The NEP Workshop On

Off–grid Electrification in Myanmar

Jan 28 – 29, 2015

State of Art Minihydro

Technologies for Electrification

ARUN KUMAR, Ph.D.

Chair Professor (Renewable Energy) and CSO,
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology  Roorkee,
Roorkee - 247 667, Uttarakhand,  India
E-mail :  aheciitr.ak@gmail.com, akumafah@iitr.ac.in
 SHP New Technology
• Can be installed in existing water infrastructure eg. barrages, dams,
irrigation channel falls and navigation locks;
• Located close to villages to serve the users
• Have a high level of local contents both in terms of materials and work
force.
• Even though hydropower is over 100 years old, each of hydro projects is
unique especially for its civil works.
• Efforts are to improve the efficiency of the various components of
hydropower system,
• reduce the maintenance and operation cost,
• increase the life of the main components,
• optimise the utilisation of water especially in view of conflicting
demand, competition with other sources.
• The new materials, design and construction techniques
• New technologies adopted for weirs, intakes, penstock, controls,
turbines, generators
Types of SHP schemes
Many countries classified as:
Pico/village 5 kW & below
Micro 100 kW & below
Mini 2 MW & below
Small 25 MW & below
Medium 100 MW & below
Large above 100 MW
 Run-of-river
 Storage/Dam Toe based
 Canal Fall/Barrage
 In stream
 Pumped Storage
Types of Hydropower
Run of River: Reservoir Based Hydropower

Pumped storage
Canal Fall Based
Low head power plant (4.5MW) Low head power plant (90 MW)
Madhavmantri, (head 4.5 m) BIRSFELDEN, (head 3 to 9 m)
Kaveri River, India Rhine river, Switzerland

Examples
 PURPOSE of SHP
Social Sector SHPs-
• aims to supply electricity specially in stand alone mode,
• characterized with poor load factor and of small capacity
• often involved in distribution also
• Often are fully supported by government
• O&M is recovered through user charges collection
Commercial SHPs-
• aims to sell electricity to power distributing or trading
companies or for captive use,
• are grid connected and are relatively larger capacity
• have high load factor
• Financially sound
Both are required and different level of approach, subsidy,
tariff etc are needed

6
Local hydropower on Nam Ngouang

Transmission line

Rotating unit

Guiding water

7
Small Hydro
owned by
individuals
 Small Hydro
owned by EDC
in Combodia
WATER MILLS
In stream- Japan
 OTHER TURBINE CONCEPTS
Hydrodynamic screws

• Example Kindberg, Austria

• Head: 3.7 m (< 10 m)
• Discharge: 5 m³/s (< 8
m³/s)
• Power Output: 142 kW
• Efficiency: ~80 %
• Speed: 21 rpm
• Weight: 24 t, Dia: 3.6 m,
Steffturbine

• Head: 2.5 m and above

• Discharge: 0.2-0.8 m³/s
• Power Output: 5-20 kW
• Efficiency: ~80 %
Typical In-Pipe Turbine Generator

[KITL, 2013]
 Total
Installed Cost
(source: IRENA 2014)
LCOE FOR UTILITY AND OFF-GRID POWER
 SHP Technology Components
Civil works
• Diversion weir/ barrage
• Power channel/tunnel/pipe
• Desilting
• Forebay tank/ balancing reservoir
• Penstock anchor blocks
• Bye pass arrangements/spillways
• Power House Building
• Tail race channel
Electro mechanical works
• Equipment
Transmission and Distribution works
• Power evacuation arrangements
• Diversion structure
o Dam
o Spillway
o Energy dissipation arrangement
o Fish pass
o Residual flow arrangements

• Water conveyance system

o Intake
o Canals/pipes
o Tunnels
o Penstocks
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WEIRS
 Comparison penstock material

Material Friction Weight Corrosion Cost Jointing Pressure

Ductile **** * **** ** **** ****

iron
Asbestos *** **** **** *** *** *
cement
Concrete * * ***** *** *** *
Wood stave *** *** **** ** **** ***
GRP ***** ***** *** * **** *****
uPVC ***** ***** **** **** **** *****
Mild steel *** *** *** **** **** *****
HDPE ***** ***** ***** ** ** *****

