Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-5821-1
A Sophisticated Irrigation System with Passive
and Analogue Sensors over Web Using Orange
Pi
Suryaa Pranav M eduri
Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering
MVSR Engineering College Stanley College of Engineering
Hyderabad, India
pranavmeduri@gmail.com nehadiwan27@gmail.com
Abstract— Irrigation is supplying the required amount of
water artificially to the soil to grow crops especially in arid
regions. Re-wetting of soil is done differently for different
regions based on the crops grown there. These needs are
particularly addressed in our sophisticated irrigation system.
The humidity and temperature of the soil are precisely
controlled with a remote monitoring system using an Arduino
module by collecting data wirelessly to a central server that is
Orange Pi which collects the data, stores it and sends it to the
user mobile. This system also has a water level passive sensor
which will indicate the presence of water level in the tank and
the unit triggers the actuators which will fill up the tank
automatically with groundwater. Being a solar-powered
system, this doesn't have any issue with electricity. The system
provides perfectly timed Automated Mixing of Fertilizers and
chemicals and spraying on the crops which are perfectly
programmed for e very seasonal crop that is grown considering
pH sensor readings of the soil. Graphs that include Water
utilization, profit mapping analysis, utilization of fertilizers
have been plotted which prove the efficiency of our
sophistication.
Keywords— IoT, Arduino, Orange Pi, Irrigation, Soil
Moisture Sensor, Automated Irrigation Mechanism, Solar-
powered System.
I. INT RODUCT ION
Most of the rural livelihoods in India depend on
agriculture and it is one of the main sources of the country’s
economy. In the current scenario, the man-made Irrigation
system has become indispensable for agriculture as most of
the available freshwater resources used for yield ing crops are
decreasing day by day and consumption of water is
increasing exponentially.
The world’s production of edible vegetation also needs to
increase exponentially to feed the growing population. This
is a big problem because the amount of plough-able land is
limited, the water levels are receding, and what to get this
significant increase in food production is the million-dollar
question. A sophisticated and well y ielding approach is using
the automated irrigation system controlled by sensors. This
can drastically curtail the water [10] wastage, consumption
of electricity, cost of water bills and physical labor working
in the fields. Using an automated irrigation system [3] the
soil structure and its nutrients can also be conserved. It
prevents weeds and spread of diseases as it waters
specifically to the root of each p lant. A model has been
developed which is an amalgamation of solutions that take
care of all the above problems and applies the algorithms
[12] embedded in it for bountiful yields.
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Neha Diwan Anupama M eduri
Computer Science and Engineering
MVSR Engineering College
Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India
anupama_cse@mvsrec.edu.in
A method is needed to implemented using STEM which
curbs water consumption and saves water for future use. One
method based on the status of water - whether it is high or
low according to the canopy temperature of the plant, was
captured with thermal imag ing [8]. Another method is to
study the volumetric water content of the soil, using
dielectric moisture sensors ([8], [2]) to control actuators.
Our model and methods of irrigation where passive and
analogue sensors are placed and controlled by algorithms
[12] supply water to the fields and intimate the farmer using
a software model and it passes this data via a network to the
main location where the server is situated. Wireless Sensors
[1] built on a wireless sensor network with thousands of
nodes, where each node is connected to another sensor and
each sensor network node.
The key basic in Irrigation System using Passive and
Analogue sensors over Web Using Orange Pi can develop a
smart automated irrigation system wh ich initially checks the
water level in the tank using a sensor and later checks the
soil, mo isture, temperature using passive sensors and
controls the flow of water in the field. Th is even has an
option of manual turning on/off the motor when the farmer is
present in the field. The data, which is collected by the
mo isture, temperature sensors ([6],[8]) can also be monitored
over the web on a computer system or the farmer’s mobile
phone. The smart tool works well even during power outages
or electric fluctuations. It can also be used for sprinkling the
fertilizers and balancing the pH of the soil, as fertilizers play
a significant role in agricultural productivity
If used excessively the land will lose its nutrients. Hence
the soil fertility is carefully monitored by sensors and
automatic algorith mic computations [9] are done without any
manual effort. The irrigator initially needs to spend time
preparing the system at the start of the irrigation cycle to
acquaint himself with our sophisticated automated system, so
it works properly for coming years and suits to various crops.
