Solutions (Solution of all exercises)
8. Collisions & Centre of Mass 365-422
Definitions, Explanations and Derivations 366
8.1 Introduction 366
8.2 Types of collision 367
8.3 Analysis of 1-D or head-on elastic collision 3
67
8.4 Perfectly inelastic collision in 1-D 368
8.5 Elastic oblique collision 373
8.6 Newton’s second law for system of
particles 380
8.7 Centre of mass of n - particle system 381
8.8 Centre of mass of a rigid body 382
8.9 Centre of gravity 384
8.10 Centroid 384
8.11 Tilting of a body 387
Exercise 8.1 Level 1 (Single correct option)
Exercise 8.1 Level 2 (Single correct option)
Exercise 8.2 (more than one correct options)
Contents
Exercise 8.3 (Assertion and Reasoning type
questions)
Exercise 8.4 (Passage & Matrix)
Exercise 8.5 (Past years JEE-(Main and Advance)
Hints and Solutions (Solution of all exercises)
9. Gravitation 423-480
9.1 Heliocentric model 424
9.2 Kepler’s Laws 424
9.3 Newton’s law of gravitation 425
9.4 Shell theorem 426
9.5 Derivation of Kepler’s Laws 426
9.6 Intensity of gravitational field 427
9.7 Gravitational potential energy 431
9.8 Gravitational potential 435
9.9 Satellite 441
9.10 Orbital velocity 441
9.11 Time period of revolution 442
9.12 Energy of a satellite 442
9.13 Binding energy 443
9.14 Geostationary satellite (GSS) 443
9.15 Escape velocity (Escape speed) 446
9.16 Black hole 447
9.17 Reduction of two-body problem to
one-body problem: 451
Exercise 9.1 Level 1 (Single correct option)
Exercise 9.1 Level 2 (Single correct option)
Exercise 9.2 (more than one correct options)
Exercise 9.3 (Assertion and Reasoning
type questions)
Exercise 9.4 (Passage & Matrix)
Exercise 9.5 (Past years JEE-(Main and Advance)
Hints and Solutions (Solution of all exercises)
320 MECHANICS

DEFINITIONS, EXPLANATIONS AND DERIVATIONS

7.1 WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE
Consider a cart which is being pulled by applying a constant force as shown in fig. 7.2.
Here force is along the string while cart is moving horizontally. The displacement of the
cart is not in the direction of the applied force.
r
Suppose a constant force F , makes an angle q with the displacement. The work done by
r
the force W, when its point of application undergoes a displacement s , is defined as the
product of the component of force in the direction of displacement and the displacement.
Figure. 7.1 Thus workdone

Figure. 7.2
W = F cos q × s
= F × s cos q
rr
or W = F.s
Work done in different situations
Although work done is a scalar quantity but its value may be positive, negative or zero.
Positive work : Work done by the force will be positive for q < 90°. In practice there are numerous
examples of positive work. When a body, falls under gravity (q = 0°); the work done by gravity is
positive.
Here work done = Fg s cos 0 = Fg s.

Figure. 7.3 Figure. 7.4

Negative work : Work done by a force will be negative for q > 90°. When a body is thrown up, the work
done by gravity on the body is negative. Here work done W = Fg s cos 180° = – Fg s.
r
Zero work done : Work done by force is zero if either q = 90° or s = 0. The work done by centripetal
force in uniform circular motion, W = F s cos 90° = 0.
Work done by friction
Figure. 7.5
Friction can does positive, negative or zero work.
(i) Work done by kinetic friction: The force of kinetic friction acts opposite to the displace-
ment of the block, so
W = fk s cos 180°
Figure. 7.6 = – fk s
 Work, Energy and Power 321
(ii) Work done by static friction: The force of friction on the upper block is in the direction
of displacement, so
W = fs s cos 0°
= + fs s
(iii) Work done by friction on the table is zero: As table is not displaced by frictional force, Figure. 7.7
so work done
W = F×0
= 0.
More about work done
r r
(i) If force displaces the particle from its initial position ri to final position r f , then displacement
vector Figure. 7.8
r r r
s = r f - ri .
rr
\ Work done, W = F.s
r r r
or W = F.( r f - ri )
(ii) In terms of rectangular components, the force and displacement vectors can be written as;
r ˆ ˆ ˆ
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
r
and s = xˆi + yˆj + zkˆ .
r
\ Work done W = F.sr

= ( Fx ˆi + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ ).( xˆi + yˆj + zkˆ )

or W = Fx x + Fy y + Fz z . Figure. 7.9

7.2 WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE

Let us calculate the work done when body moves from initial position si to final position sf under the
r
variable force F (see fig. 7.10). The displacement can be divided into a large number of small
displacement Ds. During small displacement Ds, the force F can be assumed constant. Then work
done in small displacement Ds.
DW = FDs = area of the shaded strip

Figure. 7.10
Total work done, W = S(DW)
sf
= å F Ds
si

= Area of shaded graph between si and sf

322 MECHANICS

sf

We can take Ds ®0, then W = lim

Ds ® 0
å F Ds
s
i

sf

or W = ò Fds
si

Note:
When force varies in magnitude and direction both, work done
sf
W =
ò Fds cos q
s
f

s
f
r r
or W = ò F.d s .
si

r
If F = Fx ˆi + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ
r
and ds = dx ˆi + dy ˆj + dz kˆ , then

W = ò (Fx ˆi + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ ).(dxiˆ + dyˆj + dzkˆ )

xf yf zf
or W = ò Fx dx + ò Fy dy + ò Fz dz .
xi yi zi

Work done by spring

r
Consider a spring of force constant k. The force F , exerted on the spring is proportional to the
r
displacement x of the free end from its position when the spring is in the relaxed state. The force F is
given by
r r
F = k x (Hooke's law) .

Figure. 7.11
 Work, Energy and Power 323
Let the agent displaces the free end of the spring from its initial position xi to a final position xf , he
does work on the spring and spring does opposite work on the agent.
The work done by the spring on the agent

xf xf
æ 1 ö 2 xf
Wspring = ò Fdx = ò ( -kx)dx = çè - 2 k ÷ø x
xi
xi xi

1
= – k ( x 2f - xi2 ) .
2
If xi = 0 and xf = x, then

1
Wspring = - kx 2
2
Thus work done by the agent on the spring

1
Wagent = + kx 2 .
2

Note:
Work done by th e spring is always (–1/2 kx 2 ); spring is either in extension or in
compression.

7.3 KINETIC ENERGY

The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called its kinetic energy.
r
Consider a body of mass m which initially is at rest. A constant force F is applied on the body which
r
produces a displacement d s in its direction. The work done by the force on the body is

W = ò Fds
= ò (ma)ds
æ dv ö æ ds ö
= ò m çè dt ÷ø ds = ò m çè dt ÷ø dv
v 1 æ ds ö
= ò0 mvdv = 2 mv
2
. çèQ = v÷
ø
dt
This work done appears as the kinetic energy (K) of the body. Thus kinetic energy

1 2
K = mv .
2

As. p = mv

p2
\ K = or p = 2mK .
2m
324 MECHANICS

7.4 WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

r r
Consider a body which is subjected to a system of forces (of any kind ) F1, F2 , ....... . Let their resultant
r
be Fnet along the direction shown in figure 7.12.

Figure. 7.12
Suppose the velocity of body changes by dv after travelling a distance ds. By Newton’s second law of
motion, we have
F net = ma
Multiplying both sides of above equation by ds, we have
Fnet ds = ma ds

or dWnet force = dv
m ds
dt

dWnet force æ ds ö
or = m ç ÷ dv
è dt ø
or dWnet force = mvdv
Integrating both sides of above equation, we get
vf
ò dWnet force = òvi mvdv

1 vf
or Wnet force = m v2
2 vi

1 2 1 2
or Wnet force = mv f - mvi
2 2

or Wnet force = K f - Ki = D K .E.

Thus work done by net force is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body. This is called work-
energy theorem.

Note:
1. The work-energy theorem is not independent of Newton’s second law. It may be viewed as
scalar form of second law.
2. Work-energy theorem holds in all types of frames; inertial or non-inertial. In non-inertial frame
we have to include the pseudo force in the calculation of the net force.
3. Work-energy theorem is very useful in solving the problems where variable forces are involved.
Because in using this theorem we need only initial and final velocities.
 Work, Energy and Power 325
Work done by internal forces : Internal work
Let us consider a compressed spring is put in between two blocks and then placed on
smooth surface. The blocks start moving away from each other. The forces acting on the
blocks are; their weights W1 and W2, the upward reactions N1 and N2 exerted by the
ground and internal force Fi.
The work done by N1, N2, W1 and W2 are zero because they are perpendicular to the
displacements of the blocks. But the kinetic energy of the blocks will increase. Here
work, being zero, is not equal to the increase in kinetic energy of the system. Here the new situation Figure. 7.13
arises that the different parts of the system can move in relation to each other and thus can do work
on each other, even in the absence of any interaction with externally applied forces. Such work is
called internal work. Although internal forces play no role in accelerating the composite system, but
their points of application can move so that work is done; thus the kinetic energy of blocks change
even though the external forces do no work. Thus we have
Winternal = D K .E .

When both external and internal forces act on the system, we can write
Wexternal + Winternal = D K .E .

Work done by pseudo force

Consider a block A placed on block B, which is accelerating towards right with respect to ground. Let
the velocity of block A changes from vi to vf . In accelerating frame, the forces on the block A are ; its
weight, (W) acts vertically downward, normal reaction (N) vertically upward, frictional force (fs) towards
right and pseudo force towards left.The work done by W and N are zero because they act perpendicular
to the displacement of the block A. Thus in this frame, we have
Wfriction + Wpseudo = D K .E.
If block A is at rest with respect to block B, then DK.E. = 0 and therefore
Wpseudo = –Wfriction
Now it is more useful to write the work-energy theorem in non-inertial frame as;
Wexternal + Winternal + Wpseudo + Wother = D K.E. Figure. 7.14
Conservative and non-conservative forces
If work done by the force in displacing a particle does not depend on path followed by the particle and
depends only on ends points, the force is said to be conservative. Examples; gravitational force,
electrostatic force and elastic force.
If work done by a force in displacing a particle depends on path, the force is said to be non-conservative
or dissipative forces. Examples; frictional force, viscous force.

Note:
r r
For two bodies, we can write, F12 + F21 = 0.
But the sum of the work done by the two forces need not always cancel, i.e.,
W12 + W21 = 0. However it may be true.
Work – energy theorem can also be written as ;
Wc + Wnc + Wother = D K. E.

7.5 POTENTIAL ENERGY

The energy associated due to interaction between the particles of same body or between particles of
different bodies is called potential energy. The following are the cases of potential energy :
• Energy due to interaction between particles of same body is called self energy or internal
potential energy Ui.

Figure. 7.15
326 MECHANICS
• Energy due to interaction between particles of different bodies is called external potential
energy Ue or simply potential energy.

Figure. 7.16
• System of bodies possess, internal as well as external potential energy. Thus for the system of
bodies, the total energy U = Ui +Ue.
Potential energy in relation to conservative force
The potential energy is the energy associated with the configuration of a system in which conservative
force acts.
Let us consider a body-earth system in which body falls from some height. The work done by the
gravity (conservative force) is positive. The body will achieve the state of lower potential energy. Thus
we can say that work done by conservative force is equal to the decrease in potential energy of the
system.Therefore,
Wc = -DU . …(i)
Let Dx be the displacement in the direction of conservative force Fc, the work done for small displacement
DW = FcDx. From equation (i), we get
Fc Dx = -DU
DU - dU
Þ Fc = - . For Dx ® 0, Fc =
Dx dx
Figure. 7.17 For the three dimensional force system, we have
¶U ¶U ¶U
Fx = - , Fy = - and Fz = - .
¶x ¶y ¶z

r é ¶U ˆ ¶U ˆ ¶U ù
The resultant force, F = -ê i+ j+ kˆ ú .…(ii)
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
Here symbol ¶ uses for partial differentiation.

7.6 MECHANICAL ENERGY

The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of the body is called mechanical energy. Thus
M.E. = K.E. + P.E.
or E = K +U .

Principle of conservation of mechanical energy

We know the work -energy theorem;
Wc + Wnc + Wother = DK.E.
Also Wc = –DP.E.
\ – DP.E. + Wnc + Wother = DK.E.
or Wnc + Wother = DK.E. + DP.E.
or Wnc + Wother = DM .E.
If only conservative forces act on the body, then we have, Wnc = 0 and Wother = 0
\ 0 = DM.E.
or M .E . = Constant.

Note:
(1) When work done by conservative force is positive, the potential energy of body decreases.
(2) Work done by a body against friction results in a loss of its kinetic energy.
 Work, Energy and Power 327
Determining the potential energy
r
Suppose that a force F , either weight or a spring force, acts on a particle and does an amount of work
W, then
W = –DU. … (i)
For one-dimensional force from (i), we have
x
ò Fdx = -[U ( x ) - U ( x0 )]
x0
x
or U ( x) - U ( x0 ) = - ò Fdx …(ii)
x0
where x0 is an arbitrary reference configuration, and U(x0) is the corresponding potential energy of
the system, which is usually set equal to zero. Thus we can write equation (ii) as;
x
U ( x) = - ò Fdx, where U (x0 ) = 0. …(iii)
x0

Gravitational potential energy

Consider a particle moving up or down along a vertical y-axis close to earth's surface, acted on
only by the gravitational force. That force is F(y) = –mg, where minus indicates that the force is
downward. The gravitational potential energy
y =h
U ( y) = - ò Fdy
0
y =h
= - ò0 ( - mg )dy

or Ug = mgh
Elastic potential energy (Internal energy) Figure. 7.18
Let us choose the reference configuration (x) of a spring, (x0) to be its relaxed state. Thus U(x0) = 0.
The elastic potential energy of the spring
x

U el = ò
- Fdx
0
x
= - ò0 (- kx)dx
1 2
or U el = kx .
2

Note:
Figure. 7.19
Potential energy depends on the reference level chosen, but difference of potential energy does not
depend on the reference level.

7.7 PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

In numerous examples we have seen that one form of energy is converting into another form, yet its
total amount remains constant. This is the principle of conservation of energy which can be stated as;
The total energy of isolated system remains constant.

7.8 EINSTEIN'S MASS-ENERGY EQUIVALENCE

In 1905, Albert Einstein discovered that mass can be converted into energy. He showed that mass and
energy are equivalent and are related as; E = mc2, where c is the speed of light in vacuum which is
approximately 3 × 108 m/s.
328 MECHANICS

FORMULAE USED
r
1. Work done by constant force, W = F .sr = Fs cos q
For q = 0, W = Fs .
s2
r
2. Work done by variable force, W = ò F .dsr
s1
s2
For q = 0, W= ò Fds
s1
3. Work done by graph : W = area under the force-displacement graph between s1 and s2.
4. Work done by spring :
Work done in stretching or compressing the spring
1
W = kx 2 .
2
Work done by the spring on the agent
1
W = - kx 2 .
2
1 P2
5. Kinetic energy, K = mv 2 = .
2 2m
6. Work-energy theorem : Wnet force = Kf – Ki
7. Potential energy : Potential energy in relatioin to conservative force,
Wc = –DU
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

DU
and conservative force, Fc = - .
Ds
8. Mechanical energy = kinetic energy + potential energy
or E=K+U
If system is acted by conservative forces only, then
M.E. = constant
9. Gravitational potential energy, U = mgh.
1
10. Elastic potential energy, U = kx 2 .
2

Problem-solving strategy : Work and kinetic, potential energy

Identify the relevant concept : In the problems, involving speeds of the body at different positions,
work-energy theorem is extremely useful. In case if only conservative forces are acting on the body,
then we can use conservation of mechanical energy.
Set up the problem :
1. Choose the initial and final positions of the body, and draw FBD, showing all the forces acting
on the body.
2. List the known and unknown quantities. The unknowns may be the body’s displacement or any
force or initial and find speeds.
Execute the solution :
1. Use work-energy theorem,
Wall forces = Kf – Ki
2. If only conservative forces are acting, then we can use
[Ki + Ui] = [Kf + Uf ]
Finally, solve the equations to get the unknowns.
 Work, Energy and Power 329
EXAMPLES BASED ON WORK, KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY
Example 1. A body constrained to move along the z–axis of Example 4. A body moves from point A to B under the action of
a coordinate system is subjected to a constant force a force, varying in magnitude as shown in figure 7.22. Obtain the
uur work done. Force is expressed in newton and displacement in metre.
F = (-iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) N where iˆ , ˆj & k̂ are unit vector along the
x, y & z– axis respectively. What is the work done by this force
in moving the body over a distance of 4m along the z-axis?
[NCERT]
uur ur
Sol. F = (-iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) N and s = 4 kˆ m
Work done
uur ur
W = F . s = (-iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ).(4kˆ) = 12 J .
Example 2.

Figure. 7.22
Sol. Work done = Area under F-s graph
or WAB = WAP + WPQ + WQR + WRB
1 1
= 10 ´ 1 + (10 + 15) ´ 1 +
Figure. 7.20 2 2
In figure 7.20 (a) the man walks 2 m carrying a mass of 15 kg on his 1
hands. In figure (b), he walks the same distance pulling the rope ´ 1 ´ 15 - ´ 1 ´ 15
2
behind him. The rope goes over a pulley and mass of 15 kg hangs at = 22.5 J. Ans.
its other end. In which case is the work done greater? [NCERT] Example 5. Under the action of force, 2 kg body moves such
Sol.
t3
(a) Work done by the man against gravity is zero. Because that its position x as a function of time t is given by x =, x is in
3
displacement of block is perpendicular to the force applied (N) by
metre and t in second. Calculate the work done by the force in the
him on the block.
first 2 second.
(b) Work has to be done against gravity ; W = T s = mg × 2 = 2 mg J. Sol. Method -I
In addition to this, work is to be done against friction while mov-
ing a distance of 2 m. Thus the work done in case (b) is greater than t3
Given that x =
in case (a). 3
Example 3. A person is holding a bucket by applying a force of dx
\ Velocity v = = t2
10 N. He moves a horizontal distance of 10 m and then climbs up a dt
vertical distance of 10 m. Find the total work done by him. [NCERT] Þ dx = t2dt
Sol. For his horizontal motion dv
Acceleration a = = 2t
dt
WH = FsH cos 90° = 0.
\ Force F = ma
= 2(2t) = 4t
Work done by the force
W = ò Fdx
2
ò0 4t (t
2
= dt )

2 3
= 4 ò0 t dt

2
t4
Figure. 7.21 = 4 4
For his vertical motion 0
Wv = F svcos 0°
4 4
= 10 × 10 × 1 =100 J. = (2 - 04 )
4
Thus total work done = WH + Wv
= 16 J . Ans.
= 100 J Ans.
 330 MECHANICS
Method -II By work - energy theorem Sol. Total mechanical energy
Given x = t3/3 E = K+U
\ K = E–U
dx
\ Velocity v = = t2 As kinetic energy K is always positive, so particle can exist for U value
dt
less than E.
At t = 0, v i = 02 = 0 (a) For x > a, U > E
At t = 2, v f = 22 = 4 m/s Þ K becomes negative, hence particle cannot exist in the region
1 x > a.
Work done W = m(v 2f - vi2 ) (b) For any value of x, U > E, \ the particle cannot exist.
2
(c) In a region x < a and x > b, the value U > E,
1 \ K is negative. The particle cannot be found in these regions.
= ´ 2 ´ (42 - 0)
2 (d) In the region –b/2 < x < –a/2, U > E, hence particle cannot be
= 16 J. Ans. found into the region. For a/2 < x < b/2, U £ E . Hence particle
Example 6. An object of mass 5 kg falls from rest through a may be found twice
vertical distance of 20 m and reaches with a velocity of 10 m/s. How Example 8. A rod of mass m and length l is held vertical. Find
much work is done by push of air on the object? (g = 9.8 m/s2) its gravitational potential energy with respect to zero potential
Sol. The forces acting on the object are: energy at its lower end.
(i) Weight of the object mg downward
Sol. Choose a small element of length dy, its mass
(ii) Push of air upward let F m
dm = dy .
Work done by gravity l
W g = mg × 20 = 20 mg
Let work done by push of air be WF, then The potential energy of the element
by work-energy theorem, dU = (dm)gy.
The potential energy of the entire rod
Wg + WF = DK.E.
l

or 20 mg + WF =
1
2
m(102 - 02 ) Figure. 7.23 U = ò (dm) g y
0

1 Figure. 7.25
Þ WF = m ´ 10 2 - 20 mg l
2 l
m m y2 mgl
= 50 × 5 – 20 × 5 × 9.8 = – 730 J. Ans. =
l ò
g ydy =
l
g
2 0
=
2
.
0
Example 7. Given below (figure 7.24 ) are examples of some
potential energy functions in one dimension. The total energy of Note:
the particle is indicated by a cross on the ordinate axis. In each
case, specify the regions, if any, in which the particle cannot be The gravitational potential energy of an object of uniform size
found for the given energy. Also, indicate the minimum total energy and density can be simply calculated as; U = mg × height of
the particle must have in each case.Think of simple physical centre of gravity from the reference level.
contexts for which these potential energy shapes are relevant.
[NCERT]
Example 9. A uniform chain of length l and mass m overhangs
a smooth table with its two third part lying on the table. Find the
kinetic energy of the chain as it completely slip of the table.

Sol.

Figure. 7.26
With respect to the top of the table, the initial potential energy of the
chain
Ui = P.E. of the chain lying on the table + P. E. of the over hanging
part of the chain
2m mg l
Figure. 7.24 = g ´ 0 + (m / 3) g ´ ( -l / 6) = - .
3 18
 Work, Energy and Power 331
P.E. of chain at the instant of slip level. There is a frictional force stops the block in a distance d. The
mg l block's initial speed v0 is 6.0 m/s; the height difference h is 1.1 m;
Uf = 0 + mg ( - l / 2) = - . and the coefficient of kinetic friction µ is 0.60. Find d.
2
Since only gravity is acting on the chain, therefore we have
-DU = DK
or DK = -(U f - U i )

é - mg l æ - mg l ö ù 4
= -ê -ç = mg l
ë 2 è 18 ÷ø úû 9
Since Ki = 0
4
\ Kf = mgl . Ans.
9 Figure. 7.27

Example 10. The potential energy of a diatomic molecule is Sol. Loss in kinetic energy = gain in potential energy + work done
given by against friction

A B 1 2
U = - or mv0 = mgh + F1 ´ d
r12 r6 2
where r is the separation between the atoms that make up the
molecule and A and B are positive constants. This potential energy 1 2
or mv0 = mgh + µmg ´ d
is due to the force that binds the atoms together. 2
(a) Find the equilibrium separation, that is , the distance between Substituting h = 1.1 m and µ = 0.60, we get
the atoms at which force on each atom is zero. ls the force
repulsive (the atoms are pushed apart) or attractive (they are d = 1.2 m. Ans.
pulled together) if their separation is
Example 12. In fig. 7.28, what constant force P is required to
(b) smaller and
bring the 50 kg body, which starts from rest, to a velocity of 10 m/s
(c) larger than the equilibrium separation?
in 7 m? Neglect friction.
Sol.
Sol. Work done by force P in displacing the block by 7m
(a) The force is radial i.e. along the line joining the atoms. Which can
be obtained as

- dU 12 A 6B
F = = 13 - 7 . …(i)
dr r r

At the equilibrium separation r0, F = 0

12 A 6B
or - 7 = 0
r13 r
r = r0 = 1.12 (A/B)1/6. Figure. 7.28
(b) Differentiating (i) w.r.t. r, we have W 1 = Fscosq

dF 12 ´ 13 A 7 ´ 6B 7 3
= - 14
+
8 … (ii) = P × 7× cos30° = PJ.
dr r r 2

Substituting the value of r0, we get W 2 = mgh = 50 × 9.8 × 7 sin30° = 1715.

dF/dr = –15 A–4/3B7/3 Using work-energy theorem, W = DK.E.

The derivative is negative so the force is positive if r is slightly 1

or W1 + W2 = m(v 2f - vi2 )
less than r0. Ans. 2
(c) If r is slightly greater than r0 the force is negative, indicating force
of attraction. 7 3 1
or P + 1715 = ´ 50 ´ (10 2 - 02 )
2 2
Example 11. In figure 7.27, a block slides along a track from
one level to a higher level by moving through an intermediate or 6.06 P + 1715 = 2500
valley. The track is frictionless until the block reaches the higher \ P = 129.5 N. Ans.
 332 MECHANICS
Example 13. A person trying to lose weight lifts a 10 kg mass, (b) Mechanical energy supplied by 1 kg of fat
to a height of 0.5 m each time for 1000 times. Assume that PE
lost each time she lowers the mass is dissipated
20
with 20% efficiency = 3.8 × 107 ×
[NCERT] 100
(a) How much work does she do against the gravitational force?
= 0.76 × 10 7J
(b) Fat supplies 3.8 × 107 J of energy/kg which is converted to
or 0.76 × 10 7 J energy is supplied by
mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate. How much
fat will the dieter use up? = 1 kg fat.

Sol. (a) m = 10kg, h = 0.5 m, n = 1000 \ Fat used up by dieter in the exercise

Work done against the gravitational force

1
= n (mgh) = ´ 49000 = 6.45 ´ 10-3 kg
0.76 ´107
= 1000 × 10 × 9.8 × 0.5 = 49000 J.

In Chapter Exercise 7.1

1. You drop a 2.00 kg textbook to a friend who stands on a
ground 10.0 m below the textbook without stretched
hands 1.50 m above the ground (see figure).
10 m
gravitational force from the initial point to (a) the lowest
point, (b) the highest point, and (c) the point on the right
at which the ball is level with the initial point ? If the
gravitational potential energy of the ball-earth system is
taken to be zero at the initial point, what is the value
when ball reaches (d) the lowest point, (e) the highest
point, and (f) the point on the right that is level with the
initial point ? (g) suppose the rod is pushed harder so
that the ball passed through the highest point with non
zero speed. Would the change in the gravitational
potential energy from the lowest point to the highest
point then be greater, less or the same ? (g = 10 m/s2)

1.50 m
L

(a) How much work W is done on the textbook by the

gravitational force as it drops to your friend¢s hands?
(b) What is the change DU in the gravitational potential
energy of the textbook-earth system during the Ans. (a) mgL = 10 J (b) – mgL = –10 J
drop? If the gravitational potential energy U of that (c) 0 (d) – mgL = –10 J
system is taken to be zero at ground level, what is U (e) mgL = 10 J (f) 0
when the testbook (g) same.
(c) is released and (d) reaches the hands ? 3. Figure shows a frictionless roller coaster of mass m tops
Now take U to be 100 J at ground level and again the first hill with speed v0. How much work does the
find (e) W, (f) DU (g) U at the release point, and (h) U gravitational force do on it from that point to (a) point A
at the hands. (Take g = 10 m/s2) (b) point B (c) the speed at point C.
Ans. (a) 170 J (b) DU = – 170 J (c) 200 J
v0
(d) 30 J (e) 170 J (f) DU = – 170 J B
(g) 300 J (h) 130 J.
2. Figure shows a ball with mass m=1kg attached to the end
A
of a thin rod with length 1m and negligible mass. The h h
other end of the rod is pivoted so that the ball can move h/2
in a vertical circle. The rod is held in the horizontal C
position as shown and then given enough of a downward
push to cause the ball to swing down and around and just
reach the vertically upward position, with zero speed mgh
Ans. (a) (b) zero (c) v02 + 2gh
there. How much work is done on the ball by the 2
 Work, Energy and Power 333
4. A unidirectional force acting on a particle of mass 16 kg 7. A string with one end fixed on a rigid wall, passing over
is plotted in figure. What is the velocity of the particle at a fixed frictionless pulley at a distance of 2 m from the
40 s ? Initially the particle is at rest. Ans. 55.78 m/s wall, has a point mass 2 kg attached to it at a distance of
1 m from the wall. A mass m = 0.5 kg attached to the free
F(N) end is held at rest so that the string is horizontal between
the wall and the pulley and vertical beyond the pulley.
50 What will be the speed with which the mass M will hit
Circle when the mass m is released ?

t(s) M = 2kg
0 10 20 30
5. A body weighing 300 N is pushed up a 30 0 plane by
a 400 A C B
N force acting parallel to the plane. If the initial velocity 1m 1m
of the body is 1.5 m/s and coefficient of kinetic friction is
m = 0.2, what velocity will the body have after moving
6m?

0N D
30 m
Ans. 3.36 m/s
400N 8. A 100000 kg engine is moving a slope of gradient 5° at a
30
0
speed of 100 m/hr. The coefficient of friction between
Ans. v = 8.94 m/s the engine and the rails is 0.1. If the engine has an efficiency
6. In what distance will body A of figure attain a velocity of of 4% for converting heat into work, find the amount of
3 m/s, starting from rest ? Take m = 0.2. Pulleys are fric- coal, the engine has to burn up in one hour (Burning of 1
tionless and massless. kg of coal yields 50000 joules).
v

B
A 5°
kg
g

4
0k

0
20

3
15

3 Ans. 9.154 × 103 kg

4
Ans. s = 3.529 m

7.9 POWER
Work done per unit time is called power. If an agent does work DW in small time Dt, then average
power delivered is given by
DW
Pav = .
Dt
Instantaneous power
It is defined as the limiting value of average power as the time interval approaches zero. Thus
DW
P = lim
Dt ® 0 Dt
dW
or .
P =
dt
rr
The work done by a constant force F is W = F.s
rr
d (F.s )
\ P =
dt
r d rs
= F.
dt
rr
or P = F.v = Fv cos q
If q = 0°, P = Fv
The SI unit of power is J/s. 1 J/s = 1 W .
334 MECHANICS
Power of pump to left the water from the well
Let us consider a pump lifting water from h meter deep well and delivering at the rate of
(dm/dt) with a velocity of v. Suppose dm amount of water is delivered in time dt.The work
done
1
dW = (dm) gh + (dm)v 2
2
\ Power delivered

dW æ dm ö é v2 ù
P = = ç ÷ ê gh + ú .
dt è dt ø ê 2 úû
ë
Figure. 7.29
Special cases:
1. Power of pump required to just lift the water, v = 0,
æ dm ö
\ P = çè ÷ø gh .
dt
2. If efficiency of pump is h, then
Pout
h = Pin .
Gradual and sudden loading of a spring
Consider a spring of force constant k hanging from the ceiling. Now a small block of mass m is attached
to its lower end and allowed to move slowly without acceleration by putting finger below the block.
When block reaches its lowest position, remove the finger. At this stage the block is in static equilibrium.
Let extension in the spring is y0. By Hooke's law, we have
mg
mg = ky0 Þ y0 = .
k

Figure. 7.30
Now the block is attached to lower end of the spring and left to fall freely. The block starts oscillating
about mean position. Here the block is not in static equilibrium at its lowest position. Let the maximum
extension of the spring is y. At the lowest position of the block ky > mg. By conservation of mechanical
energy, we have
1 2
mgy = ky
2
2mg
y = = 2 y0 .
k
 Work, Energy and Power 335
Types of equilibrium
r
For the equilibrium of any body, the net force on it must be zero. That is Fnet = 0. For the equilibrium
of body under conservative forces, we have
- dU
[ Fc ]net =
dx
=0

dU
or = 0.
dx
There are three types of equilibrium:
(i) Stable equilibrium :
When a particle is displaced slightly from its initial position, the force acting on it bring the
particle back to initial position, it is called stable equilibrium.
A body placed at the bottom of bowl is in stable equilibrium. For stable equilibrium, we have
Figure. 7.31
dU d 2U
(a) =0, (b) = + ve ,
dx dx 2
(c) P.E. is minimum,
(ii) Unstable equilibrium :
When a particle is displaced slightly from its initial position, the force acting on it tries to
displace the particle further away from initial position, it is called unstable equlibrium.
A body on the top of the bowl is in unstable equilibrium. For unstable equilibrium, we have

dU d 2U
(a) = 0 , (b) = – ve ,
dx dx 2
(c) P.E. is maximum. Figure. 7.32
(iii) Neutral equilibrium :
When a particle is slightly displaced from its initial position, if it continues to be in the displaced
position, it is said to be in neutral equilibrium.
A body placed on horizontal sruface is in neutral equilibrium. For neutral equilibrium, we have

dU d 2U
(a) =0, (b) = 0,
dx dx 2
(c) P.E. remains constant.
Potential energy and equilibrium :
In fig. 7.34
Figure. 7.33
2
dU d U
At A; = 0 and = + ve
dx dx 2
Thus at A the particle is in stable equilibrium.
dU d 2U
At B; = 0 and = - ve .
dx dx 2
Thus at B, particle is in unstable equilibrium.

FORMULAE USED Figure. 7.34

1. Average power, Pav = DW

Dt
rr
2. Instantaneous power, P = F .v = Fv cos q
For q = 0; P = Fv .
output
3. Efficiency, h= .
input
 336 MECHANICS

EXAMPLES BASED ON POWER

Example 14. A machine gun fires 60 bullets per minute with a Example 16. A body is initially at rest. It undergoes one
velocity of 700 m/s. If each bullet has a mass of 50 g, find the power dimensional motion with constant acceleration. The power
developed by the gun delivered to it at time t is proportional to what ? [NCERT]
Sol.
Sol. v = u + at = 0 + at = at
60 ´ 50 Power , P = F × v = ma × at = ma 2t
Mass of bullets M = = 3 kg
1000
Q m and a are constants, P µ t \ Ans
1
Mv 2
Example 17. A body is moving unidirectionally under the
W 2 influence of a source of constant power. Find displacement in
Power P = =
t t terms of time.
1 Sol. Power, P = Fv
´ 3 ´ (700)2
2 = 12250 W
= Ans. æ dv ö
60 mç v ÷ v
=
Example 15. A 90 kg man runs up an escalator while it is not è ds ø
in operation in 10 s (see fig. 7.35). What is the average power
developed by the man. Suppose next that the escalator is running P
or v 2d v = ds
so that the escalator steps move at a speed of 0.6m/s. What is then m
the power developed by the man as seen by the ground reference if On integrating both sides, we get
he moves at the same speed relative to the escalator steps as he did
when the escalator is not in operator? v3 P
Sol. = s
3 m

1/3
é 3P ù 1
or v = êmú s 3

ë û

1
ds é 3P ù 3
or = ê ú s1/3
dt ëmû

1
é 3P ù 3
or s–1/3 ds = ê m ú dt
ë û
Again on integrating, we get
Figure. 7.35
Work done by the man in climbing the escalator 1/3
s 2/3 é 3P ù
W = mgh = êmú t Þ s µ t3/2.
= 90 × 9.8 ×17 sin 45° = 10611J 2/3 ë û
With the escalator stationary, man takes 10s to climb up therefore,
average power Example 18. The blades of a windmill sweep out a circle of
area A [NCERT]
W 10611
P= = = 1061.1 W.. Ans. (a) If the wind flows at a velocity v perpendicular to the circle,
t 10
what is the mass of air passing through it in time t?
Speed of the man when escalator is stationary
(b) What is KE of the air?
17
v = =1.7m / s . (c) Assume that the wind mill converts 25% of the wind’s
10 energy into electrical energy and that A= 30 m2, v = 36 km/
In the second case the speed of the man relative to the moving escalator
h and the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3. What is the electrical
is also 1.70 m/s.
power produced?
His speed relative to ground = 0.6 + 1.7 = 2.3 m/s.
Accordingly the time taken by man is climbing Given that circular area swept by the blades of windmill
= A
17
= = 7.4s velocity of wind = v
2.3
The power developed by the man as seen from the ground reference is Sol. Let, r be the density of air, then distance covered by wind in
then, on the average: time ‘t’ is = vt.
W 10611 (a) Vol. of wind flowing/s = Av,
Þ Power = = = 1434 W.. Ans.
t 7.4 Mass of wind flowing/s = Av r
 Work, Energy and Power 337
(b) Mass of wind flowing in t sec = Av r t Example 19. A family uses 8 kW of power. Direct solar energy
1 is incident on the horizontal surface at an average rate of 200
KE of air = mv 2 W per square meter. If 20% of this energy can be converted to
2
useful electrical energy, how large an area is needed to supply
1 2 1 3
= ( Avrt ) v = Av rt 8 kW? [NCERT]
2 2
(c) Electrical energy produced Sol. Let A ® area of the surface in square metre.
25 1 1 3 1 3 1 m 2 receives power = 200 W
= ´ KE of air = ´ Av rt = Av rt
100 4 2 8 \ Useful electrical energy produced
output power 20
[Given that efficiency = ] = (200) = 40 W
Input power 100
1 3 40 W power is produced by an area of 1m 2
Av rt
energy 8 1 Þ 8 kW power will be produced by an area
\ Power = = = Av3r
time t 8
1
1 = ´ 8000 = 200 m 2 Ans.
= ´ 30 ´ 103 ´ 1.2 = 4500 W = 4.5 kW Ans. 40
8

In Chapter Exercise 7.2

1. Water falling from a 100 m high fall is to be used for (3) Down an inclination of 1 in 300 ?
5
generating electric energy. If 1.8 ´ 10 kg of water falls Take efficiency of motor as 80 %.
Ans. (1) 4.17 kW (2) 6.94 kW (3) 1.39 kW
per hour and half the gravitational potential energy can 4. A body of mass m is thrown at an angle a to the
be converted into electric energy, how many 100 W lamps horizontal with the initial velocity v 0. Find the mean
can be lit ? Ans. 245. power developed by gravity over the whole time of
2. A truck can move up a road having a grade of 1 m rise in motion of the body, and the instantaneous power of
every 50 m with a speed of 24 km/h, the resisting force is gravity as a function of time.
Ans. < P > = 0, P = mg (gt – v0 sin a )
1 5. A light inextensible string that goes over a
equal to weight of the truck. How fast will the same smooth fixed pulley as shown in the figure
25
connects two blocks of masses 0.36 kg and
truck move down the hill with the same power ? 0.72 kg. Taking g = 10 m/s2, find the work
done (in joules) by the string on the block
[Integer] Ans. 72 km/h of mass 0.36 kg during the first second after
3. A tram car weighs 120 kN, the tractive resistance on the the system is released from rest.
level being 5 N/kN, what power will be required to [Integer] [IIT 2009]
propel the car at a uniform speed of 20 kmph ? Ans. 8
(1) On level surface
(2) Up an incline of 1 is 300 and

EXAMPLES FOR JEE-(MAIN AND ADVANCED)

r
Example 1. A force F = - k ( yˆi + xˆj), where k is a positive Example 2. A particle of mass 0.5 kg travels in a straight line with
constant, acts on a particle moving in the xy – plane. Starting from velocity v = ax3/2, where a = 5 m–1/2s–1. What is the work done by the
the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to a point net force during its displacement from x = 0 to x = 2m?
(a, 0) and then parallel to the positive y-axis to a point (a, a). Sol. Given, v = ax3/2
Calculate the total work done by the force on the particle.
Sol. Displacement vector, dv d (ax3 / 2 )
Acceleration, a = =
r dt dt
d s = dxˆi + dyˆj
r
Given F = -k ( yˆi + xˆj) . =
3 1/ 2 æ dx ö 3 1/ 2
ax ç ÷ = ax (v )
r r 2 è dt ø 2
\ Work done W = ò F.d s = ò -k ( yˆi + xˆj).( dxˆi + dyˆj)
(a ,a ) (a ,a ) =
3 1/ 2
2
ax (
ax3 / 2 )
= -k ò ( ydx + xdy ) = - k ò d ( xy )
(0,0) (0,0) 3 2 2
a ,a 2 = a x .
= -k ( xy ) 0,0 = -k ( a ´ a ) = - ka . Ans. 2
338 MECHANICS
Force, F = ma Example 4. A block of mass m = 1 kg moving on a horizontal
3 2 2 surface with speed vi = 2 m/s enters a rough patch ranging from x =
= ma x 0.10 m to x = 2.01 m. The retarding force Fr on the block in this
2
range is inversely proportional to x over this range.
2
Work done, W = ò Fdx Fr =
-k
0.1 < x < 2.01 m
0 x
2 = 0 for x < 0.1 m and x > 2.01 m
3 2 2
= 2 ma ò x dx where k = 0.5 J. What is the final kinetic energy and speed vf of the
0 block as it crosses this patch?
3 2 Sol. By work-energy theorem, we have
3 2 x
= 2 ma 3 W = kf – ki
0 \ k f = ki + W
2
3 ´ 0.5 ´ 5
= [23 - 03 ] = ki + ò Fdx
2´3
= 50 J. Ans. 2.01
Example 3. A locomotive of mass m starts moving so that its 1 2 æ -k ö
= mv +
2 i ò çè ÷ø dx
x
velocity varies according to the law v = a s , where a is a constant 0.1

and s is the distance covered. Find the total work done by all the 1 2.01
forces acting on the locomotive during first t second after the = ´ 1 ´ 22 - k lnx 0.1
2
beginning of motion.
Sol. 2.01
= 2 - 0.5 1n = 2 - 0.5 1n 20.1
0.1
Given, velocity v = as1/ 2
= 0.5 J.
dv d
Acceleration, a = = (as1/ 2 ) 1 2
dt dt Now kf = mv f = 0.5
2
1 -1/ 2 æ ds ö
= as çè ÷ø
2 dt 2 ´ 0.5
\ vf = = 1 m/s . Ans.
1 -1/ 2 1
= as v
2 Example 5. The potential energy of a 2 kg particle free to move
along the x-axis is given by
=
1 -1/ 2
2
as (
as1/ 2 ) 4 2
é xù é xù
U( x) = ê ú - 5 ê ú J
a2 ëbû ë bû
=
2 where b = 1 m. Plot this potential energy, identifying the extremum
Now force, F = ma points. Identify the regions where particle may be found and its
maximum speed. Given that the total mechanical energy is (i) 36
ma 2
= . J; (ii) –4 J.
2
4 2
Distance covered by locomotive in first t second éxù é xù
Sol. Given U ( x) = ê ú - 5 ê ú
12
ëb û ëbû
s = ut + at
2 For b = 1, U = x4 – 5x2 …(i)

1 æ a2 ö 2 dU
= 0+ 2ç 2 ÷ t and = 4 x 3 - 10 x …(ii)
è ø dx
For extremum points
a 2t 2
= . dU
4 = 0
Work done, W = Fs dx
or 4x3 – 10x = 0
ma 2 a 2t 2
= ´ or 2x (2x2 – 5) = 0
2 4
5
ma 4t 2 \ x = 0, ± are the extremum points
= . Ans. 2
8
 Work, Energy and Power 339
x(m) 0 ±1 ± 5 / 2 ±2 ±3
U ( J ) 0 -4 -6.25 -4 +36

Figure. 7.37
The mass of the element
æm ö
dm = ç Rd q÷
èl ø
The gravitational potential energy of the element dU = (dm)gy.
Thus the gravitational potential energy of whole chain

U = ò (dm) gy
(l / R)
æm ö
Figure. 7.36
= ò çè Rd q÷ø g ( R cos q)
l
0
Thus in a region –3 < x < 3, we have
(l / R )
U min = –6.25 J and Umax = 36 J mR 2 g
(i) Here E = K + U = 36 J
=
l ò cos qd q
0
The particle is in the region –3 < x < 3
At x = 0, U = 0, mgR 2 l/ R
= sin q 0
\ K + 0 = 36 l
Þ K = 36 J mgR 2
= sin(l / R) . Ans.
At x = ± 5 / 2, U min = -6.25 J l
\ K + (– 6.25) = 36 Example 7. A smooth light horizontal rod AB can rotate about
a vertical axis passing through its end A. The rod is fitted with a
Þ K = 36 + 6.25
small sleeve of mass m attached to the end A by weightless spring
= 42.25 J of length l0 and stiffness k. What work must be performed to slowly
1 2 gets this system going and reaching the angular velocity w?
or mvmax = 42.25 J
2 Sol. Let x be the stretching in the spring. Then spring force will be
kx which counter balance by the centrifugal force mw2 (l0 + x) acting
2 ´ 42.25 on the sleeve. Therefore we have
or vmax = = 6.5 m / s .
2
(ii) Here E = K+U=–4J
The particle is in the region –2 < x < –1 and 1 < x < 2

5
x = ± , U min = -6.25 J
2 Figure. 7.38
\ K + (– 6.25) = – 4 k x = mw2 (l0 + x)
Þ K = 2.25 J \ x = mw2l0 /(k – mw2). … (i)
Now from the work-energy theorem
1 2 Work done = K.E. gained by the sleeve + energy stored in the spring in
or mvmax = 2.25 J
2 stretching it by x.

2 ´ 2.25 1 1
= 1.5 m/s . or W = mw 2 (l 0 + x) + kx 2 …(ii)
vmax = Ans. 2 2
2
Example 6. A chain of length l and mass m lies on the surface
of a smooth hemisphere of radius R > l with one end tied to the top
of the hemisphere. Find the gravitational potential energy of the
chain.
Sol. Choose a small element of chain of width dq at an angle q from the
vertical.
Figure. 7.39
 340 MECHANICS
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get Let disc takes time t in falling vertical height h,
2
k l 0 h(1 + h) 1 2
W = 2 , h = gt Þ t = (2h / g )
2(1 - h) 2
Now
where h = mw 2 / k . Ans.
Example 8.Two bars of masses m1 and m2 connected by a non- s = v ´t = 2 g ( H - h ) ´ (2h / g )
deformed light spring rest on a horizontal plane. The coefficient
= 4h( H - h) … (ii)
of friction between the bars and the surface is equal to µ. What
minimum constant force has to be applied in the horizontal For maximum s, ds/dh = 0
direction to the bar of mass m1 in order to shift the other bar? After solving , we get
Sol. The bar 2 will be shifted if spring exerts a force which equal h = H/2
to the frictional force on this. If spring compresses by x, then we have Substituting this value in equation in (i), we get
kx = µm 2g Þ x = µm 2g/k. s = H. Ans.
Example 10. A small body A starts sliding from the height h
down an inclined groove passing into a half-circle of radius h/2 fig.
7.42. Assuming the friction to be negligible, find the velocity of the
body at the highest point of its trajectory (after breaking off the
groove).
Sol. From the geometry of the figure, we have
h
BD = (1 + cos q) .
2
At the point C, mg cos a – N = mvc2/R, where R = h/2.
Figure. 7.40 When the body is on the point of breaking off the groove, normal reaction
This compression in the spring will occur when m1 shifts horizontally at this point becomes zero. i.e., N = 0.
by the same amount (x).
To do this, the work is to be done in compressing the spring and against mvc 2
\ mg cos a =
the frictional force for displacement x ( h / 2)
1 2
\ Fx = (mm1 g ) x + kx gh cos a
2 or vc = . …(i)
2
Substituting the value of x, we get
F = µg(m1 + m2/2). Ans.

Example 9. A small disc A slides down with initial velocity

equal to zero from the top of a smooth hill of the height H having
a horizontal portion as shown in fig. 7.41. What must be the height
of the horizontal portion h to ensure the maximum distance s
covered by the disc? What is equal to?
Sol. In order to get velocity at point B, applying the law of
conservation of energy

Figure. 7.42
Applying conservation of energy at this point

h 1 2
mgh = mg (1 + cos a ) + mvc … (ii)
2 2
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
cos a = 2/3
Figure. 7.41 and vc = ( gh / 3) .
Loss in P.E. at B = Gain in K.E. at B
After breaking off the groove the body will move like a projectile making
1 2 an angle a with the horizontal. Therefore at the highest point of trajectory,
i.e., mg(H – h) = mv
2 the horizontal component of velocity will be = vc cos a.

or v = 2 g ( H - h) . … (i) or vh = (2 / 3) ( gh / 3) . Ans.
 Work, Energy and Power 341
Example 11. A mass m falls from a height h on to the end of a The work done by resistance force from A to B,
platform as shown in the fig. 7.43. The spring is initially unstretched
and the mass of the platform can be neglected. Assuming that p -1.6p
W 1 = – fs = (–1)× 1.6 ´ J = J
there is no loss of energy, calculate the elongation of the spring. 6 6
Sol. Let y be the elongation in the spring. Work done by gravity
The height up to which mass falls before striking the platform is (h + x), W 2 = mgh
where x will be (a/b)y. = mgr (cos30° – cos60°)
From the conservation of the energy, we have = 0.5 × 9.8 × 1.6 (cos30° – cos60°) = 2.87 J.
Fall in P.E. of the mass = Energy stored in the spring; Now by work-energy theorem
W = DK.E. or W1+W2 = DK.E.

