ABE 150

AB Electrification & Control

Systems
POWER GENERATION
Primary ways to produce electrical energy
• Friction
• Pressure
• Heat
• Light
• Chemical Action
• Magnetism
Friction
• Rubbing two non-metallic materials together (static electricity)
• Crossing a carpeted floor in dry weather and then touching a metal object
• Clouds driven by strong winds can gather huge electrostatic charges and
when released to earth in the form of lightning, they can do tremendous
damage
Pressure
• Certain types of crystals (piezoelectric) produce a small voltage when
subjected to pressure
• Electrical signal can be amplified and used in instrumentation and
sound systems such as microphone pickups, phonograph pickups and
accelerometers
Heat
• A small voltage will be produced when the junction of two dissimilar
metals is heated
• Thermocouples
• Thermopiles
• Thermocouples connected together
• Used for devices like flame detectors, safety valves and thermometers
Light
• Light striking a photoelectric material will cause electrons to move in
the material
• Solar cells or photocells
• Devices which convert radiant energy to electrical energy
Chemical action
• Batteries – rely on chemical reactions to produce a voltage
• Primary cell – chemical reaction is irreversible
• Secondary cell – chemical reaction is reversible
• Fuel cell – devices which use up chemical elements or compounds to
produce electrical energy
 Magnetism
• A magnetic field can be used to produce a voltage through the
principle of induction

• Factors that control the magnitude of

induced voltage:
• Strength of the magnetic field
• Length of conductor within the field
• Speed at which the conductor passes
through the field
• Angle at which the conductor passes
through the field
 POWER Transmission
• Components
1. Electric generating station
2. Voltage increasing transformer
or substation
3. High voltage transmission lines
4. Voltage decreasing
transformers or substation
5. Primary distribution network
6. Distribution service to
customers
 Transmission System
• Designed to carry large
quantities of energy over
relatively long distances bet
generating stations to main
substations
• Generally 115 - 230 kV (HV)
• 345 – 765 kV (EHV) when service
area is very far from generator
Distribution System
• Several individual systems, each
connected to one or more
distribution substations
• Divides & carries energy over a
network of low-voltage circuits
to customer
• 120 - 69 kV
• 2.4 – 69 kV (medium voltage)
• Bet. Substation & load centers
• 120 – 600 V (low voltage)
• Residential, small industries,
commercial bldgs
Transmission lines
• Carries energy more efficiently as voltage increases

Ex. Line loss by system voltage for 345,000 VA transferred

V & I Combination Line loss = I2R
7200 V x 48 A 2304 R
14,400 V x 24 A 576 R
69,000 V x 5 A 25 R
115,000 V x 3 A 9R
345,000 V x 1 A 1R
Transmission lines
• If the generating station is within
the load region, then the
required transmission line are
relatively short
• However, this system lacks
reliability
• Failure of a transmission line
means energy cannot be
supplied to one part of the
region
Transmission lines
• To improve the reliability,
additional lines can be
constructed between
distribution substations
• The loss of any one of the
transmission lines from the
generating station will result in
increased energy flow over the
remaining lines in such a
manner that the required
energy reaches each of the
substations
Transmission lines
• Generating plant is located at a
considerable distance from the
area it serves
• It reduces the reliability due to
the greatly increased exposure
of the system to natural
hazards
Transmission system
• In summary, functions of a transmission system is to
economically and reliably:
• Transmit power from the generating stations to the load
areas
• Interconnect load areas, generating stations and
individual systems to improve reliablility
• Interconnect utilities in a region to allow sharing of
generation reserves and other benefits
Transformer
• Has the ability to step voltage up or step voltage down from the
powered coil to the unpowered coil

• The voltage levels varies as expressed by the equation:

Transformers
• Magnetic field loses strength quickly in air,
thus the steel core
• Core composed of thin sheets of a silicon-
steel alloy
• Magnetic field is concentrated in the core &
energy losses are reduced
Transformer Ratings
• Rated in volt-amperes (VA) or kilovolt-amperes (kVA)

• Single phase:
Full load current = VA rating / voltage

• Three phase:
Full load current = VA rating / (1.73 x Voltage)
Example
• A single phase transformer with a 2-kVA rating has a 480 V
primary and a 120 V secondary. Determine the primary
and secondary full load currents of the transformer

Solution:
• Primary full load current = (2 kVA x 1000) / 480 V = 4.17 A

• Secondary full load current = (2 kVA x 1000) / 120 V = 16.67 A

Transformer
• Step-down
• Primary winding has more turns than secondary
• Primary voltage is higher than secondary
• Step-up
• Primary winding has fewer turns than secondary
• Secondary voltage is higher than the primary
• One to one (1:1)
• Equal number of turns in both the primary and secondary windings
• Induced voltage is the same magnitude as the voltage applied to
primary
• Used as a protective device against electrical shock and for protection
of expensive test equipment
Ideal Transformer
• No power lost in stepping up or down the voltage
• Power in the primary circuit is equal to the power out the secondary
circuit
Example
• What is the primary voltage of a transformer with a
secondary voltage of 120 V and a ratio of 20 primary
turns to one secondary turn?
Solution
Example
• A step-down transformer has a primary voltage of 120 V and
a secondary voltage of 24 V. If a current of 5A flows on the
secondary, what is the current flowing on the primary side?

Solution
Example
• If a transformer has a ratio of one primary turn to 10
secondary turns, what is the secondary current for a primary
current of 20 amperes?
Solution
• Assuming that it is an ideal transformer
The Transformer
 Transformers
• Transformers only work with AC
• The phenomenon of mutual inductance relies on
changing magnetic fields and direct current (DC) can
only produce steady magnetic fields
• Thus, transformers simply will not work with direct
current
• Transformer technology has made long-range electric
power distribution practical
• Transformers enable efficient long distance high
voltage transmission of electrical energy