The evolution of the Irrigation system and different
techniques is discussed that are used to obtain better results
in Section 2. The theoretical model of the architecture is
presented in relation to how it fully manages the whole
process with inbuilt algorithmic co mputations in Section 3
and implementation in Section 4. In Section 5, the
architecture’s ability to perform Water utilization methods,
profit mapping analysis and Fertilizer prescriptions is
evaluated. Concluded in Section 6 on future work to enhance
the features of our automated irrigation system and also to
make the architecture simpler.
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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-5821-1
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The beginning of the Neo lith ic Revolution [14] heralded
a static life which drew people towards agriculture as
opposed to the nomadic lifestyle which has brought interest
into people in discovering practices that would increase the
economic growth. The Fertile Crescent [15], in the M iddle
East, had many natural water sources and they began
farming, growing cereals and domesticating animals which
indeed increased economy rapidly.
The Middle Ages saw the advantage of using o xen to
plough the fields [16] wh ich was a very great natural
technique. Then man learned due to experience the crop
rotation technique [19] and modern machinery came into a
picture called Industrial Revolution [18] that brought the
man to the present which fastened the process of crop
growth. Crop rotation led to the usage of fertilizers as soil
fertility needed to be nourished from time to time which
increased the nutritious levels to the next level. Mechanized
agriculture [22] has become the norm of the day as it was
giving exceptional yields with less physical labor. As
science developed people wanted to become s mart and put
to use all the smart things available like mobile phones and
computers into farming and make it easier for people to use.
Many years of spending time in harvesting and
improving crops on the same soil with different crops
according to the seasonal changes drove many revolutionary
ideas and many inventions which helped to increase the
economic gro wth and also generate productive crop
outcome.
Different agricultural practises that min imize the
disturbance of the topsoil and also reduce mineral intake
effects the growth of the crops. Eco-Agricu lture and
Organic farming has also played many roles in the system of
agriculture.
Usage of mobile phones and other electronic devices has
increased more areas into agriculture by expanding it
through Internet of Things which is the latest fad which is
sweeping over all areas in all walks of life. It connects and
integrates objects and information and takes farming to a
higher level. Farmers are using this technology to procure
cost worth products [21] both efficiently and effectively
which increases the cost profit.
IoT irrigation system [4] which is based on sensors and
embedded microcontrollers [8] bring latest technologies into
the picture, help ing the farmers lead a stress -free life as they
can monitor the entire farming process from their ho mes and
being cost-effective is giving unparalleled results and
profits. Effective use of Orange Pi along with Arduino and
Solar energy is the novel concept based on which the
proposed work differs from existing models.
III. ARCHITECTURA L DESIGN
A concise outline that portrays a straightforward specialist
usage to exhibit the overall user view of this model is presented
in Fig. 2., The focal thought in the design gives us a clear
interpretation of how the internet of things is embedded in
agriculture. This design contains distinct components, but the
most essential components are sensors, the sensors used are
temperature sensor(DS18B20) to for evaluation of temperature,
soil moisture sensor (SEN-13322) to analyze the moisture
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content in the soil, and pH sensor for analyzing the pH level of
the soil. To check the water level and fertilizer level in the tank
automatic water level sensors are used, the water tank and
fertilizer tank are connected to the motor, which is connected
with electrical power supply and also the solar power supply.
The power supply can be substituted based on the requirement.
All these motors, sensors and sprinklers are connected to
Arduino. The data from the sensors is collected regularly by
Arduino and based on this data the Arduino operates motors
and sprinklers.
Solar Panel
as Mobile
Arduino
dad
1
ad
Orange
Sensors as as pi
Arduino
n
Fig. 1. Preliminary schematic of the proposed model which shows the
exchange of information between various devices.
In the proposed model, Orange Pi and Arduino have
been used as seen in Fig. 1., Here Orange Pi acts as a
database analyzer where data is stored and processed for
retaining results that may act helpful fo r future use. Orange
Pi features like a lightweight wireless communication
system which can handle Arduinos in huge data
transmission of data and can control Arduino to obtain data.
It also can connect to a mobile device and provide live
updates without the use of the internet and constantly update
the progress wherever it is used. So lar panels within built-in
battery units are also used in our proposed model as they are
cost-efficient and also help to proceed smoothly even during
untoward conditions. There is need for several Arduino
microcontrollers in the proposed model as it will be very
easy to handle various functions of the many sensors that
perform different works and also continuously transmit data
wirelessly independently to the main server Orange Pi
where data is loaded and analyzed.