1.6 p 1
or - + 2.87 = m( n2 - 0 2 )
6 2

1 2
or mv = 2.87 – 0.83 = 2.04
2

2 ´ 2.04 2 ´ 2.04
\ v = =
m 0.5
= 2.86 m/s. Ans.
Example 13. A railroad car travelling 32 km/s runs into a stop
at a railroad terminal (see fig. 7.45). A vehicle having a mass of
1800 kg is held by a linear - restoring system that has an equivalent
Figure. 7.43
spring constant of 20,000 N/m. If the railroad car is assumed to
1 2 stop suddenly and wheels on the vehicle are free to turns, what is
or mg(h + x) = ky
2 the maximum force developed by the equivalent sloping system?
Neglect friction and the inertia of the wheels.
1 2 Sol. The velocity of the vehicle
or mgh + mg(a/b)y = ky
2
5 80
1 2 mgay = 32 km/h = 32 ´ = m/s.
or ky - - mgh = 0 18 9
2 b
Let the spring gets compressed by x, by the vehicle after railroad car
Solving above equation, we get stops. Then
by conservation of mechanical energy
( mga / b ) ± (amg / b )2 + 4(k / 2)(mgh)
y = 1 2 1
2( k / 2) kx = mv 2
2 2
The quantity in under radical sign is > 1, and elongation must be positive.
Therefore,

( mga / b) + (amg / b)2 + 4(k / 2)(mgh)

y =
k
Ans.
Example 12. A body A is released from rest on a vertical circular Figure. 7.45
path as shown in fig. 7.44. If there is a constant resistance force of
1 N along the path, what is the speed of the body when it reaches mv 2
B? The mass of the body is 0.5 kg and the radius r of the path is 1.6 x = .
k
m.
p The force in the spring corresponding to the compression of the
Sol. Arc distance AB = r q = 1.6 ´ m spring x
6
mv 2
F = kx = k = v mk
k

80 80
= 1800 ´ 20000 = ´ 6 ´ 103
9 9

160
Figure. 7.44 = ´ 103 = 53.33 ´ 103 N Ans.
3
 342 MECHANICS
Example 14. A smooth rubber cord of length l whose coefficient Work done in sliding through a small distance dx supposing that x length
of elasticity is k is suspended by one end from the point O. The is on the table
other end is fitted with a catch B. A small sleeve of mass m starts dW = –f dx = –(µN )dx = –µ (l x g)dx
from the point O. Neglecting the masses of the thread and the
2l / 3
catch, find the maximum elongation of the cord.
Sol. Let y be the elongation of the thread. \ W = - ò m ( lxg )dx
0

µlg é 2 ù 2l / 3 - mg l
Þ W = - x =
2 ë û0 9
= –1.306 J. Ans.
Example 16. A 0.50 kg block slides from the point A as shown
in fig. 7.48 on horizontal track with an initial speed of 3.0 m/s
towards a weightless horizontal spring of length 1 m and force
constant k = 2 N/m. The part AB of the track is frictionless and the
part BC has a coefficient of static and kinetic friction as 0.22 and
0.2 respectively. If the distances AB and BD are 2 m and 2.14 m
respectively, find the total distance through which the block moves
before it comes to rest completely.
Figure. 7.46 Sol. The track AB is frictionless, the block moves through this distance
From the energy conservation; without any change in K.E. When the block enters the track BC, having
decrease in P.E. of the sleeve in falling total distance (l + y) = elastic P.E. coefficient of friction 0.2, its K.E. is lost in doing work against friction.
stored in the rubber cord in stretching y
1 2 1
1 2 Initial K.E. of block = mv = ´ 0.5 ´ 32 = 2.25 J.
i.e. mg (l + y ) = ky 2 2
2

1 2
or ky - mgy - mg l = 0
2

mg ± (mg ) 2 + 4( k / 2).mg l
\ y =
2.(k / 2)
Figure. 7.48
or y = ( mg / k )[1 ± 1 + 2k l / mg ] . Work done against friction over the distance
As the quantity under the radical sign is > 1 and elongation is a positive BD = µkN × s = µkmg × s
quantity, therefore = 0.2 × 0.5 × 10 × 2.14 = 2.14 J
This work done is less than the initial K.E. of the block, so the block
y = ( mg / k )[1 + 1 + 2k l / mg ] . Ans.
moves further and compresses the spring by a distance x (say).
Example 15. A chain of mass m = 0.80 kg and length l = 1.5 Then according to the law of conservation of energy;
rests on a rough-surfaced table so that one of its ends hangs over
Initial K.E. of the block = Work done against friction + P.E. stored in the
the edge. The chain starts sliding off the table all by itself provided
spring
the over hanging part equals l = 1/3 of the chain length. What will
be the total work performed by the friction forces acting on the 1 2 1
chain by the moment it slides completely off the table? mv = m k mg ( BD + x) + kx 2
2 2
Sol. Let l be the mass per unit length of the chain.
1
or 2.25 = 0.2 × 0.5 × 10 × (2.14 + x) + .2.x 2
2
x2 + x = 0.11
which gives x = 0.10 m or –1.1 m.
As x can not be negative, therefore x = 0.10 m.
After moving through distance x, the block comes to rest. Now the
compressed spring exerts a force F = 2 × 0.1= 0.2 N on the block which
is less than the limiting frictional force (= µs mg = 0.22×0.5×10=1.1 N).
Figure. 7.47
Therefore the block does not move.
Force of gravity acting on the hanging part causes the tension in the chain
which will equal to the frictional force on the chain lying on the table. The total distance moved by the block
i.e. mg/3 = µN, where N = 2 mg/3 = AB + BD + x
which gives µ = 1/2. = 2 +2.14 + 0.1 = 4.24 m Ans.
 Work, Energy and Power 343
Example 17. AB is a quarter of a smooth circular track of Therefore dW1 = F1.ds = F1 cos q R dq.
radius 4 m as shown in the fig. 7.49. A particle P of mass 5 kg moves = F1 cos q R (dq)
along the track from A to B under the action of following forces; = 4 cos q × 4 × dq = 16 cos q dq
(i) A force F1 directed always towards point B, its magnitude is The total work done as the particle moves from A to B
constant and equals 4 N.
p/4
(ii) A force F2 is directed along the instantaneous tangent to the
circular track, its magnitude is (20 – s)N where s is the
W1 = ò 16 cos qd q = 11.32 J Ans.
0
distance travelled in metre.
(ii) Work done by force F2
(iii) A horizontal force F3 of magnitude 25 N.
dW2 = F2.ds = F2 ds cos q = F2 ds
If the particle starts with speed of 10 m/s, what is speed at
(Since F2 always acts along the tangent \ q = 0°)
point B.
= (20 – s) × Rd q = (20 – Rq) ×R d q
(R = 4 m )
p/4
\ W2 = ò (20 - Rq) ´ R d q .
0

p /4
= ò (80 - 16q) d q = 248.67 J Ans.
0
Figure. 7.49
(iii) Work done by force F3, which is always horizontal :
Sol.
Work done W 3 = F3 × displacement in the direction of force
(i) Let the particle be at point P at any instant of time t. The particle
= 25 × 4 = 100 J
moves from position P to Q in small time dt. The direction of force
The work done against gravity
F1 on P will be in direction PB. It is clear from the figure that the
r r W 4 = –5 × 9.8 × 4 = – 196 J.
angle between F and s changes from q to 0. (Since vertical displacement R = 4 m)
p p Total work done
Also, 2q = 2 \ q = .
4 W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4
= 11.32 + 248.67 + 100 – 196 = 163.99 J.
Let vA and vB be the velocity of the particle at A and B respectively,
then
1 2 1 2
mvB - mv A = W
2 2
1 1
´ 5 ´ vB2 - ´ 5 ´ (10) 2 = 163.99
2 2
Figure. 7.50 v B = 12.85 m/s Ans.
344 Mechanics

Mechanics
MCQ Type 1 Exercise 7.1
Level - 1 (Only one option correct)
Work, Kinetic and Potential Energy 6. A bullet is fired from a rifle. If the rifle recoils freely, then
the kinetic energy of the rifle is
1. Choose the correct alternative among the following:
(a) less than that of the bullet
(a) When a conservative force does positive work on a
(b) more than that of the bullet
body, the potential energy of the body increases.
(c) same as that of the bullet
(b) Work done by a body against friction always results (d) equal or less than that of the bullet
in a loss of its kinetic energy.
7. A light and a heavy body have equal momenta. Which one
(c) The rate of change of total momentum of a many has greater K.E.
particle system is proportional to the sum of the internal (a) the light body (b) the heavy body
forces on the system. (c) the K.E. are equal (d) data is incomplete
(d) In an elastic collision kinetic energy of the colliding 8. If the K.E. of a body is increased by 300%, its momentum
bodies before collision is equal to kinetic energy during will increase by
collision (a) 100% (b) 150%
  
2. A force F = 6 i + 2 j + 3k acts on a particle and produces a (c) 300% (d) 175%
    9. A body of mass 0.5 kg travels in a straight line with velocity
displacement of = s 2 i − 3 j – xk . If the work done is zero,
v = 5 x3 / 2 . The work done by the net force during the
the value of x is : displacement from x = 0 to x = 2m is
(a) 2 (b) 1 / 2 (a) 25 J (b) 50 J
(c) 6 (d) 3 (c) 75 J (d) 100 J
 10. Figure gives the acceleration of a, 2.0 kg body as it moves
3. F (5iˆ + 3 ˆj ) newton is applied over a particle which
A force =
 from res along x-axis while a variable force acts on it from
displaces it from its origin to the point = r (2iˆ − 1 ˆj ) meter.
x = 0 m rest to x = 9 m. The work done by the force on the
The work done on the particle is: body when it reaches x = 7m is given by
(a) – 7 joule (b) + 13 joule a (m/s2)

(c) + 7 joule (d) + 11 joule 6

4. If W1, W2 and W3 represent the work done in moving a x (m)

0
particle from A to B along three different paths 1, 2, 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

respectively (as shown ) in the gravitational field of a point –6

mass m, find the correct relation between W1, W2 and W3 : (a) 30 J (b) 42 J
(c) 45 J (d) 21 J
11. The graph of kinetic energy (K) of a body versus velocity
(v) is represented as:
K K
W1 > W2 > W3 (b)
(a) W1 = W2 = W3
W1 < W2 < W3 (d)
(c) W2 > W1 > W3 (a) (b)

5. A spring of spring constant k is stretched by a length x from

its natural length and released. What about its potential v v
K K
energy :
(a) remain stored in spring in any form
(c) (d)
(b) converted into heat
(c) transfer to air molecules
v v
(d) none of the above

Answer 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (a)

Key 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (a) 11 (c)
 Work, Energy and Power 345
12. The potential energy of a book placed in almirah is 15 J 17. A pendulum bob has a speed of 3 m/s at its lowest position.
w.r.t. ground. One person A says that the potential energy The pendulum is 0.5 m long. The speed of the bob, when
of a book kept in an almirah is 20 J and the other person B the length makes an angle of 60° with the vertical, will be
says it is 25 J : (g = 10 m/s2)
(a) person A is correct (b) person B is correct 1
(a) 3 m/s (b) m/s
(c) both are wrong (d) both are correct 3
13. Starting from rest a 10 kg object is acted upon by only one 1
(c) m/s (d) 2 m/s
force as shown in figure. The total workdone by the force 2
is : 18. A toy gun has a spring of force constant k. After charging
F(N) the spring by compressing it through a distance x, the toy
releases off shot of mass m vertically upwards. Then the
30
shot will travel a vertical height of
2mg kx 2
t (a) (b)
O
10
1 2 3
kx mg
(a) 20 J (b) 125 J kx kx 2
(c) (d)
(c) 245 J (d) 490 J mg 2mg
14. The only force acting on a 2 kg body as it moves along 19. A bolt of mass 0.3 kg falls from the ceiling of an elevator
the positive x axis has component Fx= – 6x N, where x is moving down with a uniform speed of 7 m/s. It hits the floor
in metre. The velocity of the body at x = 3m is 8 m/s. The of the elevator (length of the elevator = 3 m) and does not
velocity of the body at x = 4 m is : rebound. The heat produced is (g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 10 m/s (b) 9 m/s (a) 9 J (b) 9.73 J
(c) 7.4 m/s (d) 6.6 m/s (c) 12.12 J (d) 15 J
15. Figure shows three forces applied to a trunk that moves leftward 20. The block of mass m is pulling, vertically up with constant
by 3 m over a smooth floor. The force magnitudes are F1 = 5N, speed, by applying force P. The free end of the string is
F2 = 9N, and F3 = 3N. The net work done on the trunk by pulled by l meter, the increase in potential energy of the
the three forces block is :

(a) 1.50 J (b) 2.40 J

(c) 3.00 J (d) 6.00 J
16. The figure gives the potential energy function U(x) for a mgl
system in which a particle is in one-dimensional motion. (a) (b) mgl
2
In which region the magnitude of the force on the particle
mgl
is greatest : (c) 2 mgl (d)
4
21. The potential energy of a particle in a force field is
A B
U
= − , where A and B are positive constants and r
2 r
r
is the distance of particle from the centre of the field. For
stable equilibrium, the distance of the particle is
OA
(a) (b) AB B/A 
(a) (b) – 600 J
BC
(c) (d) CD A/B
(c) 2A/B (d)

Answer 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (a) 16 (d)

Key 17 (d) 18 (d) 19 (a) 20 (a) 21 (c)
346 Mechanics
22. A block of mass M is hanging over a smooth and light pulley
through a light string. The other end of the string is pulled by a
constant force F. The kinetic energy of the block increases by
20 J in 1 s :
(a) the tension of the string is Mg
(b) the tension in the string is F.
(c) the work done by the tension on the block is 20 J in
the above 1 s.
(d) the work done by the force of gravity is – 20 J in the
above 1 s.
23. An open knife edge of mass M is dropped from a height h
on a wooden floor. If the blade penetrates s into the wood,
the average resistance offered by the wood to the blade is:
Mg  h 
Mg
(a) (b) 1 + 
2  s
2 mgL (1 – cos θ) (b)
 h  h
Mg 1 +  (d) Mg
(c) 1 + 
 s s
24. A force acts on a 30 g particle in such a way that the
position of the particle as a function of time is given by
x = 3t – 4t2 + t3, where x is in metres and t is in seconds.
The work done during the first 4 seconds is
(a) 5.28 J (b) 450 J
(c) 490 J (d) 530 J
25. If we throw a body upwards with velocity of 4 m/s, at what
height does its kinetic energy reduce to half of the initial
value (Taking g = 10 m / s2)
(a) 4 m (b) 2 m
(c) 1 m (d) 0.4 m
26. A particle of mass 100g is thrown vertically upwards with a
speed of 5m/s. The work done by the force of gravity during
the time the particle goes up is
(a) –1.25 J (b) 5.17 kJ
(c) 0.5 j (d) –0.5 J
27. Two bodies A and B have masses 20 kg and 5 kg respectively.
Each one is acted upon by a force of 4 kg wt. If they acquire
the same kinetic energy in times tA and tB, then the ratio
tA
is
tB
1 Mgl (b)
(a) (b) 2
2
2 5
(c) (d) 33. Two masses m1 and m2 (m1 < m2) are positioned as shown
5 6
28. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top of
a hill of height 100 m. It slides down a smooth surface to
the ground, then climbs up another hill of height 30 m and
finally slides down to a horizontal base at a height of 20 m
above the ground. The velocity attained by the ball is
(a) 10 m/s (b) 10 30 m/s
(c) 40 m/s (d) 20 m/s
29. An object of mass m is tied to string of length L and a
variable horizontal force is applied on it which starts at
zero and gradually increases (it is pulled extremely slowly
so that equilibrium exists at all times) until the string makes
an angle θ with the vertical. Work done by the force F is :
(a) mg L (1 – sin θ)
mg L (d)
(c) mg L (1 + tan θ)
30. Two blocks, each of mass m moving with speed v, collide
with the spring of force constant k as shown in figure. The
maximum compression of the spring is :
2 2mv 2
(a) mv (b)
k k
2
(c) mv (d) zero
2k
31. A spring of mass M and length L (stiffness constant k) is
compressed vertically downward against the floor so that
L
its compressed length becomes . On releasing it, the
2
work done by it on the floor is :
2
1 1  L
(a) kL2 (b) k 
2 2  2
(c) zero (d) kL2
32. Calculate the work done, if a wire is loaded by ‘Mg’ weight
and the increase in length is ‘l’ :
Mgl
(a)
2
(c) 2 Mg l (d) zero
in figure, m1 being on the ground and m2 at a height h above
the ground. When m2 is released, the speed at which it hits
the ground will be

Answer 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (d) 26 (a) 27 (b)

Key 28 (c) 29 (a) 30 (b) 31 (c) 32 (b)
 Work, Energy and Power 347
39. Power of a water pump is 2 kW. If g = 10 m/s2, the amount
of water it can raise in one minute to a height of 10 m is
(a) 2000 litre (b) 1000 litre
(c) 100 litre (d) 1200 litre
40. A car of mass m starts from rest and accelerates so that
the instaneous power delivered to the car has a constant
2ghm1 2 gh(m1 − m2 ) magnitude P0, the instantaneous velocity of the car is
(a) (b)
m2 (m1 + m2 ) proportional to
t2 (b)
(a) t1/2
2 gh(m1 + m2 ) 2 gh(m2 − m1 )
(c) (d) t
(m1 − m2 ) (m1 + m2 ) t–1/2 (d)
(c)
m
34. A 60 g bullet is fired through a stack of fibre board sheets
41. An elevator of total mass (elevator + passenger)
200 mm thick. If the bullet approaches the stack with a 1800 kg is moving up with a constant speed of 2 m/s. A
velocity of 600 m/s, and emerges out with a velocity of 300 frictional of 4000 N opposes its motion. Determine the
m/s, the average resistance offered to the bullet is : approximate power delivered by the motor to the elevator
(a) 40.5 kN (b) 2 k N (g = 10 m/s2) [NTSE -2005]
(c) 20.25 kN (d) 10 kN (a) 59 hp (b) 22 hp
35. A block of mass of 1 kg slides down a curved track that is
(c) 34 hp (d) 44 hp
one quadrant of a circle of radius 1 m. Its speed at the bottom
is 2 m/s. The work done by the frictional force is : 42. A car of mass m is driven with acceleration a along a straight
level road against a constant external resistive force R. When
the velocity of the car is v, the rate at which the engine of
the car is doing work will be
Rv (b)
(a) mav
(c) (R + ma)v (d) (ma – R)v

(a) 8 J (b) – 8 J 43. Water falls from a height of 60 m at the rate of 15 kg/s to
operate a turbine. The losses due to frictional forces are 10%
(c) 4 J (d) – 4 J
of energy. How much power is generated by the turbine
Power (g = 10 m/s2)
36. The force required to tow a boat at constant velocity is
(a) 12.3 kW (b) 7.0 kW
proportional to the speed. If a speed of 4 km/h requires 7.5
kW, then a speed of 12 km/h requires nearly (c) 8.1 kW (d) 10.2 kW
(a) 68 kW (b) 72 kW 44. For the arrangement of pulleys shown in figure, the effort
(c) 15 kW (d) 22.5 kW (P) required to raise the given load (W). Assume efficiency
of the system as 80%:
37. A body of density ‘D’ and volume ‘V’ is lifted through height
‘h’ in a liquid of density ‘d’ (< D). The increase in potential
energy of the body is:
(a) V (D – d) hg (b) VDgh
(c) Vdgh (d) V(D + d) gh
38. A force of 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ N acts on a body for 4 second,
produces a displacement of (3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ)m . The power
used is
(a) 9.5 W (b) 7.5 W (a) 200 N (b) 250 N
(c) 6.5 W (d) 4.5 W (c) 500 N (d) 1000 N

Answer 33 (d) 34 (a) 35 (b) 36 (a) 37 (a) 38 (a)

Key 39 (d) 40 (b) 41 (d) 42 (c) 43 (c) 44 (b)
348 Mechanics

Level - 2 (Only one option correct)

Work, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy 1 Av3ρt

(c) Av3ρt (d)
1. At t = 0 a 1.0 kg ball is thrown from the top of a tall tower 2 2

with velocity = ( )
v 8ˆi + 9ˆj m/s. The change in the potential 6. A chain of length  and mass m lies on the surface of a
smooth hemisphere of radius R > l with one end tied to the
energy of the ball-earth system between t = 0 to t = 5 s :
top of the hemisphere. Gravitational potential energy of the
(g = 10 m/s2)
chain with reference level of the top of the hemisphere is :
(a) 800 J (b) 1536 J
(c) 2100 J (d) none of these

2. A particle in a conservative force field has a potential energy

given by U = 
 20xy 
. The force exerted on it is mR 2 g
 z  mg R
(a) (b)
l

 20 y  ˆ  20 x  ˆ  20 xy  ˆ l mR 2 g  l l
(a)
  i +   j +  2  k mg R sin
(c) (d) sin −
z  z  z R l  R R 
7. A point particle of mas 0.5 kg is moving along the x-axis
 20 y  ˆ  20 x  ˆ  20 xy  ˆ
−
(b) i − j+ 2  k under a force described by the potential energy U shown
 z   z   z 
below. It is projected towards the right from the origin with
 20 y  ˆ  20 x  ˆ  20 xy  ˆ a speed v.
−
(c) i − j − 2  k
 z   z   z  U(J)
4

3
 20 y  ˆ  20 x  ˆ  20 xy  ˆ
(d)
  i +   j −  2  k
2

z  z  z 1

3. A block of mass 10 kg is moving in x-direction with a –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5

constant speed of 10 m/s. It is subjected to a retarding force
F = – 0.1 x J/m during its travel from x = 20 m to x = 30 m.
Its final kinetic energy will be :
(a) 475 J (b) 450 J
(c) 275 J (d) 250 J
4. Two springs A and B are identical but A is harder than
B(kA > kB). Let WA and WB represent the work done when
the springs are stretched through the same distance and W′A
and W′B are the work done when these are stretched by equal
forces, then which of the following is true
WA > WB and W ′A = W ′B
(a)
WA > WB and W′A < W′B
(b)
WA > WB and W′A > W ′B
(c)
(d) WA < WB and W′A < W′B
5. The blades of a windmill sweap out a circle of area A. If
the wind of density ρ flows at a velocity v perpendicular to
the circle, then the kinetic energy of the air is
(a) Av 2ρt (b)
Av3ρt 2
What is the minimum value of v for which the particle will
escape infinitely far away from the origin : [KVPY -2013]
(a) 2 2 m/s (b) 2 m/s
(c) 4 m/s
(d) the particle will never escape
8. A variable force P is maintained tangent to a frictionless
cylindrical surface of radius a as shown in figure. By slowly
varying this force, a block of weight W is moved and the
spring to which it is stretched from position 1 to position
2. The work done by the force P is :
1 2 2
W a sin θ (b)
(a) ka θ
2
1
W a sin θ + k a2 θ2 (d)
(c) W a sin θ + k a2 θ2
2

Answer 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c)

Key 6 (d) 7 (d) 8 (d)
 Work, Energy and Power 349
9. A locomotive of mass m starts moving so that its velocity
varies according to law v = a √ s, where a is a constant, and
s is the distance covered. The total work done performed
by all the forces which are acting on the locomotive during
first t seconds after the beginning of motion is :
(a) 1.7 m/s (b) 17 m/s
Ma 4t
ma2t
(a) (b) (c) 27 m/s (d) 34 m/s
2
14. System shown in the figure is released from rest when spring
Ma 4t 2
(c) (d) none of these is unstretched. Pulley and spring are massless and friction
8 is absent everywhere. The speed of 5 kg block when 2 kg
10. A load hangs from a travelling crane, moving horizontally
with velocity v. If the load is not to swing more than 4 m block leaves the contact with ground is: (Take force constant
of spring k = 40 N/m and g = 10 m/s2)
horizontally, when the crane is stopped suddenly, what is
the maximum allowable speed of the crane?

5 kg
2 kg

(a) 4.05 m/s (b) 4.00 m/s
(c) 3.00 m/s (d) 3.50 m/s
11. A meter stick, pivoted about horizontal axis through its
centre, has a body of mass 2 kg attached to one end and a
body of mass 1 kg attached to the other end. The system
released from rest with the stick horizontal, the velocity of
either mass as the stick swing through vertical position :
(a) 2.2 m/s (b) 1.8 m/s
(c) 1.5 m/s (d) 0.75 m/s
12. A block of mass m is released from rest at point ‘A’. The
compression in spring when the speed of the block is
maximum:
(a) 2 m/s (b) 2 2 m/s
(c) 2 m/s (d) 4 2 m/s
15. A vertical spring with force constant k is fixed on a table.
A ball of mass m at a height h above the free upper end of
the spring falls vertically on the spring so that the spring
is compressed by a distance d. The net work done in the
process is
h h
d

m θ
A
1 2 1
k mg(h + d) +
(a) kd (b) mg (h + d ) − kd 2
2 2
µ=0

1 1
2mg sin θ mg (h − d ) − kd 2 (d)
(c) mg (h − d ) + kd 2
(a) mg sin θ (b) 2 2
k k
16. A block of mass 5 kg is suspended from the end of a vertical
mg cos θ mg
(c) (d) spring which is stretched by 10 cm under the load of the
k k block. The block is given a sharp impulse from below so
13. A 10 kg block is pulled in the vertical plane along a that it esquires an upward speed of 2m/s. The block will
frictionless surface in the form of an arc of a circle of radius rise to a height (g = 10m/s2)
10 m. The applied force is of 200 N as shown in figure. If (a) 0.10 m (b) 0.20 m
the block had started from rest at A, the velocity at B would
be : (c) 0.25 m (d) none of these

Answer 9 (c) 10 (a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (b)

Key 14 (b) 15 (b) 16 (b)
350 Mechanics
17. Two identical cylindrical vessels with their bases at same
2µ 2 mg 2 4µ 2 mg 2
level each contains a liquid of density ρ. The height of the (a) (b)
liquid in one vessel is h1 and that in the other vessel is h2. v2 v2
The area of either base is A. The work done by gravity in
3µ 2 mg 2 16µ 2 mg 2
equalizing the levels when the two vessels are connected, (c) (d)
is v2 v2
Power
(a) (h1 – h2)gρ (b) (h1 – h2)gAρ
21. An engine is hauling a train of mass M kg on a level track
1 1 at a constant speed v m/s. The resistance due to friction is
(c) (h1 − h2 )2 gAρ (d) (h1 − h2 )2 gAρ
2 4 f N/kg. What extra power must the engine develop to
18. A block of 60 kg is released from rest when comparison in maintain the speed up a gradient of h in s :
the spring is 2m (normal length of spring is 8 m). Surface
AB is smooth while surface BC is rough. Block travels x Mghv Mghs
(a) (b)
distance on rough surface before coming to complete rest. s v
The value of x is : (g = 10 m/s2) Mghvs
(c) (d) zero
200 N/m 60 kg µ = 0.5 22. From an automatic gun a man fires 360 bullet per minute
A B C with a speed of 360 km/hour. If each weight 20 g, the power
8m 8m
of the gun is
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m
(a) 600 W (b) 300 W
(c) 3 m (d) zero
(c) 150 W (d) 75 W
19. In the figure shown PRQ is a curved vertical wall with
rough inner surface with the floor is smooth. The radius of 23. A particle A of mass 10/7 kg is moving in the positive
the curved wall is r and its length is quarter of a circle. A direction of x. Its initial position is x = 0 & initial velocity
particle of mass m is projected on the floor at P, grazing is 1 m/s. The velocity at x = 10 is: (use the graph given)
the rough wall as shown , with an initial velocity v0. The
velocity of the particle at Q will be
O vQ
r
µ

v0 R
P
−µπ
v = v0 e −µπ (b)
(a) v = v0 e r
(a) 4 m/s (b) 2 m/s
(c) µπ (d)
v=0
v = v0 e (c)
3 2 m/s (d) 100/3 m/s
20. An object of mass m is travelling on a horizontal surface. 24. A wind powered generator converts wind energy into
There is a coefficient of kinetic friction µ between the object electrical energy. Assume that the generator converts a
and the surface. The object has speed v when it reaches at fixed fraction of wind energy intercepted by its blades into
x = 0 and later encounters a spring. The object compresses electrical energy. For wind speed v, the electrical power
the spring, stops and then recoils and travel in opposite output will be proportional to
direction. When object reaches x = 0 on its return trip, it
v2
v (b)
(a)
stops. From this information the spring constant k is
v3 (d) v4
(c)

Answer 17 (d) 18 (a) 19 (b) 20 (b)

Key 21 (a) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (c)
 Work, Energy and Power 351

Mechanics
MCQ Type 2 Exercise 7.2
Multiple Options Correct 2
(b) coefficient of friction between table and chain is
1. No work is done by a force on an object if 3
(a) the force is always perpendicular to its velocity (c) the work done by the frictional forces acting on the
(b) the force is always perpendicular to its acceleration 2
table to completely sliding off the chain is mg l
(c) the object is stationary but the point of application of 3
the force moves on the object (d) the work done by the frictional forces acting on the
(d) all the above  − mg  
2. If a particle under the action a force F has potential energy table to completely sliding off the chain is  .
 9 
U, then in equilibrium : 7. The potential energy of a particle of mass 5 kg, moving in
(a) F = 0 and U = 0 (b) F ≠ 0 but U = 0 the xy plane, is given by U = – 7x + 24y, x and y being in
(c) F = 0 but U ≠ 0 (d) F ≠ 0 and U ≠ 0 metre. Initially (t = 0) the particle is at the origin and has
3. A ball of mass m is attached to the lower end of a light 
=
velocity u 14.4 ˆi + 4.2 ˆj m/s. Then
vertical spring of force constant k. The upper end of the (a) the speed of the particle at t = 4s is 25 m/s
spring is fixed. The ball is released from rest with the spring (b) the acceleration of the particle is 5 m/s2
at its normal (unstretched) length, and comes to rest again
(c) the direction of acceleration of the particle is
after descending through a distance x :
perpendicular to its direction of motion initially
mg
(a) x= (d) the direction of acceleration of the particle is along the
k direction of motion initially.
2mg 8. A simple pendulum consists of a point mass m attached to
(b) x=
k a light in extensible string of length L. The pendulum is
(c) the ball will have no acceleration at the position where given as initial angular displacement of 60° from the mean
x position and released from rest. During the period it moves
it has descended through
2 from 600 to 30°.
(d) the ball will have an upward acceleration equal to g at mgL( 3 − 1)
its lowermost position. (a) work done by gravity is
4
4. Consider two observes moving with respect to each other
along a straight line. They observe a block moving a (b) work done by the string tension is mgL( 3 − 1)
distance x on a rough surface. The following quantities will 4
be different for two observes (c) work done by gravity is mgL( 3 − 1)
(a) kinetic energy of the block 2
(b) work done by friction (d) total work done by gravity and the string tension is
(c) acceleration of the block mgL( 3 − 1)
(d) force acting on the boc
2
5. A particle of mass m = 1 kg lying on x-axis experiences a
9. A particle moves in one dimension in a conservative force
force given by law F = x (3x – 2) newton, where x is the
field. The potential energy is depicted in the graph below.
x-coordinate of the particle in meters.
If the particle starts to move rest from the point A, then :
The points on x-axis where the particle is in equilibrium are
[NSE -2013]
(a) x = 0 (b) x = 1/3 V(x)
(c) x = 2/3 (d) x = 1 Potential
6. A chain of mass m and length l rests on a rough - surfaced energy

table so that one of its ends hangs over the edge. The chain
starts sliding off the table all by itself provided the over A B C D E
x

1 (a) the speed is zero at the point A and E.

hanging part equal to of the chain length. then :
3 (b) the acceleration vanishes at the point A, B, C, D, E
1 (c) the acceleration vanishes at the points B, C, D
(a) coefficient of friction between table and chain is
2 (d) the speed is maximum at the point D.

Answer 1 (a,c) 2 (a, c) 3 (b, c, d) 4 (a, b) 5 (a, c)

Key 6 (a, d) 7 (a, b, c, d) 8 (c, d) 9 (a, c)
352 Mechanics

10. Consider three fixed surfaces shown in the figure. Three
blocks each of mass m are released from rest from top of
the three surfaces. All blocks reach ground with same speed.
Length of path travelled by blocks is same for second and
third surface if coefficient of friction of three surfaces are
µ1, µ2 and µ3 respectively, then
compressed spring with a string as shown in figure. The
spring has an initial compression of x = 1 m. The force
constant k = 6 N/m. Whole system is moving towards right
with speed 1 m/s. Now if the spring is cut, then (Take m =
1 kg and no friction anywhere)
2m m 1 m/s

h h h (a) when m is having maximum speed, the energy stored

µ1
µ2
  
(a) µ1 = µ2 (b) µ1 > µ2
(c) µ2 = µ3 (d) µ2 < µ3
11. Two blocks of masses m and 2m are connected by a
µ3
in the spring will be 6 J.
(b) the minimum speed attained by 2m is zero.
(c) when m is having maximum speed, the energy stored
in the spring will be 3 J.
(d) The maximum speed attained by m is 3 m/s.

Answer Key 10 (b, d) 11 (b, d)

Mechanics
Reasoning Type Questions Exercise 7.3
Read the two statements carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given below:
(a) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is not correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(c) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is false.
(d) Statement - 1 is false, Statement - 2 is true
1. Statement - 1 Work done by friction on a body sliding down 7. Statement - 1
an inclined plane is positive. When a body moves vertically upward, work done by gravitational
Statement - 2 Work done is greater than zero, if angle between force is negative.
force and displacement is acute. Statement - 2
2. Statement - 1 According to conservation of mechanical energy, ∆ K + ∆ U = 0.
The rate of change of total momentum of a many particle system 8. Statement - 1
is proportional to the sum of the internal forces of the system. A man rowing a boat upstream is at rest with respect to the bank.
Statement - 2 Internal forces can change the kinetic energy He is doing no external work.
but not the momentum of the system. Statement - 2 Work done by constant force, W = F s cos θ.
3. Statement - 1 9. Statement - 1
The linear momentum of body increases by 50%, the corresponding When a machine gun fires n bullets per second each with kinetic
increase in kinetic energy is 100 %. energy K, the power of a gun is P = nK
p2 Statement - 2 Power P = work done / time
Statement - 2 Kinetic energy, K = then it may be written 10. Statement - 1
2m
A block of mass m starts moving on a rough horizontal surface
∆K ∆P with a velocity v. It stops due to friction between the block and
as = 2 .
K P the surface after moving through a certain distance. The surface is
4. Statement - 1If the velocity of a body is doubled and stopping now tilted to an angle 30° with the horizontal and the same block
force remains same then stopping distance becomes 2 times. is made to go up on the surface with the same initial velocity v.
The decrease in the mechanical energy in the second situation is
1
Statement - 1 Kinetic energy of the body K = mv2 . smaller than that in the first situation.
2 Statement - 2
5. Statement - 1
A force applied on the body always does work on the body. The coefficient of friction between the block and the surface
decreases with the increase in the angle of inclination.
Statement - 2
If a force applied on a body displaces the body along the direction 11. Statement - 1: A work done by friction is always negative.
of force work done will be maximum. Statement - 2: Frictional force acts on a body its K.E. may
6. Statement - 1 decrease.
No work is done on a revolving electron around the nucleus of an 12. Statement - 1: The work done in moving a body over a closed
atom. loop is zero for every force in nature.
Statement - 2 Work done is centripetal force is always zero. Statement - 2: Work done depends on nature of force.

Answer 1 (d) 2 (d) 3 (d) 4 (d) 5 (d) 6 (a)

Key 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12 (b)
 Work, Energy and Power 353

Mechanics
Passage & Matrix Exercise 7.4
Passages

Passage for (Questions 1 & 2) : 5. The change in potential energy of the system (ball + rod) :
A block of mass M is suspended through a vertical spring of force (a) mg l (b) (M + m) gl
constant k. A mud piece of mass M is dropped on the block from M  ( M + m)
a height 2 h. The mud piece sticks to the block after the impact.
(c)  + m  gl (d) gl
 2  2
1. Kinetic energy of the block + mud just after impact is :
6. The initial speed was given to the ball :
(a) Mg h (b) 2 Mg h
(c) 4 Mg h (d) 8 Mg h Mgl + 2mgl
(a) (b) 2gl
2. The maximum extension of the spring is : m
2Mg 2Mgl + mgl
(a) (c) (d) none
k m
2 Mg + 4 M 2 g 2 + 2 Mgkh Passage for (Questions 7 to 9) :
(b)
k A block of mass m is kept over another block of mass 2m and
the system rests on a horizontal surface as shown in figure. A
Mg + 2 M 2 g 2 + 2 Mgkh constant horizontal force F acting on the lower block produces
(c)
2k  F 
(d) none an acceleration   in the system, the two blocks always
 6m 
Passage for (Questions. 3 & 4) : move together.
A heavy particle is suspended by a string of length l. The particle m
is given a horizontal velocity v0. The string becomes stack at an 2m F
angle θ and the particle proceeds on a parabola as shown in figure :
7.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between bigger block and
horizontal surface is
F F
(a) (b)
3mg g
F 3mg
(c) (d)
6mg F
8. The frictional force acting on the smaller blcok is
3.
The value of θ is :
F F
(a) 45° (b) cos–1 ( 2 ) (a) (b)
–1 6 3
(c) tan ( 2 ) (d) sin–1 ( 2 )
4.
If the particle passes through the point of suspension, then F F
(c) (d)
the value of v0 is : 4 2
(a) 2 gl (b) gl ( 3 + 1) 9. The work done by frictional force on the smaller block by
gl (2 + 3)1/2
(c) 3 2 gl (d) the bigger block during a displacement 1 m is
F F
Passage for (Questions 5 & 6) : (a) (b)
6 3
A ball with mass m is attached to
the end of a rod of mass M and F F
(c) (d)
length l. The other end of the rod is 4 2
pivoted so that the ball can move in a Passage for (Questions 10 & 11) :
vertical circle. The rod is held in the A small block of mass 1 kg is released from rest at the top of a
horizontal position shown in figure and rough track. The track is a circular arc of radius 40 m. The block
then given just enough a downward push slides along the track without toppling and a frictional force acts
so that the ball swings down and around on it in the direction opposite to the instantaneous velocity. The
and just reaches the vertical upward work done in overcoming the friction up to the point Q, as shown
position, having zero speed there. in the figure below, is 150 J.
(Take the acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 ms–2)
354 Mechanics
y 10. The magnitude of the normal reaction that acts on the block
at the point Q is
(a) 7.5 N (b) 8.6 N
R P (c) 11.5 N (d) 22.5 N
30°
11. The speed of the block when it reaches the point Q is
(a) 5 ms–1 (b) 10 ms–1
Q R
10 3 ms −1
(c) (d) 20 ms–1

x
O
(JEE Adv. 2013)
Matrix Matching
12. Column I represents work done by forces and column II represents change in kinetic energy ∆k, change in potential energy
∆U, change in mechanical energy ∆E. Then match the two column:
Column I Column II (magnitude only)
A. Work done by conservative force (p) ∆K
B. Work done by non-conservative force (q) ∆U
C. Work done by internal force (r) ∆E
D. Work done by external force
13. An automobile of mass m accelerates, starting from rest, while the engine supplied constant power P. Match the following
columns:
Column I Column II
A. Acceleration at time t (p) (2pt/m)½
B. Velocity at time t (q) (8p/9m)½ t 3/2
½
 P 
C. Position at time t (r)
 
 2 mt 
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (a)
Answer 7 (c) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (a) 11 (a)
Key
12 A → p, q; B → p, q; C → p, q; D→ p, r 13 A→ r; B → p; C → q

Mechanics
Best of JEE-(Main & Advanced) Exercise 7.5
JEE- (Main) 3. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to velocity
1. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation v1 in time t1. The instantaneous power delivered to the body
proportional to its displacement. Its loss of kinetic energy is : [AIEEE 2005]
for any displacement x is proportional to [AIEEE 2004] (a) mv12 t1/t2 (b) mv12t12/t
(a) x2 (b) ex (c) mv12 t/t12 (d) mv12t2/t13
(c) x (d) logex 4. A mass of M kg is suspended by a weightless string. The
2. The block of mass M moving on the frictionless horizontal force that is required to displace it until the string
horizontal surface collides with the spring of spring makes an angle of 45° with the initial vertical direction is
constant k and compresses it by length L. The : [AIEEE 2006]
maximum momentum of the block after collision (a) Mg( 2 – 1) (b) Mg ( 2 + 1)
is : [AIEEE 2005] Mg
(c) Mg 2 (d)
2
5. The potential energy of 1 kg particle free to move along
ML2  x4 x2 
(a) (b) zero the x-axis is given by U(x) =  −  J . The total
k  4 2
(c) kL2 (d) mechanical energy of the particle is 2 J then, the maximum
Mk L
2M speed in (m/s) is : [AIEEE 2006]
 Work, Energy and Power 355
3
(a) 2 (b)
2
1
(c) 2 (d)
2
6. The potential energy between two atoms in a molecule is
a b
given by U (x) = − 6 ; where a and b are positive
12
x x (a) 4 (b) 2
constants and x is the distance between the atoms. The atom
1 1
is in stable equilibrium when : [AIEEE 2010] (c) (d)
11 a a 2 4
(a) x=3 (b) x= 10. A ball moves over a fixed track as shown in the figure.
5b 2b
From A to B the ball rolls without slipping. Surface BC is
2a frictionless KA, KB and KC are kinetic energies of the ball
(c) x = 0 (d) x = 6
b at A, B and C respectively. Then : [IIT-JEE 2009]
13. When a rubber-band is stretched by a distance x, it exerts
restoring force of magnitude F = ax + bx2 where a and b
are constants. The work done in stretching the unstretched
rubber-band by L is: [JEE-Main 2014]
(a) 2 3
aL + bL (b)
1
2
(
aL + bL3
2
) (a) hA > hC ; KB > KC (b) hA > hC ; KC > KA
(c) hA = hC ; KB = KC (d) hA < hC ; KB > KC
aL2 bL3 1  aL2 bL3 
(c) + (d)  +  11. A block of mass 2 kg is free to move along the x-axis. It
2 3 2  2 3  is at rest and from t = 0 onwards it is subjected to a time-
dependent force F(t) in the x direction. The force F(t) varies
JEE- (Advanced) with t as shown in the figure. The kinetic energy of the block
after 4.5 seconds is [IIT-JEE 2010]
8. A particle is placed at the origin and a force F = kx is acting F
on it (where k is positive constant). If U(0) = 0, the graph
4
of U(x) versus x will be (where U is the potential energy
function) : [IIT-JEE 2004]
4.5
O 3 t (s)

(a) (b)
(a) 4.50 J (b) 7.50 J
(c) 5.06 J (d) 14.06 J
12. At time t = 0 s, particle starts moving along the x-axis. If
its kinetic energy increases uniformly with time t, the net
force acting on it must be proportional to [IIT-JEE 2011]
(c) (d) (a) t (b) constant
1
(c) t (d)
t
9. A block B is attached to two unstretched springs S 1 13. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force,
and S 2 with spring constants k and 4k, respectively
 x y 
(see figure I). The other ends are attached to identical K 2 ˆ+
i ˆj 
2 32
supports M 1 and M 2 not attached to the walls. The  ( x + y ) ( x 2 + y 2 )3 2 
springs and supports have negligible mass. There is no (K being a constant of appropriate dimensions), when the
friction anywhere. The block B is displaced towards particle is taken from the point (a, 0) to the point (0, a) along
wall 1 by small distance x (figure II) and released. The block a circular path of radius a about the origin in the x – y plane
returns and moved a maximum distance y towards wall 2. is [JEE Adv. 2013]
Displacements x and y are measured with respect to the 2K π Kπ
y (a) (b)
equilibrium position of the block B. The ratio is : a a
x Kπ
[IIT-JEE 2008] (c) (d) 0
2a

Answer 1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (d) 7 (c)

Key 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (a, b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (d)
356 Mechanics

In Chapter Exercise
In Chapter Exercise -7.1 − fs + 400 × s − 300 × s sin 30° =

1 ( 2
m v − 1.52 )
1. (a) Work done by gravitational force 2
W = mgh =2 × 10 × 8.5 =170 J 0.2 × 300cos30° × 6 + 400 × 6 − 300 × 6sin 30°
(b) The change in potential energy 1
= × 30 × ( v 2 − 1.52 )
∆U = −W =−170 J 2
(c) Ui = mghi =2 × 10 × 10 =200 J After solving, we get v = 8.94 m/s Ans.
6. If a is the acceleration of the block A, then acceleration of block
(d) Uf = mgh f =2 × 10 × 1.5 =30 J
B will be a/2. Thus
(e) Work done, W = mgh =2 × 10 × 8.5 =170 J 150 g sin θ1 − (T + µ × 150 g cos θ1 ) = 150 a ...(i)
(f) ∆U = –170 J T′ = 2T
and
(g) Ui = 100 + mghi =
300 J T '− ( 200 g sin θ2 + µ × 200 g cos θ2 ) = 200 a ...(ii)
(h) Uf = 100 + mgh f =
130 J The velocity of the block A,
2. (a) The work done from initial to lowest point, v2 = 0 + 2as
W = [ gravitational force] × [ displacement ] = mgL. T sin1= 4
5
(b) Upto highest point, W = mg ( − L ) =− mgL T sin2= 3

1
5

s
Do the next parts similarly. T

T
co
0g
3. (a) Work done by gravitational force T
A
15
1

×
in

W = [ gravitational force] × [ displacement in its direction ] B

s
0g

200gsin2
2
15

h mgh 1
= mg × = Ans.
2 2 ×200gcos2
W = mg × 0 =
(b) 0 Ans.
v2
(c) By conservation of mechanical energy, we have \ s = ...(iii)
2a
1 1
mv0 2 + mgh = mv 2 After substituting the known values and simplifying, we get
2 2
s = 3.529 m Ans.
\ v = v02 + 2 gh Ans. 7. Suppose block D will rise to height h when block C hits the
4. Force acts for 30 s, so impulse of force in this duration = area of wall. As total length of the string is constant, so
F– t graph
1 + 1 + y + h = 1 + 22 + 12 + y
\ h = ( 5 − 1) m
If v is the velocity of the block C, then its component along BC
will be v cos θ. Thus upward velocity of block D will be v cos θ,
where cos θ =2 / 5.
Now by conservation of mechanical energy, we have
1 1  2m
=  × 20 × 50 + π × 10 × 50  B
 2 4  
= 500 + 392.5 = 892.5 N-s 1m y
Let v be the velocity of the particle after 30 s, then
   v 
= J m( vf − v i ) or 892.5 = 16 (v – 0) h
or v = 55.78 m/s Ans vcos C D
As no force acts after 30s, so speed of the particle remains constant 1 1 2
Mg× 1 = mgh + Mv 2 + m ( v cos θ )
thereafter. Therefore speed of particle at 40 s will be 55.78 m/s. 2 2
5. By work-energy theorem, we can write After substituting the values and solving, we get
Wfriction + Wexternal force + Wgravity = ∆K
v = 3.36 m/s Ans.
 Work, Energy and Power 357
8. The force needed to move the engine with constant speed (2) Force needed F2 = 600 + Mg sin θ
F = mg sin θ + µmg cos θ
1
= 100000 × 9.8 × 0.087 + 0.1 × 100000 × 9.8 × 0.99 = 600 + (120 × 103 ) ×
300
= 182887 N
= 1000 N
The energy needed E = Fvt
= 182887 × 100 × 1  5
1000 ×  20 × 
Fv  18 
= 18288700 J Power needed P2 = 2 =
The amount of coal needed with the engine efficiency 4%, η 0.80
E =
6940 W Ans.
m =
η × 50000 (3) Force needed F3 =
600 – 400 = 200 N
18288700  5
= = 9.15 × 103 kg F3 × v
200 ×  20 × 
0.04 × 50000 Power needed P3 = =  18 
η 0.80
Ans.
= 1390 W Ans.
In Chapter Exercise -7.2 4. The velocity of mass m at any instant

1.
 mgh 
The power generated = η  v = v cos αˆi + ( v sin α − gt ) ˆj
0 0
 t  
and F = mg ( −jˆ ) .
1.8 × 105 × 9.8 × 100 
= 0.50   The instantaneous power
 3600   
⋅ v mg ( gt − v0 sin α )
P = F=
= 2.45 × 104 W The average power
The number of 100 W bulb can be lit from this power
T
2.45 × 104 1
= = 245 Ans. Pav = ∫ Pdt = 0 Ans.
100 v T
0
1 v0
2. Given, sin θ =
50 mg

The force needed to move the truck up the plane
W W W 3W 5. Given m = 0.36 kg, M = 0.72 kg.
F1 = W sin θ + = + =
25 50 25 50 The figure shows the forces on m and
When truck moves down the plane, force needed M. When the system is released, let
W W W W the acceleration be a. Then
F2 = − W sin = θ − = T – mg = ma
25 25 50 50
Mg – T = Ma
If v2 is the speed of truck down the plane, then for same power,
v ( M − m) g
Wsin
 \ a
= = g /3
M +m

W/25 and T = 4 mg/3


For block m :
F1v1 = F2v2
u = 0, a = g/3, t = 1, s = ?
1 2 1 g
\ v2 = 3v1 =3 × 24 =72 km/h Ans. s = ut + at = 0 + × × 12 =g/6
2 2 3
3. (1) The tractive resistance F1 = 5 × 120 =
600 N
\ Work done by the string on m is
 5
600 ×  20 ×    mg g 4 × 0.36 × 10 × 10
F1v  18  T .s = Ts = 4 × = = 8J
The power required P1 = = 3 6 3× 6
η 0.80
= 4170 W Ans.

