KKKZ 3144

Power Engineering
INTRODUCTION
 Principles

• energy = “the ability to do work”

measured in Joules
• power = rate of energy generation or
use
measured in Watts = Joules / sec
• current = rate of charge flow Water pipes analogy

measured in Amps
• voltage = “pressure” pushing current
measured in Volts
 Introduction

Power System

Support Components

Measurement &
Protection System
Monitoring System

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

Main Components
Power System Overview
Power System
 Generation
• At power generating station (generating
voltage) → 11 – 25kV and frequency of 50 Hz
• Transform to higher voltage (transmission
voltage) → 132kV, 275kV and 500kV
• Transform to lower voltage (distribution
voltage) → 33kV or 11kV
 The Purpose of a Power Plant is to

Turn a Loop of Wire in a Magnetic Field

Why do we need
“mechanical means”?
It takes a force to push a
conductor through a
magnetic field — inertia
won’t due.

Car alternator...
Dynamos and Generators convert
mechanical rotation into electric power.

creates AC power using electromagnetism

 Types of Power Plants
Classification by the “mechanical means” used
to turn the generator...
• Thermal (water steam by burning Coal, Oil, NG)
• Nuclear (water steam by Uranium or Plutonium fission)
• Geothermal – (heat from earth)
• Hydroelectric (falling water)
• Wind
Thermal Power Plant
Nuclear Power Plant
Hydroelectric Power Plant

Sultan Mahmud Power Station, Kenyir

 Power Plant Components
ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL
• Generators & Turbines • Conveyors
• Transformers • Silos
• Switches • Boilers
• Busses • Scrubbers & Stacks
• Circuit Breakers • Pumps
• Capacitor Banks • Cooling Towers
 Generators
• The whole point of the
power plant is to turn
the generators to
produce electrical
energy.
 Turbines
• Difficult to replace
• A spare is often kept
 Busses

• uninsulated electrical conductors

• large cross-section = low resistance
• must be far from ground and other
components to avoid arcing

flirthermography.com
Switches & Switchyards

http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips06/images/big/b-switchyard.jpg https://youtu.be/KMXi3y-76Tw
Transformers

• PURPOSE: to change the

voltage
– increase = “step-up”
– decrease = “step-down”
• Often run hot, must be
cooled, prone to
explode.
– oil inside
– cooling fins and fans
– blast walls
 Circuit Breakers
• PURPOSE: stop the flow
of current if too much
flows (due to short
circuit or excess
demand)

230 kV breaker
Capacitor Banks
• Purpose: to smooth
out spikes or
“glitches” in the line
voltage.
 Power Producer

TNB

Co-Generator SESCO

Power 3 Main Power Producer

Producer in Malaysia

IPP SESB
 Independent Power Producer (IPP)

• Privately owned power producer.

• After privatization (1990) – 18 IPP through long
term power purchase agreement.
• Generates and sell power to TNB.
• Upload onto the National Grid.
 Independent Power Producer (IPP)

• Example
– YTL Generation Sdn. Bhd.
• Paka, Pasir Gudang
– Malakoff Berhad
• Lumut Power Station, Segari
• Prai Power Station, Butterworth
• Tanjung Bin Power Station, Johor
– Genting Sanyen Power Sdn. Bhd.
• Kuala Langat Power Station
 Co-Generator
• Example – Petronas Gas Sdn Bhd
– Generate electricity – Co-generator
– Distribute power within two Integrated
Petrochemical Complexes (IPC)
– Central Utilities Facilities (CUF) in Gebeng &
Kerteh)
• Example – KKIP Power Sdn Bhd
– Purchase power from SESB
– Distribute power within Kota Kinabalu Industrial
Park
 Transmission
• To ensure the adequacy and reliability of
supply that are fundamental needs of modern
society.
• Provides the link between electricity suppliers
(TNB Generators and IPPs) and electricity
consumers.
 Transmission System
• Lines/transformers operating at voltages
above 100 kV are usually called the
transmission system.
• Consists of Transmission Line and Sub-stations
• Transmission network of 500kV, 275kV and
132kV known as National Grid.
 Transmission Line Components

• Transmission Line
– Overhead Lines
– Cable
• Underground Cables
• Submarine Cables
• Sub-stations
Transformer Sub-Station
Purpose:
• to reduce the very high
voltages from the
transmission lines (>100kV)
to intermediate voltages
used to serve an individual
TTR Substations, Inc. town or section of a city
(typically 66 kV or 33 kV)
To your house...