Fig. 2. System skeleton depicting the execution of jobs by distribution
of work among Arduino and are managed by Orange Pi.
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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-5821-1

This data is also sent to a server that is an Orange Pi 9: if Yes

server which helps us to analyze the water utilization, 10: Pump the Water
utilizat ion of fertilizers and profit mapping and also sends 11: else
timely updates to wirelessly lin ked mobile through a local 12: Activate Solar Panel (Backup Power)
area network and all the functions and features can be 13: Pump the Water
controlled wirelessly by an authorized person fro m 14: end if
anywhere or they can be manually controlled with the help 15: end if
of switches. The entire fert ilization process and all this work 16: end if
is real-time controlled with monitored algorith ms and well-
17: end for
taken care with the predefined logics for all the varieties of
18: end for
crops.
The time interval settings of the irrigation system in our
proposed model need not be monitored as they do in general
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
farming practices because the sensors which have been
buried deep into the soil provide live updates about the soil
Ep itomized init ially using the smart irrigation system
model where the whole agricu ltural farm should be mo isture readings to the system, the system checks it with
required threshold values and if any irregularity found in the
arranged. The motor is connected to the power supply both
electrical and solar and act as a dual purpose, the solar land mo isture measurements , automatically sprinklers are
activated till the required moisture measurements of the soil
panels are connected to motor and sprinklers to optimize the
are met. This is a great advantage fro m age-old farming
consumption of electricity, this is connected to the sensors
in water and fertilizer tanks, the water level sensor in the practices as less labor is spent and more efficient growth of
crops is achieved by the proposed model.
water and fertilizer tanks are connected to Arduino along
with motor and sprin klers, the first step of the whole process Using pH sensors to detect the macronutrients deficiency
begins with the collection date fro m the temperature and soil in the soil to maintain soil fert ility as well as maintain the
mo isture sensors where the entire field is first divided into soil pH through a relation between soil p H and the number
small good oxidation resistance, and usability for untreated of nutrients present in the soil. Su itable statistics of data on
sections such that each section should contain one contact the measure of the pH level in the soil is collected fro m the
surfaces such as sheath switches and take readings from the soil and analyzed; further, the same knowledge is used for
mo isture sensor. These sensors are kept into the ground with effective implementation of the fert ilization unit. The pH
the required depth. sensors are cost-effective and are simpler to imp lement. The
pH sensor takes readings of the soil and the pH is measured
The temperature sensor gives detailed variations in corresponding to a percentage of macronutrients present in
temperature fro m time to time and the soil mo isture sensor the soil that is based on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
shows the fluctuation in the soil moisture because of Potassium contents. This module integration and interaction
temperature. A ll the analogous signals gathered fro m the is shown below:
sensors by Arduino and sent to the Orange Pi where they are 1: for each pH Reading Value:
analyzed. If the soil mo isture does not meet the expected 2: //Collecting the Data for 10 Days
threshold value, Orange Pi gives automatic co mmands to 3: if pH value count == 10
run the programs by which the motor is automatically 4: //Comparing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
triggered with the help o f a passive sensor and water pumps levels
through sprinklers until the moisture level reaches normal. 5: if Levels << Threshold values
All these are done based on the different variety of crops 6: //Mixing of Fertiliz e r with water
used and based on the needs of the crops which is to be fed 7: Set Fertilizer Module== ON
to the system. Automat ion equip ment can supply precise 8: Mix with Water
amounts of watering to unsaturated soils, avoiding irrigating 9: end if
at the wrong time. Automated Fertilizer tanks are used and 10: end if
are programmed according to the crop needs and can be 11: end for
manually configured through a mobile application or else in
the software system. All this data is stored and managed in
the locally maintained server wh ich is Orange Pi and
different internal analysis is done and provided to the Check Temperature and Soil M oisture
customer such that any improvements can be made based on Values
previous outputs. Module integration and interaction are
shown below:
Readings are sent to the Arduino
1: for each Soil Moisture Reading Value:
2: //Checking Temperature Reading Received by Orange Pi and Analysis
3: for each Temperature Moisture Reading Value: is done
4: if Soil Moisture Reading<<Threshold Value||
5: Temperature Reading<<Threshold Value Threshold and pH values are checked, if not
6: //Pump the Water Supply met Fertilizer and Water Irrigation is done
7: if Electricity is Available
8: //Checking Power Availability Fig. 3. Process Flow is undergone by the model in parallel for using
our algorithms.