Exercise 7.1 Level -1

1. (b)   
 W = F .(r f − ri ) = (5iˆ + 3 ˆj ).(2iˆ − ˆj )
2. (a) F ⋅ s =
3. (c)
0
= 5 × 2 – 3 × 1 = 7 J
or (6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ).(2iˆ − 3 ˆj − xkˆ) =
0 4. (b) Work done does not depend on path and so
or
6 × 2 – 2 × 3 – 3x =0 W
=1 W=2 W3
∴ x = 2
358 Mechanics
5. (c) Potential energy of the spring will transfer to the kinetic 
s = –3iˆ .
energy of air molecules.
   iˆ  9 3  
6. (a) 0 = Pbullet + Prifle W = F .s =  − +  − 3 ˆj  .( −3iˆ)
∴ Prifle = – Pbullet  2  2  
= 1.5 J.
p2 dU
As K = , ∴ Krifle will be less than Kbullet 16. (d) | F | = , which is greatest in the reagion CD.
2m
dx
P2 1 1 1 2
7. (a) As K= ; K∝ . 17. (d) mv 2 + mgh = m ( 3)
2m m 2 2
60°
0.5 m
8. (a) P = 2mK , and P=' 2m( K + 3K=
) 2P 2
or v + g × 0.5 (1 − cos 60°) =9
P '− P 2P − P 2 2 v
∴ × 100 = × 100 =
100%
P P ∴ v = 2 m/s
1 2
9. (b) At x = ( 0 )3 / 2 0
= 0, vi 5= 18. (d) kx = mgh
3 m/s
2
3/ 2
and x = 2= ( 2)
m, v f 5= 5 8 m/s kx 2
or h =
W = ∆K 2mg

1
2
2 2
= m v f − vi ( ) 19. (a) Heat produced = loss in P.E.
= mgh

1
2
 2 
× 0.5  5 8 − 02 
=
 
( ) = 0.3 × 10 × 3 = 9 J
20. (a) In the device when free end of the string is pulled by
= 50 J , the block will rise by /2. So increase in potential

10. (a) W = area of F − x energy U = mg  / 2 .
 dU
= m [ area of a − x ] 21. (c) F = − = 0
dr
1 1 
= 2  ( 5 + 3) × 6 − ( 2 + 1) × 6 = 30 J 22. (b) The tension in the string , T = F.
2 2  Also Wgravity + Wtension = ∆K
1 Wtension = ∆K − Wgravity
11. (c) We known that K = mv 2 ∴
2
23. (c) Mg (h + s ) = F s
⇒ It represent a parabola about y-axis.
12. (d) As potential energy depends on reference level, so it  h
= Mg 1 +  .
∴ F
may be 20 J or 25 J, both are correct.  s
13. (b) J = P – Pi 2 3
or 30 × 2 – 10 × 1 = P – 0 ⇒ P = 50 N-s 24. (a) v = dx = d (3t − 4t + t ) =3 − 8t + 3t 2
dt dt
P2 502
Now W = K == = 125 J t = 0, 3 m/s
2m 2 × 10 2
14. (d) W = K f − Ki t = 4, v f = 3 − 8 × 4 + 3 × 4 = 19 m/s
4 1 2 2
1 Now, W = m(v f − vi )
or ∫ (–6 x)dx = × 2(v 2f – 82 ) 2
3
2
1
= × 30 × 10 −3 [192 – 32 ] =
5.28 J .
2 4 2
–6 x 2
or = v f – 64
1
2 3 m(4)2
1 2
or
2 2
–3 | 4 − 3 | = v f − 64 2 25. (d) m × 42 = mgh +
2 2
∴ v f = 6.6 m/s ∴ h = 0.4 m
 1
15. (a) F = –5iˆ + 9 cos 60°iˆ + 9sin 60° ˆj − 3 ˆj 26. (a) W = m(v 2f – vi2 )
2
9 9 3 ˆ
= –5iˆ + iˆ + j − 3 ˆj 1
2 2 = × 100 × 10 −3 (02 − 52 )
iˆ  9 3  ˆ 2
= − + − 3 j = – 1.25 J.
2  2 
 Work, Energy and Power 359

40 40 1
27. (b) a=
A = 2m/s 2 and a=
B = 8 m/s 2 1 × 10 × 1 + W f =
or × 1 × 22 − 0
20 5 2
∴ v A = 2t A and vB = 8t B ∴ W f = – 8 J

1 1 36. (a) F = kv and P = Fv = (kv) × v =kv 2

Now × 20 × (2t A )2 = × 5 × (8t B )2
2 2 P1 v12 2
tA ∴ = ⇒ P2 =  12  × 7.5 =
67.5 kW
=2 P2 v22  4
∴
tB
1 37. (a) ∆U = −Wconservative force
28. mg (100 − 20) = mv 2
(c)
2 = – [–VDgh – Vdgh]

∴ v = 40 m/s
= V ( D – d ) gh

29. (a) WF + Wg = ∆K =0 38. (a) W = F .s = (2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ).(3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ)
∴ WF = – Wg = 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 5 = 38 J
= – mg × ( − y ) W 38
P = = 9.5W .
=
t 4
= mgL(1 − cos θ)
1 2 1 mgh
30. (b) kx = 2 × mv 2 39 (d) P =
2 2 t

2 Pt 2 × 103 × 60
∴ m =
= = 1200 kg
∴ x = 2mv gh 10 × 10
k
 mdv 
31. (c) The displacement produced by spring of the floor is = 40. (b) P0 = (ma)v =  v
 dt 
0, and so W = 0.
F P0
∫ v(dv) =
m∫
Mg ×  Mg  dt ⇒ v ∝ t1/ 2
32. (b) . Mg
= W =
2 2 41. (d) P = Fv = (1800 g + 4000) × 2 = 44000 W.
42. (c) If F is the force exerted by the engine of the car, then
o  x
F – R = ma,
∴ F = (R + ma)
1 P = Fv = ( R + ma )v .
33. (d) m2 gh = m1 gh + (m1 + m2 )v 2 The power
2
m 
2 gh(m2 − m1 ) 43. (c) Power = 0.9  gh
∴ v = t 
m1 + m2
= 0.9 × 15 × 10 ×60= 8100W
1 44. (b) 4P = 800,
34. (a) Fx = m(v 2f − vi2 )
2 ∴ P = 200 N
1 −3 2 2 Pout
F × 200 × 10 −3 = × 60 × 10 (300 – 600 )
or Now 0.80 =
2 Pin
∴ F = 40.5 × 103 N Pout 200
∴ Pin = = = 250 N.
35. (b) mgh + W f = 1 mv 2 − 0 0.8 0.8
f
2
Exercise 7.1 Level -2
1. (a) vi (8iˆ + 9 ˆj ) m/s
= ∆U = – ∆K =
1
× 1× [145 –1745]
 2
and v f = 8iˆ + (9 − g × 5) ˆj = (8iˆ – 41 ˆj )m/s
= – 800 J.
2 2
So vi = 8 +9 = 147 2. (b) Given, U = 20 xyz −1
and v f = 82 + 412 = 1745 Fx = –
∂U
= −
20 y
∂x z
360 Mechanics

∂U 20 x mgR 2
Fy =−
∂y
= −
z
= − (θ − sin θ)0 / R

∂U 20 xy
and Fz =− =2 mgR 2   
∂z z =  sin −  .
  R R
∴ F = Fx iˆ + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ 7. (d) Kmin+Umin = 0
 −20 y  ˆ  20 x  ˆ 20 xy ˆ 1
=  i − j+ 2 k × 0.5 × v 2 =
1
 z   z  z 2
∴ v = 2 m/s
3. (a) W = K f − Ki
1
30
8. (d) W = mgh + kx 2
1 2
or ∫ −0.1xdx = K f − × 10 × 102 1
20
2 = mg (a sin θ) + k (aθ)2
2
2 30 1 2 2
or −0.1 x = K f − 500 = Wa sin θ + ka θ .
2
2 20 9. (c) See examples
∴ K f = 475 J . 10. (a)

1 1 10 m
4. (b) WA = k A x 2 and WB = k B x 2
2 2
As k A > k B , and so WA > WB ,
y 4m 2 2
y = 10 − 10 – 4 =0.84 m
1 2 F2 1 2
Also W = kx = Thus mv = mgy
2 2k 2
As k A > k B , ∴ WA < WB' .
'
or v = 2 gy = 2 × 9.8 × 0.84
5. (c) A = 4.05 m/s.

11. (b) 0 = – 2g × 0.5 + 1 × g × 0.5 v

0.5 m
1 1
+ × 2 × v 2 + × 1 × v 2 1kg 2kg
2 2
0.5 m
vt ∴ v = 1.8 m/s
The volume of air sweaps in time t = Avt v
Mass of air sweaps, m = ρV 12. (c) The maximum speed of the block is at the mean
= ρ Avt position and so
1 mg cos θ
Kinetic energy, K = mv 2 x=
2 k .
1 13. (b) Wgravity + WF = ∆K
= ( ρAvt ) v 2
2
–10 × g(10 − 10 cos 60°) + 200 × 10sin 60°
1
= ρAv3t 1
2 = × 10 × v 2f − 0
2
dU = (dm) g ( − y )
6. (d) ∴ vf = 17 m/s
m
y
14. (b) If x is the extension in the spring, then
= − ( Rd θ) gR(1 − cos θ) kx = 2g
 θ
dθ 2g 2 × 10
mgR 2 or x= = = 0.5 m
= − (1 − cos θ) k 40
 By conservation of energy, we have
 1 1
θ=
R /R 5 g × 0.5 = × 40 × 0.52 + 5× v2
∴ U = mgR 2 2 2
∫ dU =−
 ∫ (1 − cos θ)d θ
∴ v = 2 2 m/s
0 0
 Work, Energy and Power 361

15. (b) Wnet = Wgravity + Wspring v

dv π/2
–(rd θ)
1 or ∫ v
= ∫ r
= mg (h + d ) − kx 2 . v0 0
2
– πµ
16. (b) ∴ v = v e r
0
k
1 1 1
k 20. (b) mv 2 = (µmg)x and kx 2 = mv 2
2 2 2
h 4mµ 2 g 2
on solving, we get k = .
v2
1 2 1 2 1
m(2) + k (0.1) = mgh + k (h − 0.1)2 21. (a) Extra power, =P mg sin θ × v
2 2 2
After solving, we get h = 0.2 m h Mghv
= Mg × × v=
s s .
17. (d) mgh ρ( Ah) gh ρgAh 2 2
=U = = 1 2 1 × (20 × 10 −3 × 360) ×  5
2 2 2 mv  360 × 
2 18
22. (a) P = 2 =
ρgAh12 ρgAh22 t 60
∴ Ui
= +
2 2 = 600 W.
ρgAh 2 h1 + h2  dv 
Uf = 2× ,h=
2 2 23. (a) Area under P-x graphs = ∫ pdx = ∫  m  vdx
dt
1
W = U f − U i = (h1 − h2 )2 gAρ. v
 mv3 
v
4 210 3
= ∫=mv dv =  (v − 1)
 3 1 7 ×3
1 2 1 2 1
18. (a) × 200 × 2 = 0.5 × (60 × 10) x + 200 x
2 2 1
From graph : area = (2 + 4) × 10 =
30
∴ x = 1 m 2
10 3
−µmv 2 ∴ 30 ∴ v = 4 m/s
(v − 1) =
19. (b) m(a) = 7×3
r
1
dv – µmv 2
24. (c) We have got, P= ρAv3t
or mv = 2
ds r ∴ P ∝ v3

Exercise 7.2
1. (a, c) If θ = 90°, W = Fscos 90° = 0. 6. (a, d) To slide,
N
or, if s = 0, W = F × 0 = 0 T

2. (a, c) For the equilibrium, F = 0. The U may be zero or not,

µN
2mg
it depends on type of equilibrium. 3

mg
1 2 2mg 3
3. (b, c, d) kx = mgx , ∴ x =
2 k µN =
T = mg / 3

x x mg
F k= k = mg ,
At , force in the spring, =  2mg  mg 1
µ = ⇒=
µ
2 2 k or  3  3 2
so, net force on the block is zero. Also at extreme posi-
0 0 0
tion the block has net upward force and so net upward m
acceleration. W = ∫ fdx = ∫ µNdx = ∫ (µ

xg )dx
2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3
4. (a, b) According to principle of invariance, acceleration and
force will remain same in different inertia frames. 1
0 − mg  × 4
µmg x
=
2 µmg 4 2 2 − mg 
5. (a, c) For equilibrium, F = 0, =
− × = =
 2 2 / 3 2 9 2×9 9
2
x(3 x − 2) =
or 0 , ∴ x = 0, . 7. (a, b, c, d)
3
362 Mechanics

8. (c, d) Wgravity = mgy = mgL (cos 30° – cos 60°) 1 2

10. (b, d) mgh – µ mg cos θ = mv
2
mgL
= ( 3 − 1) . As h and v are same for all and so µ cos θ also must
2
WTension = 0. be same. Here θ is the inclination angle of the slope.
1 2 1 1
9. (a, c) KA + UA = KE + UE 11. (b, d) k (1) = × 1 × v12 + × 2 × v22
2 2 2
As UA = UE and KA = 0, \ KE = 0 and 1 × v1 = 2 v2
− dU ∴ v1 = 1 m/s (left) and 2 m/s (right)
F = =0 Therefore velocity of m becomes 2 + 1 = 3 m/s
dx
and that of 2m becomes = 1 – 1 = 0
Slope is zero at points B , C and D.

Exercise 7.3
1. (d) Work done by friction on inclined plane will be nega- 5. (d) Work done may be zero, even F is not zero.
tive = W Fs = cos 0° Fs (maximum).
W = Fs cos θ = + ve , if θ < 90° . 6. (a) Revolving electron experiences centripetal force, which
2. (d) Explained in the theory. makes 90° with displacement vector ans so W = 0.
P2 (1.5 P)2 P 7. (b) W = Fs cos180° = − mgs .
3. (d) K = , and
= K ' = 2.25 = 2.25 K
2m 2m 2m 8. (a) In this case, s = 0, and so W = 0.
∆K 2.25 K − K W K
∴ =× 100 × 100 125%
= 9. (a) Power = = = nK
K K t 1/ n
If change in P is small enough, then statement -2 is 10. (c) In first case the total mechanical energy of the block
will convert into heat energy by friction. But in second
correct. case some part of it will change into potential energy
v2 and rest will convert into heat energy.
4. (d) Stopping distance, s = , ∴ stopping distance be-
2a 11. (d) Static friction does positive work.
comes four times when v is doubled. 12. (b) In close loop, s = 0, and so W = Fs = 0.

Exercise 7.4
Passage for (Questions 1 & 2) Passage for (Questions 3 & 4)
1. (a) Velocity of mud piece before impact 3. (c) 4. (d)
v = 2 g (2h) = 2 gh If v is the speed of the particle at P, then
Now
M × 2 gh + 0 = ( M + m)v ' k v 2 = v02 − 2 g ( +  cos θ) … (i)
∴ v = gh
mv 2
Now T + mg cos θ =  
Kinetic energy of the system, m 
1 As T = 0, and so
K = ( M + M )v '2 x
2 mv 2
my cos θ = … (ii)
1 
= × 2M + gh =
Mgh. v
2
2. (b) If x is the extension of the spring, then  sin  
T
1 1
(2 M )v '2 = kx 2 − (2 M ) gx  cos 
2 2 mg

1 
or Mgh = kx 2 − (2Mgx)
2
After solving above equations, we get
 2 2 
∴ x =  2Mg + 4M g + 2Mghk  tan q = 2 ,
 k 
and v0 = g  (2 + 3)1/2 .
 Work, Energy and Power 363
Passage for (Questions 5 & 6) 10. (a)
5. (c) By conservation of mechanical energy, we have 30°
40 sin 30°
DU = U f − U i 40m


=  Mg + mg   – 0
N
 2 
mg sin 60°
M
=  + m  g  60° v
 2  mg cos 60° mg

1 2  mv 2
6. (a) mv = Mg + mg  N – mg cos 60° =
2 2 r
Mg  + 2mg  mv 2
∴ v = . ∴ N = mg cos 60° + ...(1)
m r
F Loss in P.E. = mg × 40 sin 30° = 200 J
7. (c) F − f k = (3m) × or fk = F/2 Work done in over coming friction = 150 J
6m
fk F / 2 F
∴ K.E. possessed by the particle = 50 J
∴ µ k = = = 1
N 3mg 6mg ∴ mv 2 = 50J
2
8. (a) Frictional force on the smaller block ∴ mv2 = 100 J ...(2)
F F 1 100
f
= ma = m × = From (1) and (2), N = 1 × 10 × +
6m 6 2 40
F = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 N
9. (a) W = F × s = × 1 =F / 6
6 (a) is the correct option.
11. (b) From (2), mv2 = 100
∴ v = 10 ms–1
(b) is the correct option.
12. A → p, q; B → p, q; C → p, q; D→ p, r
13. A→ r; B → p; C → q

Exercise 7.5
dv v1 mv1 1 2 1  v1  2
1. (a) − = kx 3. (c) a = F ma
,∴= = ; s =
= at t
dt t1 t1 2 2  t1 
dv
or v = – kx mv1 1  v1  2 mv12t 2
dx W= Fs = ×  t =
t1 2  t1  2t12
vf
x
or ∫ vdv = − k xdx
∫ dW mv12t
= P =
vi 0 dt t12

1 kx 2 4 . (a) By using work - energy
or [v 2f − vi2 ] = −
2 2 theorem, Wall = ∆ K, we
have Work done by F +
1 mkx 2
or m(v 2f – vi2 ) = − work done by Mg = 0
2 2 F (AB) – Mg (AC) = 0
Thus loss in K.E. ∝ x2
1 1
2. (d) Mv 2 = kL2  AC  l − l 2 
2 2 F = Mg   =  
 AB   l 2 
2
∴ v = kL = Mg( 2 – 1).
M
U+K = 2
5. (b)
k For maximum K, U should be minimum, and so
Momentum, P = Mv = M L = kM L
M
dU d  x4 x2 
= 0 , or −  =0
dx dx  4 2
364 Mechanics
or x = 0, ± 1 ⇒ CD = 2
1 
(1)4 (1)2 1 ∴ Area of ∆BCD =−  × 1.5 × 2 =−1.5 N - s
U min = – =– J  2 
4 2 4
∴ The final linear momentum = 6 – 1.5 = 4.5 N-s
1 1 2
∴ − + × 1 × vmax = 2 p 2 (4.5)2
4 2 ∴ Kinetic energy of the block
= = = 5.06 J
3 2m 2×2
or vmin = m/s . 12. (d) K = ct
2
Momentum, P = 2mK
dU
6. (d) For stable equilibrium, F = 0 or =0 = 2mct = c ′t1/ 2
dx
dp
d  a b ∴ Force, F =
or  − = 0 dt
dx  x12 x 6 
d 1/ 2
= c′ t
–12ax −13 − ( −6bx −7 ) = 0
or dt
1 −1/ 2
2a = c′ t
∴ x = 6 2
b
7. (c) Work done in stretching the rubber-band by a distance 13. (d) Let us consider a point on the circle
dx is The equation of circle is x2 + y2 = a2
dW = F dx = (ax + bx2)dx The force is
Integrating both sides,   xiˆ yjˆ 
= F K 2 2 3/ 2
+ 2 2 3/ 2 
L L
2 aL2 bL3
 ( x + y ) ( x + y ) 
∫ axdx + ∫ bx dx =2 + 3
W = y
0 0 
x x 1 (0, a) ds
8. (a) U= − ∫ Fdx = − ∫ kxdx = − kx 2 . P(x, y)
0 0 2

It is correctly drawn in (a) F
yjˆ
1 1 2 y 1
9. (c) kx 2 = (4k ) y , ∴ = x
2 2 x 2 xiˆ (a,0)
10. (a, b) K + U = constant   xiˆ yjˆ 
or K A + U A = KC + U C = F K  2 3/ 2 + 2 3/ 2 
 (a ) (a ) 
If hA > hC , then U A > U C and so K A < KC .  K
=F  xiˆ + yjˆ 
U B < U C and so K B > KC . 3
a
11. (c) Area under F – t graph gives the impulse or the change The force acts radially outwards as shown in the figure
in the linear momentum of the body. As the initial and the displacement is tangential to the circular
velocity (and therefore the initial linear momentum) path. Therefore the angle between the force and
of the body is zero, the area under F – t graph gives displacement is 90° and W = 0
the final linear momentum of the body. option (d) is correct.
Area of ∆ AOB F(t)
1
= × 3 × 4 = 6N-s A
2 4N
OA CD
Also =
OB CB O B 4.5 s
3s C t
4 CD
⇒ = f
3 1.5 D
366 MECHANICS
Definitions, Explanations and Derivations
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Collision is the interaction between two or more bodies for a short time interval.
Let us consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving along the same line with velocities u1 and u2
(u1 > u2) as shown in figure 8.1. Suppose they remain in contact for time interval Dt. After collision let
their velocities become v1 and v2 respectively. The mutual force of interaction during collision, is
shown in the figure.

Figure. 8.1
During collision
During collision, the interactive forces are very large and the magnitude of the interactive forces are
often unknown. Therefore Newton's second law can not be used during collision. During collision
bodies in contact get deformed, and some part of their kinetic energy will store in elastic potential
energy, andbBoth the bodies have same velocity. The stored potential energy come back into kinetic
energy and bodies will separate after collision. After collision bodys will get new velocities
Thus during collision:
(i) The colliding bodies have same velocity.
(ii) Kinetic energy does not remain conserved.
(iii) The elastic potential energy during collision = decrease in kinetic energy
é1 2 1 2 ù é1 2ù
= ê 2 m1u1 + 2 m2 u2 ú - ê 2 (m1 + m2 )v ú .
ë û ë û
Conservation of momentum
During collision bodies exert mutual repulsive forces on each other. Let the change in momentum of
r r
bodies are DP1 and DP2 , then we have
r r
DP1 = F12 Dt
r r
and DP2 = F21Dt.
According to Newton's third law
r r
F12 = - F21
r r
or F12 Dt = -F21Dt
r r
or F12 Dt + F21Dt = 0
r r
or DP1 + DP2 = 0
r r Figure. 8.2
or D (P1 + P2 ) = 0
r r
or P1 + P2 = constant.
 Collision & Centre of Mass 367
Thus during collision the linear momentum of the colliding bodies together remains constant, even
though the forces vary in a complex manner. Thus we can say that momentum of the system (colliding
bodies) remains constant in each type of collision.

8.2 TYPES OF COLLISION

1. Elastic collision : If there is no loss of kinetic energy of the system during collision, it is called
an elastic collision. In this type of collision:
(i) The momentum of the system remains conserved.
(ii) The kinetic energy of the system before collision is equal to the kinetic energy after collision.
(iii) Forces involved during collision are conservative in nature.
2. Inelastic collision : If there is a loss of kinetic energy during collision, it is called an inelastic
collision. In this type of collision:
(i) The momentum remains conserved.
(ii) The kinetic energy after collision will be less than then kinetic energy before collision.
(iii) Some or all the forces involved during collision are non-conservative.
(iv) A part of mechanical energy is converted into heat, light and sound.
If colliding bodies stick together and move as a single body after collision, then the collision is said to
be perfectly inelastic collision. In such collision, momentum of the system remains conserved, but
the loss of kinetic energy is maximum. Ex. A bullet fired into a wooden block and remains embedded in it.

8.3 ANALYSIS OF 1-D OR HEAD-ON ELASTIC COLLISION

If colliding bodies before and after collision remain in the same line, the collision is said to be head-on
collision. This will happen when bodies move along the line joining their geometric centres.
r r r r
Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 (u1 > u 2 ) along the same
r r
straight line. Let after collision their velocities become v1 and v2 in the same initial direction. Then

Figure. 8.3
according to conservation of linear momentum, we have
r r r r
m1u1 + m2u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v 2 .
Since all the colliding bodies before and after collision remain in the same line, so we can drop the
vector signs from them. Thus we can write
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 … (i)
or m1(u1 – v1) = m2(v2 – u2) …(ii)
As kinetic energy before collision = kinetic energy after collision
1 1 1 1
\ m1u12 + m2u22 = m1v12 + m2 v22 …(iii)
2 2 2 2
or m1(u12 – v12) = m2(v2 – u22)
2

or m1(u1 + v1)(u1 – v1) = m2(v2 + u2) (v2 – u2) …(iv)

Dividing equation (iv) by (ii), we get
u1 + v1 = v2 + u2
or u1 - u2 = v2 - v1. …(v)
Thus velocity of m1 w.r.t. m2 before collision = velocity of m2 w.r.t. m1 after collision.
or velocity of approach = velocity of separation
368 MECHANICS
Also we have,
æ m1 - m2 ö æ 2m2 ö
v1 = ç m + m ÷ u1 + ç m + m ÷ u2 …(vi)
è 1 2ø è 1 2ø

æ m2 - m1 ö æ 2m1 ö
and v2 = ç m + m ÷ u2 + ç m + m ÷ u1 . …(vii)
è 1 2ø è 1 2ø

Special cases :
(i) When colliding bodies are of equal masses, let m1 = m2 = m. From equation (vi) and (vii), we get
v1 = u2 and v2 = u1
Hence when two bodies of equal masses collide elastically, their velocities get exchanged.
(ii) If m1 = m2 = m and u2 = 0, then
v1 = 0 and v2 = u1.
(iii) When a light body collides with a massive stationary body. Here m 1 << m 2 and
u2 = 0
\ v1 = – u1 and v2 ; 0.
Hence when a light body collides with a massive stationary body, the light body rebounds after
the collision with an equal speed while the massive body remains at rest.
PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION 1D

(iv) When a massive body collides with a light body at rest. Here m1 >> m2 and u2 = 0
\ v1 = u1 and v2 = 2u.
Transfer of kinetic energy during collision: Kinetic energy transferred from projectile to the target
DK = decrease in K.E. of projectile
1 1
= m1u12 - m1v12 .
2 2
Fractional decrease in K.E.
1 m u 2 - 1 m v2
DK 2 1 1 2 11
= 1 m u2
K 2 1 1

2
DK æv ö
or = 1- ç 1 ÷ . …(viii)
K è u1 ø

8.4 PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION IN 1-D

Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 along a straight line. They
make perfectly inelastic collision. Let after collision, their common velocity becomes v, then by
conservation of momentum, we have
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v
é m1u1 + m2 u2 ù
\ v = ê ú.
ë m1 + m2 û
The loss of K.E. in collision
æ1 2 1 2ö 1 2
DK = çè m1u1 + m2u2 ÷ø - (m1 + m2 )v
2 2 2
2
æ1 2 1 2ö 1 æ m1u1 + m2 u2 ö
= çè m1u1 + m2u2 ÷ø - (m1 + m2 ) ç
2 2 2 è m1 + m2 ÷ø

1 æ m1m2 ö
(u1 - u2 ) 2 .
= 2 çè m1 + m2 ÷ø
The loss of K.E.. will appear as heat and sound.
 Collision & Centre of Mass 369
General analysis of 1-D collision
Newton's experimental law : Coefficient of restitution
It is defined as;
velocity of separation
e =
velocity of approach

v2 - v1
= u1 - u2

év -v ù év -v ù
or e = - ê 2 1 ú = - ê 1 2 ú.
ë u2 - u1 û ë u1 - u2 û

The value of e depends on materials of colliding bodies. The value of e can be e £ 1.

(i) For perfectly elastic collision, e = 1.
(ii) For perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0.

Note:
The coefficient of restitution is a 1–D concept. Thus in problem involving oblique collision, 'e' is
defined only along the line of collision. In the absence of tangential forces the collision in the
perpendicular direction is taken as elastic.

Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 along a line. Let the
coefficient of restitution between the bodies is e. After collision their velocities become v1 and v2
respectively. Then we have,
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 … (i)
v1 - v2
and e = - . … (ii)
u1 - u2
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
æ m1 - em2 ö æ (1 + e)m2 ö
v1 = çè m + m ÷ø u1 + çè m + m ÷ø u2 … (iii)
1 2 1 2

æ m2 - em1 ö æ (1 + e)m1 ö
and v2 = çè m + m ÷ø u2 + çè m + m ÷ø u1 …(iv)
1 2 1 2

Special case
If m1 = m2 = m and u1 = u, u2 = 0, then
mu = mv1 + mv2
v1 - v2
and e = -
u-0
After solving above equations, we get
u
v1 = (1 - e)
2
u
v2 = (1 + e)
2
v1 1- e
\ v2 = .
1+ e
370 MECHANICS

FORMULAE USED
1. For one-dimensional elastic collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 .......... (i)
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m2u22 = m1v12 + m2v22 .......... (ii)
2 2 2 2

é v1 - v2 ù
2. Coefficient of restitution, e = - ê ú, 0 £ e £1 .
ë u1 - u2 û
For perfectly elastic collision, e = 1. For perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0.
3. For a ball rebounding from wall or floor after nth collision vn = enu.
4. During collision, energy stored in the colliding bodies
é1 1 ù é1 ù
= ê m1u12 + m2u22 ú - ê (m1 + m2 )v 2 ú
ë2 2 û ë2 û
Here v is the velocity of bodies during collision.
5. In completely inelastic collision, common velocity of bodies together, vr can be obtained
r r r
m1u1 + m2u2 = ( m1 + m2 )v .
6. Loss in K.E.,
æ1 1 ö æ1 ö
= ç m1u12 + m2u22 ÷ - ç m1 + m2 ÷ v 2
è2 2 ø è2 ø

1 é m1m2 ù
ú ( u1 - u 2 )
2
= ê
2 ë m1 + m2 û
7. When a steady stream of bodies, each of mass m and speed v collide with a fixed body, the
average force on fixed body
DP æ Dv ö
F=n = nm ç ÷ .
Dt è Dt ø

Problem-solving strategy : Conservation of momentum/collision

Identify the Relevant Concept : First you see, whether net force on system is zero. It might be
zero in any specific direction. Then conservation of momentum can be used in that direction only
Set up the problem :
1. Treat each body as a particle. Draw “before” and “after” sketches. After choosing the positive
direction of motion, give sign to the all known variables and no sign to unknown variable(s).
2. Identify the unknown(s) from target variables(s).
Execute the solution as follows :
1. If collision is perfectly elastic, then any two of the following equations can be used :
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 ......... (i)
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m2u22 = m1v12 + m2v22 ......... (ii)
2 2 2 2

év -v ù
1 = -ê 1 2 ú ......... (iii)
ë u1 - u 2 û
2. If collision is inelastic, then any of the following two equations may be used :
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 ......... (i)
év -v ù
and e = -ê 1 2 ú ......... (ii)
ë u1 - u 2 û
Solve the equations to get the unknown (target variables).
 Collision & Centre of Mass 371
EXAMPLES BASED ON ONE-DIMENSIONAL COLLISION
Example 1. A 8 kg ball moving with velocity 4 m/s collides with Example 3. A gun is mounted on a railroad car. The mass of the
a 2 kg ball moving with a velocity 8 m/s in opposite direction. If the car, the gun, the shell and the operator is 50m where m is the mass
collision be perfectly elastic, what are the velocities of balls after of one shell. If the muzzle velocity of the shells is 200 m/s, what is
the collision. the recoil speed of the car after the second shot? Neglect friction.
Sol. By conservation of momentum Sol. Let v1 is the velocity of car after firing 1st shot. By conservation of
momentum, we have
8 × 4 – 2 × 8 = 8 v1 + 2v2 … (i) 0 = (49 m)v1 + m × 200
200
or v1 = m/s .
49

Figure. 8.4
As collision is elastic, so we have
1 1 1 1
´ 8 ´ 4 2 + ´ 2 ´ 82 = ´ 8 ´ v12 + ´ 2 ´ v22 … (ii)
2 2 2 2
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get Figure. 8.6
4 After firing 1st shot, let velocity of shell w.r.t. ground is vshell, then
v1 = - m/s vshell – vgun = 200
5
\ vshe ll = 200 + vgun = 200 – v1
56 200 48
or v2 = m/s. Ans.
5 = 200 -
= 200 ´
49 49
Example 2. Two identical balls marked 2 and 3, in contact with Now by conservation of momentum, we have
each other and at rest on a horizontal smooth surface, are hit 200 48
head-on by another identical ball marked 1 moving initially with -(49 m) ´ = 48mv2 + m ´ (200 ´ )
49 49
speed v as shown in the figure 8.5. If collision is elastic. Then which
æ 1 1ö
of the case (s) are possible? [NCERT] After solving, we get v2 = -200 ç + ÷ m/s. Ans.
è 48 49 ø
Sol.
Example 4. Three balls A, B and C of masses 2 kg, 4 kg, and 8
Before collision After collision
kg respectively move along the same straight line and in the same
direction, with velocities 4 m/s, 1m/s, and 3/4 m/s. If A collides with
(i)
B and subsequently B collides with C show that the balls A and B
v=0 will be brought to rest by the collision which will take place. Take
the coefficient of restitution as unity.
Momentum = mv (ii)

K.E.. = 1/2mv2 v=0

Figure. 8.7
(iii) Sol. First consider the collisions of balls A and B. Let v1 and v2 be the
velocities of the balls A and B after collision, then
Figure. 8.5
Momentum before collision = Momentum after collision
Since collision is elastic, the kinetic energy and momentum before and or 2 × 4 + 4 × 1 = 2 v1 + 4 v2 … (i)
after collision remain constant.
(v1 - v2 )
v and 1 = - . … (ii)
(4 - 1)
Case (i) momentum = 2m ´ = mv
2 Solving above equations, we get
2
v 1 = 0 and v2 = 3 m/s.
1 æ vö 1 Hence after collisions the ball A is rest, while the ball B will move with a
K .E. = (2m) ç ÷ = mv 2 .
2 è 2ø 4 velocity of 3 m/s.
Now consider the collision of the balls B and C.
Case (ii) momentum = mv
Let v'2 and v3 be the velocities of the balls B and C after collision, then
1 2 4 × 3 + 8 × 3/4 = 4v'2 + 8 v3 …(iii)
K .E. = mv .
2 (v '- v3 )
and 1 = - 2 …(iv)
Case (iii) momentum = 3 m ×v/3 = mv 3
3-
2 4
1 æ vö 1
K .E. = (3m) ç ÷ = mv 2 . Solving above equations, we get
2 è 3ø 6 v' 2 = 0 and v3 = 9/4 m/s
Therefore only case (ii) is the possible one. Hence the ball B after collision with the ball C will be brought to rest.
372 MECHANICS
Example 5. A block of mass 2.0 kg is moving on a frictionless After solving, we get
horizontal surface with a velocity of 1.0 m/s towards another block xmax = 0.1 m. Ans.
of equal mass kept at rest (see figure 8.8). The spring constant of Example 6. A ball moving with a velocity v strikes a wall moving
the spring fixed at one end is 100 N/m. Find the maximum towards the ball with a velocity u. An elastic impact occurs.
compression of the spring. Determine the velocity of ball after the impact. What is the cause
of change in kinetic energy of the ball? Consider the mass of the
wall to be infinitely great.
Sol.
Figure. 8.8
Sol. Maximum compression will occur when their velocities become
equal (i.e. approach velocity becomes zero). Let the velocity of each Figure. 8.9
block at this instant is v. Then by conservation of momentum, we have Velocity of ball w.r.t. wall before collision = v – (– u) = v + u.
2×1+0 = 2v+2v After collision the velocity of ball w.r.t. wall will be = – (v + u).
Velocity of ball relative to ground = – (v + u) – u = – (v + 2u).
1
\ v = m/s . The change in kinetic energy
2
1 1
Now by conservation of mechanical energy, we have m (v + 2u ) 2 - mv 2 = 2mu (u + v )
2 2
1 1 1 1 Reaction force from wall
´ 2 ´ 12 + 0 = ´ 2 ´ v 2 + ´ 2 ´ v 2 + ´ 100 ´ xmax
2
2 2 2 2 DP m[ -(v + 2u ) - v ]
where xmax is the maximum compression of the spring. F = Dt = Dt
1 2m(v + u )
As v = m/s or F = - ,
2 Dt
2 2 where Dt is the duration of collision.
1 1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö Work done of this force
\ ´ 2 ´ 12 = ´2´ç ÷ + ´2´ç ÷
2 2 è 2ø 2 è 2ø
2m ( v + u )
W = Fs = ´ u Dt = 2m(v + u )u .
1 2 Dt
+ ´ 100 ´ xmax
2 Thus, we can say that K.E. of ball changes due to workdone by the wall.

In Chapter Exercise 8.1

1. A particle of mass 0.1kg moving at an initial speed u 1.2 m

collides with another identieal stationary particle. The 1 kg
q
total kinetic energy becomes 0.2 J. After the collision u
are 2x m/s and 2 y m/s respectively, then find the value
of x and y. Ans. x = 1 , y = 2 Ans. 0.32 m
2. A ball of mass 1 kg falls onto a floor. The collisions 5 kg
between ball and floor one perfectly elastic. The average uur
force exerted by the ball on the floor during a long time 5. A particle of mass 1.0 g moving with velocity v 1 = 3.0 iˆ – 2.0 ĵ
interval is 5x newton. Find the value of x. [Integer] experiences a perfectly inelastic collision with another
Ans. x = 2 uur
particle of mass 2.0 g and velocity v 2 = 4.0 ĵ – 6.0 k̂ .
3. A 1 kg bullet moving directly upward at 200 m/s strikes
and passes through the centre of mass of a 5kg block Find the velocity of the formed particle (both the vector
r
initially at rest. The bullet emerges from the block v and its modulus), if the components of the vectors v1
moving directly upward at 100 m/s. The block rises to and v2 are given in the SI units.
10x m. Find the value of x. (g = 10 m/s2) [Integer] r
Ans. v = 1.0 iˆ + 2.0 ĵ – 4.0 k, v = 4.6 m/s.
6. A particle of mass m 1 experienced a perfectly elastic
5 kg
collision with a stationary particle of mass m 2. What
Ans.. x = 2 fraction of the kinetic energy does the striking particle
Bullet lose, if
4. The 1 kg sphere shown is figure in released from rest (a) it recoils at right angles to its original motion
when q = 900. The coefficient of restitution between the direction;
sphere and the block is 0.70. If the coefficient of friction (b) the collision is a head-on one ?
between the block and the horizontal surface is 0.3,
determine how far the blockwill move after the impact? 2 m1 4m1 m2
Ans. (a) h = ( m + m ) ; (b) h = .
1 2 ( m1 + m2 )2

7. A ball of mass m is projected with speed u into barrel of
spring gun of mass M initially at rest on a frictionless
surface. The mass m sticks in the barrel at the point of
maximum compression of the spring. What fraction of
the initial energy of the ball is stored in the spring?
Neglect friction.
Collision & Centre of Mass 373
8. Two blocks of masses m1 = 2 kg and m2 = 5 kg are moving
in the same direction along a frictionless surface with
speeds 10 m/s and 3 m/s respectively, m2 being ahead of
m1. An ideal spring with k = 1120 N/m is attached to back
side of m2. Find the maximum compression of the spring
when the blocks collide.

u1 k u2
m M M m1 m2
Ans.
(M + m)
Ans. 0.25 m

8.5 ELASTIC OBLIQUE COLLISION

When line joining the geometric centres of the colliding bodies is different from the line of motion;
this results oblique collision.
Consider a body of mass m1 moving along x-axis with a velocity u1 makes elastic oblique collision
with another body of mass m2, initially at rest. Let after collision their velocities become v1 and v2,
making angles q1 and q2 with the x-axis.

Figure. 8.10
Using principle of conservation of momentum;
(i) along x-axis,
m1u + 0 = m1v1 cos q1 + m2v2 cos q2 … (i)
(ii) along y-axis,
0 + 0 = m1v1 sin q1 – m2v2 sin q2 … (ii)
As the collision is elastic, so we have
1 1 1
m1u 2 + 0 = m1v12 + m2 v2 2 …(iii)
2 2 2
Here we have three equations, but four unknowns. To get all unknowns, some experimental data is
to be provided. Assuming q1 + q2 = q, called deflection angle, and solving above equations, we get
m1
sin q = . Here m1 £ m2 . …(iv)
m2
Special cases :
Method I :
(i) Glancing collision
Here q1 ; 90° and q2 ; 0°

Figure. 8.11
374 MECHANICS
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
v1 = u and v2 = 0,
1
\ K.E. of the body m2 = m2v22 = 0
2
(ii) If m1 = m2 = m, then from equation (iv), we get
sin q = 1,
or q = q1 + q2 = 90° .
Method II :
r r r
mu = mv1 + mv 2
r r r
or u = v1 + v 2
rr r r r r
or u.u = ( v1 + v 2 ).( v1 + v 2 )
r r
or u2 = v12 + v22 + 2 v1.v 2
As v12 + v22 = u 2 , thus we have
r r
v1.v 2 = 0
That is q = q1 + q2 = 90° .
Hence if two identical bodies make elastic oblique collision, they will move perpendicular to each
other after collision.

FORMULAE USED
1. When two bodies, one body initially at rest of masses (m1 < m2), make elastic oblique collision,
the angle of deflection (q = q1 + q2) if given by,
m1
sin q = .
m2
2. For m1 = m2, q = 90°.

EXAMPLES BASED ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL COLLISION

Example 7. A bomb explodes in air when it has a horizontal Example 8. A ball strikes a wall at an angle a with the
speed of v. It breaks into two identical pieces of equal mass. If one horizontal. It rebounds at an angle q with the horizontal. Calculate
goes vertically up at a speed of 4v, find the velocity of other the coefficient of restitution between the ball and wall.
immediately after the explosion.
Sol. Since the line of collision is AB, therefore the velocity of the ball
Sol. Momentum of bomb before explosion
r along a line parallel (normal to AB) to wall does not change.
P = mviˆ . \ u sin a = v sin q … (i)
( - v cos q - 0)
and e = - … (ii)
(u cos a - 0)

Figure. 8.12
Using conservation of momentum
r r r
P = P1 + P2
r r r
\ P2 = P – P1
r m
where P1 = ´ 4vˆj
2
r
\ P = mvˆi - 2mvˆj Figure. 8.13
2
where u and v are the velocities of the ball before and after collision.
mr
or v 2 = mvˆi - 2mvˆj The velocity of the wall before and after collision practically be zero.
2
r Solving above equations, we get
or v 2 = 2vˆi - 4vˆj . Ans.
e = tan a / tan q. Ans.

Example 9. A spherical ball A of mass m is released from rest
on a smooth bowl 0.2 m high. The sphere slides down and collide
elastically with another sphere B of mass m/4 placed on the bottom
of the bowl. If the ball B has to just reach the top and escape the
bowl, calculate from where A should be released?
Sol. Let ball A be released from height h.
Collision & Centre of Mass 375
Example 10. A small particle travelling with a velocity v collides
elastically with a spherical body of equal mass and radius r initially
kept at rest. The centre of the spherical body is located at a distance
( r < r) away from the direction of motion of the particle. Find the
final velocity of the particle.
Sol. During collision :

Figure. 8.14
Let v be the velocity of ball B just after collision, then
1
(m / 4)v2 = ( m / 4) g ´ 0.2
2
which gives v = (0.2 g ´ 2) = 2m/s Figure. 8.15
Now elastic collision between ball A and ball B Using conservation of momentum along y-axis, we get
mv1 + 0 = mv¢1 + (m/4) × 2 … (i) m(v cos q) + 0 = mv1 + mv2 … (i)
where v1 and v1' be the velocities of the ball A before and after collision. 1 1 1
and m (v cos q)2 + 0 = mv12 + mv22 … (ii)
(v ' - 2) 2 2 2
Also 1 = - 1 . …(ii) After solving above equations we get
(v1 - 0)
v 1 = 0 and v2 = v cos q
Solving above equations, we get v1 = 1.25 m/s
1 2 v r 2 - r2
Now mv1 = mgh =
2 r
which after solving gives The resultant velocity of the particle will be vsinq along x-axis (see
h = 0.078 m. Ans. figure)

In Chapter Exercise 8.2

1. A body of weight P slides without friction down an
hn R 2hn
inclined board into a cart standing at rest. What velocity Ans. (a) e = (b) e = n , t = 2
v will be imparted to the cart when the body drops on it ? hn - 1 Rn-1 g
The weight of the cart is Q, the initial height of the body 3. A particle of mass m having collided with a stationary
above the level of the cart is h and the angle at which the p
particle of mass M deviated by an angle whereas the
board is inclined to the horizontal is a (figure). The cart 2
moves without friction. particle M recoiled at an angle q = 30° to the direction of
P the initial motion of the particle m. How much (in percent)
and in what way has the kinetic energy of this system
M
h changed after the collision , if = 5.0 ?
Q m
a DK æ mö m
×100 = ç 1 + tan2 θ +
M ÷ø
Ans. è – 1 = – 40%.
K M
4. A horizontally flying bullet of mass m gets stuck in a
P 2 gh cos a body of mass M suspended by two identical threads of
Ans. v =
( P + Q) length l shown in the figure. As a result, the threads
2. A ball dropped on to a smooth horizontal floor and swerve through an angle q . Assuming m < < M, find
bounces as shown in figure. Drive expression for
coefficient of restitution in terms of
(a) two successive heights,
(b) two successive ranges. Also determine the time of l l
flight in nth bounce. M
m
(a) the velocity of the bullet before striking the body;
h0 (b) the fraction of the bullet’s initial kinetic energy
that turned into heat.
h1 h2 h3 æ 2M ö æqö m
Ans. (a) v ; çè g l sin ç ÷ ; (b) h ; 1– M .
R1 R2 R3 m ÷ø è2ø
376 MECHANICS

EXAMPLES FOR JEE-(MAIN AND ADVANCED)

Example 1. Two blocks A and B of mass m and 2m respectively Earth on being very massive in comparison to ball,
are connected by a spring of force constant k. The masses are u 2 = 0 and v2 = 0.
moving to the right with uniform velocity v each, the heavier mass,
leading the lighter one. The spring is of natural length in the v1 - 0
\ e = - Þ v1 = -eu = - e 2 gh .
motion. Block B collides head on with a third block C of mass m, at u-0
rest, the collision being completely inelastic. Determine the Minus sign indicates that after collision the direction of velocity
velocity of blocks at the instant of maximum compression of the becomes opposite.
spring. Now height attained after first collision
1 2
Sol. mgh1 = mv1
2
Figure. 8.16
v12 (e 2 gh ) 2
Collision between blocks B and C Þ h1 = = = e2 h
2mv = (2m + m)v' 2g 2g

2v (b) Before second collision, velocity of the ball is v1 = e 2 gh

Þ v' = .
3
\ The velocity after second collision
After the collision the blocks move as shown in fig. 8.17.
v 2 = – ev1
= -e( - e 2 gh ) = + e 2 2 gh .
The height attained after second collision,
Figure. 8.17
When both the blocks will get equal velocity the spring will have maximum 1 2 1
mgh2 = mv2 = m(e2 2 gh ) 2
compression. Let velocity be v0. 2 2
Using principle of conservation of momentum, we have
Þ h2 = e 4 h .
2v
mv + 3m ´ = mv0 + 3mv0 After n collision :
th
3
After solving, we get (i) vn = e n 2 gh
3v
v0 = . Ans. (ii) hn = e 2n h .
4
Example 2. Consider a ball falling from some height h. Let e (iii) Theoretically ball will make infinite collision with the ground.
be the coefficient of restitution between the ball and the ground Thus the total distance travelled till last
and ball rebounds again and again, then find L = h + 2 [h1 + h2 + h3 + ..... ¥]
(i) velocity after nth collision = h + 2[e2h + e4h + e6h + .....¥]
(ii) height attained after nth collision = h + 2e2h[1 + e2 + e4 + .....¥]
(iii) total distance travelled by ball before stop
(iv) total time of motion. æ 1 + e2 ö
Sol. or L = çè 1 - e2 ÷ø h.