*= poor *****= Excellent

Energy Recovery on gravity based water supply lines

Recovering energy at this location have no impact on the flow or pressure`

A Plan of a gravity based water network and possible locations of turbines

Electro mechanical equipments
a. Electrical Equipment
· Generator (Synchronous and Induction)
· Control and Protections
· Transformers
· HT switchgear
· LT switchgear
b. Mechanical Equipment
· Hydraulic Turbine
· Governor
· Inlet control (valve/ gate)
· Speed Increaser (low head application)
· Advances in Governor Tech.-complete
components.
Micro Hydro Quality standard

 In view of quick
implementation as well
as to ensure quality of
works “Micro Hydro
Quality Standard” was
prepared and issued
by AHEC, IIT Roorkee
India In 2005
 CATEGORY WISE RECOMMENDATION

Category A Category B Category C (Above

(Upto 10 kW) (Above10kW and upto 50 50 kW and upto 100
kW) kW)
Cross Flow Cross Flow Cross Flow
Pump as turbine Pelton Pelton
Pelton Turgo Impulse Turgo Impulse
Turgo Axial Flow Turbine Axial Flow Turbine
Axial Flow Turbine Francis Francis
Any other turbine Pump as Turbine Any other turbine
meeting the technical Any other turbine meeting the technical
requirement meeting the technical requirement
requirement
Synchronous/ Synchronous/ Induction Synchronous
Induction - 3 Phase 3 Phase
Single Phase/3 phase
240 V, 1 –phase, 415 V 3 phase, 415 V, 3 phase,
50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz
Standard / Special generators designed to withstand against continuous
runaway condition.
Insulation and Class F/H insulation and Class B Temperature rise
Temperature Rise
Minimum required 45% 50% 60%
Weighted Average
Efficiency (T Av)
0.50 x T100+0.50 T50
Controller (ELC) (ELC) Electronic (ELC) Electronic Load
(Preferable/Micro Electronics load Load Controller Controller or Flow Control
processor based) controller or (preferred) or Governor
IGC Induction IGC Induction
Generation Generator
Controller Controller
Ballast Load Air heater Water Heater Water heater
Inertia and Flywheel Adequate flywheel should be provided for isolated operation.
Switchgear / Earth Fault MCB/MCCB for O.C. Protection
Protection Provide Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)/Residual current
operated circuit breaker
Monitoring & Protection Current, voltage, Current, voltage, frequency
frequency Stator temperature
Overcurrent (stator)
Maximum & minimum voltage
Reverse Power
Over/under frequency
Bearing temperature
Metering As required.
Case study of “Ramgad MHP” in District
Nainital

• Installed Capacity = 100 KW

• Year of Installation = 1995
• No. of Unit = 2x50 KW
• Net Head = 50 m
• Design Discharge = 382 LPS
• No. of operators = 1x3(shifts)
• Electrician = 1 No.
• Electrification = 372 Households
• Local Grid Network = 15 Kms.
• Operation & Maintained= By Ramgad Urja Samiti having
12 Members from user villages including 30% women
members.
Ramgad Micro Hydel Project

Ramgad
Consumption Revenue
Micro Hydel
of Units generated
Project
Units consumed by 100 % of revenue
villagers received from Villagers
being provided to Village
(@ Rs 2 per unit) Energy Committee

Total No. of Unit

Generated 25 % of revenue received
from UPCL is being
Remaining surplus unit provided to VEC
are supplied to grid
(Tariff as per UPCL rates
@ Rs. 2.85 per unit)
75 % to UREDA against
capital Investments
The Present Scenario at Ramgarh
As on date, the project system is effectively functional
and being successfully managed by the user committee.
The success is clearly visible in terms of the followings:
 5 Trained Operators are operating the plant
regularly.
 The Plant Load Factor reached up to 80%
 100% metering in all the 372 households
 Tariff as per the UPCL rates.
 All incandescent bulbs replaced with CFLs.
 No overloading during peak hour
 Surplus power generating revenue @ Rs. 2.85 per
unit from the UPCL.
  Electricity bill collection efficiency increased up to 90%.
 Regular meetings of user committee.
 About 1.177 M units of surplus electricity has been fed
into the grid from January, 2005 for which UREDA has
received an amount of Rs. 3.3544 M from UPCL.
 User committee having Rs. 0. 387 M as bank balance.
 Replacement of 1000 traditional bulbs with LED Bulb.
 Installation of 100 LED Street Light in the beneficiary
villages.
 The project site is being developed as tourist place by
local administration with eco-friendly environment and
waterfall.
The above facts display that Ramgad Small Hydro Project is
working as a self sustained small hydro project.29
 Institutional framework