smaller transformers (on power

line poles or green boxes on the
ground) reduce the voltage further
to the 240V delivered to individual
homes
 Why are High Voltages Used?
• Transmission lines typically carry
voltages of 110 kV, 230 kV, or
even higher. The wires are not
insulated, so they are kept high
off the ground and well separated
from each other, to prevent
arcing (sparks) and injury or
people or animals.
• Why use such high voltages?
Using very high voltages on the
transmission lines reduces the
amount of energy wasted heating
up the wires.
• And why is that so? Transformers
cannot add energy, so if the
voltage is increased, the current
(in amps) must decrease. The
charges flowing through the wires
constantly collide with the atoms,
losing energy and heating the
wire. We call this resistance.
Recall that the power (energy per
time) lost to that heating is given
by the equation P=I2R. If the
current is reduced, the power
used in heating the wire is
reduced.
 Problem In Transmission Line
• Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (120 kV or above) to reduce the
energy losses in long-distance transmission.
• One of the key concerns in the transmission of electricity is the power loss
in transmission lines, dissipated as heat due to the resistance of the
conductors.
• High-voltage transmission lines are used to transmit electric power over
long distances. Normally, high voltage (HV) transmission power lines are
made of high voltage (between 138 and 765 kilovolts) conducting lines of
copper and/or aluminum.
 Transmission Line
• Components
– Tower support structure
– Cross-arms
– Conductors
– Insulators
– Earth-wires
 Transmission tower

Waist-Type Double Circuit Guyed-V-Tower

Tower Tower
Transmission Tower
Overhead Line Conductors
Insulators
 Sub-station
• Size of substation
– Depends on transformer size
– Typical sizes
• 132kV; 2 x 30MVA, 3 x 45MVA, 2 x 90MVA
• 275kV; 2 x 180MVA, 3 x 180MVA, 2 x 240MVA
• Types of Sub-station
– Conventional outdoor
• Require bigger space
– GIS (gas insulated switchgear)
• Less space
• Outdoor or indoor
Outdoor Sub-station
GIS
 Sub-station Components

• Transformer
• Circuit Breaker / Switch Gear
• Isolator Switches
• Busbar
• Protection Relay & Control Equipment
 Interconnection
• TNB – EGAT INTERCONNECTION
– HVAC 132kV/115kV overhead lines interconnection
between Bukit Ketri (TNB) and Sadao (EGAT: Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand ) – 80MW
– HVDC 300kV interconnection overhead lines between
Gurun (TNB) and Ban Khlong Ngae (EGAT) – 300MW
• TNB – SINGAPORE POWER LTD INTERCONNECTION
– HVAC 275kV/230kV submarine cables interconnection
between Pasir Gudang (TNB) and Senoko (Singapore
Power) – 200MW
 TNB-EGAT HVDC PROJECT
Objectives of the Project

• Peak lopping; TNB imports during TNB’s peak load

(morning) and export during lower demand (evening)
• Sharing of spinning reserves; both TNB and EGAT
reduce their respective spinning reserve
• Economic power exchange; TNB may export if its
price is lower than EGAT and vice versa
• Help each other during system emergencies/crisis
 National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)

• Located in Bangsar, KL
• Objectives:
– Grid system requires a grid controller/operator
system.
– In order to ensure the supply of energy is safe and
reliable.
 NLDC Function
• Maintains system stability
– Frequency control
– Voltage within limits
• Achieve minimum operating cost
– Optimize transmission losses
– Merit order generation
• maintain spinning reserve requirements
• co-ordinate generation and transmission
maintenance outages
• Restoration of supply after system fault
 Distribution
• Lines/transformers operating at voltages
below 100 kV are usually called the
distribution system.
• Part of the electric utility system between the
bulk power source and the customer service
entrances (loads).
• 33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and 240V
 Distribution Sub-station

• Distribution Intakes (33kV, 22kV)

• Distribution Substations (22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV)
– Indoor substation
– Outdoor substation
– Pole mounted substation
– Compact substation
– Underground substation
• Transformer capacity
– 100kVA, 300kVA, 500kVA, 750kVA and 1000kVA
Distribution Intake
Indoor Sub-station
Underground
Sub-station
Compact Sub-station
Outdoor Sub-station
Pole-Mounted
Sub-station
Distribution Transformer
Distribution Circuit Breaker