(iv) Total time of motion T = t + 2(t1 + t2 + .....¥)

2h é 2h1 2h2 2 h3 ù
= +2ê + + + .....¥ ú
g êë g g g ûú

2h 2
= +2 é h1 + h2 + h3 + .....¥ ù
g gë û

2h 2é 2
Figure . 8.18 = +2 e h + e 4 h + e6 h + .....¥ù
g g ëê ûú
Velocity of the ball just before collision with the ground
u = 2 gh . 2h 2h é
= +2 e + e 2 + e3 + .....¥ ù
(a) After first collision g g ë û
v1 - v2
e = - æ1+ eö 2h
u1 - u2
or T = çè ÷ .
here suffix 1 is for ball and 2 is for ground (earth). 1- eø g
 Collision & Centre of Mass 377
Example 3. Two identical balls in contact on a table are in The component of (4iˆ - ˆj ) along ( -3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) is
equilibrium. A third ball collides them simultaneously
symmetrically and remains at rest after impact. Calculate = [(4iˆ - ˆj ).( -3iˆ + 4 ˆj )] ( -3iˆ + 4 ˆj )
coefficient of restitution between the balls.
( 32 + 4 2 ) 2
-16
= ( -3 ˆj + 4 ˆj )
25
16 16
or speed, u1 = ´5= m/s
25 5
Figure . 8.19 Component of (iˆ + 3 ˆj ) along ( -3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) is
Sol.
( -3iˆ + 4 ˆj )
= [(iˆ + 3 ˆj ).( -3iˆ + 4 ˆj )]
( (32 + 4 2 ) 2

9
= ( -3iˆ + 4 ˆj )
25
9´5 9
or speed v1 = = m/s.
(a) (b) 25 5
Figure. 8.20 If u2 and v2 are the speed of floor before and after collision, then
Using conservation of momentum in the direction of motion of colliding
év -v ù
ball e = -ê 2 1 ú
mu = mv cos 30° + mv cos 30° ë u2 - u1 û
or u = 3v .
é 0 - ( -9 / 5) ù
Coefficient of restitution = -ê ú
ë 0 - 16 / 5 û
æ v1 - v2 ö
e = -ç u -u ÷ , 9
è 1 2ø = .
16
where velocities of balls are along the line of collision. Thus, x = 16
(0 - v ) Example 5. A shell of mass (m1 + m2) is fined with a given
\ e = - (u cos 30° - 0) velocity in a given direction. At the highest point of its path, the
shell explodes into two fragments of mass m1, and m2. The explosion
v v 2 produces an additional kinetic energy E and the fragments separate
= = = . Ans. in a horizontal direction. Find the horizontal distance on the ground
u cos30° 3 3
3v ´ at which they hit the ground, if vertical component of velocity is v0.
2
v0
Example 4. A small sphere of mass m = 1kg moving with a Sol. Time taken by the shell to reach the highest point T = g .
velocity (4iˆ - ˆj ) m/s. It hits a fixed smooth floor and rebounds with u2 u1
velocity (iˆ + 3 ˆj ) m/s. The coefficient of restitution between the

9 x
sphere and the floor is e = . Find the value of x. [Integer] x’
x
Figure . 8.22
Sol. The impulse The fragments m1 and m2 take the same time T to reach the ground. In
ur r r
J = m (v f - v i ) this durations the horizontal component of relative speed of the
fragments is (v1 + v2), so
= éë (iˆ + 3 ˆj ) - (4iˆ - ˆj )ùû v0
x’ = (v1 + v2) T = (u1 + u2 ) . ...(i)
= -3iˆ + 4 ˆj g
If u is the speed of shell before explosion, then
(m1 + m2) u = m1u1 – m2u2 ...(ii)
J
1 1 1
vi and (m1 + m2 )u 2 + E =m1u12 + m2u 22 ...(iii)
2 2 2
vf After solving above equations, we get

v0 æ 1 1 ö
x ' = g 2E çè m + m ÷ø .
1 2
Figure . 8.21
378 MECHANICS
Note:
The collision will take place along normal direction. In the
tangential direction no force acts and the velocity does not
change in this direction.
Example 6. Two identical buggies 1 and 2 with one man in each
move without friction due to inertia along the parallel rails towards
each other. When the buggies get opposite each other, the men
exchange their places by jumping in the direction perpendicular
to the motion direction. As a consequence, buggy 1 stops and buggy
2 keeps moving in the same direction, with its velocity becoming
equal to v. Find the initial velocities of the buggies v1 and v2 if the
mass of each buggy (without a man) equals M and the mass of each
man m.
Sol.
When the man jumps into the front buggy, let the velocity of this buggy
becomes vfront. For the two buggies system from momentum conservation,
we have
Mv0 + (M + m)v0 = Mvrear+ (M + m)vfront … (ii)
Upon substituting the value of vrear in equation (ii), we get
mMu
vfront = v0 + . Ans.
( M + m )2
Example 8. A ball moving translationally collides elastically
with another stationary ball of the same mass. At the moment of
impact the angle between the straight line passing through the
centres of the balls and the direction of the initial motion of the
striking ball is equal to a = 45°. Assuming the balls to be smooth,
find the fraction h of the kinetic energy of the striking ball that
turned into potential energy at the moment of the maximum
deformation.
Sol. Let the velocity of the colliding ball be u. Applying the law of
conservation of momentum along x-axis, we have
mu cos a + 0 = mv1x + mv2x

Figure. 8.23
Let v1 and v2 be the initial velocities of the buggies. The direction of v1
taken as positive and that of v2 taken as negative.
Figure. 8.24
The momentum of the man in the buggy 2 will be mv2 in the direction of
At the maximum deformation
the motion of the buggy 2. When he jumps into buggy 1 perpendicular to
v 1x = v 2x
its motion, as the buggy stops, its momentum becomes zero
\ u cos a + 0 = v1x + v2x = 2v1x
Mv1 – mv2 = 0. … (i)
Man in buggy 1 jumps into buggy 2 perpendicular to its direction, then u cos a
or v 1x =
Mv2 – mv1 = (M + m)v … (ii) 2
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get Initial K.E. of the system
1 2 1
mv = mu + 0 = mu 2
v1 = - 2 2
( M - m)
Final K.E. of the system
Mv
and v2 = . Ans. 1 1
( M - m) = mv1x 2 + mv2 x 2
2 2
Example 7. Two identical buggies move one after the other due
1 mu 2 cos2 a
to inertia (without friction) with the same velocity v0. A man of = 2. mv1x 2 =
mass m rides the rear buggy. At a certain moment the man jumps 2 4
into the front buggy with a velocity u relative to his buggy. Knowing
é mu 2 cos 2 a ù
that the mass of each buggy is equal to M, find the velocities with ê ú
which the buggies will move after that. Final K.E. ëê 4 ûú
Now h= =
Sol. Initially rear buggy + man were moving with velocity v0. After the Initial K.E. 1
mu 2
man jump into the front buggy, let the velocity of the rear buggy becomes 2
vrear. Since the velocity of the man relative to rear buggy is u, it follows
that cos 2 45°
r r = = 0.25 Ans.
r 2
u = v man – v rear
r Example 9. Three identical discs A, B and C as shown in the
where v man is the velocity of the man with respect to the ground.
figure rest on a smooth horizontal plane. The disc A is set in
Thus vma n = u + vrear. motion with velocity v after which it experiences an elastic collision
Applying momentum conservation for the rear buggy, we have simultaneously with the discs B and C. The distance between the
(M + m)v0 = Mvrear+ m(u + vrear) centres of the latter discs prior to the collision is h times greater
than the diameter of each disc. Find the velocity of disc A after the
mu collision. At what value of h will the disc A recoil after the collision;
or vrear = v0 - . … (i) stop, move on?
( M + m)
 Collision & Centre of Mass 379
Sol. From the figure Solving above equations, we have
hd / 2 2m2 u2
cos q = = h/ 2 v1 =
d m1 + m2
( m1 - m2 )u2
and v2 = -
m1 + m2
The –ve sign with v2 indicates that block of mass m2 moves towards
right (or wall). It rebounds elastically from the wall with same velocity
(v2). According to the given condition both the blocks start moving with
the same velocity
i.e. v1 = v2
2m2 u2 ( m1 - m2 )u2
Figure. 8.25 or =
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Applying the law of conservation of momentum along x-axis, we have
mv + 0 = mv1 + 2 mv2sin q … (i) which after solving gives m2 = m1/3 = 150/3 = 50 kg. Ans.
where v1 and v2 are the velocities of the discs after collision. Example 11. A small sphere of mass 10 g is attached to a point
From Newton's law of collision, of a smooth vertical wall by a light string of length 1 m. The sphere
is pulled out in a vertical plane perpendicular to the wall so that
- (v1 sin q - v2 )
e = the string makes an angle of 60° with the wall and is then released.
v sin q It is found that after the first rebound the string makes a maximum
For perfectly elastic collision e = 1 angle of 30° with the wall. Calculate the coefficient of restitution
- (v1 sin q - v2 ) and the loss of K.E. due to impact. If all the energy converted into
\ 1 = … (ii)
v sin q heat, find the heat produced by the impact.
Solving above equations, we get Sol. Let v1 is the velocity of the sphere just before the collision with
the wall, then
v (1 - 2sin 2 q)
v1 = … (iii) 1 1
(1 + 2sin 2 q) mgh = mv12 , where h = (1 - 1cos 60°) =
2 2
After substituting value of cos q in equation (iii), we get
\ v1 = g .
v ( h2 - 2)
v1 = If v2 is the velocity of the sphere after collision with the wall, then
(6 - h2 )
1 2
Disc A will stop after collision, v1=0 mv2 = mg (1 - cos 30°)
2
v ( h2 - 2)
or = 0 or v2 =
(6 - h2 ) g (2 - 3) .

or h = 2
For recoil, v1 should be negative or less than 0
or v1 < 0
\ h = 2
For move in its direction of initial motion v1 > 0
or h =
2 Ans.
Example 10. A block of mass m1 = 150 kg is at rest on a very
long frictionless table, one end which is terminated in a wall.
Another block of mass m2 is placed between the first block and the
wall, and set in motion towards m1 with constant speed u2. Assume
that all collisions are perfectly elastic, find the value of m2 for
which both the blocks move with the same velocity after m2 once Figure. 8.27
with m 1 and once with the wall. The wall has effectively infinite Now according to the Newton's experimental law
mass. (v2 - 0)
e = - (v - 0)
1

g(2 - 3)
= = 0.518 .
g
Figure . 8.26
Sol. Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of the blocks towards left just after 1 2 1 2
Loss of K.E. = mv1 - mv2
collision. Applying momentum conservation, we have 2 2
0 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 … (i) 1 1
= ´ 0.01 ´ g - ´ 0.01 ´ g (2 - 3)
(v - v ) 2 2
and 1 = - 1 2 . … (ii)
(0 - u2 ) = 0.036 J Ans.
380 MECHANICS

In Chapter Exercise 8.3

1. Three objects A, B and C are kept in a straight line on a

frictionless horizontal surface. These have masses m, 2m
and m, respectively. The object A moves towards B with a
speed 9 m/s and makes an elastic collision with it. There
after, B makes completely inelastic collision with C. All
motions occur on the same straight line. Find the final
3.
speed (in m/s) of the object C.
m 2m m (in ms–1) after 5 s is
4.
A B C a minimum velocity required to complete a full circle in
Ans. 4 [IIT 2009]
2. A block of mass 0.18 kg is attached to a spring of force-
constant 2 N/m. The coefficient of friction between the
block and the floor is 0.1. Initially the block is at rest and
the spring is un-stretched. An impulse is given to the block
as shown in the figure. The block slides a distance of 0.06
m and comes to rest for the first time. The initial velocity
of the block in m/s is V = N/10. Then N is [IIT 2011]
Ans. 4
A particle of mass 0.2 kg is moving in one dimension under
a force that delivers a constant power 0.5 W to the particle.
If the initial speed (in ms–1) of the particle is zero, the speed
Ans. 5 [JEE Adv. 2013]
A bob of mass m, suspended by a string of length l1, is given
the vertical plane. At the highest point, it collides elastically
with another bob of mass m suspended by a string of length
l2, which is initially at rest. Both the strings are mass-less
and inextensible. If the second bob, after collision acquires
the minimum speed required to complete a full circle in
l
the vertical plane, the ratio 1 is
l2
Ans. 5 [JEE Adv. 2013]

CENTRE OF MASS
8.6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
Consider a system consisting of two particles of masses m1 and m2. They are acted by
r r
external forces F1ext and F2ext respectively in addition to internal forces between them as
uur uur
shown in figure 8.28. Let at any instant their positions are r1 and r2 respectively. Their
accelerations are defined as;
uur uur
uur d 2 r1 uur d 2 r2
a1 = and a 2 = .
dt 2 dt 2
According to Newton’s second law of motion, we have
Figure. 8.28 r r r
F12 + F1 ext = m1a1 (i)
r r ext r
and F21 + F2 = m2a2 . … (ii)
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
r r r r r r
(F12 + F21 ) + (F1ext + F2 ext ) = m1a1 + m2a 2 .
By Newton’s third law, we know that
r r
F12 = - F21
r r r r
\ F1ext + F2ext = m1a1 + m2a 2
r r r
or Fnet ext = m1a1 + m2 a 2 . … (iii)
Suppose the total mass of the system is M. Then
m1 + m2 = M.
Thus we can write the Newton’s second law for total mass of the system as;
r r
Fnet ext = M a . … (iv)
 Collision & Centre of Mass 381
Now from equation (iii) and (iv), we get
r r
r m1a1 + m2 a2
=
a .
M
Which defined the acceleration of total mass of the system which is called acceleration of centre of
mass of system. Thus we can write
r r
r m1a1 + m2 a2
acm = m1 + m2 . …(1)

Equation (1) can be written as

r r
r d 2 r1 d 2 r2
d 2rcm m1 + m2 2
= dt 2 dt
2
dt m1 + m2
r r
d 2 é m1r1 + m2 r2 ù
= ê ú
dt 2 ë m1 + m2 û
r r
r m1r1 + m2 r2
or rcm = . … (2)
m1 + m2
Equation (2) defined the position of centre of mass at which total mass (m1 + m2) is supposed to be
concentrated.
Similarly velocity of centre of mass can be defined as;
r r r
r drcm m1 v1 + m2 v 2
v cm = = … (3)
dt m1 + m2

8.7 CENTRE OF MASS OF n- PARTICLE SYSTEM

r r r
Consider a system of n particles of masses m1, m2 ....., mn and position vectors r1 , r2 ,.... rn relative to
origin O as shown in figure 8.29. The centre of mass of the system can be defined as
r r r
r m1r1 + m2 r2 + .... + mn rn
rcm = m1 + m2 + .... + mn

n
r 1 r
or rcm =
M
å mi ri ; M = m1 + m2 + .... + mn
i =1
Cartesian coordinates of centre of mass
If xcm, ycm and zcm are the Cartesian coordinates of the centre of mass of the system, then

xcm =
é m1 x1 + m2 x2 + .... + mn xn ù
ê ú =
åmx
ë m1 + m2 + .... + mn û M Figure. 8.29

é m1 y1 + m2 y2 + .... + mn yn ù åm y
ycm = ê ú=
ë m1 + m2 + .... + mn û M

and ycm =
é m1 z1 + m2 z2 + .... + mn zn ù åmz
ê ú=
ë m1 + m2 + .... + mn û M

Similarly for n-particle system, we can write

r r r r
r é m1 v1 + m1 v 2 + .... + mn vn ù Pnet
vcm = ê ú =
ë m1 + m2 + .... + mn û M
382 MECHANICS

8.8 CENTRE OF MASS OF A RIGID BODY

r
Centre of mass rcm of a rigid body can be defined as;

r
r ò dm r = 1 dm rr
rcm = ò
ò dm M
where M, is the total mass of the body.
In Cartesian coordinate system we have

Figure. 8.30
xcm =
ò dm x
, ycm =
ò dm y and zcm =
ò dm z .
ò dm ò dm ò dm
r
Also rcm = xcm ˆi + ycm ˆj + zcm kˆ .
Centre of mass of semicircular wire
Let M be the mass and r be the radius of semicircular wire. Take the origin at the centre of the wire.
Choose a small element of angular width dq at an angular position q as shown in figure 8.31. The mass
of the element

æ mö
dm = çè ÷ø d q.
p
Its centre of mass from origin is at x = R cos q and y = R sin q. The centre of mass of whole
wire can be defined as;
p p
æm ö
ò dm x ò çè p d q÷ø R cos q
0
xcm = = 0
p p
æm ö
Figure. 8.31 ò dm ò çè p d q÷ø
0 0

| sin q |0p
= =0
| q |0p

p p
æm ö
ò dm y ò çè p d q÷ø R sin q
0
and ycm = = 0
p p
æm ö
ò dm ò çè p d q÷ø
0 0

R | - cos q |0p 2R
= = .
| q |0p p

æ 2R ö
Thus the centre of mass coordinates of a semicircular wire are ç 0, ÷ .
è p ø

Centre of mass of semicircular plate

Let M be the mass and R be the radius of the plate. Choose an element of thickness dr at a distance r all
over the semicircular plate. The mass of the element
 Collision & Centre of Mass 383
M 2M
dm = ´ (2 pr dr ) = (2prdr ).
æ pR 2 ö pR 2
ç 2 ÷
è ø
Because of symmetric distribution of mass of plate about y-axis, its x coordinate of c.m.
will be zero. The y coordinate of c.m. of plate is given by
R

ò dm y
0 2r
ycm = R
; where y = Figure. 8.32
p
ò dm
0
R
æ 2M ö 2r
ò
çè 2 ÷ø (2prdr ) p
pR 0
= R
2M
pR 2 0
ò 2prdr
R
2ò r 2 dr
0 2 | r 3 / 3 |0R 4R
= R = 2 = .
|r / 2 |0R 3p
ò rdr
0
æ 4R ö
Thus the centre of mass coordinates of a semicircular plate are ç 0, ÷ .
è 3p ø
Centre of mass of a hemisphere
Let M be the mass and R be the radius of the hemisphere. Choose an element in the form of disc of
thickness dy at a distance y from the origin. The radius of the disc x2 = (R2 – y2)
é M ù 2
The mass of the element = ê 2 3 ú ´ (px )dy
ê pR ú
ë3 û

é 3M ù
=ê ´ p ( R 2 - y 2 )dy.
3ú
ë 2 pR û
The centre of mass of the hemisphere can be defined as
R
1
ycm =
M ò dm y Figure. 8.33
0
R
1 æ 3M ö
ò çè 2pR3 ÷ø p( R
2
= - y 2 )dy ´ y
M
0
R
3
ò (R
2
= 3
y - y 3 )dy
2R 0

R R
3 é R2 y 2 y 4 ù 3R
3ò
= ê - ú = .
2 R 0 êë 2 4 úû 0 8

æ 3R ö
Thus the centre of mass coordinates of a hemisphere are ç 0, ÷ .
è 8 ø
384 MECHANICS

8.9 CENTRE OF GRAVITY

Centre of gravity is the point at which whole weight of the system is supposed to act.
Consider a system of two particles of weight W1 and W2. Their centre of gravity can be
defined as;
r r r r
r W1r1 + W2 r2 m1g1r1 + m 2 g 2 r2
rC.G. = = .
W1 + W2 m1g1 + m 2 g 2
If value of gravity is same every where, then
g1 = g2, we have
r r
r m1r1 + m2 r2 r
Figure. 8.34 rC.G. = = rC.M.
m1 + m2
Thus, if ‘g’ is same everywhere, then centre of gravity and centre of mass lie at the same
point. Therefore for practical objects, centre of mass and centre of gravity are not differentiable.
8.10 CENTROID
It is the point at which whole area is supposed to concentrated. It can be defined as;
uur uur
uur A1r1 + A2 r2
r centroid =
A1 + A2

Centroid of a triangle
Consider a triangle of width b and height h as shown in figure 8.35 Let us locate its centroid
from the base. Choose an element of width b1 and thickness dy at a distance y from the base.
Since DABC and A1BC1 are similar triangles, we can write;
b1 h- y æ h - yö
= or b1 = ç b
b h è h ÷ø
\ Area of the element
æ h - yö
dA = b1dy = ç bdy
Figure. 8.35 è h ÷ø
1
Area of the triangle A = bh.
2
The centroid of the triangle can be defined as;
h h
é (h - y ) ù
ò (dA) y ò êë h
bdy ú y
û
0 0
y = =
A æ bh ö
çè ÷ø
2
h 2 3 h
2
é hy - y 2 ù dy = 2 hy - y
=
2 ë
h 0
ò û h2 2 3
0
h
= .
Figure. 8.36 3

Thus the centroid of triangle of any shape from its base will be æç ö÷ times the height of the triangle.
1
è3ø
Centre of mass of right circular cone
Consider a cone of height h. Let M be the mass and R be the radius of its base. Choose an elemental
disc of radius x and thickness dy at a height y from the base.
In similar triangles A ' O ' C and AOC, we have
x R æ h - yö
= Þ x=ç R
h- y h è h ÷ø
 Collision & Centre of Mass 385
æ M ö
The mass of the element dm = ´ px 2 dy.
çp 2 ÷
çè R h ÷ø
3
The centre of mass of the cone can be defined as
h h
1 1 æ M ö 2
ycm =
M ò
(dm) y =
M çp 2 ÷ ò
px dy ´ y
0 ç R h ÷
0 è3 ø
h 2
3 æ h - yö
= ò
ç
h è h ø
÷ y dy
0

h
3
ò (h
2
= 3
+ y 2 - 2 yh ) y dy
h 0

h
3
ò (h
2
= y + y 3 - 2 y 2 h)dy
h3 0

h h Figure. 8.37
3 é h 2 y2 y 4 2 y3 ù h
3ò
= ê + - hú = .
h 0 ëê 2 4 3 ûú 4
0

h
Thus the centre of mass of cone is at a height from the base.
4

Centre of mass of some common bodies

h
1. ycm =
3

Figure. 8.38

h
2. ycm =
4

Figure. 8.39

4R
3. ycm =
3p

Figure. 8.40
386 MECHANICS

2R
4. ycm =
p

Figure. 8.41

3R
5. ycm =
8

Figure. 8.42
Centre of mass of residual body

Consider a body of mass M, let its C.M. is R with respect to the origin of the
r
coordinate system. Now mass m is cut off from the body at the position r , then
the C.M. of the residual body can be defined as;
r r
r MR - mr
rcm = .
M -m
If mass m is added into the body then C.M. of resulting body can be defined as;
r r
Figure. 8.43 r MR + mr
rcm = .
M +m
Motion of C.M. of a bomb exploding in air
Suppose a bomb is projected at some angle with the ground, it is moving on a parabolic path. Suddenly
it explodes in flight and splits into number of fragments. Since the explosion is caused due to internal
forces only, so the centre of mass of the fragments all together will continue to move on the same
parabolic path as before explosion.
Shift in position of centre of mass
Consider a system of two particles, their C.M. is defined as;
r r
r m1r1 + m2 r2
rcm = . …(i)
m1 + m2
r r
If Dr1 and Dr2 be the shift in positions of the particles, then shift in position of C.M. of
the system is,
r r
r m1 Dr1 + m2 Dr2
Drcm = m1 + m2 …(ii)
uur
Thus if F external = 0 , then
Figure. 8.44
r r
r m1 Dr1 + m2 Dr2
Drcm = =0
m1 + m2
r r
or m1Dr1 + m2 Dr2 = 0

Note: If there is no net external force acting on the system, and the particles move due to
internal forces, then
r r r
F external = 0 , so Drcm = 0 and P is constant, so v cm is constant and acm is zero.
 Collision & Centre of Mass 387
8.11 TILTING OF A BODY
Consider a rectangular block of weight W placed on a rough horizontal surface (µ). It is acted by a
pushing force F. If line of action of force F is above the centre of gravity, then block experiences a force
and a torque. Accordingly block may slide or lift about the edge. The block has.
(i) Force F in addition to weight W, normal reaction N and frictional force µN.
(ii) If F acts at a height h from the base, then its torque about P,
t = F h.
(iii) Restoring torque due to W about P
a
trest = W´ ;
2
where a is the length of the block.
For the equilibrium of the block, we have
F = µ N and N = W
\ F = µW … (i) Figure. 8.45
and Fh = W a/2 … (ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we have
a
µ = .
2h
Thus;
a
(i) If µ < , block will slide.
2h
a
(ii) If µ > , block will tilt about the edge.
2h

FORMULAE USED
1. The centre of mass of a system of discrete particles in cartesian coordinates is given by
n
1
xcm =
M
å mi xi ,
i =1

n
1
ycm = M
å mi yi
i =1

n
1
zcm = M
å mi zi
i =1
2. In polar coordinates system
r
r 1
r cm = M
å mi r i
3. Centre of mass of a rigid body,
r 1 r
Mò
r cm = r (dm)

4. Shift in position of CM is given by

r r
r é m1D r 1 + m2 Dr 2 ù
D r cm = ê m1 + m2
ú
ëê ûú
r
5. If not net external force acts on the system D r cm = 0
r r
\ m1Dr1 + m2 Dr 2 = 0.
388 MECHANICS

6. Velocity of centre of mass

r r
r m1 v1 + m2 v 2
v cm =
m1 + m2
uuuur r r
For Fext = 0, m1 v1 + m2 v 2 = 0
7. Acceleration of centre of mass
r r
r m1 a1 + m2 a 2
a cm = .
m1 + m2

h
h
h/3
h/4

Triangular Plate
Cone

R 4R R 3R
3p 8

Semi-circular disc Hemisphere

ur r
M R - mr
8. CM of the remaining body = .
(M - m)

EXAMPLES BASED ON CENTRE OF MASS

Example 1. Two particles of masses m1 and m2 are placed at a point on rod measured from one end. If L is the length of rod, then
separation r. Find centre of mass of the system of two particles. find its centre of mass.
Sol. Let c.m. is at a distance xcm from m1, we have Sol.
Choose an element of rod of length dx at a distance x from one of its ends.
The mass of the element

é M0 ù
dm = ê L x ú dx
ë û

Figure. 8.46 Centre of mass of the rod can be defined as; Figure. 8.47
m1x1 + m2 x2 m1x1 + m2 x2
xcm = . xcm = .
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Let x1 = 0, then x2 = r
L L
m1 0 + m2 r é m2 r ù é M0 ù
\ xcm =
m1 + m2
= êm + m ú .
ë 1 2û
ò dmx ò êëL
xdx ú x
û
0 0
xcm = L =
L
é m2 r ù é M0 ù
Thus the c.m. of the system is at a distance ê ú from m1 and ò dm ò êë xdx ú
ë m1 + m2 û 0 0
L û

é m1r ù
r – xcm = ê ú from m2. Ans. L
ë m1 + m2 û
òx
2
dx
| x3 / 3 |0L 2L
Ex ample 2. The mass per unit length of a rod varies as =
0
= = Ans.
L
| x 2 / 2 |0L 3
æM ö
m = ç 0 ÷ x , where M0 is a constant and x is the distance of any ò x dx
è L ø 0
 Collision & Centre of Mass 389
Example 3. Find the centre of mass of a uniform L-shaped
lamina (a thin flat plate) with dimensions as shown in figure 8.48. M æ -R ö
M ´0- ´ç ÷
4 è 2 ø R
= = and ycm = 0.
M 6
M-
4

R
The centre of mass of remaining disc is at a distance of from the
6
origin.
Example 5. Figure 8.50 shows a uniform disc of radius R, from
which a hole of radius R/2 has been cut out from left of the centre
and is placed on right of the centre of disc. Find the C.M. of the
resulting disc.

Figure. 8.48
Sol. The plate is of uniform density and same thickness everywhere.
So its C.M. will coincide with the centroid.
Divide the given plate into two parts of area A 1 and A2 as shown in
figure. We have
A1 = 2 × 1 = 2m2 with its centroid C1 (1, 1/2) and
A2 = 1 × 1 = 1m2 with its centroid C2 (1/2, 3/2)
The centroid of whole plate can be defined as;

1
2 ´1 + 1´
A1 x1 + A2 x2 2 =5
x = A1 + A2
=
2 +1 6
m
Figure. 8.50
Sol.
1 3
2 ´ + 1´ Mass of the cut out disc
A1 y1 + A2 y2 2 2 =5
and y = = m Ans.
A1 + A2 2 +1 6 2
M æ Rö M
Example 4. From a uniform disc of radius R, a circular hole of m = ´ pç ÷ = .
pR 2 è 2 ø 4
radius R/2 is cut. The centre of the hole is at R/2 from the centre of
the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat Let centre of the disc is at the origin of coordinates, then we can write the
body. C.M. of the system as ;
Sol. r r r
r MR - m r + m r '
xcm =
M -m+m

M æ -R ö M æ R ö
M ´0- ç ÷+ ç ÷
4 è 2 ø 4 è 2ø R
= M M =
M- + 4
4 4

and ycm = 0. Ans.

Example 6. Two small identical bodies are at a separation equal
Figure. 8.49 to radius of the earth (R), are situated in such a way, that one of
them is at the earth surface. Find :
The mass of the cut out hole (i) CM of the system of bodies (ii) CG of the system of bodies.
2 Sol.
M æ Rö M
m = ´ pç ÷ = .
pR 2 è 2ø 4 (i) If m is the mass of each body, then CM
Let the centre of disc be at the origin of coordinates. Then C.M. ycm
coordinates of cutout hole are (–R/2, 0). Thus by the definition of C.M,
we have m ´ 0 + mR R
uur uur = = Ans.
m+m 2
M R - mr
xcm =
M -m
390 MECHANICS
(ii) If g the value of gravity at earth surface, then its value at a Example 8. The balloon, the light rope and the monkey shown
in figure 8.53 are at rest in air. If the monkey reaches the top, by
what distance does the balloon descend? Mass of balloon is M,
mass of the monkey is m and length of the rope ascended by the
monkey is L.

Figure. 8.51
height R,
g g g
g' = = = .
2 2 4
æ hö æ Rö
çè 1 + ÷ø çè1 + ÷ø
R R
The centre of gravity
mg
mg ´ 0 + ´R
4 R
ycg = = . Ans.
mg 5
mg +
4
Example 7. A solid circular cone of radius R is joined to a Figure. 8.53
uniform solid hemisphere of radius R. Both are made of same Sol.
material. The centre of mass of the composite solid lies at the Let the C.M. of monkey ascends by Dy1 while C.M. of balloon descends
common base. Find the height of cone. by Dy2, where Dy1 = L – Dy2.
Sol. r
As the whole system (balloon + monkey) is at rest, so Fnet = 0 . Therefore
the position of C.M. will not change, i.e. Dycm = 0. Thus we have

m1Dy1 + m2 Dy2
Dycm = m1 + m2

m( L - Dy2 ) + M ( -Dy2 )
=
m+M

æ mL ö
After solving, Dy2 = ç . Ans.
Figure. 8.52 è m + M ÷ø
Let the height of the cone be h. Then with respect to its base, the C.M. Example 9. If two like parallel forces of magnitudes P and Q
is at a height of h/4. The C.M. of the hemisphere is at 3R/8 below the (P > Q), acting on a rigid rod of length L at its ends, are interchanged
base. in position, show that the line of action of the resultant is displaced
If r be the density of material, then mass of the cone,
through a distance,
pR 2 h prR 2 h L( P - Q )
m1 = r ´ = .
3 3 Dx = ( P + Q)
and mass of hemisphere
Sol.
2 pR3 2prR3 Suppose, initially the resultant force (P + Q) passes through A; a distance
m2 = r ´ = .
3 3 x from line of action of P, then
As the C.M. of the whole system lies at the base, thus we have
Px = Q( L - x )
m1 y1 + m2 y2
ycm = 0= m +m
1 2

æ prR 2 h ö æ h ö æ 2prR3 ö æ -3R ö

ç 3 ÷ ´ çè 4 ÷ø + ç 3 ÷ çè 8 ÷ø Figure. 8.54
è ø è ø
0 =
m1 + m2 QL
\ x = . ...... (i)
P+Q
or h = 3R. Ans.
 Collision & Centre of Mass 391
Now when forces are interchanged, the line of action of resultant force Sol.
(P + Q), let passes through B, at a distance x¢ from line of action of Q, The magnitude of acceleration of masses is
then ( m1 - m2 ) g
= .
Qx ' = P ( L - x ') m1 + m2
Let acceleration of mass m1 is, a1
æ m - m2 ö
= -ç 1 g
è m1 + m2 ÷ø
Then acceleration of mass
Figure. 8.55 æ m1 - m2 ö
m2, a2 = + ç g.
LP è m1 + m2 ÷ø
\ x' = P + Q. ...... (ii)
Figure. 8.56
The acceleration of centre of inertia (centre of mass) can be defined as;
Now from (i) and (ii), we have r r
r m1a1 + m2a 2
Dx = x ' - x acm = m + m
1 2
L( P - Q ) é m - m2 ù é m1 - m2 ù
or Dx = . m1 ê - 1
( P + Q) ú g + m2 ê úg 2
ë 1m + m2û ë m1 + m2 û æ m1 - m2 ö
= = -ç g.
Example 10. A pulley fixed to the ceiling carries a thread with m1 + m2 è m1 + m2 ÷ø
bodies of masses m1 and m2 attached to its ends. The masses of the 2
æ m - m2 ö
pulley and the thread are negligible, friction is absent. Find the That is, the acceleration of C.M. is ç 1 g downward.
acceleration of the centre of inertia of this system. è m1 + m2 ÷ø

In Chapter Exercise 8.4

1. Two skaters, one with mass 60 kg and the other with mass displacement of the cart during this process.
40 kg, stand on an ice holding a pole of length 6 m and
negligible mass. Starting from the ends of the pole the
skaters pull themselves along the pole until they meet. é mL ù
L
The 40 kg skater moves a distance 1.8x. Find the value of x. Ans. ê ú.
ëm + M û
[Integer] Ans.. x = 2
2. A 10 kg boy stands on a 20 kg boat and is 5 m from the
5. Find the centre of mass of a uniform plate having
shore. He walks 3m along the boat towards the shore and
semicircular inner and outer boundaries of radii R1 and
then stops. The distance of the boy now from the shore is
R2 (see figure).
3x m. Find the value of x. Assaming there is no friction
between the boat and the water. [Integer] Ans.. x = 1 y

R2
5m R1
3. A boy of mass 40 kg clings to a
rope ladder suspended below a
x
balloon of mass 80 kg (see figure).
The balloon is stationary w.r.t.
ground. If the boy begins to climb 4( R12 + R1 R2 + R22 )
Ans. x = 0 and y =
the ladder at speed 1 m/s with 3p ( R1 + R2 )
respect to ladder, the balloon 6. A 20 g bullet pierces through a plate of mass M1 = 1 kg and
1 then comes to rest a second plate of mass M2 = 2.98 kg as
moves down at a speed of m/s.
x shown in the figure. It is found that the two plates, initially
Find the value of x. [Integer] at rest, now move with equal velocities.
Ans. x = 3
4. A cart of mass M is rest on a frictionless horizontal surface
M1 M2
and a pendulum bob of mass m hangs from the roof of the
cart (see figure). The string breaks, the bob falls on the
floor, makes several collisions on the floor and finally Find the percentage loss in the initial velocity of the bullet
lands up i a small slot made in the floor. The horizontal when it is between M1 and M2. Neglect any loss of material
distance between the string and the slot is L. Find the of the plates, due to action of bullet. Ans. 25%
392 MECHANICS

EXAMPLES FOR JEE-MAIN AND ADVANCED

Example 1. A man of mass m moves on a plank of mass M with Sol.

a constant velocity u with respect to the plank, as shown in figure 8.57. Let Dx1 be the shift in position of C.M. of ball and Dx2 be the shift in
(i) If the plank rests on a smooth horizontal surface, then position of C.M. of shell. As there is no external force acting on the
determine the velocity of the plank. system in horizontal direction, so there is no shift in position of C.M. of
(ii) If the man travels a distance L with respect to the plank, then the system (ball + shell). Thus we have,
find the distance travelled by the plank with respect to ground. m1Dx1 + m2 Dx2
Dxcm = 0 = .
m1 + m2
From the figure Dx1 = R – Dx2
M ( R - Dx2 ) + M ( -Dx2 )
\ 0 =
M +m
R
or Dx2 = .
2
This is the displacement of the shell when ball moves down to its lowest
position. When ball moves to the right of the centre of the shell, the shell
further displaces by R/2.
Therefore the total displacement of the shell
Figure. 8.57 R R
= + = R. Ans.
Sol. As no external force is acting on the system in horizontal direction, 2 2
so its linear momentum remains constant in that direction. Also there Example 3. A square hole is punched out from a circular lamina,
will be no shift in position of centre of mass. i.e., Dxcm = 0. the diagonal of the square being a radius of the circle. Show that
(i) Let v1 and v2 are the velocities of the man and the plank w.r.t. the centre of mass of the remaining is at a distance R/(4p – 2) from
ground. Then we have the centre of the circle, where R is the radius of the circular lamina.
r
[ v man ]plank = [ vr man ]ground - [ vr plank ]ground Sol. Let the mass of the circular lamina having area pR2 is m.
r r r The side of the square hole can be obtained as
then, [ vman ]ground = [ v man ]plank + [ v plank ]ground
a2 + a2 = R 2
or v 1 = u – v2
Initially the system is at rest, therefore Þ a = R/ 2
0 = mv1 – mv2
or 0 = m(u – v2) – Mv2
é mu ù
or v2 = ê . Ans.
ë m + M úû
(ii) Let Dx1 and Dx2 are the distances moved by the man and the plank
relative to ground, then we have Dx1= (L – Dx2)
and shift in position of centre of mass Figure. 8.59
uur uur \ Area of the hole = a2 = R2/2
r mD x1 + M D x 2 Mass of the hole (m') = m/2p
Dx cm = 0 =
m+M Let O is the origin, then the co-ordinates of the c.m. of the circular lamina
is (0, 0) and that of square hole will be = (– R/2, 0).
m( L - Dx2 ) + M ( -Dx2 )
or 0 = Centre of mass of the remaining portion
m+M
mx - m ' x '
Dx2 = æç
mL ö x =
Þ . Ans. m - m'
è m + M ÷ø
Example 2. A ball of mass M and m.0 - (m / 2p ).( - R / 2)
or x =
radius R is placed inside a spherical m - m / 2p
shell of same mass M and the inner which after solving gives
radius 2R. The combination is at rest x = R/(4p – 2), Ans.
on a table top in the position shown
in figure. The ball is released, rolls m.0 - ( m / 2p).0
and y = = 0.
back and fourth inside, and finally m - m / 2p
comes at rest at the bottom of the As the removed portion is symmetrical about x-axis, the y co-ordinate of
shell. Find the maximum the c.m. of the remaining portion remains at y = 0.
displacement of the shell during the Example 4. Find the centre of mass of letter E, relative to
process. origin O, whose dimensions are given in figure 8.60 Take width of
Figure. 8.58 the letter 2 cm everywhere.
 Collision & Centre of Mass 393
Sol.
Since there is no force acting in the horizontal direction, the centre of
mass of the whole system remain fixed throughout.
Let x be the displacement of larger block towards left when the mass m
reaches at B.
Taking O as the origin, the initial position of the c.m.
M ( x0 + R) + m( x0 + r )
xcm = . … (i)
M +m
Final position of the c.m.
Figure. 8.60
Sol. Centre of mass of the given letter E can be obtained by area of the ( M + m).( x0 + R - x )
xcm = … (ii)
different part of the geometry because thickness is same everywhere and M +m
density is uniform throughout. Since there should be no change in the position of c.m. Therefore
Let the given geometry is divided into 4 segments, having
M ( x0 + R) + m( x0 + r ) ( M + m).( x0 + R - x )
A 1 = 10 × 2 = 20 cm2, and c.m. = (5, 1) =
M +m M +m
A 2 = (20 – 4) × 2 = 32 cm2, [1, (2 + 8)] = (1, 10)
After solving, we get,
A 3 = 4 × 2 = 8cm2, (2 + 2, 10) = (4, 10)
A 4 = 10 × 2 = 20 cm2, (5, 20 – 1) = (5, 19) m( R - r )
x = .
Position of c.m. can be obtained as: M +m
A1 x1 + A2 x2 + A3 x3 + A4 x4 Now according to the principle of conservation of momentum, we have
x = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 0 = MV + mv …(iii)
where V and v are velocities of M and m w.r.t. ground.
20 ´ 5 + 32 ´ 1 + 8 ´ 4 + 20 ´ 5
= = 3.3 cm Also by conservation of mechanical energy, we have
20 + 32 + 8 + 20
1 1
A1 y1 + A2 y2 + A3 y3 + A4 y4 mg ( R - r ) = MV 2 + mv 2 …(iv)
and y = 2 2
A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
After solving (iii) and (iv), we get
20 ´ 1 + 32 ´ 10 + 8 ´ 10 + 20 ´ 19
= 2g(R - r)
20 + 32 + 8 + 20 V = m . Ans.
= 10 cm Ans. M ( M + m)

There is no need of calculation of y , because the geometry is symmetrical Example 6. A solid cone of height h and base radius R is placed
with its base on a rough inclined plane whose coefficient of friction
about the dotted line AB which is at a height of 10 cm. is µ. The inclination of the plane is increased gradually. Show that
Example 5. A block of mass M with a semicircular track of 4R 4R
radius R, rests on a horizontal frictionless surface. A uniform the cone slips if µ < and topple if µ > .
h h
cylinder of radius r and mass m is released from rest at the top Sol.
point A as shown in figure 8.61 The cylinder slips on a semicircular The free body is shown in fig. 8.62.
frictionless track. How far has the block moved when the cylinder
reaches the bottom (point B) of the track ? How fast is the block
moving when the cylinder reaches the bottom of the track?

Figure. 8.62
For translational equilibrium along the inclined plane, we have F = 0,
or W sin q = µN , where N = W cos q
\ µ = tan q …(i)
For rotational equilibrium,
St = 0.
Taking moment of the forces acting on the cone about P, we have
h
W sin q ´ - W cos q ´ R = 0
4
4R
or tan q = … (ii)
Figure. 8.61 h
394 MECHANICS
From equations (i) and (ii), we have Supposing F1 > F2. As this frame is accelerated with respect to ground,
we have to apply pseudo force on the blocks.
4R
µ = .
h

4R 4R
Thus, if µ < , the cone will slip and if µ > , the cone will topple.
h h Figure. 8.65
Example 7. A pack of cards is laid on a table, and each card is Therefore net external force on m1
project in the direction of the length of the pack, beyond the one
æ F -F ö
1 2
below it, if each project as far as possible, show that the distances F '1 = F1 - m1ac = F1 - m1 çè m + m ÷ø
between the extremities of successive cards will form a harmonical 1 2
progression.
æ F1m2 + F2 m1 ö
Sol. = ç m +m ÷ towards right.
è 1 2 ø
Let A, B, C, D, so on are the maximum projecting end of the cards, and let
m be the mass and l be the length of each card. The top card can project æ F1 - F2 ö
at most a distance l/2 beyond the one below it and hence its centre of and on m2, F '2 = F2 + m2 ac = F2 + m2 ç
è m1 + m2 ÷ø
gravity will be just above B. Again, the centre of gravity of the top two
cards is similarly just above C. æ F1m2 + F2 m1 ö
Consider the equilibrium of cards 1 and 2 over 3 fig. (b) . Let c.g. of = ç m +m ÷ towards left.
è 1 2 ø
combined weight of 1 and 2 is at a distance x1 from B, then
As the centre mass is at rest in this frame, the blocks move in opposite
directions and come to instantaneous rest at some instant. The spring
will have maximum extension at this instant. Suppose the right block
displaces distance x1 and left displaces a distance x2 from their initial
positions.
Therefore work done by external force = Increase in P.E. of the spring
Figure. 8.63 1
i.e. F1 ' x1 + F2 ' x2 = k ( x1 + x2 ) 2
taking moment of weight about C, we get 2
W. x 1 = W(l/2 – x1)
or x1 = l/4.
Now consider the equilibrium of card 1,2 and 3 over 4 fig. (c). Let c.g. of Figure. 8.66
combined weight of 1, 2 and 3 is at a distance x2 from C, then taking 1
or F1 '( x1 + x2 ) = k ( x1 + x2 ) 2
moment of weights about D, we get 2
W(l/2 – x2) = 2W.x2 2 F1 '
Þ (x1 + x2) =
or x2 = 1/6. k
In general for n cards, we have 2 æ F1m2 + F2 m1 ö
or xmax = k ç m + m ÷. Ans.
W(l/2 – x) = (n – 1)Wx è 1 2 ø
or x = l/2n. Example 9. Two masses m1 and m2 are connected by a spring of
Hence the distance between the ends of the successive cards are; force constant k and are placed on a frictionless horizontal surface.
l/2, l/4, l/6, l/8, ..... Ans. Initially the spring is stretched through a distance x 0, when the
system is released from rest. Find the distance moved by two masses
If maximum overhang is asked, then
before they again comes to rest.
x = l/2 + l/4 + l/6 + l/8 + ..... . Sol.
Example 8. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are connected by a
spring of force constant k. Block of mass m1 is pulled by a constant
force F1 and other block is pulled by a constant force F2. Find the
maximum elongation that the spring will suffer.
Sol.
Let us take the two blocks plus spring as the system. The centre of mass
of system moves with an acceleration,

( F1 - F2 )
ac = .
m1 + m2

Figure. 8.67
Figure. 8.64
 Collision & Centre of Mass 395
Blocks again come to rest when spring is compressed by x0. Since no After solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
external force is acting on the system, so there is no change in the position
1 é Ft 2 ù
of c.m. of the system. i.e. Dxcm = 0 Dx1 = 2 ê 2 m - x0 ú
ëê ûú
Let mass m1 displaces by Dx1 and m2 displaces by Dx2, then
Dx1 + Dx2 = 2x0 ... (i)
1 é Ft 2 ù
and Dx2 = ê + x0 ú . Ans.
m1Dx1 + m2 Dx2 2 êë 2 m úû
and Dxcm = .
m1 + m2
Example 11. A particle of mass m is released from the top of a
As Dxcm = 0 smooth wedge of mass M which rests on a smooth horizontal floor.
(a) Calculate the velocity of the wedge.
m1Dx1 + m2 Dx2
\ = 0 ... (ii) (b) And the distance moved by wedge when the mass m just
m1 + m2
touches the floor.
After solving equations (i) & (ii), we get
2m2 x0 2 m1x0
Dx1 = , Dx2 = . Ans.
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

Example 10. Two blocks of equal mass m are connected by an

unstretched spring and the system is kept at rest on a frictionless
horizontal surface. A constant force F is applied on one of the
blocks pulling it away from the other as shown in figure 8.68.
(a) Find the position of c.m. at time t.
(b) If the extension of the spring is x 0 at time t, find the
Figure. 8.69
displacement of the blocks at that instant.
Sol.
Sol. (a) Let the velocity of the block be v w.r.t. the wedge at the instant it
touches the floor and let the wedge acquires a velocity V in the
horizontal direction.
The velocity of the particle w.r.t. ground will be

= V 2 + v 2 + 2Vv cos(180° - q)

= (V 2 + v 2 - 2Vv cos q) .
Since there is no force acting on the system in horizontal direction,
its momentum remains constant in this direction.
\ mv cos q = (M + m)V. ..... (i)
Figure. 8.68 Conservation of mechanical energy gives
(a) The acceleration of centre of mass 1 1
MV 2 + m( V 2 + v 2 - 2Vv cos q ) 2 = mgh . ..... (ii)
uur 2 2
r F F F Solving above equations, we get
ac = = = .
M m + m 2m
The position of c.m. at time t 2 ghm 2 cos 2 q
V = . Ans.
( M + m)2 - m( M + m) cos 2 q
1 1 F 2 Ft 2
Dxc = ac t 2 = t = . Ans. (b) Since there is no external force in the x-direction, the centre of
2 2 2m 4m
mass of the system does not move in this direction. Let the centre
(b) We have,
of mass of M be located at the point (x, y) before m is released.
m1Dx1 + m2 Dx2 When m moves down the floor, the centre of mass of M moves to
Dxc = m1 + m2 left by an amount d. The centre of mass of m has travelled a
distance (h cot q – d) to the right. Thus we have
Ft 2 mDx1 + m Dx2 Initial state of the c.m. of the system = final state of the c.m. of the
or = system
4m m+m
Mx + m.0 M ( x - d ) + m( h cot q - d )
Ft 2 =
or Dx1 + Dx2 = . ... (i) ( M + m) ( M + m)
2m
After solving above equation, we get
The extension of spring is,
mh cot q
\ Dx2 – Dx1 = x0 ... (ii) d = ( M + m) . Ans.
396 MECHANICS
Example 12. A body of mass M as shown in figure 8.70 with a 1 2
small disc of mass m place on it rests on a smooth horizontal plane. Initial K.E. of the system = mv
2
The disc is set in motion in the horizontal direction with velocity v.
To what height (relative to the initial level) will the disc rise after 1
breaking off the body M? The friction is assumed to be absent. Final K.E. of the system = ( M + m)v12 .
2
Sol. Work performed by the friction in this process
Applying the law of conservation of momentum W = change in K.E. of the system
m v = (m + M)v1
1 1
mv or = ( M + m)v12 - mv 2
\ v1 = , 2 2
m+M
where v1 is the velocity of the combined system Substituting the value of v and v1 in the above expression, we get
Let disc rises to a height h, then é ghmM ù
W = -ê ú. Ans.
1 2 1 ëm+ M û
mv = mgh + ( m + M )v12
2 2 Example 14. Two bars of masses m1 and m2 connected by a
weightless spring of stiffness k as shown in figure 8.72 rest on a
smooth horizontal plane. Bar 2 is shifted a small distance x to the
left and then released. Find the velocity of the centre of inertia of
the system after bar 1 breaks off the wall.

Sol.

Figure. 8.70

Substituting the value of v1, we get

mv 2
Þ h = Ans.
2(m + M ) g
Example 13. A small disc of mass m slides down a smooth hill
of height h without initial velocity and gets onto a plank of mass M
lying on the horizontal plane at the base of the hill shown in the
figure 8.71. Due to friction between the disc and the plank, the disc
slows down and, beginning with a certain moment, moves in one
piece with the plank. Find the total work performed by the friction
forces in this process.
Sol. Figure. 8.72
Velocity of the disc just before comes in contact with the plank can be Velocity of the bar 2 at the instant of break off will be obtained as
obtained as
1 1
1 2 m2 v22 = kx 2
mgh = mv Þ v = (2 gh) . 2 2
2
k
v2 = x m
2

The velocity of the bar 1 at the instant is zero (v1 = 0).

The velocity of the centre of inertia is given by

( m1v1 + m2v2 )
vc = ( m1 + m2 ) .
Figure. 8.71
Let v1 be the combined velocity of both the disc and the plank when After substituting the value of v1 and v2, we get
they move together. In this process momentum of the system remain
constant, therefore 2 km
mv + 0 = (M + m)v1 vc = x (m + m ) .Ans.
1 2
or v 1 = mv/(M + m).