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-5821-1
V. EVALUATION
In this segment, referred to and quickly talk about
execution results over the model usage. As a result, with
thermal and the soil dampness readings water can be
sprinkled in the farm without wasting the water resources
and along with this it also checks the condition for spraying
fertilizers. If the soil has enough moisture content as seen in
Fig. 4., then the fertilizers are pumped evenly into the farm.
Fig. 4. Computational Moisture Analysis Graph with X-axis as T ime
taken in hours and Y-axis as the amount of Moisture in VWC.
The initial outcome of this smart system is it helps us to
analyze the data received by the orange pi through Arduino ,
as an outcome of this data can monitor the yield and
consumption of crop using graphs,
Fig. 5. Computational Consumption Fertilizer Graph with X-axis as
Fertilizer in Kg per acre and Y-axis as Yield in Kg per acre.
Fig. 6. Cost/Profit Analysis Graph with X-axis as Months and Y-axis as
Money Spent in Rupees.
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In Fig. 4., it firstly gives us a complete insight into the
consumption of fertilizers (kg/acre) and yield (kg/acre)
produced and along with this it also gives us the second
outcome: the soil moisture content and water consumption
(litre) can be observed. The capital spent on the crop and the
returns on the crop that is cost-profit analysis are as seen in
Fig. 5., and analysis can be done using that data that is
provided by the farmer.
These graphs are drawn taking consideration these
formulas:
Fertilizers:
Infusion time (min.) = (If * I t * Ir) / (1)
Ifr Where,
If = Irrigation flow rate (m3/hr)
It = Irrigation period (min)
Ir = Fertilizer Instilling ratio (L/m3)
Ifr = Fertilizer Instilling Flow rate (L/hr)
Water:
Inlet = T + Saturation soil + Pl – Re (2)
Where,
Ce = Crop evaporation rate
Cc = Crop factors
T = Ca * Cc = Water requirement for plants
Re = Rainfall
Inlet = T - Re = Water requirement for irrigation
Pl = Percolation loss
The output of soil moisture sensor is determined using to
Analog to Digital converter. The content of mo isture is
recorded in the mon itor. This percentage of mo isture value
is given using the formula given below.
Sensor Output = \frac {ADCValue} {1023} (3)
% Moisture = 100 – ( sensor output * 100) (4)
For 0 mo isture, the max value is 10-bit ADC, i.e. 1023.
This, in turn, gives 0% moisture.
VI. CONCLUSION
A few specialized issues are foreseen while executing a
total form of the proposed engineering. Specifically, h igh
technology will be tough for farmers to learn and adapt
faster and learn many things and controlling it is analysed.
If any problems happen in the midd le the rectification takes
very less time but takes time to solve.
Fro m the above statistics, it is proved that classical
methods of agricultural farming need more labour, water
and other resources. Due to this overall cap ital of the crop
increases, yet the yield is not as expected, hence embedding
IoT in agriculture reduces water wastage, which even leads
to less consumption of electricity, lesser water bills,
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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-5821-1
reduction in the count of manual laborers working in the
field, while at the same time preserving the soil structure
and the nutrients. As each plant is water rooted, the soil
structure and nutrients are well balanced which leads to
lesser weeds. In the traditional methods of fertilizat ion, the
fertilizers are not evenly sprinkled which even affects the
yield of the crop and by using our method this problem of
uneven fertilization can be overco me. Clearly by using the
passive and analogue sensors over the web using orange pi
reduces the risk, improves product quality and farming
becomes automated and effortless .
The displayed foundation is planned to figure over any
acres of land proficiently without any problem. It is better
usable on a bigger scale than on a smaller scale to work out
huge profits in production most economically. Th is may
enable many organizat ions and many farmers with fewer
budgets to easily use our model and obtain huge profits
within a short time. In our future research, shall try to make
our engineering simp ler, increasingly usable, imp rove its
execution, and additionally enhance it by adding
bookkeeping and validation.
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