Mechanics
MCQ Type 1 Exercise 8.1
Level - 1 (Only one option correct)
Collision
1. Choose the correct statement (s) from the following ;
(i) In an elastic collision of two bodies, the momentum
and energy of each body is conserved.
(ii) The work done by a force on a body in nature, over a
closed loop is always zero.
(iii) In an inelastic collision of two bodies, the final kinetic
energy is less than the initial kinetic energy of the
system.
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
(c) (iii) (d) all
2. Consider the following statements (i) and (ii) and identify
the correct answer :
(i) Coefficient of restitution varies between 0 and 1
(ii) In inelastic collision, the law of conservation of energy
is satisfied.
(a) (i) and (ii) are true
(b) (i) and (ii) are false
(c) (i) is true but (ii) is false
(d) (i) is false but (ii) is true
3. Consider the following two statements :
(A) Linear momentum of a system of particles is zero
(B) Kinetic energy of a system of particles is zero then :
(a) A implies B and B implies A
(b) A does not imply B and B does not imply A
(c) A implies B but B does not imply A
(d) A does not imply B but B implies A
4. Two bodies A and B have masses M and m respectively, where
M > m and they are at a distance d apart. Equal force is
applied to them so that they approach each other. The
position where they hit each other is
(a) nearer to B energy of the other mass is ;
(b) nearer to A
(c) at equal distance from A and B
(d) cannot be decided
5. Four identical balls are in contact and at rest on a horizontal
smooth surface are hit by another identical ball moving
initially as shown in the figure. The ball 1 comes to rest after
collision. Which of the following can possible represent the
motion of balls after collision;
Answer 1 (c) 2 (a)
Key 6 (b) 7 (c)
Collision & Centre of Mass 397
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
(c) (iii) (d) all
6. A massive ball moving with speed v collides head on with
a tiny ball having mass very much smaller than the mass of
the first ball. If the collision is completely elastic, then the
speed of the second ball after the collision approximately
equal to ;
(a) v (b) 2 v
v
(c) (d) ∞
2
7. An object of mass 3m splits into three equal fragments. Two
fragments have velocities v ĵ and v iˆ . The velocity of the
third fragment is:
(a) v( ĵ – iˆ ) (b) v( iˆ – ĵ )
v(iˆ + ˆj )
(c) –v( iˆ + ĵ ) (d)
2
  
8. Two particles having position vectors r1 = (3 i + 5 j ) meter
  
and r2 = (– 5 i – 3 j ) meter are moving with velocities
     
v1 = (4 i + 3 j ) m/s and v 2 = (a i + 7 j ) m/s. If they
collide after 2 second, the value of a ;
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
9. A bomb of mass 12 kg explodes into two pieces of masses 4
kg and 8 kg. The velocity of 8 kg mass is 6 m/s. The kinetic
(a) 48 J (b) 32 J
(c) 24 J (d) 288 J
10. A ball ‘A’ of mass 1 kg, moving with speed of 12 m/s,
collides obliquely and elastically with another ball B which
was initially at rest. Ball A then moves off at right angles to
its direction with a speed of 5 m/s. The momentum of ball
B after collision is ;
(a) 5 kg m/s (b) 11 kg m/s
(c) 13 kg m/s (d) 17 kg m/s
3 (d) 4 (b) 5 (c)
8 (d) 9 (d) 10 (c)
398 Mechanics
11. A player caught a cricket ball of mass 150 g moving at
a rate of 20 m/s. If the catching process is completed in
0.1 s, the force of the blow exerted by the ball on the hand
of the player is equal to :
(a) 300 N (b) 150 N
(c) 3 N (d) 30 N
12. A particle of mass 4 m which is at rest explodes into three
fragments. Two of fragments, each of mass m are found
to move with a speed v each in mutually perpendicular
directions. The total energy released in the process is ;
1 (a) eh/2 (b) 3eh
(a) mv2 (b) mv2
2 (c) eh (d) e4h
3 5
(c) mv2 (d) mv2
2 2
13. A shell of mass 200 g is ejected from a gun of mass 4 kg
by an explosion that generates 1.05 kJ of energy. The initial
velocity of the shell is :
(a) 40 m/s (b) 80 m/s
(c) 100 m/s (d) 120 m/s
14. A neutron of mass m collides elastically with a nucleus of
mass M, which is initially at rest. If the neutron’s initial
kinetic energy is k0, the maximum kinetic energy that it
can lose during the collision is ;
k0
(a) k0 (b)
2 restitution is
m M k0 4 m M k0
(c) (d)
2
( M + m) ( M + m) 2
15. A ball A, moving with kinetic energy K, makes a head on
elastic collision with a stationary ball with mass n times that
of A. The maximum potential energy stored in the system
during the collision is
( n − 1) K
(a) K/n (b)
n 60°
( )
n + 1 K nK
(c) (d)
n ( n + 1)
16. A body A is released from a condition of rest on a frictionless
circular surface. It then moves on a horizontal surface BD
whose coefficient of friction with the body is 0.1. A spring
having a spring constant k = 2 x 104 N/ m is positioned at
D as shown in the diagram. The mass of the body is 10 kg.
The comparison of the spring approximately is (Take g =
10 m/s2) ;
(a) 0.1 m (b) 0.2 m
(c) 0.3 m (d) 1 m
17. A 238U nucleus decays by emitting an alpha particle of speed
v ms–1. The recoil speed of the residual nucleus is (in ms–1)
(a) – 4v / 234 (b) v /4
(c) – 4v / 238 (d) 4 v / 238
18. A ball is dropped from a height h. It the coefficient of
restitution be e, then to what height will it rise after jumping
twice from the ground
19. A particle of mass m moving with horizontal speed
6 m/sec as shown in figure. If m << M then for one
dimensional elastic collision, the speed of lighter particle
after collision will be
u1 = 6 m/s u2 = 4 m/s
m M
(a) 2m/s in original direction
(b) 2 m/s opposite to the original direction
(c) 2 m/s opposite to the original direction
(d) 4 m/s in original direction
20. A body falling from a height of 10m rebounds from hard
floor. If it loses 20% energy in the impact, then coefficient
(a) 0.89 (b) 0.56
(c) 0.23 (d) 0.18
21. A mass of 100g strikes the wall with speed 5m/s at an angle
as shown in figure and it rebounds with the same speed. If
the contact time is 2 × 10–3 sec, what is the force applied
on the mass by the wall
60°
100g
(a)
250 3N to right (b) 250 N to right
(c)
250 3N to left (d) 250 N to left
22. A particle of mass m moving eastward with a speed v
collides with another particle of the same mass moving
northward with the same speed v. The two particles coalesce
on collision. The new particle of mass 2m will move in the
north-easterly direction with a velocity
(a) v/2 (b) 2v
v / 2 (d)
(c) v

Answer 11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 (d) 16 (c)

Key 17 (a) 18 (d) 19 (a) 20 (a) 21 (c) 22 (c)
 Collision & Centre of Mass 399
23. Two identical mass M moving with velocity u1 and u2 29. The centre of mass coordinates of a block of shape shown
collide perfectly inelastically. The loss in energy is in the figure is
Y
M M L L
(a) (u2 − u1 )2 (b) (u1 − u2 )2 (a)  , 
2 2 2 2
M M  5 5 
(c) (u1 − u2 )2 (d) (u2 − u1 )2 (b)  L, L L/2
4 8  12 12  L/2
L
24. If the masses of two balls be as 3 : 2 and their respective 2 2 
 L, L 
(c)
velocities before impact be as 2 : 3 and in opposite 3 3 
directions, and the coefficient of restitution is 2/3, find with L L X
(d) ,   L
what velocity will each ball move back with respect to the 4 4
original velocity. 30. One end of a thin rod of length L and mass M1 is riveted to
(a) 1/3 times the original velocity the centre of a circular uniform disc of radius R and mass
(b) 2/3 times the original velocity M2, such that they are coplanar. The centre of mass of
(c) 3/1 times the original velocity system relative to centre of the disc is: [PET–2008]
(d) 3/2 times the original velocity
(M + M 2 ) L M1 L
Centre of Mass (a) 1 (b)
2 M1 ( M1 + M 2 )
25. Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 3 kg have position vectors
M L M1 L + M 2 R
iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ and −3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ , respectively. The centre of (c) 1 (d)
2( M1 + M 2 ) M1 + M 2
mass of this system has a position vector
r
(a) −2iˆ + 2kˆ (b) −2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ 31. A hole of radius is cut in a disc of radius having mass
2
(c) 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ (d) −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ m. The centre of mass system will be: [PET–2004]
y
26. Three identical spheres each of radius R are placed touching
each other on a horizontal table as shown in figure. The
co-ordinates of centre of mass are ;
(a) (R, R) (b) (0, 0) x

R R
(c)
 , 
2 2
(a) at the centre
 R  r
(d) , R  (b) at distance from centre away from the hole
 3 3
27. The mass per unit length of a non - uniform rod of length r
(c) at distance from centre away from the hole
L varies as m = λx where λ is constant. The centre of mass 4
of the rod will be at ; r
2 3 (d) at distance from centre away from the hole along
(a) L (b) L 6
3 2 the common diameter.
1 4 32. Consider a two particle system with particles having masses
(c) L (d) L m1 and m2. If the first particle is pushed towards the centre
2 3
of mass through a distance d, by what distance should the
28. Two blocks of masses 10 kg and 4 kg are connected by a second particle be moved, so as to keep the centre of mass
spring of negligible mass and are placed on a frictionless at the same position :
horizontal surface. An impulse gives a speed of 14 m/s to m2
(a) d (b) d
the heavier block in the direction of the lighter block. Then, m1
the velocity of the centre of mass is :
m m1
(a) 30 ms–1 (b) 20 ms–1 (c) 1 d (d) d
m1 + m2 m2
(c) 10 ms–1 (d) 5 ms–1

Answer 23 (c) 24 (b) 25 (b) 26 (d) 27 (a)

Key 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (c) 31 (d) 32 (d)
400 Mechanics
33. Three thin rods, each of length L, are arranged in an inverted 36. A child is sitting at one end of a long trolley moving with a
U, as shown in figure. The two 3M uniform speed v on a smooth horizontal track. If the child
rods on the arms of the U each L starts running towards the other end of the trolley with a
have mass M; the third rod has speed u, the speed of the centre of mass of the system will;
mass 3M. The centre of mass L L (a) u + v (b) v–u
M M
of the system from upper rod (c) v (d) none
is
37. Two particle A and B initially at rest. Move towards each
L L other under a mutual force of attraction. At the instant, when
(a) (b)
3 2 the speed of A is v and the speed of B is 2 v, the velocity of
centre of the system is ;
L 2L
(c) (d) (a) 0 (b) v
5 3
(c) 1.5 v (d) 3 v
34. A particle of mass m moves on the x-axis under the influence 38. Two bodies of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are moving in two
of a force of attraction towards the origin O given by perpendicular direction with
  1  velocities 1 m/s and 2 m/s as
F = −k  2  ˆi . If the particle starts from rest at x = a, the
x  shown in figure. The velocity
speed it will attain to reach at a distance x from the origin of the centre of mass (in
will be : magnitude) of the system will
12 12 be ;
2k  a − x  2k  a + x 
(a)   (b)   (a) 3 m/s (b) 1.67 m/s
m  ax  m  ax 
(c) 1.5 m/s (d) 1.37 m/s
12
k  ax  m a−x 39. Two masses 3 m and m are suspended from a light
(c)   (d)  
m a−x 2k  ax  frictionless pulley with the help of a massless
35. Two astronauts each of mass 150 kg are travelling in a closed string. If system is set free the acceleration of
skylab moving at a speed of 5 km/s in the outer space far centre of mass will be:
removed from all other material objects. The total mass of g
(a) g (b) 3m
the skylabe is 800 kg. If the astronauts do slimming exercise 2 m
and thereby reduce their masses to 100 kg each, the velocity g
(c) (d) none of these
now with which the skylab is moving: 4
(a) 5.5 km/s (b) 11 km/s
(c) 5 km/s (d) 3 km/s

Answer 33 (c) 34 (a) 35 (c) 36 (c) 37 (a)

Key 38 (d) 39 (c)

Level - 2 (Only one option correct)

Collision 2. In a gamma decay process, the internal energy of a nucleus
of mass M decreases, a gamma photon of energy E and
1. A particle of mass m moving with a velocity u makes an
linear momentum E/c is emitted and the nucleus recoils.
elastic one dimensional collision with a stationary particle
The decrease in internal energy ;
of mass m establishing a contact with if for extremely
small time T. Their force of contact increases form zero to E2
(a) E (b) E+
F0 linearly in time T/4, remains constant for a further time 2 Mc 2
T/2 and decreases linearly from F0 to zero in further time 2
E
(c) (d) zero
T/4 as shown. The magnitude possessed by F0 is 2 Mc 2
mu 2mu 3. A trolley of mass 200 kg moves with a uniform speed of 10
(a) (b)
T T m/s on a frictionless track. A child of mass 20 kg runs on
4mu 3mu the trolley from one end to the other with a speed of 4 m/s
(c) (d) relative to the trolley in a direction opposite to its motion,
3T 4T
 Collision & Centre of Mass 401
and jumps out of the trolley. The final speed of the trolley is 9. Block A of mass m is hanging from a vertical spring of force
constant k. Another identical block B strikes the block A
with velocity v and sticks to it. The value of v for which
the spring just attains natural length is
10 m/s
6m 8m
(a) g (b) g
(a) 10.4 m/s (b) 12.4 m/s k k
(c) 16 m/s (d) none of these 24m 12m
4. A car having a mass of 200 kg is rolling at a speed of 1 m/s (c) g (d) g
k k
towards a spring - stop system. If the spring is non - linear
10. A body of mass m1 + m2 is split into two parts of masses m1
such that it develops 300 x2 N force for a deflection of x m.
and m2 by an internal explosion which generates a kinetic
The maximum deceleration that the car A undergoes ;
energy E. If after explosion the parts move in the same line
as before, then their relative speed is
E (m + m2 ) 2 E (m + m2 )
(a) 1 (b) 1
(a) 1 m/s2 (b) 1.5 m/s2 m1 + m2 m1m2
2
(c) 2 m/s (d) 2.5 m/s2
E (m + m2 ) E (m + m2 )
5. A ball of mass 1 kg bounces against the ground as shown (c) 1 (d) 1
in the figure. The approaching velocity is 25 m/s and the m1 + m2 2m1 × m2
velocity after hitting the ground is 20 m/s. The impulse 11. A particle of mass 2m is projected at an angle of 45° with
exerted on the ball is : horizontal with a velocity of 20 2 m/s. After 1 second
(a) 7.8 N - s explosion takes place and the particle is broken into two
(b) 27.68 N - s equal pieces. As a result of explosion one part comes to
(c) 31 N - s rest. The maximum height from the ground attained by the
(d) 62 N - s other part is (g = 10 m/s2)
6. Two equal balls are in contact on a table are in equilibrium. (a) 50 m (b) 25 m
A third ball collides them simultaneously symmetrically and (c) 40 m (d) 35 m
remains at rest after impact. The coefficient of restitution
12. Two balls having masses m and 2m are fastened to two
is ;
light strings of same length l as shown in figure. The other
2 1
(a) (b) ends of the strings are fixed at O. The strings are kept in
3 3 the same horizontal line and the system is released from
1 3
(c) (d) rest. The collision between the balls is elastic. Point A is
4 5
the lowest point at which either ball can reach. The speed
7. An intense stream of water of cross–sectional area A strikes
of ball of 2 m just after collision is:
a wall at an angle θ with the normal to the wall and returns
back elastically. If the density of water is ρ and its velocity 2 gl 50 gl
(a)
2 (b)
2
is v, then the force exerted in the wall will be 3 3
(a) 2Av2ρ cos θ (b) 2Av2ρ cos θ
2 gl 50 gl
(c) 2Av2ρ (d) 2Avρ (c) (d)
3 3
8. A ball of mass 1 kg is attached to an inextensible string.
13. In figure, if the coefficient of restitution is 0.8, what is the
The ball x released from the position shown in figure. The
maximum angle from the vertical that body B will reach
impulse imparted by the string to the ball just after string
after the first impact :
becomes taut is (g = 10m/s2)
(a) 20 N-s (a) 30°
(b) 40 N-s (b) cos–1 (0.45)
(c) 10 N-s 1m (c) cos–1 (0.9995)
(d) none of these (d) none

Answer 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (a)

Key 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (b) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (c)
402 Mechanics
14. A ball is projected from a point on a smooth horizontal
plane with a velocity u at an angle θ with the horizontal
and continuous to rebound. If the coefficient of restitution
is e, then range after first rebound is
l
u 2 sin 2θ e u 2 sin 2θ x
(a) (b) Table
g g
8l 5l
e u 2 sin 2θ (a) (b)
(c) (d) none of these 15 6
2g
3l 7l
15. Figure shows a smooth spherical ball of mass m striking (c) + R (d) +R
two identical equilateral triangular wedges, each of mass 4 15
m. The velocity of ball at the instant of impact is v0. If e is 19. A ball of mass M and radius R is placed inside a spherical
the coefficient of restitution, then velocity of either wedge shell of same mass M and the inner radius 2 R. The
after impact is combination is at rest on a table top in the position shown
in figure. The ball is released, rolls back and fourth inside
and finally comes to at rest of the bottom of the shell. The
m v0 m
maximum displacement of the shell during this process is

3 5
(a) (1 + e)v0 (b) (1 + e)v0
5 3
ev0
(c) 3(1 + e)v0 (d)
3
Centre of Mass
16. Centre of mass of 3 particles 10 kg , 20 kg and 30 kg is at
(0, 0,0). Where should a particle of mass 40 kg be placed
so that the combination centre of mass will be at (3,3,3)
(a) (0, 0, 0) (b) (7.5, 7.5, 7.5)
(c) (1, 2, 3) (d) (4, 4, 4)
17. Consider a particle of two particles having masses m1 and
m2. It the particle of mass m1 is pushed towards the centre
of mass of particles through a distance d, by what distance
would be particle of mass m2 move so as to keep the centre
of mass of particles at the original position
m1 m1
(a) d (b) d
m1 + m2 m2
m2
(c) d (d) d
m1
18. Two identical uniform rectangular blocks (with longest side l)
and a solid sphere of radius R are to be balanced at the edge
of a heavy table such that the centre of the sphere remains at
the maximum possible horizontal distance from the vertical
edge of the table without toppling as indicated in the figure.
M surface. An insect starts from one end of the strip, walks
If the mass of each block is M and of the sphere is , the
2 with constant velocity and reaches the other end in time t1.
maximum distance x that can be achieved is:[KVPY -2013]
R
(a) (b) R
2
3
(c) R (d) 2 R
2
20. Two spherical bodies of mass M and 5M and radius R and 2R
respectively are released in free space with initial separation
between their centres equal to 12R. If they attract each other
due to gravitational force only, then the distance covered
by the smaller body just before collision is
(a) 1.5 R (b) 2.5 R
(c) 4.5 R (d) 7.5 R
21. Particles of masses m, 2m, 3m, ............. nm grams are placed
on the same line at distances l, 2l, 3l, ...... nl cm from a fixed
point. The distance of centre of mass of the particles from
the fixed point in centimetres is
(2n + 1)l 1
(a) (b)
3 n +1
n(n 2 + 1)l 2l
(c) (d)
2 n(n 2 + 1)
22. A strip of wood of length l is placed on a smooth horizontal
It then flies off vertically. The strip moves a further distance

Answer 14 (b) 15 (a) 16 (b) 17 (b) 18 (a) 19 (b)

Key 20 (d) 21 (a)
 Collision & Centre of Mass 403
l in time t2. (a) 0.5 m (b) 1 m
t1 = t2 (b)
(a) t1 > t2 2
(c) m (d) zero
t1 < t2
(c) (d) none of these 3
24. Two blocks A and B of masses m and 2m respectively,
23. A block of mass M is tied to one end on a massless rope.
attached at opposite ends of a spring of force constant k,
The other end of the rope is in the hands of a man of mass placed on smooth horizontal surface. Spring is initially at
2 M as shown in figure. The block and the man are resting its natural length l. A is given a velocity 2v0 and B given
on a rough wedge of mass M as shown in figure. The whole velocity v0 as shown. The maximum separation between
system is resting of a smooth horizontal surface. The man 2 m and centre of mass of the system will be:
pulls the rope. Pulley is massless and frictionless. What is 2v0 v0
k
the displacement of the wedge. When the block meets the m 2m
pulley. (Man does not leave his position during the pull).
smooth
M l 8mv02 2l 2mv02
2m (a) + (b) +
3 k 3 3k
M
l 2mv02
(c) + (d) none of these
3 3k

Answer Key 22 (c) 23 (a) 24 (c)

Mechanics
MCQ Type 2 Exercise 8.2
Multiple Options Correct (a) the momenta are interchanged
(b) the velocities are interchanged
1. A ball hits the floor and rebounds after an inelastic collision.
In this case, choose the correct alternative ; (c) the kinetic energies are interchanged
(a) the momentum of the ball just after the collision is the (d) none of the above
same as that just before the collision 5. A sphere A moving with a speed u and rotating with an
angular velocity ω, makes a head-on elastic collision with
(b) the total energy of the ball and the earth is conserved
an identical stationary sphere B. There is no friction between
(c) the mechanical energy of the ball remains the same in
the surfaces of A and B. Disregard gravity.
the collision
(a) A will stop moving but continue to rotate with an
(d) the total momentum of the ball and the earth is
angular velocity ω.
conserved
2. A bomb at rest explodes into large number of tiny fragments. (b) A will come to rest and stop rotating
Then: (c) B will move with a speed u without rotating
(a) the momentum of all the fragments is zero (d) B will move with a speed u and rotate with an angular
(b) the momentum of all the fragments increases velocity ω.
(c) the K. E. of all the fragment remain zero 6. A man of mass m is stationary on a stationary flat car. The
car can move without friction along horizontal rails. The
(d) the K. E. of all the fragment is more than zero
man starts walking with velocity v relative to the car. Work
3. A body moves towards another stationary body and collides. done by him:
Then
1 2
(a) both the bodies move after collision (a) is less than mv , if he walks along the rails
2
(b) the moving body may come to rest and other starts
1 2
moving (b) is equal mv , if he walks normal to rails
2
(c) both comes to rest
1
(d) stationary body may move with a velocity help the (c) can never be less than mv 2
2
velocity of rolling body
1
4. In head on collision of two identical bodies (d) is greater than mv 2 , if he walks along the rails
2
404 Mechanics
7. In each of three figure shown, two blocks are connected by (a) the speed of the ball after collision will be less than u
a light spring and the system is placed on smooth horizontal (b) the angle θ will be greater than angle α
surface. A constant horizontal force of magnitude F is (c) the coefficient of restitution between ball and wall
applied to left block as shown. Assuming force constant is 1
in all three cases to be same and if x1, x2 and x3 are their
(d) the coefficient of restitution between ball and wall is
maximum compression, then
F F tan α
e=
m 2m 3m m tan θ
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 11. Two balls A and B having masses m kg and 2m kg, moving with
F speeds 21 m/s and 4 m/s respectively in opposite directions,
m 3m
collide head-on. After collision, A moves with a speed of
Fig. 3
1 m/s in the same direction. Then :
(a) x1 = x2 = x3 (b) x1 > x2
(a) the velocity of B after collision is 6 m/s opposite to
(c) x1 < x3 (d) x2 < x3
the direction before collision
8. A set of n identical cubical blocks lies at rest parallel to
each other along a line on a smooth horizontal surface. The (b) the coefficient of restitution is 0.2
separation between the near surfaces of any two adjacent (c) the loss of kinetic energy due to collision is 200 m J.
blocks is L. The block of one end is given a speed v towards (d) the impulse of the force between the two balls is
the next one at time t = 0. All collisions are completely 20 m Ns.
inelastic, then ; 12. A body of mass 3 kg, moving with a speed of 4 m/s, collides
(n − 1) L head-on with a stationary body of mass 2 kg. Their velocity
(a) the last block starts moving at t =
v of separation after the collision is 2 m/s. Then:
n(n − 1) L (a) the coefficient of restitution is 0.5
(b) the last block starts moving at t =
2v (b) the impulse of collision is 7.2 Ns
(c) the centre of mass of the system will have a final speed
(c) the loss of kinetic energy due to collision is 3.6 J.
v
(d) the loss of kinetic energy due to collision is 7.2 J
(d) the centre of mass of the system will have a final
v 13. A horizontal block A is at rest on a smooth horizontal
speed surface. A small block B, whose mass is half of A, is placed
n
on A at one end and project along other end with some
9. In a one - dimensional collision between two identical velocity u. The coefficient of friction between blocks is µ.
particles A and B, B is stationary and A has momentum P Then:
before impact. During impact, B gives impulse J to A ;
(a) the total momentum of the ‘A plus B’ system is P before B u
and after the impact, and (P – J) during the impact.
A
(b) during the impact, A gives impulse J to B.
2J
(c) the coefficient of restitution is −1 . (a) the blocks will reach a final common velocity u/3
P
J (b) the work done against friction is two-third of the initial
(d) the coefficient of restitution is + 1 .
P kinetic energy of B
10. A ball strikes a wall at an angle α with the normal of the (c) before the blocks reach a common velocity, the
wall. It rebounds at an angle θ : acceleration of A relative to B is (2/3) µg
(d) before the block reach a common velocity, the
acceleration of A relative to B is (3/2) µg
14. A ball of mass 1 kg strikes a wedge of mass 4 kg horizontally
with a velocity of 10 m/s. Just after collision velocity of
wedge becomes 4 m/s. Friction is absent every where and
collision is elastic. Select the correct alternative (s):

Answer 1 (b, d) 2 (a, d) 3 (a, b, d) 4 (a, b, c) 5 (a, c) 6 (a, b) 7 (c)

Key 8 (b, d) 9 (a, b, c) 10 (a, b, d) 11 (a, b, d) 12 (a, b, d) 13 (a, b, d)
 Collision & Centre of Mass 405
(a) coefficient of restitution between two blocks is 1
10 m/s (b) coefficient of restitution between two blocks is 1/2
(c) velocity of centre of mass after 2 s is 2 m/s
(d) velocity of centre of mass after 2 s is 1 m/s
30°
17. A block of mass m slides down an inclined wedge of same
(a) Speed of ball after collision is 6 m/s mass m shown in figure. Friction is absent everywhere.
(b) Speed of ball after collision is 8 m/s
m
(c) Impulse between ball and wedge during collision is
16 N-s
m
(d) Impulse between ball and wedge during collision is
32 N-s 
15. A block of mass m moving with a velocity v0 collides with a
stationary block of mass M at the back of which a spring of (a) The acceleration of block vertically downwards is
spring constant k is attached, as shown in the figure. Select g cos 2 θ
the correct alternatives(s) (1 + sin 2 θ)
v0 k g sin 2 θ
Smooth m M (b) The acceleration of centre of mass is
(1 + sin 2 θ)

 m  g cos θ
(c) The acceleration of centre of mass is
(a) The velocity of centre of mass is   v0 1 + sin 2 θ
m+M 
(b) The initial kinetic energy of the system in the centre (d) The acceleration of block vertically downwards is
1  mM  2 2 g sin 2 θ
of mass frame is   v0
4 M +m (1 + sin 2 θ)
(c) The maximum compression in the spring is 18. A smooth sphere of mass m is moving on a horizontal plane
mM 1 with a velocity ( 3iˆ + ˆj ), when it collides with a vertical
v0
( M + m) k wall which is parallel to the vector ĵ . If the coefficient of
(d) When the spring is in the state of maximum 1
compression the kinetic energy in the centre of mass restitution between the sphere and the wall is , then
2
frame is zero.
−3 ˆ ˆ
16. A block of mass 1 kg is pushed towards another block of (a) velocity of the sphere after impact i+j
2
mass 2 kg from 6 m distance as shown in figure. Just after
27 m ˆ
collision velocity of 2 kg block becomes 4 m/s. (b) the loss in kinetic energy caused by the impact j
1 kg 2 kg 8

6 m/s (c) the impulse j that acts on the sphere = miˆ
6m (d) none of these.

Answer Key 14 (a, d) 15 (a, c, d) 16 (a, c) 17 (b, d) 18 (a, b, c)

Mechanics
Reasoning Type Questions Exercise 8.3
Read the two statements carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given below:
(a) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is not correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(c) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is false.
(d) Statement - 1 is false, Statement - 2 is true
1. Statement - 1 Statement - 2
In an elastic collision between two bodies, the relative speed of In an elastic collision the linear momentum of the system
the bodies after collision is equal to the relative speed before the is conserved.
collision. because
406 Mechanics
2. Statement - 1
If there is no external torque on a body about its centre
of mass, then the velocity of the centre of mass remains
constant. because
Statement - 2
The linear momentum of isolated system remains constant.
3. Statement - 1
In case of bullet fired from gun, the ratio of kinetic energy
of gun and bullet is equal to ratio of mass of bullet and gun
Statement - 2
In firing total momentum of system remain conserved.
4. A particle of mass m strikes a wedge of mass M horizontally
as shown in the figure.
Answer Key 1 (b) 2 (d)
Mechanics
Passage & Matrix Exercise 8.4
Passages
Passage for (Questions 1 & 2) :
A jet of liquid of cross - sectional area A and density ρ moves
with speed v in the positive x-direction and impinges against a
perfectly smooth blade B, which deflects the stream at right angle
but does not slow it down, as shown in figure. The blade moves
to the right with a speed vB.
1. The force exerted by the jet, Fx on the blade is :
(a) ρ A (v – vB) (b) ρ A (v – vB)2
(c) ρ A vB (v – vB) (d) ρ A v2
2. The power delivered on the blade :
(a) ρ A (v – vB)2 (b) ρ A vB2 (v – vB)
2
(c) ρ A vB (v – vB) (d) ρ A v2 vB
Passage for (Questions 3 & 4) :
Block A in figure has a mass of 1 kg, and block B has a mass
of 2 kg. The blocks are forced together, compressing a spring S
between them, and the system is released from rest on a level
frictionless surface. The spring is not fastened to either block
and drops to the surface after it has expended. Block B acquires
a speed of 0.5 m/s.
m
M

Statement - 1 : If collision is perfectly inelastic then, it
can be concluded that the particle sticks to the wedge.
Statement - 2: In perfectly inelastic collision velocity
of both bodies is same along common normal just after
collision.
5. Statement - 1 : In an elastic collision of two billiard balls,
the total kinetic energy is conserved during the short time
of collision of the balls (i.e., when they are in contact).
Statement - 2 : Energy spent against friction follows the
law of conservation of energy.
3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (d)
3. The kinetic energy of the block A is :
(a) 0.5 J (b) 1 J
(c) 2.0 J (d) 2.5 J
4. The potential energy stored in the spring was :
(a) 0.5 J (b) 0.75 J
(c) 1.0 J (d) 2.5 J
Passage for (Question 5 to 7) :
A small block of mass M moves on a frictionless surface of
an inclined plane as shown in figure. The angle of the incline
suddenly changes from 60° to 30° at point B. The block is initially
at rest at A. Assume that collision between the block and the incline
are totally inelastic (g = 10 m/s2). [IIT-JEE 2008]
5. The speed of the block at B immediately after it strikes the
second incline is
(a) 60 m/s (b) 45 m/s
(c) 30 m/s (d) 15 m/s
6. The speed of the block at point C immediately before it
leaves the second incline is
(a) 120 m/s (b) 105 m/s
(c) 90 m/s (d) 75 m/s
 Collision & Centre of Mass 407
7. If collision between the block and the incline is completely 11. The horizontal distance d from the wall is
elastic then the vertical (upward) component of the velocity u 2 sin 2α u 2 cos 2d (1 + e
of the block at point B, immediately after it strikes the (a) (b) =
g g e
second incline is
(a) 30 m/s (b) 15 m/s u 2 sin 2α (1 + e
(c) = (d) none of these
(c) 0 (d) − 15 m/s g e
Passage for (Questions 8 & 9) : 12. If the line joining the point of projection and the point of
A ball is dropped on an inclined plane and is observed to move
horizontally after the impact. The coefficient of restitution impact makes an angle θ with the horizontal, then tan θ is
between plane and ball is e. tan α
(a) e tan α (b)
(1 + e)
tan α
(c) (1 + e) cot α (d)
(1 + e)
Passage for (Questions 13 to 15) :
Block A(1 kg) is placed on smooth horizontal surface and
8. The inclination θ is : connected with a block B (2 kg), as shown in the figure, by an
(a) 450 (b) tan–1 e inextensible string. A bullet of mass 250 gm, strikes the block A
e horizontally with speed 200 m/s. The bullet penetrates through
(c) tan–1 e (d) tan–1
9. The velocity of ball after impact is : 2 the block A and comes out with velocity 100 m/s.
A m = 250gm speed = 200 m/s
(a) v = u/2 (b) v=eu 1 kg
(c) v = u e (d) v = e2 u
Passage for (Questions 13 - 15) :
A sphere projected from a given point 0 with given velocity u at
an inclination α to horizontal. After hitting a smooth vertical wall B 2 kg
at a distance d form 0, returns to 0. The coefficient of restitution
between sphere and wall is e. 13. Velocity of 2 kg block just after bullet comes out of block
A
10. The time of journey of sphere is
15
(a) 8 m/s (b) m/s
A 3
t2 t1 25 25
(c) m / s (d) m/s
3 7
14. Impulse produced by string on block B
u (a) 50 N-s (b) 25 N-s

50 50
0 B (c) N − s (d) N −s
d 3 4
u sin α /g
(a) (b) 2u cos α/g 15. Maximum displacement of block A in left direction is
u tan α approximately (g = 10m/s2)
(c) 2u cos α/g (d)
2g (a) 2.2 m (b) 3.2 m
(c) 4.2 m (d) 5.2 m
Matrix Matching
16. Column I Column II
A. Collision of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus (p) Elastic collision
B. Speeding bullet getting embedded in a wooden plank (q) Perfectly inelastic collision
C. Collision of neutron with heavy unstable nucleus (r) Nuclear fission
D. Collision in which there is no loss of external kinetic (s) Nuclear fusion.

1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (c)

Answer 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (c)
Key
15 (d) 16 A→q, s; B→q; C→r; D→p, r, s
408 Mechanics
17. A particle of mass m, kinetic energy K and momentum p collides head on elastically with another particle of mass 2 m at rest.
Match the following (after collision):
Column I Column II
4
A. Momentum of first particle (p) p
3
B. Momentum of second particle (q) K/9
C. Kinetic energy of first particle (r) – p/3
D. Kinetic energy of second particle (s) 8K/9
18. A body initially moving towards the right explodes into two pieces 1 and 2. The magnitudes of v1 and v2 (the final velocities)
are completely arbitrary. Directions of motion of the pieces are shown in Column I and possible mass ratios are shown in
Column II.
Column I Column II
v1

1
A. m1 > m2
(p)
2
v2
1 v1
B. 2 m1 = m2
(q)
v2
v1

1
C. m1 < m2
(r)
2

v2
v1

1
D. (s) impossible for any masses
2
v2

Answer Key 17 A → (r); B→ (p); C → (q); D → (s) 18 A→s; B→s; C→p, q, r; D→p, q, r

Mechanics
Best of JEE-(Main & Advanced) Exercise 8.5
JEE- (Main) 2 v
(a) v (b) 
1. A mass m moves with a velocity v and collides inelastically 3 3
with another identical mass. After collision the Ist mass
v (d)
(c) 3v
v
moves with velocity in a direction perpendicular to 2. A thin rod of length ‘L’ is lying along the x-axis with its ends
3
at x = 0 and x = L. Its linear density (mass/length) varies with
the initial direction of motion. Find the speed of the 2nd
n
mass after collision: [AIEEE 2005] x
x as k   ; where n can be zero or any positive number. If
v
L
3 the position xcm of the centre of mass of the rod is plotted
against ‘n’, which of the following graphs best approximates
v At rest the dependence of xcm on n [AIEEE 2008]
m m
Before collision After collision
 Collision & Centre of Mass 409
xcm xcm v A
2v
L L

(a)
L/2 (b) L/2

O O
n n (a) 4 (b) 3
xcm xcm
(c) 2 (d) 1
L L
(c) (d) L/2 6. Look at the drawing given in the figure which has
L/2 been drawn with ink of uniform line-thickness. The
O mass of ink used to draw each of the two inner circles,
O n
n and each of the two line segments is m. The mass
3. Statement 1 : Two particles moving in the same direction do of the ink used to draw the outer circle is 6 m. The
not lose all their energy in a completely inelastic collision. coordinates of the centres of the different parts are: outer
Statement 2 : Principle of conservation of momentum holds circle (0, 0), left inner circle (–a, a), right inner circle
true for all kinds of collisions.  [AIEEE 2010] (a, a) vertical line (0, 0) and horizontal line (0, –a). The
y-coordinate of the centre of mass of the ink in this drawing
(a) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true ; Statement
is [IIT-JEE 2009]
-2 is the correct explanation of Statement -1.
y
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement
-2 is not the correct explanation of Statement -1 x
(c) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(d) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
a a
(a) (b)
10 8
JEE- (Advanced)
  a a
(c) (d)
4. Two balls, having linear momenta P1 = Pˆi and P2 = − Pˆi , 12 3
undergo a collision in free space. There is no external force 7. A ball of mass 0.2 kg rests on a vertical post of height 5 m.
 
acting on the balls. Let P1 ' and P2 ' be their final momenta. A bullet of mass 0.01 kg, traveling with a velocity V m/s
The following option (s) is (are) not allowed for any non- in a horizontal direction, hits the centre of the ball. After
zero value of P, a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 and c2. [IIT-JEE 2008] the collision, the ball and bullet travel independently. The
  ball hits the ground at a distance of 20 m and the bullet at
(a) P1 ' = a1ˆi + b1ˆj + c1kˆ ; P2 ' = a2 ˆi + b2 ˆj
a distance of 100 m from the foot of the post. The velocity
 
P1 ' c= ˆ ˆ
(b) = 1k ; P2 ' c2 k V of the bullet is (IIT-JEE 2011)

(c) P1 ' = a1ˆi + b1ˆj + c1kˆ ; P2 ' = a2 ˆi + b2 ˆj − c1kˆ
 
(d) P1 ' = a1ˆi + b1ˆj; P2 ' =+ a2 ˆi b1ˆj.
5. Two small particles of equal masses start moving in opposite
directions from a point A in a horizontal circular orbit. Their
tangential velocities are v and 2v, respectively, as shown
(a) 250 m/s (b) 250 2 m/s
in the figure. Between collisions, the particles move with
(c) 400 m/s (d) 500 m/s
constant speeds. After making how many elastic collisions,
other than that at A, these two particles will again reach the 8. A particle of mass m is projected from the ground with an
point A. [IIT-JEE 2009] initial speed u0 at an angle a with the horizontal. At the
highest point of its trajectory, it makes a completely inelastic

Answer 1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4. (a, d) 5 (c)

Key 6 (a) 7 (d)
410 Mechanics
collision with another identical particle, which was thrown Statement I : A point particle of mass m moving with speed
vertically upward from the ground with the same initial v collides with stationary point particle of mass M. If the
speed u0. The angle that the composite system makes with 1 
maximum energy loss possible is given as f  mv 2  then
the horizontal immediately after the collision is  2 
 (JEE Adv. 2013)
 m 
π π f=  .
(a) (b) +α M + m
4 4
Statement II : Maximum energy loss occurs when the
π π
(c) − α (d) particles get stuck together as a result of the collision.
2 2
(a) Statement I is true, Statment II is true, Statement - II
9. This question has statement I and statement II. of the four
is the correct explanation of Statement - I.
choices given after the statements, choose the one that best (b) Statement I is true, Statment II is true, Statement - II
describes the two statements. [JEE-Adv 2013] is not the correct explanation of Statement - II.
(c) Statement I is true, Statment II is false.
(d) Statement I is false, Statment II is true.

Answer Key 8 (a) 9 (d)

 Collision & Centre of Mass 411

In Chapter Exercise
In Chapter Exercise -8.1
= ( ˆi + 2.0ˆj − 4.0kˆ ) m/s. Ans.
1. See examples
6. (a) The situation is shown in figure.
2. The average force exerted, F = mg = 1 × 10 = 10 N
Given 10 = 5 x v1
m1
∴ x = 2.
m1
3. 1 × 200 + 0 = 1 × 100 + 5 v2 u
m2

∴ v2 = 20 m/s m2
v2
If h is the height attained, then
v2 202 By conservation of momentum, we have
h = =2 = 20 m
2g 1 × 10 m1u = m2v2 cos θ ...(i)
so 10 x = 20, ∴ x = 2 and m1v1 = m2v2 sin θ ...(ii)
4. The velocity of the sphere just before impact with the block Fractional loss in K.E. of the striking particle
u = 2 g × 1.2 = 1 1
4.85 m/s
Ki − K f m1u 2 − m1v12
η= = 2 2
Ki 1
m1u 2
2
u 2 − v12
u = ...(iii)
5 kg u2
After solving above equations, we get
If v1 and v2 are the velocities of ball and the block after  2m1 
impact, then η =   Ans.
 m1 + m2 
1 × u = 1 × v1 + 5v2
(b) m1u = m1v1 + m2v2
or u = v1 + 5v2 ...(i) 1 1 1
and m1u 2 = m1v12 + m2v22
v −v  2 2 2
e = −  1 2 
and
 u1 − u2  Ki − K f u 2 − v12
η = =
Ki u2
v − v 
or 0.70 = −  1 2  4m1m2
 u−0  After solving, we get η = Ans.
or 0.7 u = –v1 + v2 ...(ii) ( m1 + m2 )2
From equations (i) and (ii), we get 7. If u and v are the velocities of ball before and after collision,
1.7u 1.7 × 4.85
v2 = = = 1.37 m/s then
6 6
The retardation of the block, mu = ( m + M ) v
a = µg = 0.3 × 9.8  mu 
\ v = 
= 2.94 m/s2  m + M 
If x is the distance travelled by the block, then
0 = v22 − 2ax u v

1.37 2
\ x = = 0.32 m Ans.
2 × 2.94 The energy stored in the spring
5. By conservation of momentum, we have 1 2 1
   ∆K = mu − ( M + m ) v 2
m1v1 + m2 v 2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v 2 2
  2
  m v + m1v 2  1 1  mu 
\ v =  1 1  = mu 2 − ( M + m ) 
 m1 + m2  2 2  m + M 
1 
1 × ( 3.0ˆi − 2.0ˆj) + 2 ( 4.0ˆj − 6.0kˆ ) M  mu 2 
= =  2 
1+ 2 (m + M )
412 Mechanics

1  Rn
M  mu 2  = Ans.
∆K  2   M  Rn −1
The fraction
= f =
K
=   Ans.
( m + M )  mu 2   m + M 
1
For nth bounce, the time of flight
2 
2hn
8. If v is the speeds of the blocks at the instant of maximum Tn = 2tn = 2
g
compression, then 3. The situation is shown in figure.
m1u1 + m2u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v v1
1 1 1 1 2 m
and m1u12 + m2u22 = ( m1 + m2 ) v 2 + kxmax
2 2 2 2 m v
M
90°
After substituting the given values and simplifying, we get  = 30°
M
xmax = 0.25 m Ans. v2

In Chapter Exercise -8.2 By conservation of momentum, we have

1. The velocity of the body after slide from height h, v0 = mv = Mv2 cos θ ...(i)
2gh . Its component along horizontal direction will be mv1 = Mv2 sin θ ...(ii)
Percentage change in K.E.
v0 cos α.
1 2 1 2 1 2
 mv1 + Mv2  − mv
∆ K = 2 2  2
h × 100 × 100
K 1 2
mv
 2
After solving above equations, we get
By conservation of momentum, we can write ∆K
× 100 = – 40 % Ans.
P × v0 cos α = ( P + Q ) v K
Pv0 cos α P 2 gh cos α 4. (a) If v is the velocity of the bullet, then
\ v = = Ans.
( P + Q) ( P + Q) 
(a) After falling from height h, the velocity of the ball will
2.
be
u = 2gh

h
h0 h1 hn–1 v
hn v
m
Rn–1 Rn mv = ( M + m )V
h h=  mv 
=
Before collision, n −1, u1 2 ghn −1 \ V =  ...(i)
 M + m 
After collision, h = hn , v1 = − 2 ghn 1
Now ( M + m )V 2 = ( M + m ) gh
v −v  2
Thus e = −  1 2 
 u1 − u2  h = ( l − l cos θ )
where
 − 2 ghn − 0  hn 1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
= −  = Ans. \ 2 M + m V = M + m g l − l cos θ ...(ii)
 2 ghn −1 − 0  hn −1
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
2u xu y M +m
(b) We have R = 2 g l (1 − cos θ )
V =
g m
Rg M +m θ
\ uy = [ ux constant] = × 2 g l × 2sin 2
2u x m 2
Rn −1g As m < < M, \ M + m  M
Before collision, u1 =
2u x 2M θ
and v  g l sin Ans.
− Rn g m 2
After collision, v1 =
2u x  1( 2 1 2
∆K  2 M + m )V − 2 mv 
 v1 − v2  (b) =  
e = −   K 1 2
 ( u1 − u2 )   mv 
 2 
 − Rn g 2u x − 0   1− m
= −  
 − Rn −1g 2u x − 0  M
 Collision & Centre of Mass 413
In Chapter Exercise -8.3 3.
40(1 + v) + 80 × v =
0
1. The velocity of B just after collision with A is ∴ v = −
1
(mB − m A )u B 2m Au A 3

= vB +
mB + m A m A + mB ∴ x = 3
4. As there is no external force is
m 2m m acting in horizontal direction, so
A B C there is no shift in position of CM x2
0 + 2m × 9 in this direction. If ∆x1 and ∆x2 are

= = 6m/s the displacements of bob and cart
m + 2m x1
The collision between B and C is completely inelastic. respectively, then =L–x2
\ mB vB = (mB + mc) v  
6 × 2m m∆x1 + M ∆x 2 = 0
\
= v = 4m/s. Here ∆x1 = ( L − ∆x2 )
2m + m
2. Let v be the speed of the block just after impulse. At B, the \ m ( L − ∆x2 ) + M ( −∆x2 ) = 0
block comes to rest. Therefore mL
A or ∆x2 = . Ans.
v m+M
5. The area of the element, d A = (2πrdr)
This behaves like a wire of radius r, whose centre of mass is at a
B
2r
height of from base.
π y
Loss in K.E. of the block = Gain in P.E. of the spring
dr
+ Work done against friction
1 2 1
mv = kx 2 + µmg .x
2 2 r

x
k 2
∴v= x + µgx .
m
m × ( 2πrdr )
Mass of the element, dm =
2 (
π R2 − R122
)
∴v= × 0.06 × 0.06 + 0.1 × 10 × 0.06
0.18 R2 R2
1 1  2r 
∴v=
4 Now ycm =
m ∫ dmy = m ∫ ( dm )  π 
10 R1 R1
∴N=4 After substituting the values and simplifying, we get
3. Here ∆ K.E. = W = P × t (
4 R12 + R1R2 + R2 2 ).
1 ycm =
∴ mv 2 =
P×t 3π ( R1 + R2 )
2
6. The velocities of bullet and plates are shown in figure.
2 Pt 2 × 0.5 × 5 If u is the initial velocity of the bullet, then
∴
= v = = 5ms −1
m 0.2 mu + 0 = M1v1 + mv ...(i)
4. Velocity at the highest point of bob tied to string 1 is and mv = ( m + M 2 ) v1 ...(ii)
acquired by the bob tied to string 2 due to elastic head-on
collision of equal masses M1 M2
g l1 = 5 g l 2
Therefore m
l u v m
∴ 1 =
5
l2
In Chapter Exercise -8.4 v1 v1

1. 60(∆x1 ) − 40(6 − ∆x1 ) = 0 After solving, above equations, we get

u (m + M2 )
∴ ∆x1 = 2.4 m v =
( m + M1 + M 2 )
The distance moved by 40 kg skater = 6 – 2.4 = 3.6 m
Given 3.6 = 4.8 x, ∴ x = 2 u ( 0.02 + 2.98 ) 3u
= =
2. 10 × (3 – ∆x) + 20(– ∆x) = 0 ( 0.02 + 1 + 2.98 ) 4
∴ ∆x = 1 m u − v 
Percentage loss in velocity =  × 100
The distance moved by him towards, shore is 3– 1 = 2 m.  u 
So his distance from shore = 5 – 2 = 3 m. Given 3 = 3x,  3u 
u − 4 
∴ x = 1. =   × 100 =25% Ans.
 u 
414 Mechanics

Exercise 8.1 Level -1

1. (c) In an inelastic collision, some part of KE will convert 13. (c) 0.2 v1 + 4v2 …(i)
into heat energy. 1 1
2. (a) 0 ≤ e ≤ 1 and total energy of the system remains con- × 0.2 × v12 + × 4 × v22 = 1050 …(ii)
2 2
stant.
3. (d) If linear momentum of the system is zero, then KE of After simplifying, we get
the system need not be zero. But if KE of the system v1 = 100 m/s.
is zero, then momentum of the system must be zero. 1
14. (d) K0 = mu2
4. (b) 2
5. (c) Collision between ball 1 and first two balls is oblique mu + 0 = mv1 + mv2
collision, while between these and next two is head on
1 2 1
collision, so option (iii) is the right. and k0 + 0 = mv1 + Mv22
6. (b) Mv + 0 = Mv1 + mv2 2 2
v After simplifying above equations, we get
1 4mMk0
Mv22 =
1 1 1 2 ( M + m) 2
Mv 2 + 0 = Mv12 + mv22
2 2 2 1 2
Simplifying for m << M, we get vz  2v. 15. (d) Given, K =
mv
   2
7. (c) 0 = mv1 + mv2 + mv3 If v′ is the velocity of the balls during collision, then
 mv + 0 = ( m + nm ) v′
or 0 = m(viˆ + vjˆ) + mv3
  v 
∴ v3 = −v(iˆ + ˆj ) . v′ =  
 n +1
8.
(d) For collision, The maximum potential energy stored during collision
   
r1 + v1t = r2 + v2t 1 2 1
= mv − ( m + nm ) v′2
2 2
(3iˆ + 5 ˆj ) + (4iˆ + 3 ˆj ) × 2 = (−5iˆ − 3 ˆj ) + (aiˆ + 7 ˆj ) × 2
or
1 2 1 mv 2
∴ a = 8 = mv − ( n + 1)
9. (d) 4v1 + 8 × 6 = 0 2 2 ( n + 1)2
∴ v1 = – 12 m/s.
K
1 = K −
Now K1 = × 4 × (12)2 = 288 J. n +1
2
   nK
10. (c) P = P1 + P2 =
   n +1
∴ P2 = P – P1 16. (c) The kinetic energy of the body at B
K = mgh = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 J
or P2 = P 2 + P12 = 122 + 52
Work done by friction on the body in moving from
= 13 kgm/s. B to C = – fr × s
∆P 0.15 × 20 = – µ mg × s = – 0.1 × 10 × 10 × 10
11. (d) F = = = 30 N.
∆t 0.1 = – 100 J
   Thus the kinetic energy of the body at C
12. (c) P1 + P2 + P3 = 0,
   = 1000 – 100 = 900 J
and so P3 = −( P1 + P2 ) Let spring get compressed by x, then we have
or (2m) v3 = (mv)2 + (mv)2
1
k x 2 = 900
v 2
∴ v3 = . 1
2 or (2 × 104) x2 = 900
Total energy released in the process 2
2
1 2 1 2 1  v  or x = 0.3 m
= mv + mv + (2m)  
2 2 2  2 17. (a) 0 = 4v + (234) v2
3 −4v
= mv 2 . ∴ v2 = .
2 234
 Collision & Centre of Mass 415
18. (d) hn = e4h. 26. (d) Coordinates of spheres are : (0, 0), (2R, 0) and
19. (a) m × 6 + M × 4 = mv1 + Mv2 ( R, 3R )
m × 0 + m × 2R + m × R
1 1 1 1 Xcm = =R
and m × 62 + M × 42 = mv12 + Mv22 m+m+m
2 2 2 2
After simplifying for, m < < M, we get m × 0 + m × 0 + m 3R R
and Ycm = = .
v1 = 2 m/s. m+m+m 3
20. (a) h = 10 m, L
∴ u1 = 2 g × 10 27. (a) Xcm = ∫
L (dm) x
=
∫0 (λxdx) x = 2 L
0 L L 3
h1 = 0.8 h = 8 m, ∫0 (dm) ∫0 (λxdx)
∴ v1 = 2 g × 8
10 × 14 + 4 × 0
28. (c) vcm = = 10 m/s.
v −v  10 + 4
Now, e = –  2 1 
 u2 − u1 
29. (b) L
 0 − (− 2 g × 8)  2
= –   = 0.89 A2
 0 − 2 g × 10  L
2
21. (c) ∆P = 2mv sin 60°
∆P 2mv × 3 / 2 A1 L
F = = 2
∆t 2 × 10−3
(0, 0) L
2 × 0.1× 5 × 3 / 2
= L L2
2 × 10−3 L L
A 1= L × = and its centroid  , 
2 2 2 4
= 250 3 N.
L L L2  L 3L 
A2 = × = , its centroid  , 
22. (c) 2m(v′) = (mv)2 + (mv)2 2 2 4 4 4 
v A x + A2 x2
∴ v ′ = . ∴ x= 11
2 A1 + A2
23. (c) Loss in KE in inelastic collision is given by
L2 L L2 L
1 m m  × + ×
∆K =  1 2  (u1 – u2)2 5L

2  m1 + m2  = 2 2 4 4 =
 L2 L2  12
 + 
1  MM  2  2 4 
=   (u2 – u1)
2 M +M 
5L
Similarly y =
M 12
= (u2 – u1)2
4
M 2 × 0 + M1 L / 2 M1 L
24. (b) 3 × 2 – 2 × 3 = 3v1 + 2v2 30. (c) xcm = =
M1 + M 2 2( M1 + M 2 )
2 [v − v ] 2
and = − 2 1 m r m
3 [3 − (−2)] 31. (d) Mass of removed disc, m′ = × π  =
2 2 4
After simplifying, we get πr
m r 
m×0 − 
v1 = – 4/3, v2 = 2 4 2 r
Thus, xcm = =
   m 6
 m r + m2 r2  m − 
25. (b) rcm = 1 1  4 
m1 + m2
m1∆x1 + m2∆x2 = 0
32. (d)
1× (iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ) + 3(−3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ) m1∆x1
= ∴ ∆x2 = –
1+ 3 m2
= −2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ . m1d
= –
m2
416 Mechanics

L L 36. (c) Child is the internal part of the system, so velocity of

M× + 3M × 0 + M × centre of mass will not change due to his movement.
33. (c) ycm = 2 2 = L.
M + 3M + M 5 m × 0 + m2 × 0
37. (a) Initially, vcm = 1 =0
34. (a) W = ∆ K m1 + m2
0 1 As no external force acts on the system, and so vcm
or ∫ F dx = m(v 2f − 0) remains constant.
a 2
0 −k 1 2 P12 + P22 (1× 1)2 + (2 × 2)2
∫ dx = mv f 38. (d) v = = = 1.37 m/s.
a x2 2 m1 + m2 1+ 2

k
0
1 2 (3m − m) g g
= mv f 39. (c) a = =
x 2 3m + m 2
a
2k  a − x  3m × g / 2 + m(− g / 2) g
∴ vf =  . acm = = m/s2
m  ax  3m + m 4
35. (c) In isolated system, its total mass remains constant and

so its velocity remains constant ( P = const).

Exercise 8.1 Level -2

T The maximum restoring force acts on the car
F0 (T + )
2 = m (0 – u) F = 300 x2 = 300 (1)2 = 300 N
1. (c)
2 F 300
∴ Deceleration of the car = = = 1.5 m/s2
4mu m 200
∴ F0 = . J = m(vf – vi)y = 1 (25 sin 45° + 20 sin 30°)
5. (b)
3T
  = 27.67 N-s
2. (b) 0 = Pgamma + Pnucleus
6. (a) mu = mv cos 30° + mv cos 30°
 
∴ Pnucleus = Pgamma  0−v 
and e = −  
 u cos 30° − 0 
or Pnucleus = E/c After solving, we get e = 2/3.
2
Pnucleus 7. (a) F = ρAQ = ρ AV2
∴ Energy released = +E ∴ Fwall = 2F cos θ = 2ρAv2 cosθ.
2M
E2
+E
=
2 Mc 2 Q

3. (a) The speed of the child = – 4 + v = 6 m/s.
Now 220 × 10 = 20 × (–4 + v) + 200 v m
∴ v = 10.4 m/s.
8. (b) J = (mv – 0)
4. (b) For the deflection of spring by x, the energy stored in
the spring, = 1× 2 gh =1× 2 × 10 × 2 = 40 N-s
x
9.
(a) The initial extension of the spring
U = ∫ Fdx mg
0 y0 =  ... (i)
k
x
x3 The velocity of combined block after collision
= ∫ 300 x 2 dx = 300 = 100 x3 mv = (m + m) v
3
0
v
Thus by conservation of mechanical energy, we have ∴ v′ =
2
1 Now from conservation of mechanical energy, we have
100 x3 = mv2
2 1 v 1
(2m) ( )2 + ky02 = 2m gy0 ...(ii)
2 2 2
1
or 100 x3 = × 200 × (1.0)2 After solving above equations, we get
2
or x = 1 m 6m
v = g
k
 Collision & Centre of Mass 417
10. (b) 0= m1v1 – m2v2 or J = mv1 + mv0
1 1 And J sin 60° = mv2 – 0
and m1v12 + m2 v22 = E From above equations, we get
2 2
2v2
After simplifying above equations, we get = v1 + v0 ...(i)
3
2 E (m1 + m2 )
v1 + v2 = [v1 cos 60° − (−v2 cos 30°)]
m1m2 Also e =
(v0 cos 60° − 0)
11. (b) After 1 second,
v1 + 3v2
vy = uy – gt = 20 2 sin 45° – 10 × 1 = 10 m/s. = ...(ii)
v0
Now 2m × 10 = m × 0 + mv
After simplifying above equations, we get
∴ v = 20 m/s.
Height attained in addition to previous height 3
v2 = (1 + e)v0 .
2 5
10
h = = 5 m. 
2g (10 + 20 + 30) × 0 + 40 × r2
16. (b) 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ =
Previous height, (10 + 20 + 30 + 40)
U y2 
(20 2 sin 45°)2 ∴ r2 = 7.5iˆ + 7.5 ˆj + 7.5kˆ.
h0 = = = 20 m.
2g 2g
17. (b) m1d – m2x2 = 0
Thus, h0 + h = 20 + 5 = 25 m. md
∴ x2 = 1
12. (c) Speed of each ball just before collision, v = 2gl m2
Now, mv – 2mv = mv1 + 2mv2
18. (a) If x1 is the overhang length on second blocks, then,
−(v1 − v2 )
and 1 = l  M
v − ( −v ) M  − x1  = ( x1 )
v 2 gl  2  2
After solving, we get v2 = = .
3 3 l
13. (c) The velocity of body A, before collision \ x1 =
3
u = 2 g y = 2 g (1 − 1cos 60°) = 3.13 m/s. Now if x2 is the overhang from table, then
Now 1 × 3.13 + 5 × 0 = v1 + 5v2...(i) l  3M
M  − x2  = x2
2  2
 v −v 
and 0.8 = –  2 1  ...(ii) l
 0 − 3.13  \ x2 =
5
After solving, we get h = 0.0005 m
 l l 8l
h  1 − 0.0005  Now x = x1 + x2 = + = .
Now cos θ = =   3 5 15
L  1 
19. (b) Solution is given in the example.
= 0.995 m. h
v2
20. (d) Total distance moved by the bodies,
x1 + x2 = 12R – 3R = 9R...(i)
2u x u y 2(u cos θ) (e u sin θ)
14. (b) Range, R= = Also Mx1 = 5Mx2...(ii)
g 2 After solving above equations, we get
e u 2 sin 2θ x1 = 7.5R
= x2 = 1.5 R.
g
m × l + 2m × 2l + 3m × 3l + ... + nm × nl
15. (a) If v1 and v2 are the velocity of ball and the wedge after 21. (a) xcm =
collision, then m + 2m + 3m + .. + nm
v1 (1 + 4 + 9 + .. + n 2 )l
=
1 + 2 + .. + n
ln(n + 1)(2n + 1) / 6
60° 60°
J J
v2 v2 =
n(n + 1) / 2
60° 60° (2n + 1)l
=
For ball: 3
2 J cos 60° = mv1 – (–mv0)
418 Mechanics
22. (c) If v is the velocity of insect and u is the velocity of 24. (c) Initial position of centre of mass from 2m
strip (opposite direction), then ×l l
x0 = .
l
= ( v + u ) t1 m 2m 3
l 1 1 1
∴ t1 = Now k(x1 + x2)2 = m(2v0)2 + (2m)v02
( u)
v + 2 2 2
and mx1 = (2m)x2
l
When insect fly off, t2 = After solving above equations, we get
u
Clearly, t2 > t1 2mv02
x2 = .
23. (a) Man and wedge will displace as one unit of mass 3 M. 3k
If its displacement is ∆x1, towards left, then Thus maximum separation between centre of mass and

=0 M ( 2 − ∆x1 ) + 3M ( −∆x1 ) 2m (it happens when m moves away from centre of
mass) = x0 + x2.
2
∴ ∆x1 = = 0.5 m
4

Exercise 8.2
1. (b,d) l l 2l
The total momentum and total energy of (earth + ball) t1 = =, t2 =
v v/2 v
system remain conserved.
2. (a, d) 3l (n − 1)l
t3 = , ..... , tn–1 =
The initial momentum of the bomb is zero, and so after v v
explosion, it must be zero. Some internal energy will l 2l 3l (n − 1)l
convert into external K.E. So T = + + + ..... +
v v v v
3. (a,b,d)
System has non-zero initial momentum, so it must be l
= [1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + (n – 1)]
after collision. Therefore both the bodies can not be at v
rest after collision. n(n − 1)l
4. (a,b,c) =
2v
5. (a,c) Linear momentum of A will transfer to B, but not
angular momentum. mv + 0 + 0 + .... + 0 v
vcm = = .
6. (a, b) 9. (a,b,c) nm n
If the man walks along the rails, some velocity say V According to conservation of momentum (a,b) are
is imparted to car also. Let M be the mass of car. Then obviously correct.
from conservation of linear momentum. By the definition
M .V = m(v − V ) v −v 
e = –  2 1 
mv  u2 – u1 
∴ V =
m+M If v is the velocity during collision, then
∴ Work done by man
m  (v − v) − (v − v2 ) 
1 1 −  1
= 
= m(v − V )2 + mV 2 m u2 − u1 
2 2
m(v1 − v) − m(v − v2 )
1  mM  2 1 2 =
−
=   v < mv m(u2 − 0)
2m+M  2
(P − J ) − J
Hence, option (a) is correct. If the man moves normal =
−
to the rails then car will not move. Hence, work done P
1 2J − P
by him in this case will be mv 2 and option (b) is = .
2 P
also correct. 10. (a,b,d)
7. (c) Spring gets most compressed is case when force is
11. (a, b, d) m
× 21 – 2m × 4 = m × 1 + 2m × v2
applied from smaller block.
v ∴ v2 = 6 m/s
8. (b,d)  v v/2 v/3 n-1 v/n
v −v   6 −1 
e = –  2 1  = −   = 0.2
m  2m  3m (n-1)m u − u
 2 1  −4 − 21 
 Collision & Centre of Mass 419
J = m(v1 – u1) = m [21 – 1] 15. (a,c,d)
= 20 m N–s.  m 
Clearly, the velocity of centre of mass =   v0
velocity of separation 2 m+M 
12. (a,b,d) e = =
velocity of approach 4 − 0 Initial K.E. in the centre of mass frame (Kcm)
1 2
= 0.5. = ( m + M ) vcm
Now 3 × 4 – 2 × 0 = 3v1 + 2v2 2
2
v − v  1  m  
and 0.5 = –  2 1 
= ( m + M )   v0 
 0−4  2  m + M  
After simplifying above equations, we get 1 m 2 v02
v1 = 1.5 m/s. =
2 m+M
Thus J = m1(v1– u1) = 3 (4 – 1.6) The maximum compression (xm) in spring is given by
= 7.2 N-s. 1 2
kxm = E − K cm
13. (a, b, d) 2
From conservation of momentum, 1 2 1 1 m 2 v02
m  m or kxm = mv02 −
  u =  m +  .v 2 2 2 m+M
2  2  m 
u or kx = mv02 1 −
∴ v = 
3  m+M 
Work done against friction = Ei – Ef  M 
= mv02  
2 m+M 
1  m  2 1  3m   u 
=  u −     mM  2
2 2  2  2  3  =   v0
m+M 
1 2 21 
= mu =  mu 2   mM  1
6 34  ⇒ xm= v0  
m+M k

Force of friction on the two blocks before the blocks
reach a common velocity is as shown below, 16. (a,c) From conservation of linear momentum we can see
a1 that velocity of 1 kg block just after collision is 2 m/s
m/2 m leftwards.
f  g
2 6 m/s
Before collision
m
µ a2
f = mg 
2 2 m/s 4 m/s
After collision
µ 3
a1 =
µg and a2 = g   ∴ar = µg
Now relative velocity of approach = 6 m/s
2 2
and relative velocity of separation = 6 m/s
14. (a, d) relative velocity of separation
Collision is elastic. Therefore, kinetic energy will be e = =1
relative velocity of approach
conserved. Let v be the speed of ball after collision.
Then, m1v1 + m2 v2 1× 6 + 2 × 0
Initially vcm = = = 2m / s
m1 + m2 1+ 2
During collision vcm will not change.
J sin 30°
17. (b,d) Let a be the acceleration of wedge leftwards and ar
J the relative acceleration of block down the plane. Then
J cos 30° absolute acceleration of block in horizontal direction
30°
will be (ar cos θ – a) towards right. Net force on the
1 1 1 system in horizontal direction is zero. Therefore, ac-
(1)(10)2 = (4)(4)2 + (1)v 2 celeration of COM in horizontal direction will be zero
2 2 2 or acceleration of wedge towards left is equal to the
or v = 6 m/s acceleration of block towards right.
Let J be the impulse between the two during collision. ∴ ar cos θ – a = a
Applying impulse = Change in linear momentum or 2a = ar cos θ ....(1)
J sin 30° = (4) (4) Now let N be the normal reaction between the block
or J = 32 N - S and the wedge. Then free body diagram of wedge gives
420 Mechanics

ay g sin 2 θ
acom
= =
2 (1 + sin 2 θ)
N sin 
18. (a,b,c)
N cos 
If we resolve the initial velocity along x-and y-axis,
 then it is clear that uy will remain constant after
a collision but ux will change. Also, m2 >> m1, therefore
m1 can be neglected. Hence,
N sin θ = ma....(2)
Free body diagram of block with respect to wedge is:  −em2  1 3
(vx )1 =  (u x )1 =−e(u x )1 =− × 3 =−
N m
 2  2 2
ma (pseudo force) ∴ Velocity after collision is

 3
v = − iˆ + ˆj.
mg 2
 uy

v

Net force on block perpendicular to plane is zero .
Hence, N + ma sin θ = mg cos θ
.... (3)

Solving eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get,
2 g sin θ
ar =
1 + sin 2 θ ux
acceleration of block vertically downwards
Similarly we can find that
ay = ar sin q 
x
27 ˆ
2 g sin 2 θ
loss in K.E. = j
ay =  8m
1 + sin 2 θ
ar 9m ˆ
∴ acceleration of COM is and impulse = − i
2
y

Exercise 8.3
1. (b) Both the statements are separately correct. Relative 4. (d) When e = 0 velocity of separation along common
speed of bodies after collision comes out equal to normal zero, but there may be relative velocity along
relative speed after collision, when we K.E. before common tangent.
collision is equal to K.E. after collision. 5. (d) In an elastic collision, no conversion of energy, so K.E.
2. (d) Velocity of c.m. remains constant, when external force remains constant during the time of collision. There is
on the system is zero. no friction acting in this case. In case of friction too
 
3. (a) 0= Pgun + Pbullet conservation of energy is followed provided we take
into account all the transformations there.
or Pgun = Pbullet
2
K gun Pgun / 2mgun mbullet
= = .
Kbullet 2 mgun
Pbullet / 2mbullet

Exercise 8.4
Passage for (Questions 1 & 2) Passage for (Questions 3 & 4)
1. (b), 2. (c) 3. (a) 0 = u1 + 2 × 0.5
Let vjb is the velocity of jet w.r.t. moving blade, then, ∴ u, = –1 m/s.
vjb = v – vB. 1 1
K = m1u12 = × 1 × (−1) 2 = 0.5 J.
The force exerted by jet on the blade, 2 2
Fx = ρ A v2jb = ρ A (v – vB)2 1 2 1
4. (b) U = m1u1 + m2u22
The power delivered to the blade 2 2
1 1
P
= Fx vB = × 1 × (−1) 2 + × 2 × (0.5)2
2 2
= ρ A vB (v – vB)2
= 0.75 J.
 Collision & Centre of Mass 421
Passage for (Questions 5 to 7) Passage for (Questions 10 to 12)
5.
(b) The vertical height of AB is 3 tan 60° = 3m. The velocity 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d)
of block before collision = v0 2 g × 3 = 60 m/s. Its The horizontal component of velocities before and after impact
perpendicular component get absorbed by the plane while are: u cos α and eu cos α respectively. Thus,
component along the plane d = u cos α t1 and d = eu cos α t2 ...(i)
vx = v0 cos30° 2u sin α
3 or t1 + t2 = ...(ii)
= 60 × = 45 m/s. g
2
The coordinates of points of impact are (d, d tan θ) so from,
( )
1 2 1
6. (b) m 45 + mg × 3 = m vc 2 gd 2
2 2 d tan θ = δ tan α – ...(iii)
From equations (ii) and (iii), we get 2u 2 cos 2 α
vc = 105 m/s
\ tan α
tan θ =
7. (c) The vertical component after collision with second incline (1 + e)
Passage for (Questions 13 to 15)
v = 15 cos30° − 45 cos 60° 13. (c) Use impulse momentum equation
 
p 2 − p1 = impulse = F.∆T
45 45
= − =
0 – 0.25 × 200 + 0.25 × 100 = F.∆T ... (i)
2 2
Block A
– 1 × v = T.∆t – F.∆T ... (ii)
Block B
2 × v = T.∆t ... (iii)
25
Solving we get, v = m/s.
3
14. (c) From equation (iii)
50
T.∆t = 2.v = N − s.
Passage for (Questions 8 & 9) 3
8. (c) Along the inclined plane (d) ∆ K.E. = W.d. by all forces
15.
mu sin θ = mv cos θ 1
− (1 + 2)v 2 = −(2)(10) h
∴ u sin θ = v cos θ 2
v
⇒ = tan θ 3 25 × 25 625
u h = × = = 5.2 m.
4 × 10 3× 3 12 × 10
v −v 
Now e = –  2 1  16. A→q, s; B→q; C→r; D→p, r, s
 u2 − u1 
In perfectly inelastic collision bodies combine together after
 0 − (– v sin θ)  collision. It is similar to nuclear fusion process.
= –  
 0 − u cos θ  17. A → (r); B→ (p); C → (q); D → (s)
v 18. A→s; B→s; C→p, q, r; D→p, q, r
e = tan θ = (tan θ ) (tan θ)
u (A) not possible, Px cannot be conserved
∴ θ = tan −1 e . (B) not possible, Py cannot be conserved
9. (c) v = u tan θ (C) possible, for any mass ratio – p, q, r
(D) possible for any mass ratio – p, q, r
= u e .

Exercise 8.5
   
1. (a) P1 + P2 = P1 '+ P2 ' L L n
x
∫ x dm ∫ xK  L  dx
0 0
v ˆ  2. (c) xcm = =
mviˆ + 0 = m j + mv2 L L  xn 
3 ∫ dm ∫  Ln
K  dx
2 0 0  
2  v 
2 2v
∴ v = v +   = . L
 3 3 n +1
∫x dx
x( ) ( )
n+2 n+2
L

= 0 =
x( ) ( )
L n +1 n +1
n
∫x dx 0
0
422 Mechanics
For horizontal motion of ball
 1  1
Ln 1 +  L 1 +  xball = vball t ⇒ 20 = vball × 1 = vball
L (1 + n )  n  =  n
= = For horizontal motion of bullet
(2 + n)  2
n 1 + 
 2 xbullet = vbullet × t ⇒ 100 = vbullet × 1 = vbullet
1 + 
 n  n Applying conservation of linear momentum during
L collision, we get
For n = 0, xcm = mv = mvbullet + Mvball
2
0.01 v = 0.01 × 100 + 0.2 × 20
and n = ∞, xcm = L
Clearly option (c) is correct. 5
\ v = = 500 m/s
3. (a) In completely inelastic collision, all energy is not 0.01
lost (so, statement -1 is true) and the principle of  u02 sin 2 α 
conservation of momentum holds good for all kinds v12 − u02 =2(− g )
8. (a)  
of collisions (so, statement -2 is true) . Statement -2  2 g 
explains statement -1 correctly because applying the 2
∴ v=
1 u02 (1 − sin 2 α=
) u02 cos 2 α
principle of conservation of momentum, we can get
the common velocity and hence the kinetic energy of \ v1 = u0 cos a...(i)
the combined body. 2mv sin θ 2mv
4. (a,d) Momentum before collision, y θ
  
P= P1 + P2 = Piˆ − Piˆ = 0 x 2 mv cos θ
Option (a) and (d), add together can not give zero u 02 sin 2 
momentum. III H
u0 2g
5. (c) The time taken in first collision α u0

2πr 120°
120° m mu o cosα m
= =  I II Applying conservation of linear momentum in
3v ω Y-direction
240° 360° 2mv sin q = mv1 = mu0 cos a (ii) [from (i)]
The second collision will be at and third . Applying conservation of linear momentum in
ω ω X-direction
So there are two collision, excluding at A. 2mv cos q = mu0 cos a...(iii)
on dividing (ii) and (iii) we get
6m × 0 + m × a + m × a + m × 0 + m( − a ) a
6. (a) ycm = = π
6m + m + m + m + m 10 tan q = 1 \ q =
option (a) is correct 4
7. (d) For vertical motion of bullet or ball
M = 0.2 kg
v
P2 P2
m = 0.01 kg 9. (d) Maximum energy loss = −
2m 2(m + M )
 P2 1 2 
 K =
.E . = mv 
5m
 2m 2 

P2  M  1 2  M 
= = mv  
20 m
2m  (m + M )  2 m + M 
100 m Statement II is a case of perfectly inelastic collision.
By comparing the equation given in statement I with
1 2 1
S = ut + at ⇒ 5 = × 10 × t2 above equation, we get
2 2
 M   m 
⇒ t = 1 sec f =   instead of  
m+M  M +m
Hence statement I is wrong and statement II is correct.
424 MECHANICS

Definitions, Explanations and Derivations

9.1 HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
Around 100 A.D. Ptolemy wrote in his book that stars including Sun revolved around earth. The similar
geo-centric theory was proposed by Indian astronomers in nearly about 5th century A.D. Aryabhata in
his Aryabhatia described a heliocentric theory. According to this theory Earth revolves in circular orbit
around the sun in a year’s time. In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus stated that all the planets moved in circular
path around sun, which was considered to be fixed.

9.2 KEPLER’S LAWS

On the basis of observations Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) presented three famous laws
about planetary motion. These are :
1. Law of orbits (Kepler’s first law)
Each planet revolves around sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one of the
foci.
Elliptical orbit of a planet: PA = 2a = major axis
BC = 2b = minor axis.
Figure. 9.1
The distance of planet closest to sun is called perihelion and farthest to sun is
called aphelion.
2. Law of areas (Kepler’s second law)
The radius vector drawn from the sun to planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals
of time i.e., the areal velocity of a planet around the sun is constant. The linear speed of a
planet is greater when it is closer to the sun than its linear speed when away from the sun.

3. Law of periods (Kepler’s third law)

Figure. 9.2 The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the sun is proportional to the
cube of the semi major axis of its elliptical orbit.
If T is the time period of revolution of a planet and a is the length of the semi major axis
of it, then
3
T2 µ a .
Steps towards law of gravitation
On seeing a falling apple, Newton was inspired to think about the law of gravitation. He
realised that for the falling apple on his head and the overhead moon, the same gravitational
force was responsible for both phenomenon. Newton assumed that the moon revolved
around the earth in a circular orbit of radius r ( = 3.84 × 108 m). Moon completes a revolution
around earth in 27.3 days, so
T = 27.3 × 24 × 60 × 60 = 27.3 × 86400 s.

2pr 2p ´ (3.84 ´ 108 )

Figure. 9.3 Speed of moon around earth v = =
T 27.3 ´ 86400
= 1.02 × 103 m/s.
Centripetal acceleration of the moon towards the centre of orbit

v 2 (1.02 ´ 103 )2
ac = =
r 3.84 ´ 108
= 2.72 × 10–3 m/s2.
Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of earth is g = 9.8 m/s2.
Newton proposed that the gravitational force should be inversely proportional to the square of the
distance. If R is the radius of earth, then
acceleration of moon ac 1/ r 2 R 2
= = =
acceleration of body near earth g 1/ R 2 r 2
 Gravitation 425
R 1
Newton knew that =
r 60
2
R2 æ 1ö
\ ac = g = ç ÷ ´ 9.8
r 2 è 60 ø
= 2.72 × 10–3 m/s2.
This value is in close agreement with the value obtained otherwise.
9.3 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
“Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of Figure. 9.4
the distance between them”.
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 placed at a separation r, the force between them is given
by;
Gm1m2
F = ,
r2
where G is called universal gravitational constant. In SI system, its value is G = 6.67 × 10–11 N-m2/
kg2. The value of G does not depend on the nature and size of the bodies. It also does not depend on
the nature of the medium between the bodies. That is why G is called universal gravitational constant.
Vector form of law of gravitation
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 placed at a separation r.
Let r̂12 is the unit vector from particle 1 to particle 2,
Figure. 9.5
r̂21 is the unit vector from particle 2 to particle 1, then
r mm
F21 = -G 1 2 rˆ12 .
r2
r
The negative sign indicates that the direction of F21 is opposite to the vector r̂12 .
r Gm1m2
Similarly, F12 = - rˆ21.
r2
r r
As rˆ21 = -rˆ12 , so F21 = -F12
Clearly, the universal law of gravitation is consistent with Newton’s third law of motion.
r r
As F12 and F21 are directed towards the centres of the particles so gravitational force is central force.
The following points about the gravitational force are to be noted
(i) The gravitational force is a conservative force.
(ii) The law of gravitation holds for point masses.
(iii) For bodies of finite sizes if the distance between them is much greater than their sizes, one may
take r to be the distance between their centres of mass.
(iv) For a spherically symmetric body the force on an object outside the body acts as if the entire
mass of the body is concentrated at the centre. Newton proved this important assertion, called
shell theorem in his book principia.
(v) The gravitational force between two point masses is the central force. This force has no
angular dependence. Its magnitude depends on r. We can say that gravitational force possesses
spherical symmetry.
(vi) The gravitational force does not depend on the medium between the bodies. In other words
the forces between the bodies remain the same whether, they are in air or in water, other things
remain the same.
(vii) The resultant force acting on a particle m due to a number of masses M1, M2, ......... Mn; we can
uur uur uur
use the principle of superposition. Let F1 , F2 , ........., Fn be the individual forces due to M1,
426 MECHANICS
M2, ........,Mn, each given by the law of gravitation. The resultant force on the particle m is given
by ;
ur ur ur ur n ur
F = F1 + F 2 + ....... + F n = å Fi .
i=1
This shows that each force acts independently and uninfluenced by the other bodies. This is
called the principle of superposition.
9.4 SHELL THEOREM
According to this theorem :
(i) If a point mass lies outside the spherical shell/sphere with a spherically symmetric mass
distribution, the shell/sphere attracts the point mass as if the whole mass of the shell/
sphere were concentrated at its centre.
(ii) If the point mass lies inside the uniform spherical shell, the gravitational force on the point
mass is zero.

Is gravitational shielding possible ?

Gravitational shielding is not possible. If we place a particle inside a shell, the gravitational
force on the particle due to shell is zero, yet the shell does not shield the other bodies
Figure. 9.6 outside it which exert gravitational force on the particle lying inside it.

9.5 DERIVATION OF KEPLER’S LAWS

Kepler’s first law :The orbit of a body under the gravitational force of a massive body
is a circle, ellipse, parabola or a hyperbola depends on the initial condition. The proof of the
first law at this level is not possible.

Kepler’s second law : Let a planet P revolves round sun. It experiences a force
ur GM s m p
F = - rˆ
Figure. 9.7 r2
r r
GM s m p r æ rö
= - çè ˆ
r = ÷
r3 rø
The torque exerted on the planet P about the sun S
r
r r r r é -GM s m p r ù
τ = r´F =r´ê ú
ë r3 û
é -GM s m p ù r r r r
ê = ú (r ´ r ) = 0 (As r ´ r = 0)
ë r3 û
Here MS and mp are the masses of sun and the planet respectively.
r
The angular momentum L of planet about sun is given by
r r r
L = r´P
r r
= r ´ mp v
r
r dL r
Since τ = is zero , so momentum L is constant.
dt
Kepler’s second law of the constancy of areal velocity is a conse-
quence of angular momentum conservation
r
Consider a planet whose radius vector r sweeps out an area DA in time Dt. We know that
r 1 r uur
DA = (r ´ Δr )
2
 Gravitation 427
r r
Since Dr = v Dt

r 1 r r
\ DA = (r ´ vDt )
2
r
DA 1 r r
or = (r ´ v )
Dt 2
r
DA 1 r r Figure. 9.8
or = (r ´ mv )
Dt 2m
r r
DA L
or = .
Dt 2m
r
r æ dA ö
Since L is constant, so that areal velocity ç dt ÷ is constant.
è ø
Kepler’s third law : Assuming that the orbit of planet is a circle of radius r with the sun at the
centre. The sun’s gravitational attraction is responsible for the planet’s centripetal acceleration i.e.,
GM s m p mpv2
=
r2 r
GM s
which gives v = .
r
The time period of revolution
2pr 2pr r3
T = = = 2p
v GM s GM s
r
r3
or 2 = 4p 2
T GM s

Here [4p 2 / GM s ] is constant.

\ T2 µ r 3.

9.6 INTENSITY OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

A body attracts the other by the gravitational force even if they are not in direct contact. It can be
explained by the concept of field.
The space surrounding a body in which other body experiences gravitational force is called
gravitational field. The intensity of gravitational field at any point is the force experienced by a unit
mass placed at that point provided the presence of unit mass does not affect the original gravitational
r
field. The gravitational field intensity is a vector quantity, it can be denoted by E . Its direction is
towards the mass producing field.
Consider a body of mass M. The intensity of gravitational field due to this body at a distance r is given
by
r
r F
E = ,
m
where m is the test mass , m << M.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation,
GMm Figure. 9.9
F =
r2
428 MECHANICS

æ GMm ö
F çè r 2 ÷ø
\ E = =
m m

GM
or E = .
r2
Intensity of gravitational field due to earth
Let us assume, earth as a uniform sphere and non-rotating. The gravitational force acting on a particle
of mass m located outside the earth at a distance r from the centre of earth, is given by
GMm
F =
r2
In which M is the mass of the earth.
Intensity of gravitational field is given by
F GM
Eg = = 2 . … (i)
m r
The gravitational force produces an acceleration to each particle towards the centre of
earth. We shall call this as gravitational acceleration, and it is equal to
Figure. 9.10
F GM
ag = = 2 . … (ii)
m r
Thus for the assumed model of earth, intensity of gravitational field and gravitational acceleration are
equal.
At the surface of the earth the gravitational acceleration
GM
g = , (r = R).
R2

Note: The gravitational acceleration ag is due to the gravitational force exerted on the particle
by the earth. It differs from free fall acceleration that would measure for a falling particle, because
earth is not spherical and also rotating.

The effect on value of g

1. The earth is not uniform
The density of the earth varies radially. The density is nearly 13.6 × 10 3 kg/m3 at the inner core of
earth and 2.3 × 103 kg/m3 at the outer crust. This variation in density affects the value of g when
we go inside earth.
2. Effect of shape of earth
The earth is not spherical . It is approximately an ellipsoid flattened at the poles and bulging at the
equator. Its equatorial radius is nearly 21 km greater than its polar radius. If Re and Rp be the
radius at equator and poles, then we have
Re = ( R p + 21)km .
The acceleration due to gravity,
GM
ge = (Assuming earth is not rotating)
Re2

GM
Figure. 9.11 and gp = Rp2
Since Re > Rp, \ ge < gp.
 Gravitation 429
3. Effect of rotation of earth
Now suppose the earth to be a perfect sphere of radius R and mass M. It rotates with
angular velocity w about polar axis. As the earth rotates, every particle lying on its
surface revolves in a horizontal circle with the same angular velocity w.
Consider a particle of mass m lying at a point whose latitude is l. The particle
revolves in a circle of radius r = R cos l. The particle has centrifugal force Fc = mw2r
in addition to gravitational force mg.
Let g' be the acceleration due to gravity in the presence of rotation of the earth, then
we have
Fnet Figure. 9.12
g' =
m

(mg )2 + (mw 2 R cos l) 2 + 2(mg )(mw 2 R cos l )cos(180° - l)

=
m
1/ 2
= é g 2 + R 2 w 4 cos 2 l - 2 gRw 2 cos 2 l ù
ë û
1/ 2
é æ 2 ù
ê Rw 2 ö 2 Rw 2
= g 1+ ç ÷ cos 2 l - cos 2 l ú .
ê è g ø g ú Figure. 9.13
ë û
As R = 6.38 × 106 m and g = 9.8 m/s2
2
Rw 2 6.38 ´ 106 æ 2p ö 1
\ = ´ç =
g 9.8 è 24 ´ 60 ´ 60 ÷ø 291

Rw 2
Since is small, so its square is very small. Thus we can write
g

1/ 2
é Rw 2 ù
g ' ; g ê1 - 2 cos 2 l ú
ëê g ûú
Expanding by binomial theorem, we get
é Rw 2 2
ù
g ' = g ê1 - g cos l ú
ëê ûú

or g ' = g - w 2 R cos 2 l.
Special cases :
1. At poles l = 90° ; g¢ = g.
The highest value of g will occur at poles. It is nearly 9.83 m/s2.
2. At equator l = 0° ; g¢ = g – w2R
or g – g' = w2R
2
æ 2p ö
= ç ÷ R
èT ø

; 0.034 m / s 2 .

Thus the free-fall acceleration g '(9.78 m/s 2 ; 9.8 m/s 2 ) measured on the equator of the rotatory
earth is slightly less than the gravitation acceleration g.
430 MECHANICS
3. The effective value of g at equator to be zero : Let w' be the angular velocity of rotation of earth,
then
g - w '2 R = 0

g
or w' = .
R
This value is nearly 17 times the present value of rotation.
T 24
As w ' = 17w , \ T ' = = ; 1.41 h . Thus, if time period of rotation of earth becomes 1.41 h,
17 17
the body of equator will fly off.
Variation of g with height
Consider a point at a height h from the earth’s surface, then distance from earth’s centre r = R + h. The
value of g at height h is given by ;
GM GM
gh = =
2
r ( R + h)2

GM
= 2
æ hö
R 2 ç1 + ÷
è Rø

Since g = GM / R 2

g
\ gh = 2
.
æ hö
çè 1 + ÷ø
R
The value of g
Figure. 9.14
(i) At a height of geostationary satellite gh = 0.225 m/s2.
(ii) At a distance as moon from earth's centre gh = 0.0027 m/s2.
Variation of g with depth
Consider a point, at a depth d from earth’s surface. We assume that the earth is a homogeneous sphere.
It can be shown that the gravitational force on the mass m is only due to the inner solid sphere of
radius (R – d). The outer shell of thickness d exterior to the mass exerts no force on it. Thus the mass
of the earth included in a sphere of radius r = (R – d)
é M ù
M' = ê 4 3 ú 4 p ( R - d )3
ê pR ú 3
ë3 û

M
= ( R - d )3 .
R3
This mass can be assumed at the centre of the earth, then
F ' GM ' m
gd = = m
m ( R - d )2

GM '
=
(R - d )2

é M ( R - d )3 ù
Gê ú
Figure. 9.15 êë R3 úû
= 2
(R - d )
 Gravitation 431
GM ( R - d )
=
R2 R

æ dö g ( R - d ) gr
or gd = g ç1 - ÷ = = .
è Rø R R
Special cases :
1. At the centre of earth, d = R; \ gd = 0
2. At the surface of earth, d = 0 ; gd = g.
Variation in value of g :
GM
gh = , r>R
r2

GM
g = , r=R
R2

GM
gd = r , r < R.
R3 Figure. 9.16

r r
Note: Intensity of gravitational field is towards the centre of earth, i.e. g µ (-r ) . Therefore it
is plotted on negative side.

Change in value of ‘g’ due to change in radius of earth, keeping mass

of earth constant
g at the surface of the earth
GM
g =
R2
= (GM ) R -2
For small change in radius (DR), the change in value of g,
Dg DR
\ = -2
g R

Dg æ DR ö
or ´ 100 = -2 ç ´ 100÷
g è R ø
Thus 1% decrease in radius of earth will increase the value of g by 2%.
9.7 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
We have discussed gravitational potential energy of a particle due to the earth in chapter (Work,
Energy and Power). We had kept the particle very close to earth’s surface. So that we could regard the
gravitational force as constant. We arbitrarily defined the potential energy of the particle-earth system
to be zero when the particle was on the earth surface.
Now we take our zero potential energy reference to one in which the particles are separated at infinite
distance. The potential energy of the particle-earth system is the negative of the work done W by the
gravitational force as the particle moves from infinite to the some finite distance.
We have DU = Wagent = – Wgravitational force
or Uf – Ui = – Wgravitational force
For r = ¥, Ui = 0
and r = r, Uf = U
432 MECHANICS
\ U = –Wgravitational force
r r
= - ò F.d s

= ò
- Fds cos 0°

As displacement vector and position vector are opposite, so d rs = - d rr

r
\ U = ò
- F (- dr )
¥

r
GMm
= ò r2
dr
¥

r
= GMm ò r -2 dr
¥

r
é r -1 ù
= GMm ê ú
ëê -1 ûú¥
Figure. 9.17

r
é1 ù
= -GMm ê ú
ë r û¥

é1 1 ù
= -GMm ê - ú
ër ¥û
GMm
or U = - .
r

Other Definition of Potential Energy

The potential energy can also be defined as; The work done in bringing the particle from infinite
distance to a finite distance. So we can write,
q
U = é Wagent ù
ë û¥ …(i) [U¥ = 0, at r = ¥]
GMm
The gravitational force on the body at a distance x from its centre, F = .
x2
Now work done by agent,
r
Wagent = ò Fdx
¥
r
GMm
= ò x2
dx
¥

r
-2
= GMm ò x dx
¥

GMm
= - .
r
On substituting this value in equation (i), we get
Figure. 9.18 GMm
U = - .
r
 Gravitation 433
Change in potential energy
With respect to infinity as reference level, the potential energy of particle at earth surface, r = R
-GMm
U = .
R
The potential energy of particle at height h
-GMm
Uh = .
R+h
The change in potential energy
DU = Uh – U
GMm é -GMm ù
= - -
R + h êë R úû

é1 1 ù
= GMm ê -
ë R R + h úû

éR + h - Rù
or DU = GMm ê ú
ë R ( R + h) û Figure. 9.19

GMmh
=
2æhö
R ç1 + ÷
è Rø

mgh æ GM ö
DU = çè g = 2 ÷ø
h r
1+
R
h
For h < < R, ®0
R
\ DU ; mgh.

GMm
Note: The potential energy given by equation U = - is a property of the system of two
r
particles rather than of either particle alone. For particle-earth system , M >> m, so we often speak of
“the potential energy of the particle.”

Height attained by a particle

Suppose a particle is projected with a speed v. We wish to find maximum height attained by the particle.
Neglecting air resistance etc., its mechanical energy remains constant, so we have
decrease in kinetic energy = increase in potential energy
i.e., – DK = DU
1 mgh
or – (0 – mv 2 ) = .
2 h
1+
R

v2
After solving, we get h =
v2
2g -
R

v2
Special case : If v is small, then ®0
R

v2
\ h= .
2g
434 MECHANICS
Time to get the maximum height
Suppose at any height y, the speed of the particle is vy, so by conservation of mechanical energy, we
have
æ1 1 ö mgy
- ç mv y 2 - mv 2 ÷ =
è2 2 ø 1+
y
R
1 2 1 mgy
or mv - mv y 2 =
2 2 y
1+
R
1/ 2
or vy = é 2 2 gy ù
êv - yú
ê 1+ ú
ë Rû
1/ 2
dy é 2 2 gy ù
Figure. 9.20 or
dt
= êv - yú
ê 1+ ú
ë Rû
h t
dy
or òé 1/ 2
= ò dt
0 2 2 gy ù 0
êv - 1 + y / R ú
ë û
After solving above equation, we can get t.
Self energy of earth
The energy possesse due to interactions between particles of the body itself is called self energy.
Consider an element of thickness dr at a radial distance r.
Let m1 and m2 be the masses of sphere of radius r and element respectively. If M and R are the mass and
radius of earth, then
3
æ M ö 4 3 Mr
m1 = ´ pr = 3
ç 4 3÷ 3 R
çè pR ÷ø
3

æ M ö 3Mr 2 dr
m2 = ´ 4pr 2 dr = .
ç 4 3÷ R 3
çè p R ÷ø
3
Figure. 9.21
The potential energy of system of masses m1 and m2 is given by
-Gm1m2
dU =
r
The total potential energy (self energy) of the earth
R
Gm1m2
U = -ò
r
0

æ Mr 3 ö æ 3Mr 2 ö
Rç ÷ç dr ÷
è R3 ø è R3 ø
= -G ò r
0
R
3GM 2
òr
4
= - dr
R6 0
R
3GM 2 r 5
= -
R6 5
0
 Gravitation 435

3 GM 2
or U self = - .
5 R

Potential energy of system of particles

If our system contains more than two particles , we consider each pair of particles in turn, calculate the
gravitational potential energy of that pair as if the other particles were not there and then sum the
result. The potential energy of the system of three particles shown in figure 9.22.

æ Gm1m2 Gm1m3 Gm2 m3 ö

U = -ç + + .
è r12 r13 r23 ÷ø
Figure. 9.22

n (n - 1)
Note: If there are n particles in the system, then number of pairs formed are . For
2

3´ 2 4 ´ (4 - 1)
three- particle system, it is = 3 . For n = 4, total pairs will be 2
= 6.
2

Potential energy of multi-particles system

In case the system has n-particles, the total gravitational potential energy of the system is given by

ìï mi m j üï ìï mi m j üï
U= å íï-G rij þï
ý = -G í å rij þï
ý
î îï
all pairs, i ¹ j

where the summation extends to all pairs of i and j excluding the case i = j, which contributes nothing
to the potential energy of the system. We have to count all possible pairs, which obviously means
counting each pair twice, first as i, j and then j, i (i.e. 1, 2 and 2, 1) excluding the case i = j, thus the total
number counted is twice the actual number of pairs. Therefore to get correct pairs, we divide the
expression of U by 2. Thus we have
n n mi m j
1
U =- G
2 i =1
åå rij
.
j =1
j ¹i

9.8 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL

The gravitational potential at a point in the gravitational field of a body is defined as the
amount of work done in bringing a body of unit mass from infinity to that point. Thus
gravitational potential,

[W¥P ]agent
Vp = .
m
The gravitational potential is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is J/kg.

Gravitational potential at a point due to earth

The work done in bringing a body of mass m from infinity to a point at a distance r from the
-GMm
centre of the earth is W = for r > R.
r
Figure. 9.23
436 MECHANICS

W
Hence gravitational potential , V =
m

-GMm / r
=
m

-GM
or V = .
r

Other cases :
-GM
(i) V= , r>R
r

-GM
(ii) V = , r=R
R

é 3R 2 - r 2 ù
(iii) V = -GM ê ú, r < R
3
êë 2 R úû

3 æ -GM ö
(iv) V= ç ÷, r =0
2è R ø

3
or Vcentre = Vsurface .
2
Potential at, r < R
Potential at point P

éW¥p ù
ë û agent
Vp = = - éW¥p ù
m ë û gravitational force

é W¥Q + WQP ù
= -ê ú
ê m ú
ë û

1é r r r rù
R r
Figure. 9.24
= -
mê ò ò
ê F × d s + F × d sú
úû
ë¥ R

1é ù r r
R r
= - ê ò Fds + ò F ' ds ú éë F.ds =Fds cos 0° =Fds ùû
mê ú
ë¥ R û

1 é GMm ù
R r
GMmr
m êò r2 ò R3
= - ê ( - dr ) + ( - dr ) ú
ú
ë¥ R û
After solving, we get

é 3R 2 - r 2 ù
VP = -GM ê ú.
3
ëê 2R ûú
 Gravitation 437
Spherical shell of mass M and radius R
1. Intensity of gravitational field
GM GM
(i) E=- , r>R (ii) E =- , r=R
2
r R2
(iii) E = 0, r < R .
2. Gravitational potential
GM GM
(i) V =- , r>R (ii) V =- , r=R
r R
GM
(iii) V = - , r < R.
R
Relation between gravitational field and potential
Gravitational potential at any point is defined as ;
Wagent -Wgravitational force
V = =
m m
r r
= -
ò F.d r
m
r
æ Fö r
= - ò ç ÷ .d r
è mø
ur
F ur
As = E,
m
r r Figure. 9.25
\ V = - ò E. d r.
Differentiating both sides of above expression, we get
- dV
E = .
dr
For three dimensional field, we can write
-¶V ¶V ¶V
Ex = , Ey = - and E z = - .
¶x ¶y ¶z
Thus resultant field can be written as;

r æ ¶V ˆ ¶V ˆ ¶V ö
= -ç i+ j+ kˆ ÷ .
E è ¶x ¶y ¶z ø

FORMULAE USED
ur ur
DA L
1. Kepler’s law of areas : = .
Dt 2 m
2. Kepler’s law of periods : T2 µ r3.

Gm1m2
3. Newton’s law of gravitation, F = .
r2
GM
4. Intensity of gravitation field on the earth’s surface Eg = g = .
R2

gR 2
5. Mass of the earth, M = .
G
438 MECHANICS

g 2h
6. The value of g at some height, g¢ = ; g (1 - ) for h << R
2 R
æ hö
ç1 + ÷
è R ø

æ hö
7. The value of g at some depth, g¢ = g ç1 - ÷ .
è Rø
8. Effect of rotation, at an latitude l
g¢ = g – w2 R cos2l
9. At equator, l = 0, g¢ = g – w2R.

g
10. At equator g¢ ® 0, w = = 17 times present value of rotation
R

GM dV
11. Gravitation potential, outside the body Vg = - . Also Eg = -
r dr

GMm
12. Gravitational Potential energy (earth-body system) Ug = - .
r

3 GM 2
13. Self energy of earth, U = - .
5 R

æ ö
ç mgh ÷
Change in potential energy, DU = çç
÷
14. h ; mgh, h << R.
ç 1 + ÷÷
è Rø

EXAMPLES BASED ON NEWTONS LAW OF GRAVITATION, INTENSITY OF FIELD AND POTENTIAL

Example 1. Answer the following: distance. Since the distance of moon from the earth is very
(a) You can shield a charge from electrical forces by putting small as compared to the distance of sun from the earth.
it inside a hollow conductor. Can you shield a body from Therefore, the tidal effect of Moon's pull is greater than
the gravitational influence of nearby matter by putting it the tidal effect of sun.
inside a hollow sphere or by some other means?
Example 2. A rocket is fired from the earth towards the sun.
(b) An astronaut inside a small spaceship orbiting around the
At what point on its path is the gravitational force on the rocket
Earth cannot detect gravity. If the space station orbiting
zero? Mass of sun = 2 × 10 30 kg, Mass of earth = 6 × 10 24 kg.
around the Earth has a large size, can he hope to detect
Neglect the effect of the other planets. Orbital radius of the earth
gravity?
= 1.5 × 10 11 m [NCERT]
(c) If you compare the gravitational force on the Earth due to
the Sun to that due to the Moon you would find that the Sol. Ms = 2 × 10 30 kg. Me = 6 × 10 24 kg r = 1.5 × 10 11 m
Sun's pull is greater than the Moon's pull. (You can check Let at a distance x from the earth the gravitational force on the
this yourself using the data available in the succeeding rocket due to sun and the earth are equal and opposite.
exercises). However, the tidal effect of the Moon's pull is
\ Distance of the rocket from the sun = r – x
greater than the tidal effect of Sun. Why? [NCERT]
If m is the mass of the rocket then
Sol. (a) No. Gravitational forces are independent of medium. A
body cannot be shielded from the gravitational influence GM s m GM e m (r - x )2 Ms
2
=
2
Þ 2
=
of nearby matter. (r - x ) x x Me
(b) Yes. If the size of the spaceship is extremely large, then
the gravitational effect of spaceship may become r-x Ms 2 ´ 1030 10 3
measurable. The variation in g can also be detected. Þ = Þ =
(c) Tidal effect depends inversely on the cube of the distance,
x Me 6 ´ 10 24 3
unlike force which depends inversely on the square of the \ x = 2.59 × 10 8 m Ans.

Example 3. How will you ‘weigh the sun’, that is estimate
its mass? The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun
is 1.5 × 10 8 km. [NCERT]
Sol. The mean orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun
R = 1.5 × 10 8 km = 1.5 × 10 11 m
Time period, T = 365.25 × 24 × 60 × 60 s
Let the mass of the Sun be M and that of Earth be m.
According to law of gravitation
Gravitation 439
Example 6. A spherical hollow is made in a lead sphere of radius
R. Such that its surface touches the outside surface of the lead
sphere and passes through its centre. The mass of the sphere before
hollowing was M . With what gravitational force will the hollowed-
out lead sphere attract a small sphere of mass m, which lies at a
distance d from the centre of the lead sphere on the straight line
connecting the centres of the sphere and of the hollow?
Sol.

Mm
F= G ...(i)
R2
Centripetal force,

mv 2
F= = mw2R ...(ii)
R
From eqn. (i) and (ii), we have Figure. 9.26
Volume of the sphere removed
GMm
= m R w2 3
R2 =
4 æ Rö
pç ÷
V
3 è 2ø
mR 4p 2 é 2p ù Mass of the sphere removed
= êQ w = T ú
T 2 ë û 3
M 4 æ Rö M
M ' = 4 3 ´ 3 p çè 2 ÷ø = 8 .
4 p2 R 3 pR
\ M = 3
GT 2
The force on the small sphere of mass m
2
4 ´ (3.14) ´ (1.5 ´ 10 )11 3 = Force due to sphere of radius R with the distance d
= – force due to sphere of radius R/2 with the distance (d – R/2)
6.67 ´ 10 -11 ´ (365.25 ´ 24 ´ 60 ´ 60) 2
GMm GM ' m
= 2.009 × 10 30 kg = 2.0 × 10 30 kg. Ans. i.e., F = –
2
Example 4. Assuming the earth to be a sphere of a uniform d (d - R / 2) 2
mass density, how much would a body weigh half way down to
the centre of earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface? [g on the æMö
Gç ÷ m
surface of the earth = 9.8 m/s 2] [NCERT] GMm è 8ø
= –
d2 (d - R / 2) 2
æ dö
Sol. Acceleration due to gravity at a depth 'd' is g ' = g ç1 - ÷
è Rø
é1 1 ù
= GMm ê 2 – 2ú
êë d 8( d - R / 2) úû
æ dö
\ Weight = mg' = mg ç1 - ÷
è Rø
GMm é 1 ù
= 2 ê
1– 2ú . Ans.
æ R/ 2ö d êë 8(1 - R / 2d ) úû
= 250 ç1 - ÷ = 125 N Ans.
è R ø Example 7. Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are placed at a
Example 5. A geostationary satellite orbits the earth at a distance r apart. Show that the position where the gravitational
height of nearly 36,000 km from the surface of the earth. What field due to them is zero, the potential is given by
is the potential due to earth's gravity at the site of this satellite? G
(Consider the P.E. at infinity to be zero.) Mass of the earth = V =- é m1 + m2 + 2 m1m2 ù .
r ë û
6 × 10 24 kg, Radius = 6400 km . [NCERT]
Sol. Gravitational potential at a height h above the surface of the
Sol. Let the gravitational field be zero at a distance x from m1. Then
we have
-GM
earth, V =
R+h

- 6.67 ´10 -11 ´ 6 ´ 10 24

= = – 9.4 × 10 6 J/kg.
(6.4 ´10 6 + 36 ´10 6 ) Figure. 9.27
440 MECHANICS

Gm1 Gm2 R R 5R
= What is the gravitational field due to the sphere at r = , ,
x2 (r - x)2 4 2 6
and 2R ?
m1 m2 Sol. The gravitational field at a distance r due to a spherical body of
or = mass M is given by
x r-x

or m1 ( r - x) = m2 x

r m1
\ x =
m1 + m2

1 m1 + m2
or =
x r m1

r m1 r m2
and (r - x) = r - =
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

1 m1 + m2 Figure. 9.28
or =
r-x r m2 GM
E =
Gravitational potential at the point P due to both masses r2
Gm1 Gm2 R
V = V1 + V2 = - - (i) For r = , density r = r0
x r-x 4
The mass of the sphere of radius R/4
é m ( m1 + m2 ) m2 ( m1 + m2 ) ù
= -G ê 1 + ú 3
r m1 r m2 4 æ Rö
ëê úû M = p ç ÷ r0
3 è 4ø
G
é m1 + m2 + 2 m1m2 ù .
= - Proved
r ë û = pR3r0 48.
Example 8. A non-homogeneous sphere of radius R has the Gravitational field at a distance R/4 from the centre of sphere
following density variation : GM
\ E1 = 2
ρ = ρ0 for r £ R / 3 r
ρ0 R 3R
ρ= for <r£ G ´ é pR3r0 / 48ù
2 3 4 ë û
=
ρ0 3R ( R / 4) 2
ρ= for < r £ R.
8 4 = 0.33pGRr0 . Ans.

In Chapter Exercise 9.1

1. How is gravitational force between two point masses 5. A mass m is placed at

affected when they are dipped in water keeping the point P at a distance h
separation between them the same? [NCERT Exemplar] along the normal through
Ans: gravitational force is independent of medium the centre O of a thin r
2. Is it possible for a body to have inertia but no weight? circular ring of mass M
P
Ans: Yes [NCERT Exemplar] and radius r as shown in O
figure. h m
3. Out of aphelion and perihelion, where is the speed of the
If the mass is removed
1 further away such that OP
earth more and why? Ans : v µ [NCERT Exemplar]
r becomes 2h, by what
factor, the force of M
4. An object of mass m is raised from the surface of the
gravitation will decrease,
earth to the height equal to the radius of the earth, that is,
taken from a distance R to 2R from the centre of the earth. if h = r?
What is the gain in its potential energy? [NCERT Exemplar]

mgR F¢ 4 2
Ans: DU = . [NCERT Exemplar] Ans : =
2 F 5 5
 Gravitation 441
9.9 SATELLITE
A satellite is a body which continuously revolves around a much heavier body in a stable orbit. Moon
is the natural satellite of the earth, which in turn, is a satellite of sun. A man made satellite is called
artificial satellite. Aryabhata, INSAT etc. are the India’s artificial satellites.

Figure. 9.29

Principle of launching a satellite

Let us throw a body horizontally from the top of the tower. The body describes a parabolic path under
the influence of gravity and hits the earth's surface. At a certain horizontal velocity, the body will not
hit the earth, but it will always be in state of free fall under gravity. The body will follow a circular path
around the earth and will become a satellite of the earth. This horizontal velocity is called orbital
velocity. Hence to establish a satellite into an orbit around the earth, it requires;
1. A minimum vertical velocity to take the satellite to its orbit.
2. Orbital velocity to make it move in a circular orbit around the earth.

9.10 ORBITAL VELOCITY

Let a satellite is to revolve in a circular orbit at a height h from earth surface. The orbital radius of Figure. 9.30
2
mv0
satellite, r = R + h. The centripetal force required to keep the satellite in orbit is , which is
r
provided by the gravitational pull of the earth. Therefore
mv02 GMm
=
r r2
GM
or v0 = .
r
If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth, then GM =gR2.

gR 2 gR 2
\ v0 = = .
r ( R + h)
When satellite revolves close to earth surface, then h << R and R + h ; R.
\ v0 ; gR . Figure. 9.31

As g = 9.8 m/s2 and R = 6.4 × 106 m.

So v0 ; 9.8 ´ 6.4 ´ 106
= 7.92 km/s
= 8 km/s (say).
442 MECHANICS
Important points

GM
It is clear from the formula v0 = that
r
(i) orbital velocity is independent of the mass of the satellite,
(ii) it decreases with the increase in radius of the orbit,
(iii) it depends on the mass and radius of the planet about which the satellite revolves,
(iv) the escape velocity of a body from the earth’s surface is ve = 2 gR . The orbital velocity of a

satellite revolving close to the earth’s surface is v0 = gR . Therefore, ve = 2v0 .

9.11 TIME PERIOD OF REVOLUTION

It is the time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution around the earth. It is given by
circumference of the orbit
T =
orbital velocity
2pr 2 pr
or T = = .
v0 GM
r

r3
or T = 2p .
GM
We have, GM = gR2 and r = R + h

( R + h )3
\ T = 2p
gR 2
When satellite revolves close to the earth surface, then h << R and R + h ; R
R
\ T ; 2p .
g
Putting g = 9.8 m/s2 and R = 6.4 × 106 m, we get

6.4 ´ 106
T = 2p
9.8
= 5078 s
= 84.6 min.
9.12 ENERGY OF A SATELLITE
(i) Kinetic energy : The kinetic energy of a satellite due to its orbital motion is
1 2
K.E. = mv
2
2
1 é GM ù
= mê ú
2 ë r û

GMm
= .
2r
(ii) Potential energy : Because of gravitational pull of the earth, the potential energy of the satellite
is given by
GMm
U = - .
r
Total mechanical energy of the satellite
E = K +U
 Gravitation 443
GMm é GMm ù
= + ê-
2r ë r úû
GMm
or E = - .
2r
The total energy of the satellite is negative. It indicates that the satellite is bound to the earth. It
can be concluded that
U
K = - = - E.
2

9.13 BINDING ENERGY

The energy required by a satellite to free it from the bondage of earth and escape it to infinity is called
GMm
binding energy. The total energy of a satellite is - . In order to escape to infinity, it must be
2r
GMm
supplied an extra energy equal to + so that its total energy becomes equal to zero. Hence
2r
binding energy of a satellite
GMm
B.E. = .
2r
Energy required to establish a satellite into its orbit
The energy of the satellite at the earth’s surface
GMm .
Ei = -
R
The energy of the satellite into its orbit
GMm .
Ef = -
2r
The energy needed to establish the satellite into its orbit
DE = E f - Ei
GMm é GMm ù Figure. 9.32
=- - ê-
2r ë R úû
GMm GMm
=- +
2( R + h) R

GMm( R + 2h)
= .
2 R( R + h)

9.14 GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE (GSS)

A satellite which appears stationary to an observer on earth’s surface is called geostationary satellite.
When such a satellite is used for communication purposes, it is called communication satellite. The
first communication satellite was sent by USA in space in 1962 named telstar.
Necessary conditions for a geostationary satellite
1. The orbital plane of the geostationary satellite must lie in the equatorial plane of the earth.
2. Its sense of rotation should be same as that of the earth i.e., from west to east.
3. Its period of revolution around earth will equal to that of the period of rotation of the earth about
its axis i.e., 24 hours.

Note: For the stability of satellite into circular orbit, there should not be any torque produced
by the force acting on it about the centre of the orbit, when the centre of orbit of satellite does not
passes through the centre of the planet, the gravitational pull will cause a torque about the centre
and satellite falls on the planet.
444 MECHANICS
Height of geostationary satellite
The time period of revolution of the satellite is given by

( R + h )3
T = 2p
gR 2

1/ 3
é T 2 gR 2 ù
or h=ê ú - R.
2
ëê 4p ûú
Here T = 24 h = 86400 s, R = 6.4 × 106 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
\ h = 35920 × 103m
= 36000 km (say)
Orbital radius r = R + h = 6400 + 35923 ; 42000 km.
Orbital velocity of geostationary satellite
Orbital velocity , v0 = wr

2p
= r
T

2p´ 42000 ´ 103

= m/s
86400
; 3 km/s.
Use of geostationary satellite in global transmission
A satellite cannot make link over the entire earth. This is because of the curvature of the
earth keeps a large part of the earth out of sight. However three equally spaced satellites
Figure. 9.33 placed in a geostationary orbit can be used to establish link over the entire earth. It can
easily be understood by the figure 9.33. Such satellites are called synchronous
communication satellites (SYNCOMS).
Three equally spaced satellites used for global communication.

Polar satellite
A satellite whose orbital plane is perpendicular to equatorial plane is called polar satellite.
IERS is the India’s polar satellite. A polar orbit passes over north and south poles of the
earth and has a height of 500– 800 km. The polar satellite successively passes across the
different parts of earth’s surface as the earth rotates about its axis. Thus the polar
satellite can photograph entire surface of the earth. They are used in spying work for
Figure. 9.34
military purposes.

Table showing path of body at different speeds

Ve locity of proje ction v Nature of path

v = v0 Circular path around the earth
v > v0
Elliptical path around the earth
< ve
v = ve P arabolic path, body escapes from earth
v > ve Hyperbolic path, body escapes from earth
 Gravitation 445
Satellite in elliptical orbit
c
Eccentricity of the elliptical path e =
a
Þ c = ea
rp = a – c = a – ea = a(1 – e).
Using conservation of angular momentum at perigee and apogee, we have
mv p rp = mva ra … (i)
Figure. 9.35
vp ra 1 + e
Þ = = . …(ii)
va rp 1 - e
Mechanical energy of revolving satellite remains constant
GMm 1 – GMm 1
\ - + mv p 2 = + mva 2
rp 2 ra 2

é1 1ù
or v p 2 - va 2 = 2GM ê - ú
ëê rp ra úû

va ra
We have from equation (i), vp =
rp

2
æ va ra ö 2 é1 1ù
\ ç ÷ - va = 2GM ê - ú
r
è p ø êë rp ra úû

MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
æ ra 2 - rp 2 ö é ra - rp ù
or va 2 ç ÷ = 2GM ê ú
çè rp 2 ÷ø
ëê rp ra ûú

2GMrp
or va 2 =
ra ( ra + rp )

We have ra = a + c and rp = a – c, therefore

2GM éa -cù
va 2 =
(a + c) + (a - c) êë a + c úû
GM éa - cù
= êë a + c úû
a
GM é1 - e ù
=
a êë1 + e úû

GM é1 - e ù
or va = ê1 + e ú
a ë û

GM é1 + e ù
and vp = ê1 - e ú
a ë û

va é1 - e ù
\ = ê .
vp ë1 + e úû
446 MECHANICS
Weightlessness : A body is said to be in a state of weightlessness when the reaction of the
supporting surface is zero. For a body in a satellite, by Newton's second law
GMm
- N = ma
r2
2
mv 20 m çæ GM ö÷
= =
r r çè r ø÷
Þ N = 0.
Thus the surface of satellite exerts no force on the body and hence it experiences weightlessness.

Figure. 9.36 9.15 ESCAPE VELOCITY (ESCAPE SPEED)

When a body is thrown upward, it rises to a certain height and comes back on earth surface. If we
throw it with a sufficient velocity, it will never come back. It will escape from the gravitational pull of the
earth.
Thus escape velocity is the minimum velocity with which a body be projected in order that it may just
escape from the gravitational field of the earth.
Suppose a body is projected from the surface of the earth with a velocity ve. The total mechanical
energy of the body at the surface of earth
é -GMm 1 ù
E=ê + mve 2 ú
ë R 2 û
The body to escape, it will reach at infinity. Therefore by conservation of mechanical energy, we have
Figure. 9.37 M.E. of the body at earth surface = M.E. of the body at infinity
GMm 1 2
or - + mve = 0 + 0 (As P.E. at infinity is zero, K.E. also becomes zero)
R 2
2GM
or ve = .
R

2 gR 2
Since GM = gR2, \ ve = = 2 gR .
R
More about escape velocity
1. It is clear from the expression that, escape velocity does not depend on the mass of the projected
body. It depends on the mass and radius of the planet from which the body is projected. Some
escape velocities:

Heavenly body Escape velocity

Earth 11.2 Km/s
Moon 2.3 km/s
Jupiter 60 km/s
Sun 618 km/s
5
Neutron star 2 ´ 10 km/s
2. In deriving the escape velocity, from earth we have ignored the air resistance on the body. So in
actual practice, the value of escape velocity will be greater than 11.2 km/s.
3. The escape velocity does not depend on the angle of projection from the surface of the earth.
But it depends on the rotation of the earth about its axis. It becomes easier to attain escape
velocity if the body is projected in the direction in which the launch site is moving.
4. If body is projected at a place, h above the earth surface, then
-GMm 1 ' 2
+ mve = 0 + 0
( R + h) 2
2GM
or v e' = < ve .
( R + h)
 Gravitation 447
5. When body is projected from between the planets :
By conservation of mechanical energy, we have
é GM1m GM 2 m ù 1 2
-ê + ú + mve = 0 + 0
ë 1d d 2 û 2

é GM1 GM 2 ù Figure. 9.38

or ve = 2 ê + ú.
ë d1 d2 û
6. A planet will have atmosphere if the root mean square velocity, vrms < ve.
7. When body is projected with a velocity greater than escape velocity kve, (k > 1), then its
velocity at infinity will not be zero. It can very easily be calculated by using conservation of
mechanical energy. Let v be the velocity at infinity, then
Mechanical energy at earth’s surface = Mechanical energy at infinity
1 GMm 1 2
m(kve )2 - = mv + 0
2 R 2

2GM
or v = k 2 v 2e -
R

2GM
As = ve
R

\ v = k 2 ve 2 - ve 2 = ve k 2 - 1.

Special cases :
(i) For k = 1, v = 0
(ii) For k = 2, v = 3ve .

9.16 BLACK HOLE

A black hole is a body from the surface of which nothing can be escaped, even light. From Einstein’s
theory of relativity, speed of any object cannot exceed the speed of light , c =3 × 108 m/s. Thus c is the
upper limit to the projectile’s escape velocity. Hence for a body to be a black hole,
ve ³ c

2GM
or ³c
R

2GM
or R£ .
c2

FORMULAE USED
1. Orbital velocity of satellite (r = R + h);

GM gR 2 r3
v0 = = and time period, T = 2p
r r GM
2. For a satelliteclose to earth, h << R, r ; R

v0 = gR ; 8 km/s

R
and T = 2p ; 84.6 min.
g
448 MECHANICS

3. Satellite in elliptical orbit : (a semi-major axis)

æ 1 + e ö GM æ 1 - e ö GM
vmax = ç 1 - e ÷ a , vmin = ç1+ e ÷ a .
è ø è ø

GMm
4. Kinetic energy of a satellite, K = .
2r

GMm
5. Potential energy, U = - .
r

GMm
6. Total mechanical energy of satellite E = K + U = - .
2r

U
7. Also K = – E = - .
2
8. Geostationary satellite : T = 24 hour, v0 ; 3 km/s, h = 36000 km from earth surface
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

2GM
9. Escape velocity, ve = = 2 gR = 11.2 km/s.
R
10. For block hole, ve ³ c,

2GM 2GM
or ³cÞR£ .
R c2

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

1. Orbital velocity of Satellite : To get the orbital velocity of satellite or planet at any point
of orbit we can write;

mv0 2
Centripetal force =
r
2. Escape velocity : Assuming no air resistance, we can use conservation of mechanical
energy;
[K + U]earth = [K + U]infinity
3. For motion of satellite around earth or motion of planet around sun, we can use;
[K + U] = constant,
r r
and m(r ´ v ) = constant.
4 At perigee and apogee, we can have
v2r1 = v2r2

EXAMPLES BASED ON SATELLITE, ORBITAL SPEED AND EXCAPE VELOCITY

Example 9. Two heavy spheres each of mass 100 kg and radius Sol. O
0.1m are placed 1 m apart on a horizontal table. What is the M M
gravitational field and potential at the mid point of the line joining
r
the centres of the spheres? Is an object placed at that point in
equilibrium? If so, is the equilibrium stable or unstable. Figure. 9.39
[NCERT] Gravitational field at the mid point O of the line joining the two
spheres is equal and opposite
 Gravitation 449
GM GM Energy expended to rocket the satellite out of the earth's
Net field = - 2
+
2
= 0 GMm
( r / 2) ( r / 2) gravitational field = – (T.E. of the satellite) =
\ Net field zero. 2( R + h)
GM GM -4GM 6.67 ´10 -11 ´ 6 ´10 24 ´ 200
Potential at O V = - - = = = 5.9 × 10 9 J.
r/2 r/2 r
2(6.4 ´10 6 + 4 ´ 105 )
- 4 ´ 6.67 ´10 -11 ´100 Example 12. Two uniform solid spheres of equal radii R, but
= = – 2.7 × 10 –8 J/kg Ans.
1 masses M and 4 M have a centre to centre separation 6 R, as shown
Example 10. Two stars each of 1 solar mass (= 2 × 1030kg) in fig. 9.40. The two spheres are held fixed. A projectile of mass m
are approaching each other for a head on collision. When they is projected from the surface of the sphere of mass M directly
are at a distance109 km, their speeds are negligible. What is the towards the centre of the second sphere. Obtain an expression for
speed with which they collide? The radius of each star is 10 4 km. the minimum speed v of the projectile so that it reaches the surface
Assume the stars to remain undistorbed until they collide. Use of the second sphere.
the known value of G. [NCERT]
Sol. Mass of each star, M = 2 × 10 30kg.
Radius, R = 10 4 km = 10 7 m
Initial distance between 2 stars, r = 10 9km = 10 12m

-GM 2
Initial P.E. of the system = ;
r
Figure. 9.40
1 1
Total K.E. of the system = Mv 2 + Mv 2 = Mv 2 Sol. Let N be the position at a distance x from the centre of sphere of
2 2 mass M at which two spheres exert equal amount of forces in opposite
v = speed of collision of each star. directions. So we have
Distance between the centres of the stars when they are about
to collide = r' = R + R = 2R GMm G(4 M ) m
=
x2 (6 R - x )2
\ -GM 2
Final P.E. of the system = or x = 2R.
2R
For the minimum speed it is sufficient to project the particle on to the
Q Gain in K.E. = Loss in P.E.
point N. Thereafter, the particle m gets attracted by the gravitational
GM 2 æ GM 2 ö pull of 4 M.
\ Mv 2 = - -ç- ÷
r ç 2R ÷ Now by conservation of mechanical energy, we have
è ø
Mechanical energy of m at the surface of M = Mechanical energy of m at N
é 1 1 ù
2 × 10 30 × v2 = – GM 2 ê - ú é GMm G (4M )m ù 1 2
ë1012
2 ´ 10 7 û \ -ê + + mv
ë R 5R úû 2
Þ 2 × 10 3 × v 2
é GMm G (4M )m ù
é 2 - 105 ù = -ê + ú
ë x (6R - x ) û
= – 6.67 × 10 –11 × (2 × 10 30)2 ê 12
ú
ëê 2 ´10 ûú Here x = 2 R. After solving, we get
3GM
1.334 ´ 10 43 v = . Ans.
v2 = 5R
30
2 ´ 10 Example 13. To what latitude does the syncoms coverage
Þ v = 2.583 × 10 6 m/s. extend?
Example 11. A satellite orbits the earth at a height of 400
Sol. The latitude of the coverage extends upto the tangent SP.
km above the surface. How much energy must be expended to
rocket the satellite out of the gravitational influence of the earth?
Mass of the satellite is 200 kg, mass of the earth = 6 × 1024 kg,
radius of the earth = 6.4 × 10 6 m, G = 6.67 × 10 –11 Nm2/kg 2 .
[NCERT]
Sol. Total energy of the satellite at a height

GMm 1 2
h = - + mv
( R + h) 2

GMm 1 GM GMm
= - + m = -
R+h 2 R+h 2( R + h) Figure. 9.41
450 MECHANICS
From right D OPS, It is desired that each particle moves in a circle while maintaining
the original separation a. Find the initial velocity that should be
OP R 6.4 ´ 106 given to each particle and also the time period of the circular
sin l = OS = R + h =
4.2 ´ 107 motion.

or l = sin -1 (0.15) Ans. Sol. Let the particles are located at vertices A, B and C of equilateral
triangle. The centre of their circular path is O. The radius of circular path
Example 14. A spaceship is stationed on Mars. How much
a/2 a
energy must be expended on the spaceship to rocket it out of the r = OA = OB = OC = = .
solar system? Mass of the space ship = 1000 kg, Mass of the sun cos30° 3
= 2 × 1030 kg, Mass of the Mars = 6.4 × 1023 kg, Radius of Mars Gmm
= 3395 km, Radius of the orbit of Mars = 2.28 × 10 11 m G The force exerted by any particle on the other particle F = .
a2
= 6.67 × 10 –11 Nm2/kg 2. Each particle experiences the force due to other two particles. The
Sol. Let R' = radius of the Mars, R = radius of the orbit of Mars, resultent force on any of the particles A
M = mass of the sun
F ' = F + F + 2 FF cos60°
2 2
F F
M' = mass of the Mars, m = mass of the space-ship.
\ P.E. of space-ship due to gravitational attraction of the Sun Gmm F'
= 3F = 3.
-GMm a2
r O
= This force provides the necessary centripetal
R 30°
force.i.e., B a C
P.E. of space-ship due to gravitational attraction of Mars
mv 2 Gmm
-GM ' m = 3. Figure. 9.42
= r a2
R' Substituting the value of r and after solving, we get
Q The K.E. of space-ship is zero.
Gm
\ Total energy of the ship v =
a
-GMm GM ' m æ M M 'ö
= - = -Gm ç + 2pa3/ 2
R R' è R R ' ÷ø Time period =
2pr 2 p (a / 3)
= = . Ans.
v Gm (3Gm)1/ 2
Energy required to rocket out the space ship from the solar
system = – (total energy) a
Example 17.The mass of railway train is 100 metric tons. What
é æ M M 'ö ù æ M M 'ö will be its weight when it is (i) moving due east (ii) moving due
= – ê -Gm ç + ÷ = Gm çè + ÷
ë è R R ' ø úû R R' ø west along the equator at 72 km/h ? Radius of earth is 6400 km.
Sol. Suppose W0 is the weight of the train when it is not moving; earth
é 2 ´1030 6.4 ´ 10 23 ù is also not rotating. Let W is the weight of the train when earth is rotating
= 6.67 × 10 –11 × 1000 ê + ú with angular velocity we; train is at rest with respect to earth, we have
11
ëê 2.28 ´10 3395 ´ 103 ûú
mve2
W = W0 -
é 20 6.4 ù R
= 6.67 × 10 –8 ê + 18 11
ú × 10 = 5.98 × 10 J. Ans.
ë 2.28 33.95 û mve2
or W0 = W + ....(i)
R
Example 15. Two masses m1 and m2 at an infinite distance 2p 2p
from each other are initially at rest, sta rt interacting where ve = w e R and w e = = = 7.27 ´ 10 -5 s
T 24 ´ 60 ´ 60
gravitationally. Find their velocity of approach when they are at a (i) Apprent weight of the train when it is moving along east, with
distance r apart. velocity v w.r.t. earth
Sol. Let vr is the velocity of approach at the required separation. Then m(ve + v) 2
W ' = W0 -
by conservation of mechanical energy. Here by using the concept of R
reduce mass, we have æ 2
mv 2 ö m(ve + v )
1 Gm1m2 = çW + e ÷ - ....(ii)
è R ø R
0+0 = µvr 2 - … (i)
2 r Simplifying equation (ii) and noting that v << ve and W = mg, we
m1m2 get
where µ =
m1 + m2 æ 2w e v ö
W ' = W ç1 -
Substituting the value of µ in equation (i) we get è g ÷ø
2G (m1 + m2 ) Here v = 72 km/h = 20 m/s and we = 7.27 × 10–5 s
vr = . Ans.
r -5
æ ö
Example 16. Three particles each of mass m, are situated at \ W ' = 100 ´ 1000 g ç1 - 2 ´ 7.27 ´ 10 ´ 20 ÷
è 9.8 ø
the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side length a. The only
= 99.63 metric ton weight. Ans.
forces acting on the particles are their mutual gravitational forces.
 Gravitation 451

In Chapter Exercise 9.2

1. A Saturn year is 29.5 times the earth year. How far is find its period of revolution around the sun.
the Saturn from the Sun if the Earth is 1.5 × 108 km away
from the sun? Ans. 1.43 ´ 10 9 km ( R + r )3
2. A body weighs 63N on the surface of the earth. What Ans. p
2GM
is the gravitational force on it due to the earth at a height
equal to half the radius of the earth? Ans. 28 N 7. An artificial satellite of the moon revolves in a circular
3. A rocket is fired vertically with a speed of orbit whose radius exceeds the radius of the moon h times.
5 km/s from the earths surface. How far from the earth The process of motion the satellite experiences a slight
does the rocket go before returning to the earth? Mass resistance due to cosmic dust. Assuming the resistance
of the earth = 6 × 10 24 kg,
force to depend on the velocity of the satellite as F = a v 2,
Mean radius of the earth = 6.4 × 10 6 m where a is a constant, find how long the satellite will stay
G = 6.67 × 10 –11 Nm 2/kg 2 Ans. 1.6 ´ 10 6 km in orbit until it falls onto the moon’s surface.
4 The escape velocity of a projectile on the surface of earth
is 11.2 km/s. If a body is projected out with thrice of this m [ hR - R ]
Ans. t =
speed, find the speed of the body far away from the earth. a GM
Ignore the presence of other planets and sun.
8. Gravitational acceleration on the surface of a planet is
Ans. 31.68 km/s
5. The largest and the shortest distance of the earth from 6
the sun are r1 and r2 respectively. Calculate the distance
g , where g is the gravitational acceleration on the
11
from the sun when it is at perpendicular distance to the surface of the earth. The average mass density of the planet
æ 2r r ö 2
major axis of the orbit drawn from sun. Ans. ç 1 2 ÷ is times that of the earth. If the escape speed on the
3
è r1 + r2 ø surface of the earth is taken to be 11 kms–1, the escape
6. A planet moves around the sun along an ellipse so that its speed on the surface of the planet in kms–1 will be
minimum distance from the sun is equal to r and the [Integer] [IIT-JEE 2010]
maximum distance to R. Making use of Kepler’s laws, Ans. 3

9.17 REDUCTION OF TWO-BODY PROBLEM TO ONE-BODY PROBLEM:

A two-body problem, involving central forces, can be reduced to a one-body problem and thereby
simplifying calculations.
Suppose we have two particles of masses m1 and m2 whose positions at any
r r
time are r1 and r2 with respect to origin O.
r r r
The vector distance of particle m1 from m2 is r = r1 - r2 .
The force exerted by the second particle on the first,
r æ d 2rr ö
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

= 1 … (i)
F12 m1ç ,
2 ÷
è dt ø
r
and the force exerted by the first particle on the second, F21 is given by

r æ d 2 rr2 ö Figure. 9.43

F21 = m2 ç ÷ …(ii)
è dt 2 ø
Both the forces act along the line joining m1 and m2. Since no external forces are acting on the system,
r r r
and in according with Newton’s third law of motion, we have F12 = -F21 = F.
The above equations now can be written as
æ d 2 rr1 ö
m1 ç r
÷ = F …(iii)
è dt 2 ø
æ d 2 rr2 ö
m2 ç ÷ = -F
r
and …(iv)
è dt 2 ø
452 MECHANICS
Multiplying equation (iii) by m2 and (iv) by m1 and subtracting equation (iv) from (iii), we get

æ d 2 rr d 2 rr ö r
m1m2 ç 21 - 22 ÷ = (m1 + m2 )F
è dt dt ø

d2 r r æ m1 + m2 ö r
or ( r1 - r2 ) = çè m m ÷ø F
dt 2 1 2

r r r m1m2
Substituting r1 - r2 = r and = µ , is called reduced mass, we have
m1 + m2
r r r
d 2r F d 2r r
= or µ = F.
dt 2 µ dr 2
This equation will be seen as the equation of motion of a particle of mass µ at a vector
r
distance r from one of the particles relative to other. In other words, take m2 as a fixed particle
r r
which exerts a force F on m1 at vector distance r from it, we can get the relative motion of m1
by using µ in place of m1.

Gravitational force
The gravitational force between two particles of masses m1 and m2 is given by

r m1m2
F = -G rˆ
r2
where r̂ is the unit vector along r, the distance of particle m1 from m2. Thus we have

æ d 2 rr ö m1m2
µç ÷ = -G rˆ
è dt 2 ø r2

r
Figure. 9.44 d 2r Gm1m2
or = - rˆ
2
dt µr 2

m1m2
as µ =
m1 + m2

r
d 2r æ m + m2 ö Gm1m2
\ = -ç 1 rˆ
dt 2 è m1m2 ÷ø r 2

r
d 2r m1 + m2
or 2 = -G rˆ.
dt r2
Here the motion of particle m1 with respect to particle m2 would be the same as that of the particle
r
of mass µ under the force of a fixed mass m2 at a vector distance r from it.
Motion of a body of mass m around a body of mass M
In the absence of any external force acting on the system, the total linear momentum and hence
the velocity of centre of mass remains constant in the inertial frame and zero in centre of mass
frame. The two particles rotate about the centre of mass with same angular velocity.
Let r1 and r2 be the distances of m and M from the centre of mass and r be the distance between
them, then we have
r1 + r2 = r … (i)
Figure. 9.45 and mr1 = Mr2 …(ii)
 Gravitation 453
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
Mr
r1 =
M +m
æ mM ö r µr
= ç =
è M + m ÷ø m m

mr µr
and r2 = =
M +m M
Orbital velocity
Let v be the orbital velocity of m, then
GMm mv 2
=
r2 r1

GMm mv 2
or =
r2 æ Mr ö
çè ÷
M + mø

GM 2
\ v = .
( M + m) r
Similarly orbital velocity of M will be

Gm 2
V = .
( M + m) r

MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
Time period
Method I :
Let T be the time-period of revolution of m, then
æ Mr ö
2p ç
2pr1 è M + m ÷ø
T = =
v GM 2
(M + m)r

r3
or T = 2p
G (M + m)

GM r3
For m << M, V = 0 and v ; and T ; 2p .
r GM
These are the results which we have obtained earlier.
Method II :
We can assume the body of mass µ orbiting in a circle of radius r about a fixed mass M.
For the motion of µ, we have
GMm 2
2 = µw r
r
æ mM ö 2
= ç w r \
è M + m ÷ø
G ( M + m)
w =
r3

2p r3
and T = = 2p .
w G ( M + m)
454 MECHANICS
EXAMPLES FOR JEE (MAIN AND ADVANCED)
Example 1.In figure 9.46 a spherical body of mass M is a Take another element of length dl, diametrically opposite to first element.
distance ‘a’ from one end of a uniform rod of length L and mass m. The resultant force due to these two elements on the particle will be
What is the force between them. = 2dFcosq
Sol. The effective force on the particle due to one element
= dFcos q.
The force on the particle due to whole ring
2 pR
F =
ò dF cos q
0

æ M ö
2 pR G ç dl m
Figure. 9.46 è 2pR ÷ø
Take an element of width dx of the rod at a distance x from the centre of = ò r2
cos q
the spherical body. The mass of the element, 0

æm ö 2 pR
dm = çè L dx÷ø . GMm cos q
The force between the spherical body and the element of mass dm
=
r 2 (2pR ) ò dl
0
GM ( dm)
dF = 2 pR
x2 GMm æ x ö [l]
= ´ç ÷ ´ 0
r2 è rø 2 pR
æm ö
GM ç dx÷
èL ø GMm æ x ö (2 pR - 0)
= =
x2 ç ÷
r 2 è r ø 2 pR
The force between body and whole rod
GMmx
( a + L ) GM æm ö (a + L) =
çè dx÷ø GMm x -1 r3
ò
F = L =
x2 L ( -1)
a GMmx
a = Ans.
3/ 2
é R + x2 ù
2
GMm ë û
= Ans.
a( a + L) If x = 0, F = 0, i.e., when particle is placed at the centre of a ring, it
GMm experiences zero force.
If L << a, F ;
a2 Example 3. A thin rod of mass M is bent in a arc of circle of
Example 2. Consider a homogeneous ring of mass M and radius radius R, which sustained an angle 2 q at the centre. What is its
R. What gravitational attraction does it exert on a particle of mass gravitational force on a particle of mass m at the centre of curvature.
m located a distance x from the centre of the ring along its axis? Sol. Take two identical elements as shown in figure 9.48.

Figure. 9.47
Sol. Take an element of ring of length dl, its mass
æ M ö Figure. 9.48
dm = ç dl
è 2pR ÷ø
The force between the element of mass (dm) and particle of mass m is æM ö
Mass of each element, dm = ç d a ÷ .
è 2q ø
G( dm) m
dF = The resultant force on the particle m due to the elements
r2
= 2dFcosa
æ M ö
Gç dl m G( dM )m
è 2 pR ÷ø where dF =
= R2
r2
 Gravitation 455
The resultant force on the particle due to whole arc, Here m is the mass of satellite and M is the mass of the moon.If dE/dt is
q the instantaneous rate of decrease of energy of the satellite, then we have
F = ò (2dF cos a ) æ dE ö
çè ÷ø
dt
= Fv
0
q Given F = av 2
G ( dM )m
= ò 2
R2
cos a
é -GMm ù
dê
ë 2 r úû = (av 2 )v
0
\
q
2Gm æ M ö dt
=
R 2 è 2q ò
ç .d a ÷ø cos a
GMm
dr = -av3dt
0 or
2r 2
q
GMm sin a Orbital velocity of satellite,
=
R2 q 0 GM
v = .
GMm æ sin q ö r
= ç ÷ Ans.
R2 è q ø GMm 3/ 2
\ dr = -a é GM ù dt
sin q 2r 2 ê r ú
ë û
For , q ® 0°, = 1
q mr -1/ 2
GMm or dr = -a (GM )1/ 2 dt
\ = . 2
F
R2 Integrating above expression, we get
Example 4. A planet moves around the sun along an ellipse so R t
m
that its minimum distance from the sun is equal to r and the
maximum distance to R. Making use of Kepler’s laws, find its 2 ò
hR
r -1/ 2 dr = -a (GM )1/ 2 dt
ò
period of revolution around the sun. 0

Sol. The motion of the planet can be approximated to be along a circle R

m r = -a GM t
æ R + rö hR
of radius ç .
è 2 ÷ø or m[ hR - R ] = a GM t

m [ hR - R ]
\ t = Ans.
a GM
Example 6.The largest and the shortest distance of the earth
from the sun are r1 and r2 respectively. Calculate the distance from
the sun when it is at perpendicular distance to the major axis of
the orbit drawn from sun.
c
Sol. Since e = Þ c = ea
Figure. 9.49 a
The time period will be given by
3
éR + rù
êë 2 úû
T = 2p
G ( M + m)
Here m is the mass of the planet and M is the mass of sun.
As m << M

( R + r )3
\ T = p Ans.
2GM Figure. 9.50
Example 5. An artificial satellite of the moon revolves in a \ r 1 = a + c = a + ea = a(1+ e)
circular orbit whose radius exceeds the radius of the moon h times. r2 = a – c = a – ea = a(1– e)
The process of motion the satellite experiences a slight resistance
1 b2
due to cosmic dust. Assuming the resistance force to depend on the Required distance = of latus rectum =
2 a
velocity of the satellite as F = a v 2, where a is a constant, find how
long the satellite will stay in orbit until it falls onto the moon’s b2
surface. \ L =
a
Sol. The energy of the satellite in a orbit of radius r,
We have r1 + r2 = 2a
-GMm
E = . and r1 – r2 = a (1 + e) - a (1 - e) = 2 ae
2r
456 MECHANICS

æ r1 - r2 ö Astronaut
Þ e = ç r +r ÷. GMm T
è 1 2ø
2
(R + h) Spaceship
Also e = 2 2 2 2 2
1 - b / a Þ b = a (1 - e )
R h
2 2
b a
\ L = = (1 - e 2 )
a a
= a(1 – e2) Figure. 9.52
é 2ù GMm
æ r1 + r2 ö ê æ r1 - r2 ö ú
= çè ÷ø 1 - ç ÷ F =
( R + h) 2
2 êë è r1 + r2 ø úû
If T is the tension in the chord then by Newton’s second law
æ 2r1r2 ö
GMm
= çr +r
è ÷ø . Ans. +T =
1 2 ( R + h)2 mw 2 ( R + h)
Example 7. A planet of mass m moves along an ellipse around
2 GMm
the sun of mass Ms , so that its maximum and minimum distances
or T = mw ( R + h) - ....(i)
from sun are r1 and r2 respectively. Find the angular momentum L ( R + h )2
of this planet relative to the center of sun. For the astronaut,
Sol. By conservation of angular momentum at given two positions, we GMm
have = mw 2 ( R + h)
( R + h) 2
m v1r1 = m v2r2

or v2 =
v1r1
. ....(i) GM gR 2 g
= =
r2 or w 2 = ( R + h) 3 ( R + h) 3 R (As h << R).

Substituting value of w2 and GM = gR2 in equation (i), we have

mg ( R + h) mgR 2
T = -
R ( R + h)2

æ 1 ö
mgh
= mg + - mg ç æ hö ÷
2
Figure. 9.51 R ç ç1 + ÷ ÷
è è Rø ø
Applying principle of conservation of mechanical energy at the given
positions, we have
éæ -2
mgh hö ù
1 2 GM s m 1 2 GM s m = mg + R - mg êçè 1 + ÷ø ú
mv1 - mv2 - ë R û
2 r1 = 2 r2 ....(ii)

Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get mgh é æ 2h ö ù

= mg + - mg ê ç1 - ÷ ú
R ëè R øû
2Gms r2
v1 = r1 (r1 + r2 ) mgh 2mgh
= +
R R
Angular momentum L = mv1r1
3mgh
=
2Gms r1r2 R
= m . Ans.
(r1 + r2 )
3 ´ 100 ´ 10 ´ 64
Example 8. A chord of length 64 m is used to connect a 100 kg = = 3 ´ 10 -2 N . Ans.
6400 ´ 103
astronaut spaceship whose mass is much larger than that of the
astronaut. Estimate the value of tension in the chord assuming R
that the spaceship is orbiting near earth’s surface. Also assume Example 9. There is a crater of depth on the surface of
100
that the spaceship and the astronaut fall in a straight line from the moon of R = radius of moon. A projectile is fired vertically upward
earth centre. The radius of earth R = 6400 km. from the crater, with a velocity, which is equal to excape velocity on
Sol. If h is the length of the chord, then radius of path of astronaut the moon. Find the maximum height obtained by the projectile
(neglecting height of spaceship) is (R + h). The gravitational force on the Sol. If M is the mass of the moon, then escape velocity from the moon
astronaut due to earth surface
 Gravitation 457
Example 10. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit
around the earth with a speed equal to half the magnitude of escape
velocity from the earth :
(i) Determine the height of the satellite above the earth¢s
surface.
(ii) If the satellite is stopped suddenly in its orbit and allowed to
fall freely into the earth, find the speed with which it hits the
surface of the earth.
Sol. (i) If M and R are the mass and radius of the earth, then orbital
Figure. 9.53 speed of the satellite

2GM 1 2GM
v = . v0 = .
R 2 R
By conservation of mechanical energy, we can write If h is the height of satellite, then
K i + Ui = K f + U f ...(i)
GM
1 2 1 æ 2GM ö GMm v0 =
where K i = mv = m ç . R+h
÷ =
2 2 è R ø R
K f = 0. GM 1 2GM
Thus =
R+h 2 R
U i = m × potential of point A
\ h = R. Ans.
é -GM
= mê
ë 2R 3 ( ù
3R 2 - r ú
û
) (ii) By conservation of mechanical energy, we have
Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
é - GM ìï R ö üï ù
2
= mê 2 æ GMm GMm 1 2
í3R - ç R - ÷ ýú O- = - + mv
êë 2 R3 îï
è 100 ø ï ú
þû ( R + h) R 2

-1.01 GM GMm
= - -GMm 1 2
or = + mv
R ( R + R) R 2
If H is the height attained, then
- GMm After solving, we get
Uf = .
R+H v = gR. Ans.
On substituting these values in equation (i) and simplifying, we get
H = 99.5 R. Ans.

In Chapter Exercise 9.3

1. Three particles of mass m each are placed at the three 4. Use the conservation of mechanical energy and show that
corners of an equilateral triangle of side a. Find the work if an object is in an elliptical orbit about a planet, then its
which should be done on this system to increase the side distance r from the planet and speed v are related by
of the triangle to 2a.
æ 2 1ö
v 2 = GM ç - ÷ ; where a is the semimajor axis.
3Gm2 è r aø
Ans. .
2a 5. A certain triple-star system consists of two stars, each of
2. An earth satellite is revolving in a circular orbit of radius mass m, revolving about a central star of mass M in the
‘a’ with velocity v0. A gun is in the satellite and is aimed same circular orbit of radius r. The two stars are always at
directly towards the earth. A bullet is fired from the gun opposite ends of a diameter of the circular orbit (see figure).
with muzzle velocity v0/2. Neglecting resistance offered Derive an expression for the period of revolution of the
by cosmic dust and recoil of gun, calculate the maximum stars.
and minimum distance of bullet from the centre of earth
during its subsequent motion. Ans. 2a and 2a/3. m
r
3. A satellite of mass Ms is orbiting the earth in a circular
orbit of radius R. It starts losing energy slowly at a constant GM Gm
M Ans. ω = + .
rate C due to friction. If Me and Re denote the mass and r3 4r 3
radius of the earth respectively, show that the satellite m

GM s M e æ 1 1 ö
falls on the earth in a time t = - .
2C çè Re R ÷ø
458 Mechanics

Mechanics
MCQ Type 1 Exercise 9.1
Level - 1 (Only one option correct)
Newton's Law of Gravitation, Gravitational 5. A mass M is split into two parts m and (M – m), which are
then separated by a certain distance. What ratio of m/M
Field Intensity and Potential
maximizes the gravitational force between the two parts:
1. Kepler’s second law regarding constancy of aerial velocity 1 1
of a planet is a consequence of the law of conservation of (a) (b)
3 2
(a) energy (b) angular momentum
(c) linear momentum (d) none of these 1 1
(c) (d)
2. A planet is revolving around the sun as shown in elliptical 4 5
path 6. Two metal spheres of equal radius r are touching each other.
B
The force of attraction F between them is :
(a) F ∝ r 6 (b) F ∝ r4
A C
1
F ∝ r 2 (d)
S
(c) F∝ 2
D
r
The correct option is 7.
The figure shows four arrangement of three particles of equal
(a) the time taken in travelling DAB is less than that for masses. Arrange them according to the magnitude of the net
BCD gravitational force on the particle labeled m, in decreasing
(b) the time taken in travelling DAB is greater than that order: [AMU B.Tech.-2013]
for ABC D D
(c) the time taken in travelling CDA is less than that for (i) d (ii) d
ABC m m
(d) the time taken in travelling CDA is greater than that m d D
m
for ABC (iii) D (iv)
3. A satellite S is moving in an elliptical orbit around the earth. d
The mass of the satellite is very small compared to the mass
of earth: (a) (i), (iii) = (iv), (ii) (b) (i) = (iii), (ii), (iv)
(a) the acceleration of S is always directed towards the (c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (d) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)
centre of the earth 8. The gravitational field strength due to a solid sphere (mass
(b) the angular momentum of S about the centre of the
M, radius R) varies with distance r from centre as :
earth changes in direction but its magnitude remains E
constant E
(c) the total mechanical energy of S varies periodically
with time R
(d) the linear momentum of S remains constant in (a) r (b) r
R
magnitude
4. Two sphere of mass m and M are situated in air and the
gravitational force between them is F. The space around
the masses is now filled with a liquid of specific gravity 3. E E
The gravitational force will now be
F
(a) F (b) (c) R r (d) R r
3
F
(c) (d) 3 F
4

Answer 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (a)

Key 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (a)
 Gravitation 459
9. The gravitational potential due to a hollow sphere forces on the planet due to satellites is
(mass M, radius R) varies with distance r from centre as : 1
V (a)
V 2
1 r
(b)
(a) R (b) R 4 2r M
r r
1
(c)
3
(d) none of these
V V
R 15. The tail of a comet Halley is directed away from the sun
due to the fact that :
R (a) as the comet rotates around the sun, the lighter mass
(c) r (d) r
of comet is pushed away due to centrifugal force only.
(b) as the comet rotates, the lighter mass of comet is
attracted by some star situated in the direction of tail.
10. The radii of two planets are respectively R1 and R2 and (c) the radiation emitted by sun exerts a radial pressure on
their densities are respectively ρ1 and ρ2. The ratio of the the comet throwing its tail away from the sun
accelerations due to gravity at their surfaces is (d) the tail of comet always exists in same orientation.
ρ ρ 16. A satellite is in elliptical orbit about the earth (radius =
(a) g1 : g 2 = 12 : 22 (b) g1 : g2 = R1 : R2 : ρ1ρ2
R1 R2 6400 km). At perigee it has an altitude of 1100 km and at
g1 : g2 = R1ρ2 : R2ρ1 (d)
(c) g1 : g2 = R1ρ1 : R2ρ2 the apogee its altitude is 4100 km. The major axis of the
orbit is :
11. An object weight 72 N on earth. Its weight at a height of
(a) 5200 km (b) 10400 km
R/2 from earth is
(c) 11600 km (d) 18000 km
(a) 32 N (b) 56 N
17. A body of mass m is taken from earth surface to the height
(c) 72 N (d) zero
equal to radius of earth, the change in potential energy will
12. If radius of earth is R then the height ‘h’ at which value of be :
‘g’ becomes one-fourth is 1
R 3R (a) mg R (b) mg R
(a) (b) 2
4 4
1
R (c) 2 mg R (d) mg R
(c) R (d) 4
8 18. A point mass m is placed inside a spherical shell of radius
13. Two spheres each of mass M are situated at a distance 2d
R and mass M at a distance R/2 from the centre of the shell.
(see figure). A particle of mass m (m << M) is taken along The gravitational force exerted by the shell on the point mass
the path shown in figure. The work done in the process from is
A to B is GMm GMm
(a) (b) − 2
2
M
d R R
A
M B GMm
d (c) zero (d) 4
R2
d 2d d 19. Two particles of equal mass go round a circle of radius R
7 GMm 8 GMm under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. The
(a) (b)
d d speed of each particle is
8 GMm 1 1 Gm
(c) − (d) zero (a) (b)
v=
d v=
2 R Gm 2R
14. Two satellites of masses m and 2m are revolving around a
4Gm
planet of mass M with different speeds in orbits of radii r (c) v = 1 Gm (d)
v=
and 2r respectively. The ratio of minimum and maximum 2 R R

Answer 9 (b) 10 (d) 11 (a) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (c)

Key 15 (c) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (c)
460 Mechanics
20. The earth (mass = 6 × 1024 kg) revolves round the sun with (a) + 4.0 G (b) – 7.5 G
angular velocity 2 × 10–7 rad/s in a circular orbit of radius (c) – 5.4 G (d) + 6.3 G
1.5 × 108 km. The force exerted by the sun on the earth in
Satellites, Orbital Velocity & Escape Velocity
newtons, is
27. A satellite is orbiting a planet at a certain height in a circular
(a) 18 × 1025 (b) zero
orbit. If the mass of planet is suddenly reduced to half , the
(c) 27 × 1039 (d) 36 × 1021
satellite would :
21. The kinetic energy needed to project a body of mass m from
(a) continue to revolve around the planet at the same speed
the earth surface (radius R) to infinity is
(b) falls freely on the planet
mgR/2
(a) (b) 2mgR
(c) orbit the planet at the lesser speed
mgR (d)
(c) mgR/4
(d) escape from the planet
22. The distance of the centres of moon and earth is D. The mass
28. An astronaut orbiting the earth in a circular orbit 120 km
of earth is 81 times the mass of the moon. At what distance
above the surface of earth, gently drops a spoon out of the
from the centre of the earth, the gravitational force will be
spaceship. The spoon will :
zero
(a) fall vertically down to the earth
D 2D
(a) (b) (b) move towards the moon
2 3
(c) will move along with the space ship
4D 9D (d) will move in an irregular way and then fall down to
(c) (d)
3 10 earth
23. The depth d at which the value of acceleration due to gravity 29. A missile is launched with a velocity less than the escape
becomes 1/n times the value at the surface, is [R = radius velocity. The sum of its kinetic and potential energy is
of the earth] (a) positive (b) negative
R  n − 1 (c) zero
R
(a) (b)
n  n  (d) may be positive or negative depending upon its
initial velocity
R  n 
(c) (d) R
n 2  n + 1 30. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a height of
6 R above the surface of earth, R being radius of earth. The
24. Four particles each of mass M, are located at the vertices time period of another satellite at a height of 2.5 R from the
of a square with side L. The gravitational potential due to surface of earth is:
this at the centre of the square is
(a) 6 2 h (b) 6 h
GM GM
−
(a) 32 − 64 2
(b) (c) 6/2 h (d) 10 h
L L
31. Two satellites A and B go around a planet P in circular orbits
GM having radii 4 R and R respectively. If the speed of satellite
(c) zero (d) − 32
L A is 3v, the speed of satellite B would be :
25. 3 particles each of mass m are kept at vertices of an (a) 12 v (b) 6 v
equilateral triangel of side L. The gravitational field at centre 4 3
due to these particles is (c) v (d) v
3 2
3GM 32. If the gravitational force between two objects were
(a) zero (b) proportional to 1/R (instead of 1/R2), where R is separation
L2
between them ; then a particle in circular orbit under such
9GM 12 GM a force would have its orbital speed v proportional to :
(c) (d)
L2 3 L2 1
(a) (b) R0
26. The potential energy of 4-particles each of mass 1 kg placed R 2
at the four vertices of a square of side 1 m is : 1
[AMU B. Tech. -2010] (c) R (d)
R

Answer 20 (d) 21 (c) 22 (d) 23 (b) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (c)

Key 27 (c) 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (a) 31 (b) 32 (b)

33. An artificial satellite moving in a circular orbit around the
earth has a total (kinetic + potential) energy E0. Its potential
energy is :
(a) – E0 (b) 1.5 E0
(c) 2 E0 (d) E0
34. A satellite is moving in a circular orbit around a planet.
If T, the period of revolution and R, the radius of orbit
are known, the velocity v is unknown, then which of the
following equations would you use to compute its velocity
or acceleration :
v2 2πR
v = a T, a =
(a) (b) v= ,v=aT
R T
2πR v2 1 (c) 80 hours (d) 40 hours
(c) v= ,a= (d) v = (aT2) only
T R 2
35. A satellite is moving round the earth. In order to escape it,
its velocity must be increased by :
(a) 20 % (b) 41.4 %
(c) 1.41 % (d) not possible
36. In a satellite if the time of revolution is T, then K.E. is
proportional to
1 1
(a) (b) 43. The escape velocity of a body projected from the surface
T T2
1 is projected in a direction making an angle 30° with the
(c) (d) T–2/3
T3
37. The satellite of mass m revolving in a circular orbit of radius
r around the earth has kinetic energy E. Then its angular
momentum will be
E E
(a) 2 (b)
mr 2mr 2
(c) radius and the same mean density as the earth is :
2Emr 2 (d) 2Emr
38. A small asteroid is orbiting around the sun in a circular orbit
of radius r0 with speed v0. A rocket is lunched from the
asteroid with speed v = αv0, where v is the speed relative
to the sun. The highest value of α for which the rocket will
remain bound to the solar system is : (ignoring gravity due
to asteroid and effects of other planets) [ KVPY -2012]
(a) 2 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 1
39. A planet moving along an elliptical orbit is closest to the sun
at a distance r1 and farthest away at a distance of r2 . If v1
and v2 are the linear velocities at these points respectively,
v
then the ratio 1 is : (2Gm / r )1/ 2 ≤ c (b)
v
(a) (r1/r2)2 2 (b) (r2/r1)
(c) (r2/r1)2 (d) (r1/r2)
Gravitation 461
40. A satellite moves around the earth in a circular orbit of
radius R with speed v. If the mass of the satellite is M, its
total energy is
1 1
(a) − Mv 2 (b) Mv 2
2 2
3
(c) Mv 2 (d) Mv2
2
41. The time period of a satellite of earth is 5 hours. If the
separation between the earth and the satellite is increased
to four times the previous value, the new time period will
become
(a) 20 hours (b) 10 hours
42. A satellite of mass m is circulating around the earth with
constant angular velocity. If radius of the orbit is R0 and mass
of the earth M, the angular momentum about the centre of
the earth is
(a) M GmR0
m GMR0 (b)
GM
GM M
(c)
m (d)
R0 R0
of the earth vertically upwards is 11.2 km/s. If the body
vertical, then the new escape velocity will be :
11.2 3
(a) km/s (b) 11.2 × km/s
2 2
(c) 22.4 km/s (d) 11.2 km/s
44. The escape velocity from the earth is about 11 km per
second. The escape velocity from a planet having twice the
(a) 22 km/s (b) 11 km/s
(c) 5.5 km/s (d) 15.5 km/s
45. The acceleration due to gravity on a planet is same as that
on earth and its radius is four times that of earth. What will
be the value of escape velocity on that planet if it is ve on
earth
(a) ve (b) 2ve
ve
(c) 4ve (d)
2
46. The condition for a uniform spherical mass m of radius
r to be a black hole is [G = gravitational constant and
g = acceleration due to gravity]
(a) (2Gm / r )1/ 2 c
(c) (Gm / r )1/ 2 ≥ c
(2Gm / r )1/ 2 ≥ c (d)

Answer 33 (c) 34 (c) 35 (b) 36 (d) 37 (c) 38 (a) 39 (b)

Key 40 (a) 41 (d) 42 (a) 43 (d) 44 (a) 45 (b) 46 (c)
462 Mechanics

Level - 2 (Only one option correct)

Newton's Laws of Gravitation, Gravitational GMm  1 

(d) 1 +
Field and Potential: 2 2
d   R
8 1 −  
1. If the radius of the earth were to shrink by 1% its mass   2d  
remaining the same, the acceleration due to gravity on the 5. The gravitational potential difference between the surface of
earth’s surface would a planet and a point 10 m above is 4.0 J/kg. The gravitational
(a) decrease by 2% (b) remain unchanged field in this region, assumed uniform is :
(a) 0.025 N/kg (b) 0.40 N/kg
(c) increase by 2% (d) increase by 1%
(c) 40 N/kg (d) 4.0 N/kg
2. If earth is supposed to be a sphere of radius R, if g g30° is 6. Two identical trains are moving on rails along the equator
value of acceleration due to gravity at latitude of 30° and g on earth in opposite directions with the same speed. The
at the equator, the value of g – g30° is pressure exerted on rails will be :
1 3 2 (a) same for both
(a) ω 2 R (b) ω R (b) zero for both
4 4 (c) more for train moving along the earth’s motion
1 2 (d) more for train moving opposite the earth’s motion
ω2R
(c) (d) ω R
2 7. A satellite of mass m is orbiting the earth in a circular path
3. A certain planet completes one rotation about its axis in
time T. The weight of an object placed at the equator on of radius r with velocity v. How much energy is required to
the planet's surface is a fraction f (f is close to unity) of take the satellite from an orbit of radius r to one of radius
tis weight recorded at a latitude of 60°. The density of the 3r:
planet (assumed to be uniform) is given by :[KVPY- 2010] GMm GMm
(a) (b)
r 2r
 4 − f  3π  4 − f  3π
(a)
 1 − f  2
(b)
 1 + f  GMm GMm
4GT 4GT 2 (c) (d)
2
3r r
 4 − 3 f  3π  4 − 2 f  3π
(c)
 1 − f  2 (d)
 1 − f  Satellites, Orbital Velocity and Escape Velocity
4GT 3GT 2
4. The figure shows a spherical hollow inside a lead sphere of 8. The eccentricity of earth’s orbit is e = 0.0167. The ratio of
radius R, the surface of the hollow passes through the centre its maximum speed in its orbit to its minimum speed is :
of the sphere and "touches" the right side of the sphere. The [KVPY 2012]
mass of the sphere before hollowing was M. With what (a) 2.507 (b) 1.033
gravitational force does the hollowed out lead sphere attract (c) 8.324 (d) 1.000
a small sphere of mass m that lies at a distance 'd' from the 9. A body moves in a circular orbit of radius R under the action
centre of the lead sphere, on the straight line connecting the of a central force. Potential due to the central force is given
centres of the sphere and of the hollow : by V(r) = kr (k is a positive constant). Period of revolution
GMm  1  of the body is proportional to : [KVPY 2014]
(a) 2 1 − 2 (a) R1/2 (b) R–1/2
d   R m
8 1 −   (c) R–3/2 (d) R–5/2
  2d   R
10. For the earth - moon system, let M and m be the masses of the
GMm  1  d earth and the moon respectively. Let v be the instantaneous
(b) 2 1 + 2
d   R relative velocity. The total kinetic energy of this system in
4 1 −   the centre of mass frame will be given by
  2d  
1 mM 2 (b) 1 1
GMm  1  (a) v mv2 + Mv2
(c) 1 − 2 m+M 2 2
2 2
d   R
4 1 −   1 1
  2d   (c) mv2 (d) Mv2
2 2

Answer 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (a) 5 (b)

Key 6 (d) 7 (c) 8 (b) 9 (a) 10 (a)
 Gravitation 463
11. A research satellite of mass 200 kg circles the earth in an from P and reaches at C under gravitational attraction only.
orbit of average radius 3R/2 where R is the radius of the Its speed at centre C will be :
earth. Assuming the gravitational pull on a mass of 1 kg on
2Gm
the earth’s surface to be 10 N, the pull on the satellite will (a) R
R
be
R
C P
(a) 880 N (b) 889 N 2Gm  1 
(b)  1− 
(c) 890 N (d) 892 N R  2
12. Energy required to move a body of mass m from an orbit
of radius 2R to 3R is 2Gm
(c) ( 2 − 1)
GMm/12R2 (b)
(a) MGm/3R2 R
GMm/8R (d)
(c) GMm/6R (d) zero
13. A particle of mass 10 g is kept on the surface of a uniform
17. A planet was suddenly stopped in its orbit supposed to be
sphere of mass 100 kg and radius 10 cm. Find the work to
circular. The time it takes to fall on to the sun is, if time
be done against the gravitational force between them to
period of planet’s revolution is T
take the particle far away from the sphere (you may take G
= 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2 / kg2) T 2T
(a) (b)
(a) 6.67 × 10–9 J (b) 6.67 × 10–10 J 2 4
(c) 13.34 × 10–10 J (d) 3.33 × 10–10 J
(c) 2T (d)

2T
14. An asteroid of mass m is approaching earth initially at a 8
distance of 10Re with speed vi. It hits the earth with a speed 18. The escape velocity from earth is ve. A body is projected
vf (Re and Me are radius and mass of earth), then with velocity 2ve with what constant velocity will it move
2Gm  1 in the inter planetary space
v 2f =
(a) vi2 + 1 −  ve
(a) (b) 3ve
MeR 10
2GM e  1 (c) 5ve
3ve (d)
v 2f =
(b) vi2 + 1 + 
Re 10
19. Three equal masses (each m) are placed at the corners of
2GM e  1 an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’. Then the escape velocity
v 2f =
(c) vi2 + 1 − 
Re 10 of an object from the circumcentre P of triangle is :
A
2Gm  1
v 2f =
(d) vi2 + 1 − 
R e  10 

15. A projectile is projected with velocity kve in vertically

upward direction from the ground into the space. (ve is
escape velocity and k < 1). If air resistance is considered to
be negligible then the maximum height from the centre of P
earth to which it can go, will be: (R = radius of earth)
B C
R R
(a) (b) 2
k2 +1 k −1 (a) 2 3 Gm (b)
3 Gm
a a
R R
(c) (d)
1+ k2 k +1
(c) 6 3 Gm (d) 3 3 Gm
16. A point P lies on the axis of a ring of mass M and radius a a
R at a distance R from its centre C. A small particle starts

Answer 11 (b) 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (c) 16 (b)

Key 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 (c)
464 Mechanics

Mechanics
MCQ Type 2 Exercise 9.2
Multiple Correct Options
1. Identical point masses each equal to m are placed at x = 0,
x = 1, x = 2, x = 4, ... The total gravitational force on mass
m at x = 0 due to all other masses is :
(a) infinite (b) (4/3) GM2
(c) (4/3) Gm2 (d) zero
2. Two masses m1 and m2 (m1 < m2) are released from rest from
a finite distance. They start under their mutual gravitational
attraction
(a) acceleration of m1 is more than that of m2
(b) acceleration of m2 is more than that of m1
(c) centre of mass of system will remain at rest in all the
reference frame
(d) total energy of system remains constant
3. The spherical planets have the same mass but densities in
the ratio 1 :8. For these planets, the
(a) acceleration due to gravity will be in the ratio 1: 4
(b) acceleration due to gravity will be in the ratio 4 : 1.
(c) escape velocities from their surfaces will be in the ratio
1: 2
(d) escape velocities from their surfaces will be in the ratio
2 : 1.
4. A spherical shell of radius R is cut along a chord AB and
slightly displaced as shown in figure. Two points P and Q
are such that with P in lower part and Q in upper part of the
shell. Then :
6. A satellite is revolving in an elliptical orbit in free space;
then which of the following statements are true :
(a) its mechanical energy is constant
(b) its linear momentum is constant
(c) its angular momentum is constant
(d) its areal velocity constant
7. A double star is a system of two stars of masses m and 2m,
rotating about their centre of mass only under their mutual
gravitational attraction. If r is the separation between these
two stars then their time period of rotation about their centre
of mass will be proportional to
(a) r3/2 (b) r
(c) m1/2 (d)
m–1/2
8. A tunnel is dug along a chord of the earth at a perpendicular
distance R/2 from the earth’s centre. The wall of the tunnel
may be assumed to be frictionless. A particle is released from
one end of the tunnel. The pressing force by the particle on
the wall and the acceleration of the particle varies with x
(distance of the particle from the centre) according to
Pressing Pressing
force force
(a) (b)
X X
X=R/2 X=R X=R/2 X=R
acceleration acceleration

(c) (d)

X X
X=R/2 X=R X=R/2 X=R
(a) The gravitational field at P and Q are zero. 9. Two tunnels are dug from one side of the earth's surface
(b) The sum of gravitational fields at P and Q is zero. to the other side, one along a diameter and the other along
(c) The gravitational potentials at P and Q are equal. a chord. Now two particles are dropped from one end of
(d) The gravitational potentials at P and Q are unequal. each of the tunnels. Both the particles oscillate simple
5. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit around the earth harmonically along the tunnels. Let T1 and T2 be the time
and an object is placed inside the satellite. Then : periods and v1 and v2 be the maximum speed of the particles
in the two tunnels. Then
(a) satellite and object both are weightless
(b) satellite has weight while object appears weightless. (a) T1 > T2
T1 = T2 (b)
(c) object has weight while satellite appears weightless. v1 = v2 (d)
(c) v1 > v2
(d) satellite behaves as a freely falling body.

Answer 1 (b) 2 (a, d) 3 (a, c) 4 (b, d) 5 (b, d)

Key 6 (a, c, d) 7 (a, d) 8 (b, c) 9 (a, d)
 Gravitation 465
10. Due to a solid sphere magnitude of : out of the solid leaving behind spherical cavities as shown
(a) gravitational potential is maximum at centre in figure. Then :
(b) gravitational potential is minimum at centre
(c) field strength is maximum at centre
(d) field strength is minimum at centre
11. The magnitude of the gravitational field strengths at
distances r1 and r2 from the centre of uniform sphere of
radius R and mass M are F1 and F2 respectively, then :
F1 r1 (a) the gravitational force due to this sphere at the origin
(a) F2 = r2 if r1 < R and r2 < R is zero
(b) the gravitational force at the point B (2, 0, 0) is zero
F1 2
r  (c) the gravitational potential is the same at all points of
(b) =  2  if r1 > R and r2 > R
F2  r1  the circle y2 + z2 = 36
F1 r1 (d) the gravitational potential is the same at all points on
(c) = if r1 > R and r2 > R the circle y2 + z2 = 4
F2 r2
2 14. A geostationary satellite is at a height h above the surface
F1 r 
(d) =  1  if r1 < R and r2 < R of earth. If earth radius is R
F2  r2 
12. Two objects of masses m and 4 m are at rest at an infinite
separation. They move towards each other under mutual R
gravitational attraction. G is the universal gravitational
constant. Then at separation r: R h
(a) the total energy of the two objects is zero
1/ 2
10Gm 
(b) their relative velocity of approach is  in
magnitude.  r 
2 (a) The minimum colatitude on earth upto which the
(c) the total kinetic energy of the objects is 4Gm
r satellite can be used for communicate is sin–1 R/(R + h)
(d) net angular momentum of both the particles is zero (b) The maximum colatitude on earth upto which the
about any point satellite can be used for communicate is sin–1 R/(R + h)
(c) The area on earth escaped from this satellite is given
13. A solid sphere of uniform density and radius
4 units is located with its centre at the origin O of as 2πR 2 (1 + sin θ)
coordinates. Two spheres of equal radii 1 unit with their (d) The area on earth escaped from this satellite is given
centres at A (– 2, 0, 0) and B (2, 0, 0) respectively are taken as 2πR 2 (1 + cos θ)

Answer Key 10 (a, d) 11 (a, b) 12 (a, b, c, d) 13 (a, c, d) 14 (a, c)

Mechanics
Reasoning Type Questions Exercise 9.3
Read the two statements carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given below:
(a) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is not correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(c) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is false.
(d) Statement - 1 is false, Statement - 2 is true
1. Statement - 1 Statement - 2
Smaller the orbit of the planet around the sun, shorter is the According to Kepler’s third law of planetary motion, square
time it takes to complete one revolution. of time period is proportional to cube of mean distance from
sun.
466 Mechanics
2. Statement - 1 Statement - 2
Space rocket are usually launched in the equatorial line from The orbit of an earth satellite must always lie in a plane
west to east contains the centre of earth.
Statement - 2 8. Statement - 1
The acceleration due to gravity is minimum at the equator. If the total energy of a satellite moving around earth is E,
3. Statement - 1 its potential energy is 2 E.
A person sitting in an artificial satellite revolving around Statement - 2
earth feels weightless. Total energy E = KE + PE.
Statement - 2 9. Statement - 1
There is no gravitational force on the satellite. The atmosphere of Jupiter contains light gases, where as
4. Statement - 1 earth’s atmosphere has little amount of hydrogen gas.
A body becomes massless at the centre of earth. Statement - 2
Statement - 2 The escape velocity from the Jupiter is smaller than the
 d escape velocity from the earth.
This follows from g' = g 1 − 
 R 10. Statement - 1
5. Statement - 1
An astronaut in an orbiting space station above the earth
Moon travellers tie heavy weight at their back before landing experiences weightlessness.
on the moon.
Statement - 2
Statement - 2
An object moving around earth under the influence of earth′s
The acceleration due to gravity on moon is smaller than that
gravitational force is in a state of free fall.
of earth.
11. Statement - 1
6. Statement - 1
For a mass M kept at the centre of a cube of side ′a′, the flux
The tidal waves in sea are primarily due to the gravitational
effect of earth. of gravitational field passing through its sides is 4πGM.

Statement - 2 Statement - 2

The intensity of gravitational field of earth is maximum at
the surface of earth.
7. Statement - 1
We can not set an artificial satellite into an orbit in such a
way that it always remains over New Delhi.
If the direction of field due to point source is radial and its
dependence on the distance r from the source is given as
1
, its flux through a closed surface depends only on the
r2
strength of the source enclosed by the surface and not on
the size or shape of the surface.

Answer 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (d)

Key 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (a) 11 (a)

Mechanics
Passage & Matrix Exercise 9.4
Passages
Passage for (Questions 1 & 2) : 2.
The angular speed of S2 as observed by an astronaut in S1
Two satellites S1 and S2 revolve round a planet in coplanar is
circular orbits in the same sense. Their periods of revolution are (a) π rad /h (b) 2π/ 3 rad/h
1 h and 8 h respectively. The radius of the orbit of S1 is 104 km. π
(c)
π/4 rad/h (d) rad / h.
When S2 is closest to S1 find 3
1. The speed of S2 relative to S1 Passage for (Questions 3 - 5) :
(a) 2 × 104 km/h (b) π × 104 km /h. Two satellites A and B are revolving around the earth in circular
(c) 2π × 10 km/h 4 (d) 104 km/h orbits of radius r1 and r2 respectively with r1 < r2. Plane of
 Gravitation 467
motion of the two are same. At position 1, A is given an impulse (a) A, B and centre of earth are in same straight line
in the direction of velocity by firing a rocket so that it follows (b) B is ahead of A angularly
an elliptical path to meet B at position 2 as shown. Focal lengths (c) B is behind A angularly
of the elliptical path are r1 and r2 respectively. At position 2, A is (d) None of these
given another impulse so that velocities of A and B at 2 become 4. If the two have same mass :
equal and the two move together. (a) A would have more potential energy than B while on
For any elliptical path of the satellite time period of revolution is their initial circular paths
given by Kepler's planetary law as T2 ∝ r3 where 'a' is semi major (b) A would have less kinetic energy than B while on their
r1 + r2 initial circular paths
axis of the ellipse which is in this case.
2 (c) Relative to Earth's centre, angular momentum of A
Also angular momentum of any satellite revolving around the when it is in elliptical path would be less than angular
momentum of B
Earth will remain a constant about Earth's centre as force of (d) During the whole process angular momentum of B
gravity on the satellite which keeps it in elliptical path is along would be more than angular momentum of A
its position vector relative to the earth centre. 5. If r2 = 3 r1 and time period of revolution for B be T then
3. When A is given its first impulse at that moment : time taken by A in moving from position 1 to position 2 is
:
r2 3 3
Earth T
(a) (b) T
B 1
r1
2 2 2
A
> T 2 T 2
(c) (d)
> 3 3 3

Matrix Matching
6. Column I describes some situations in which a small object moves. Column II describes some characteristics of these motions.
Match the situations in column I with the characteristics in column II. [IIT-JEE2007]
Column I Column II
A. The object moves on the x-axis under a conservative (p) The object executes a simple harmonic motion.
force in such a way that its ‘speed’ and ‘position’ satisfy
= v c1 c2 − x 2 , where c1 and c2 are positive constants.
B. The object moves on the x-axis in such a way that its velocity (q) The object does not change in direction.
and its displacement from the origin satisfy v = – kx, where
k is a positive constant.
C. The object is attached to one end of a massless spring of a (r) The kinetic energy of the object keeps on decreasing.
given spring constant. The other end of the spring is attached
to the ceiling of an elevator. Initially every thing is at rest. The
elevator starts going upwards with a constant acceleration a.
The motion of the object is observed from the elevator during
the period it maintains this acceleration.
D. The object is projected from the earth’s surface vertically (s) The object can change its direction of motion only once
upwards with a speed 2 GM / R , where M is the mass of
the earth and R is the radius of the earth. Neglect forces from
objects other than the earth.

Answer 1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (c)

Key 5 (c) 6 A.→ (p) ; B. → (q), (r) ; C. → (p), (s); D. →(r)

7. Two concentric spherical shells are as shown in figure. Match the following:
B

A
D

468 Mechanics
Column I Column II
A. Potential at A (p) greater than B
B. Gravitational field at A (q) less than B
C. As one moves from C to D (r) potential remains constant
D. As one moves from D to A (s) gravitational field decreases
(t) None
8. A satellite is revolving round the earth in a circular orbit of radius ‘a’ with velocity v0. A particle of mass m is projected from
 5 
the satellite in forward direction with relative velocity
= v  − 1 v0 . During subsequent motion of particle, match the fol-
lowing  4 
Column I Column II
3GM e m
A. Total energy of particle (p) −
8a
5 GM e m
B. Minimum distance of particle from the earth (q)
8 a
C. Maximum distance of particle from the earth (r) 5a/3
D. The kinetic energy (s) a
9. Assume v0 be the velocity of projection of a body from the surface of the earth enables it to become a satellite of the earth close
GM
to the earth surface. If R be the radius of the earth then v0 = gR where g = ; G – universal gravitational constant and
R2
v 1
M is the mass of the earth. If ve be the escape velocity on the earth then 0 = . If v be the velocity of projection of body
ve 2
on the surface of earth then, match the following
Column I Column II
A. v = v0 (p) Path of body is circular
B. v < v0 (q) Path of body is elliptical and return to earth
C. v0 < v < ve (r) Path of body is elliptical but not return to earth
D. v = ve (s) Path of the body is parabolic

Answer 7 A. → (q) ; B. → (t) ; C. → (r) ; D. → (s) 8 A. → (p) ; B. → (s) ; C. → (r) ; D. → (q)

Key 9 A. → (p) ; B. → (q) ; C. → (r); D.→ (s)

Mechanics
Best of JEE-(Main & Advanced) Exercise 9.5
JEE- (Main)
1. Imagine a light planet revolving around a very massive star
in a circular orbit of radius R with a period of revolution T.
If the gravitational force of attraction between the planet
and the star proportional to R –5/2, then : [AIEEE 2004]
(a) T2 ∝ R3 (b) T2 ∝ R7/2
(c) 2 3/2
T ∝ R (d) T2 ∝ R3.75
2. If the change in the value of ‘g’ at a height h above the
surface of the earth is the same as at a depth x below it,
then (both x and h being much smaller than the radius of
the earth) [AIEEE 2005]
(a) x = h (b) x = 2h
h
(c) x = (d) x = h2
2
3. This question contains Statement-1 and Statement-2. Of the
four choices given after the statements, choose the one that
best describes the two statements. [AIEEE 2008]
Statement-1 :
For a mass M kept at the centre of a cube of side ‘a’, the
flux of gravitational field passing through its sides 4 π GM.
and
Statement-2:
If the direction of a field due to a point source is radial and
its dependence on the distance ‘r’ from the source is given
1
as , its flux through a closed surface depends only on
r2
the strength of the source enclosed by the surface and not
on the size or shape of the surface.
(a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
 Gravitation 469

4. Two bodies of masses m and 4 m are placed at a distance satellite orbiting a few hundred km above the earth’s surface
r. The gravitational potential at a point on the line joining (Rearth = 6400 km) will approximately be : [IIT-JEE 2002]
them where the gravitational field is zero is: [AIEEE 2011] 1
(a) hr (b) 1 hr
4Gm 6Gm 2
(a) − (b) −
r r (c) 2 hr (d) 4 hr

(c)
9Gm
(d) zero 10. A system of binary stars of masses mA and mB are moving
−
r in circular orbits of radii rA and rB respectively. If TA and
5. Two particles of equal mass ‘m’ go around a circle of radius TB are the times periods of masses mA respectively, then
R under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. [IIT-JEE 2006]
The speed of each particle with respect to their centre of 3/ 2
mass is : [AIEEE 2011RS] TA  rA 
(a) = TA > TB (if rA > rB)
(b)
TB  rB 
Gm Gm
(a) (b) TA > TB (if mA > mB) (d) TA = TB
(c)
4R 3R
11. A spherically symmetric gravitational system of particles
Gm Gm
(c) (d) ρ0 for r ≤ R
2R R has a mass density ρ = 
6. The mass of a spaceship is 1000 kg. It is to be launched from 0 for r > R
the earth's surface out into free space. The value of g and where ρ0 is a constant. A test mass can undergo circular
R (radius of earth) are 10 m/s2 and 6400 km respectively. motion under the influence of the gravitational field of
The required energy for this work will be : [AIEEE 2012] particles. Its speed v as a function of distance r (0 < r < ∞)
from the centre of the system is represented by
(a) 6.4 × 1011Joules (b) 6.4 × 108 Joules
[IIT-JEE 2008]
(c) 6.4 × 109 Joules (d) 6.4 × 1010 Joules v v
7. What is the minimum energy required to launch a satellite of
mass m from the surface of a planet of mass M and radius R
(a) (b)
in a circular orbit at an altitude of 2R? [JEE-Main 2013]
5GmM 2GmM
(a) (b) R r R r
6R 3R v v
GmM GmM
(c) (d)
2R 2R
8. From a solid sphere of mass M and radius R, a spherical portion of (c) (d)
radius R, a spherical portion of radius R/2 is removed, as shown
in the figure. Taking gravitational potential V = 0 at r = ∞, the r
R r
potential at the cente of the cavity thus formed is (G = gravitational R
constant) [JEE-Main 2015] 12. A thin uniform annular disc (see figure) of mass M has outer
radius 4R and inner radius 3R. The work required to take a
unit mass from point P on its axis to infinity is
[IIT-JEE 2010]
P
4R
GM 2GM 3R
(a) − −
(b) 4R
R 3R
2GM −GM 2GM 2GM
(c) − (d) −
(a) (4 2 − 5) (b) (4 2 − 5)
R 2R 7R 7R
JEE- (Advanced) GM 2GM
9. A geostationary satellite orbits around earth in a circular (c) (d) ( 2 − 1)
4R 5R
orbit of radius 36000 km. Then the time period of a spy
Answer 1 (b) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (a) 6 (d)
Key 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (a) 11 (c) 12 (a)
470 Mechanics
13. A satellite is moving with a constant speed ‘V’ in a circular (a) The minimum initial velocity of the mass m to escape
orbit about the earth. An object of mass ‘m’ is ejected from GM
the gravitational field of the two bodies is 4
the satellite such that it just escapes from the gravitational L
pull of the earth. At the time of its ejection, the kinetic energy
(b) The minimum initial velocity of the mass m to escape
of the object is [IIT-JEE 2011]
GM
1 2 the gravitational field of the two bodies is 2
(a) mV (b) mV2 L
2
(c) The minimum initial velocity of the mass m to escape
3
(c) mV 2 (d) 2mV2 2GM
2 the gravitational field of the two bodies is
14. Two bodies, each of mass M, are kept fixed with a separation L
2L. A particle of mass m is projected from the midpoint of (d) The energy of the mass m remains constant
the line joining their centres, perpendicular to the line. The
gravitational constant is G. The correct statement(s) is (are)
[JEE-Adv. 2013]

Answer Key 13 (b) 14 (b)

 Gravitation 471

In Chapter Exercise
In Chapter Exercise -9.1 F′ 4 2
1. Gravitational force acting between two point masses ∴ =
F 5 5
Gm1m2
F= , is independent of the nature of medium between 4 2
r2 or F′ = F
them. 5 5
Therefore, gravitational force acting between two point
masses will remain unaffected when they are dipped in water. In Chapter Exercise -9.2
2. Yes, a body can have inertia (i.e., mass) but no weight. Ev- 1. Ts = 29.5 Te, Re = 1.5 × 108 km;
eryone always have inertia (i.e., mass) but its weight (mg) Ts 2 Rs 3
From Kepler's 3rd law, =
can be zero, when it is taken at the centre of the earth or Te 2
Re3
during free fall under gravity.
2/3 2/3
3. Aphelion is the location of the earth where it is at the greatest  Ts   29.5Te 
distance from the sun and perihelion is the location of the \ Rs = Re   = 1.5 × 108   = 1.43 × 109 km
 Te   Te 
earth where it is at the nearest distance from the sun.
vA 2. Weight of the body = mg = 63N
 R2 
Acceleration due to gravity at a height 'h' = g ' = g  2
 ( R + h) 
P A
Sun gR 2 4
= 2
= g
 R 9
R + 
 2
vP vP > vA
\ Gravitational force on the body at a height
4. Potential energy of an object at the surface of the earth
GM e m 4 4
= − h = mg' = m × × g = × 63 = 28N
R 9 9
PE of the object at a height equal to the radius of the earth 1 2 GMm GMm
3. Using law of conservation of energy, mv − =
−
GMm 2 R R+h
= −
2R
1 2 1 1 
GMm  GMm  = v GM  − 
∴ Gain in PE of the object = − −  2 R R + h
2R  R 
GMm 1 2 gR 2 .h
= + ⇒ v = [Q gR2 = GM]
2R 2 R ( R + h)
gR 2 × m
=
2R
( GM = gR2 )
1 2 gRh
2
v =
R+h
⇒ v2(R + h) = 2gRh
1
= mgR ⇒ v2R + v2h = 2gRh
2
⇒ h(v2 – 2gR) = – v2R
5. Gravitational force acting on an object of mass m, placed at
⇒ h (2gR – v2) = v2R
point P at a distance h along the normal through the centre
of a circular ring of mass M and radius r is given by  v2R 
⇒h=   = 1.6 × 106 m.
 2 gR − v  2
 
GMmh
F= 4. ve = 11.2 km/s, velocity of projection = v = 3ve
( )
3/2
r + h2
2
Let m and vo be the mass and the velocity of the projectile
far away from the earth, then using law of conservation of
when h = r, then energy,
GMm × r GMm 1 1 2 1
F= = mvo 2
= mv − mve 2
( 2
r +r )
2 3/2 2 2 r2 2 2 2

2GMmr 2GMm vo = v 2 − ve 2 = (3ve ) 2 − ve 2 = 8ve

and
= F′ =
( )
3/2
r 2 + 4r 2 5 5r 2
= 2 2 × 11.2 = 2 × 1.414 × 11.2 = 31.68 km/s
472 Mechanics
c  dE 
5. Since e = ⇒ c = ea   = Fv
a  dt 
Given F = av2
 −GMm 
d
∴  2r  = (αv 2 )v
dt
GMm
or dr = −αv3dt
2r 2
∴ r1 = a + c = a + ea = a(1+ e)
r2 = a – c = a – ea = a(1– e) Orbital velocity of satellite,
2 GM
1 b
Required
= distance =
of latus rectum v = .
2 a r
b2 3/2
∴ L = GMm  GM 
a
∴ 2
dr = −α   dt
2r  r 
We have r1 + r2 = 2a
and r1 – r2 = a (1 + e) − a (1 − e) =
2ae mr −1/2
or dr = −α(GM )1/2 dt
 r1 − r2  2
⇒ e =  .
 r1 + r2  Integrating above expression, we get
R t
Also e = 1 − b 2 / a 2 ⇒ b 2 = a 2 (1 − e2 ) m −1/2
∫r dr = −α(GM )1/2 ∫ dt
2
b2 a2 ηR 0
∴ L = = (1 − e 2 )
a a R
= a(1 – e2) m r = −α GM t
ηR
 2
 r1 + r2    r1 − r2   or m[ ηR − R ] = α GM t
=   1 −  
 2    r1 + r2  
m [ ηR − R ]
 2r1r2  ∴ t = Ans.
=   . Ans. α GM
 r1 + r2 
6. The motion of the planet can be approximated to be along 8. We know that v = 2 gR
R+r
a circle of radius  . vp gp Rp
 2  ∴ = × ...(i)
v g R

gp 6
Given = ...(ii)
ge 11

4 g p ρ p Rp
Also g= π G ρR ∴ = ×
3 g ρ R
The time period will be given by Rp  ρ p 2 
6 2
3
∴ =×  = ( given) 
R + r 11 3 R  ρ 3 
 2 
T = 2π  p R 3 6
G ( M + m)
∴ = ...(iii)
Here m is the mass of the planet and M is the mass of sun. R 22
As m << M vp 6 3 6 3× 6 3
3 From (i), (ii) & (iii) = × = =
(R + r) v 11 22 11 × 22 11
∴ T = π Ans.
2GM
3 3
7. The energy of the satellite in a orbit of radius r, ∴ vp = ×v = × 11km/s = 3 km/s
11 11
−GMm
E = .
2r
Here m is the mass of satellite and M is the mass of the moon.
If dE/dt is the instantaneous rate of decrease of energy of
the satellite, then we have
 Gravitation 473

In Chapter Exercise -9.3 10. The energy of the satellite in its orbit
1. m GM e M s
Ei = – ,
2R
and close to earth surface
a a it is Ef = –GMeMs/2Re.
If t is the required time, then
 −GM e M s  −GM e M s
m m −Ct +   =
a  2R  2 Re
The work done,
GM s M e  1 1
W = Uf – Ui ∴ t =  − 
2C  Re R 
2
where Ui = −3 × Gmm =− 3Gm 11. The situation is shown in figure. If vA is the velocity of the
a a
2
object at A, then at A
Uf = −3 × Gmm =− 3 Gm
v
and θ
GMm mv A2
2a 2 a = a
a2 r a v′
3 Gm 2  3Gm 2  A
Thus W = − − −  1 GMm
2 a  a  ∴ mv A2 =
2 2a
3Gm 2 Potential energy at
= Ans. GMm
2a A = −
2. The velocity of projection of bullet w.r.t. earth, a
2
Thus total mechanical energy at A
vA = v  GMm GMm GMm
v02 +  0 = K + U = − =−
 2
2a a 2a
v0 A
By conservation of mechanical energy, we can write
v0
2 Mechanical energy at any position = mechanical energy
at A
B a −GMm 1 2 −GMm
r ∴ + mv =
r 2 2a
vB
After simplifying, we get
2 1
v2 = GM  − 
 r a
12. The centripetal force acting on each star of mass m
 GMm Gmm 
GM  + 
Here v0 =  r2 2
a
F = 
( 2 r ) 
By conservation of angular momentum between A and B,
we have By Newton′s second law, we have
mv0a = mvr ... (i) GMm Gm 2
mω2r = 2
+
From conservation of mechanical energy, we have r ( 2r ) 2
1 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
mv A − mv −
2 a = 2 r ... (ii) ∴ ω = GM + Gm . Ans.
3 3
r 4r
Solving equations for r to get required result.
Exercise 9.1 Level -1
  
dA L dA  m( M − m)
1. (b) = ; is constant, if L is constant. 5. (b) F = G
dt 2m dt r2
2. (a) The speed of the planet is faster in region DAB in For maximum value of F, dF/dm = 0, and so
comparison to the region BCD. m = M/2.
3. (a) In elliptical orbit satellite has two forces : centripetal 4 4
G (ρ πr 3 ) (ρ πr 3 )
Fn and tangential force (Ft). For small mass satellite Gm1m2 3 3
6. (b) F = =
Ft << Fn and so it always remains towards axis of (2r )2 h (2r )2
rotation. = kr4.
4. (a) Gravitational force does not depend on medium 7. (c)
between the masses.
474 Mechanics

 gr g Gm 2 mv 2 1 Gm
8. (a) = – g ' for r ≤ R and g' = for r ≥ R 19. (c) = ⇒ v = .
R (1 + r / R)2 (2 R)2 R 2 R
so option (a) is correct.
GM 20. (d) F = mω2r = 6 × 1024 (2 × 10–7)2 × 1.5 × 1011
GM
9. (b) vg = – for r ≤ R and vg = – , for r > R, and = 36 × 1021 N.
R r
so option (b) is correct. 21. (c) K + U = 0 + 0
4 GMm
Gρ πR3 K– = 0
GM 3 R
10. (d) g = 2 = =kρR
R R2 GM
ρ1R1 ∴ K = mR = mgR.
g1 R2
∴ = .
g2 ρ2 R2 Gme Gmm
11. (a) W = 72 = mg 22. (d) =
x 2 ( D − x)2
g 4g
At a height h = R/2, g' = 2 = 9
 R / 2
1 + 
R 
x D
4mg
Thus W ' = mg' =
9 G (81m) m
4 or 2 =
∴ W ' = 72 × = 32 N. x ( D − x)2
9
g 9D
∴ x = .
12. (c) g' = 2 10
 h
1 +   h
R 23. (b) g' = g 1 − 
g g  R
or = 2 ⇒ h = R
4  h g  h
1 +  or = g 1 − 
R n  R
13. (d) WAB = m(VB – VA) ; But VA = VB and so WAB = 0.
 n − 1
∴ h = R 
GM m GM (2m)  n 
14. (c) ` Fmin = −
2
r (2r )2
GM
24. (a) V = – 4
GMm r
=
2r 2
GMm GM (2m) GM GM
and Fmax = 2 + 2 = – 4 =– 32 .
r (2r ) L/ 2 L
3 GMm 25. (a) If g be the gravitational field produced by each particle,
= .
2 r2 then
Fmin 1
g
∴ = . 120°
Fmax 3 60° g
60°
15. (c) The radiation emitted by sun exerts a radial outwards g
120°
pressure.
16. (d) 2a = 1100 + 2 × 6400 + 4100 gx = g – 2g cos 60° = 0
= 18000 km. and gy = gsin 60° – gsin 60° = 0

= =
mgh mgR mgR ∴ g = g x2 + g 2y = 0.
17. (b) ∆U = h 1+ R / R 2
1+
R  −G × 1× 1   – G × 1× 1 
26. (c) U =   ×4+  ×2
18. (c) The force exerted by shell on any mass inside the shell  1   2 
will be zero. = – 5.4 G.
 Gravitation 475

GM 38. (a) For escape the velocity needed v = 2v0

v0 =
27. (c) As , and so with decrease in M, v0 also
r
So maximum value of α = 2
decreases.
28. (c) When spoon is dropped gently, its tangential speed is v1 r2
39. (b) mv1r=
1 mv2 r2 ⇒ =
equal to the speed of spaceship, and so it revolves like v2 r1
a satellite.
1
29. (b) For r = ∞, E is positive. 40. (a) K = Mv 2 .
2
For r < ∞, E is negative.
1 2
3 Total energy = – K = − Mv
T12 r13  7R  2
30. (a) = =   =8
T22 r23 3.5 R  T12 r13 3
=  1
41. (d) =  
T1 24 T22 r23  4
∴ T2 = = = 6 2 h
2 2 2 2 ∴ T2 = 43/2 T 1 = 8 × 5 = 40 hr.
v1 r2 R 1 GM
31. (b) = = = 42. (a) L = mvr = m R0
v2 r1 4R 2 R0
∴ v2 = 2v1 = 2 × 3v = 6v.
= m GMR0 .
GMm 2
mv 43. (d) Escape speed does not depend on angle of projection.
32. (b) =
R R
4
2Gρ × πR3
∴ v = GM ; v ∝ R°. ve =
44. (a) 2GM 3
=
33. (c) U = 2 (total energy) = 2 E0. R R
= kR
circumference 2πR v2
34. (c) v = = and a = . ∴ ve′ = 2ve = 2 × 11 = 22 km/s.
time T R
45. (b) ve = 2gR
35. (b) ve = 2 gR = 1.414 gR = 1.414 v0.
So it 41.4% increase orbital speed to escape. v1 R1 R
∴ = = ,
v2 R2 4R
GMm
36. (d) K = ; and T2 ∝ r3
2r or v2 = 2v1 = 2ve.
K ∝ T –2/3.
∴ 46. (c) If light not to escape from the region (black hole),
1 2Gm
37. (c) E = mv 2 ⇒ v= 2E / m then c ≤ .
2 r
2mv 2 2 Er
and L = mvr = r=
2v 2E / m
= 2Emr 2 .
Exercise 9.1 Level -2
1. (c) g = GMR −2 ω2 R
= g−
∆g
∴ × 100 = – 2 ∆R × 100    4
g R g1 g − ω2 R
= – 2 (–1%) = 2%. = f= …(i)
g2 ω2 R
2. (b) g' = g – ω2R cos2 λ g−
3 2 4
∴ g – g30° = ω2R cos230° = ω R.
4  4 3
GM  πR 
2 2
(a) g1= g − ω R cos 0= g − ω R 2 3
3. Also g= = Gρ …(ii)
2 2 R2 R2
g 2 = g − ω R cos 60° On solving above equation, we get
476 Mechanics

 4 − f  3π 12. (d) E = Ef – Ei
ρ =
 1 − f  4GT 2 GMm GMm GMm
= – − =
4. (a) Mass of the removed sphere 2(3R ) 2(2 R ) 6R
M 4  R M
2 13. (b) W = (V∞ – V) × m
M'
= × π =  GM  GMm
4 3 3  2 8 = 0 –  − ×m=
3
πR  R  R

GMm GM ' m After substituting the values, we get
Thus
= F − W = 6.67 × 10–10 J.
2
d (d − R / 2)2
GM e m 1 2 GM e m 1 2
∆V 4 14. (c) – + mvi = – + mv f
5. (b) E= = = 0.4 N/kg. 10 R e 2 Re 2
∆r 10
2 2GM e  1
 2ω v  ∴ v 2f = vi + 1 −  .
6. (d) W1 = W 1 − e  , Re 10
 g 
1 GMm GMm
when train moves along the rotation and 15. (c) m(kve)2 – = 0 – ,
2 R ( R + h)
 2ω e v 
W2 = W 1 + , 2GM
 g  where ve = , after simplifying,
R
when train moves opposite of rotation.
 R 
7. (c) Energy required = Ef – Ei we get h =  
GMm  GMm  1 + k 2 
= − –−  −GMm GMm 1 2
2(3r )  2r  16. (b) +0 = – + mv
2R R 2
GMm
= . 2Gm  1 
3r or v = 1−
R  .
vmax 1 + e 1 + 0.0167  2
8. (b) =
vmin 1 − e = 1 − 0.0167  = 1.033. T'
2
r'
3 2
17. (c)   =   or T '2 = T
(a) U = mV = kmr.
9. T  r 8
dU The time which planet will take to fall onto the sun
Force, F = − − km
= T'
dr t=
2
2 .
Now mv = km , ∴ v ∝ r1/ 2 1 2 GMm 1 2
r 18. (c) m(2ve ) − = mv + 0
2 R 2
∴ T= πr= 2πr ⇒ T ∝ r1/ 2
2
1 1 1 2
2 2
v cr1/ 2 or m(2ve ) − mve = mv
2 2 2
1 2 1  mM  2
10. (a) K = µv = v . ∴ v = 3 ve .
2 2  m + M 
−G mm ' 1
19. (c) × 3 + m ' ve2 = 0
g gR 2 gR 2 4g r 2
11. (b) g' = = = =
h
2
( R + h)2 ( 3R / 2 ) 2 9 −3Gm 1
 or + ve2 = 0
1 +  a 2
R ( / cos 30°)
2
4g 4 × 10
∴ W' = mg' = 200× = 200 × = 889 N. 6 3 Gm
9 9 ve = .
a
Exercise 9.2
o m m m
1. (b) 1 1 1 
x=0 x=1 x=2 x=4 = F0 Gm 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ...
1 2 4 
Gm 2 Gm 2 Gm 2
F0 = 2 + 2 + 2 + .... It is a G.P. with common ratio 1/4.
1 2 4
2 1  2
∴ F0 = Gm   ⇒ F0 = 4Gm
1 − 1/ 4  3
 Gravitation 477
2.
(a,d) Same force acts on both masses. R
1 Curve is parabolic and at=x = ,a 0 .
Hence a ∝ (F = ma) 2
m 9. (a, d) Time period in both the cases comes out to be
In absence of external force (remember mutual gravi-
R2
tational force is an internal force for the system) total T1 = T2 = 2π = 84.6 min
energy remains constant. GM

4 3  3M 
1/ 3 But v1 > v2 . Because the difference in potential energy
3. (a,c) M = πR ρ or R =  between the extreme position and mean position will
3  4πρ
be more in the first case.
2/3
=
(i) g
GM
=
GM
=
 4πρ 
GM  10. (a, d) At centre, V = −1.5GM
R 2
(3M / 4πρ) 3/ 2  3M  R
and E = 0
ρ 
2/3 2/3 GM F r1
g  1 1 11. (a,b) For r1 < R, F = 3 r , ∴ 1 =

2/ 3
i.e. g ∝ ρ = ∴ 1  = 1
 = F2 r2
g 2  ρ2  8 4 R
GM F1 r22
2GM (2GM )1/ 2 For r1 ≥ R, F = , ∴ =.
=
νe
(ii) = r 2 F2 r12
R (3M / 4πρ)1/ 6
1/ 6 12. (a,b,c,d) Initially potential and kinetic both energies are
1/ 6
v1  ρ1   1 1 zero and from conservation of mechanical energy total
=
or = =
 
v2  ρ2  8 2 enegy of the two objects is zero.
   Further, decrease in gravitational potential energy
4. (b,d) The gravitational field inside shell, E g = 0. So if E1 and E2
= increase in kinetic energy
are the gravitation field strength at P and Q, then G (m) (4m) 1 2
  or = µvr ...(1)
E1 + E2 = 0. r 2

5. (b,d) Satellite experiences force due to the planet. Also (m)(4m) 4m
Here, µ = reduced = mass =
satellite is freely moving (falling) object. An object m + 4m 5
experiences weightlessness inside satellite, because Substituting in eq. (1), we get
N = 0. vr = relative velocity of approach
6. (a,c,d) Explained in theory. 10Gm
2mr 2r =
=
7. (a,d) r2 = r
m + 2m 3 From eq. (1) total kinetic energy
4π 2 r23 G (m) (4m) 4Gm 2
T22 = r2 r1
= =
GM m 2 1 2m r r
2 3 r C.M. Net torque of two equal and opposite forces acting
32π r
T22 = on two objects is zero. Therefore, angular momentum
27GM
will remain conserved. Initially both the objects were
3/ 2 −1/ 2
T2 ∝ r ; T2 ∝ m stationary i.e., angular momentum about any point was
mgx zero. Hence, angular momentum of both the particles
8. (b,c) Net force towards centre of earth = mg ′ = about any point will be zero at all instants.
R
13. (a,c,d) See example
=
Normal force N mg ′ sin θ 14. (a, c) From fig.
A
mgx R
Thus pressing force N = R

mg R 2x
N = constant and independent of x.
2 R h

F ma
Tangential force = = mg ′ cos θ B
R
R2 Min. colatitude, sin θ =
− x2 R+h
gx 4
=Q g ′ cos
= θ
R x Curved area AB on earth = 2πR 2 (1 − sin θ)
gx Area on earth escaped from satellite
= a R2 − 4 x2
R = 4πR 2 − 2πR 2 (1 − sin θ) = 2πR 2 (1 + sin θ)
478 Mechanics

Exercise 9.3
1. (a) Statement–2 is the explanation of statement–1. 7. (a) An orbit always above Delhi cannot provide required
2. (b) Space rocket are usually launched from west to east to centripetal force.
take the advantage of rotation of earth. U
8. (a) K=–E=– .
Also g' = g – ω2R cos2 λ, at equator λ = 0, and so cos 2
λ = 1, and g' is least. 9. (c) Escape velocity for Jupiter is greater than escape veloc-
3. (c) Gravitational force on the person in satellite is not ity for earth.
zero, but normal reaction of the satellite on the person
10. (a) Free fall body experiences weightlessness.
is zero.
4. (d) At the centre of the earth, weight is zero but mass can- GM
11. (a) φ = EA = 2 × 4πr2 = 4πGM.
not be and never zero. r
5. (a) To counter balance the effect of gravity.
6. (d) The tidal effect is due to the gravitation effect of moon
g
and earth both. g' = 2
, for h = 0, g' = g.
 h
1 + 
R

Exercise 9.4
Passage for (Questions 1 & 2) : Also, angular momentum of A before reaching the
position 2 (during elliptical path) was less than that
We have T 2 ∝ r 3 of B, Since, some impulse is needed (at position 2)
 T1 
2
 R1 
3 for A in direction of its motion to equal its speed and
∴   =  angular momentum equal to that of B.
T
 2  R2 
5. (c) In the continuation with same comprehension
2
 R1 
3 (r2 + r2 / 3)
1 =r = 2r2 / 3
or   =  2
8
   R2 
Let time period of A in elliptical path is T0 .
⇒ R2 = 4R1 = 4 × 104 km. 3
2
Let v1 and v2 be the linear speeds of S1 and S2 with respect to  T0  r  T (2 2)
\   =   \ T0 =
the planet. Then T   r2  3 3
2πR1 \ Time taken by A to move from 1 to 2,
v1 = = 2π × 104 km / h
T1
T 2

=t T=
0/2
2πR2 3 3
and v2 = = π × 104 km/h.
T2 6. A.→ (p) ; B. → (q), (r) ; C. → (p), (s); D. →(r)
1. (b) At the closest separation, they are moving in the same 7. A. → (q) ; B. → (t) ; C. → (r) ; D. → (s)
direction. Therefore the speed of S2 with respect to GM
Inside a shell V = − = constant and E = 0
S1 is R
|v2 – v1| = π × 104 km /h. GM GM
Ans. Outside the shell, V = − and E = 2
r r
2. (d) As seen from S1 the satellite S2 is at a distance r =
R2 – R1 = 3 × 104 km. At the closest separation As r increases, V increases and E decreases.
8. A. → (p) ; B. → (s) ; C. → (r) ; D. → (q)
| v2 − v1 | π × 104

= ω = Angular momentum of particle
R2 − R1 3 × 104
5 GM e
= m (v0 + v) a = mv0 a ..... v0 =
π 4 a
= rad / h. Ans.
3 Total energy of particle
Passage for (Questions 3 to 5) 1 GM e m 1 5 2 GM e m
= m(v0 + v) 2 − = × mv0 −
3. (b) When A is given its first impulse at that moment B is 2 a 2 4 a
ahead of A angularly. 5 GM e m GM e m 3GM e m
= − = −
8 a a 8a
−GMm GMm
4. (c) U = − and K .E. = 1 2 GM e m
r 2r At any distance ‘r’ T.E. = mu −
2 r
for same m, if r1 > r2, KE1 < KE2 and U1 > U2
But angular momentum is conserved,
 Gravitation 479

5GM e 5 GM e a On solving, 3r² – 8ar + 5a² = 0 ⇒ (r – a) (3r – 5a) = 0

=mur m = .a ⇒ u
4a 4 r2
⇒ r = a, r = 5a/3
1 5 GM e a GM e m minimum distance = a, maximum distance = 5a/3
T.E. at any distance ‘r’ = m −
2 4 r2 r 9. A. → (p) ; B. → (q) ; C. → (r) ; D.→ (s)
But through conservation of energy, total energy
1 5 GM e a GM e m 3GM e m
= m − =
−
2 4 r2 r 8a

Exercise 9.5
If the velocity of the two particles with respect to the
mv 2 K
1. (b) = , centre of gravity is v then v = ωR
R R5 / 2
Gm Gm
∴ v = CR −3 / 4 =v
3
×R=
4R 4R
2πR 2πR 6. (d) The work done to launch the space ship
T = =
v CR −3 / 4 ∞   ∞
GMm
− ∫ F .dr =
W= − ∫ 2 dr
∴ T2 ∝ R7/2.
R R r
 2h   x
gheight ≈ g 1 − 
2. (b) and gdepth = g 1 −  GMm
 R  R
W= + … (i)
R
Thus 2h = x.
The force of attraction of the earth on the space ship,
3. (b) Gravitational flux through a closed surface is given
when it was on the earth's surface
by
  GMm
F=
g ∫ E dS =−4πGM
R
2

where, M = mass enclosed in the closed surface GMm GM

⇒ mg = ⇒ g= … (ii)
1 R 2
R2
This relationship is valid when | E g | ∝ .
r2
The required energy for this work is given by
4. (c) Let the gravitational field at P, distant x from mass m,
mgR 2
= U − W =
be zero.
Gm 4Gm 1 2 = 1000 × 10 × 6400 × 103
∴ 2 = ⇒ =
x (r − x)2 x r−x = 6.4 × 1010 Joules
7. (a) As we know,
∴ r – x = 2x
m P 4m −GMm
r Gravitational potential energy =
x= x r
3 r
and orbital velocity, v0 = GM / R + h
Gm 4Gm 9Gm
Gravitational potential at P, V =
− − =
− 1 GMm 1 GM GMm
r 2r r E f = mv02 − = m −
3 3 2 3R 2 3R 3R

5. (a) Here, centripetal force will be given by the gravitational GMm  1  −GMm
=  =− 1
force between the two particles. 3R  2  6R
2 −GMm
Gm
2
= mω 2 R =Ei +K
( 2R) R R

Ei = E f
Gm 2
m m
⇒ = ω
4 R3 5GMm
Therefore minimum required energy, K =
6R
Gm 8. (a) Vrequired = VM – VM/8
⇒ ω= 3
4R
480 Mechanics

GM  R 2  GM / 8 Mass M dm
− 3 3R 2 −
= + [3( R 2) 2 ] ∴= =
2R  4  2(R/ 2) 3

( )
area π 4 R 2 − π ( 3R ) 2 2πxdx
11GM 3GM GM
= + = 2M
8R 8R R ∴ dm = xdx
7R2
9. (c) The time period of nearest satellite is 84.6 minute, and
so for spy satellite, it should be little higher than this, it The gravitational potential of the mass dm at P is
may be 2 h −G dm G 2M
dV = = − × 2 xdx
TA2 rA3 T r 
3/ 2
( 4R )2 + x2 16 R 2 + x 2 7 R
10. (a) 2 = ⇒ A =  A .
TB rB3 TB  rB 
−2GM xdx
11. (c) This is a case of a sphere of uniform mass distribution. = 2
(1)

7R 16 R 2 + x 2
1
For r ≥ R , v ∝ Suppose 16R2 + x2 = t2
r
For r < R ⇒ 2xdx = 2tdt
When the test mass m is inside the spherically symmet- ⇒ xdx = tdt
ric gravitational system at a distance r from its centre, Also for x = 3R, t = 5R
it will effectively get attracted towards the centre by and for x = 4R, t = 4 2R
the mass inside the dotted sphere .
Spherically symmetrical On integrating equation (1), taking the above limits,
gravitational system
we get
R
4 2R
2GM −2GM 4 2 R
r
m
V= − ∫ 2
dt = 2
[ t ]5R
5R 7 R 7 R

−2GM
 4 
=
7R 2 
 4 2 R − 5 R  = V= −2GM 4 2 − 5
 7R
( )
G  ρ0 × π r 3  × m
 3  mv 2 WP∞
=
r 2 r Now
1
V∞ − VP =
= −VP [ 0]
V∞ =

⇒ v ∝ r ...(ii)
equation (i) and (ii) are graphically represented by
∴ WP= ∞
2GM
7R
(
4 2 −5 )
graph (c).
13. (b) V is the orbital velocity. If VC is the escape velocity then
⇒ v∝r Ve = 2 V . The kinetic energy at the time of ejection
12. (a) Let us consider a circular elemental area of radius x and
thickness dx. The area of the shaded portion = 2πxdx. 1 1
=KE = mVe 2 2 V )2 mV 2
m( =
Let dm be the mass of the shaded portion. 2 2
1  GMm  GM
14. (b) mv 2 = 2   ⇒v=2
2  L  L
The potential energy is a combined property of the
three mass system. The kinetic energy of mass m is
only its energy which decreases as it moves.