Project Identification Project Allotment

SNAs
SNAs, Community or
Private Developers
Clearances and Forest Department
Regulatory Provisions Irrigation Department
Public works Deptt,
State distribution or
Water supply deptt
transmission utility
SERC (Tariff Setting)

Grid Connectivity Off Grid

Government Support- MNRE (CFA), MoP

(DDG), RMDD (NREGA), DST, NEC
SNAs, Community, Private
Financial Closure Credit Availability- NABARD, REC,
Developers, Technology
Rural Banks
Suppliers , civil
PPA- Energy and Power Department
contractors, Power
Utilities
Operation and
Construction Community, SNAs,
Maintenance + Capacity
contractors
Building
 Existing Ownership Model for off-grid rural
electrification
Implementing
Ownership Project developer Construction
agency
• State Renewable
State Energy
government Development State agencies, technology O & M for 5
Agencies , or/and suppliers, Corporate houses, years (may vary)
• Departments Equipment Manufacturers
Capacity
promoting and Contractors, Self Help
building for
renewable energy, Groups, Users Associations,
villagers
or/and Individuals, Registered
• State Utilities, Societies, Cooperatives, Supply of power
or/and Panchayats, Local bodies, to villagers
• The identified their Consortiums / SPVs / Collection of
CPSUs JVs tariff from
villagers
Gap between O &M cost and revenue
recovery to be reimbursed by the
Implementing Agency out of its service
charges
Cross linkages with other programmes
 Backward linkages  Forward linkages
 Rural electrification policy  Rural development
 Central financial Assistance programmes
 REP scheme  Use of tail race water for
 Rural Management and irrigation as required by the
Development Department village

Mini and micro hydro projects will be integrated with irrigation, education, health,
drinking water, small-scale industry & ropeways
The women’s development, irrigation, drinking water, community saving, health,
forests, industries, environmental conservation, road, micro-finance, literacy
campaign programmes, which are conducted at the local level will be
implemented by integrating with the rural energy development programmes
Hybrid Energy Generation- power-on-demand from an energy
system sourced by intermittent renewable energy source
Typical village load
and Hydro during Lean season
Power Demand Hydro Generation

120

100

80
Power (KW)

60

40

20

0
0:0

1:0

2:0

3:0

4:0

5:0

6:0

7:0

8:0

9:0

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23
:0

:00

:00
:00

:00

:0

:0

:0

:00

:00

:0

:0

:0

:0
0
0

Time (hour)
0

0
AHEC/MNRE/Sept 06 2007 DELHI
 Deficit
To Store

Deficit
 To Storage
Deficit

Deficit

To Storage
 Challenges observed on existing small
plants and recommendations
• Capacity development is the key to success for
scaling up of SHP programme for planning,
oversight, and monitoring; training to all project
developers, facilitators, financial institutions and
community members; adopting the standard equipments
and designs
• Upfront public financing
• Encouraging higher participation of private
sector
• Clarity in Policies and regulations
• Setting up and enhancing institutions capacity
for capacity building
Areas: Resources Required:
 Planning • Human resources
 Design • Laboratory
 Procurement • Library
 Execution • Networking for data,
 O&M experts, suppliers,
 Financing institutions
 Policy • Finance
 Alternate Hydro Energy Centre- IIT Roorkee
Exclusive academic center of IIT Roorkee focusing on
SHP development and recognized as National Resource
Centre for Small Hydropower.
 Large national database for resource assessment for
SHP development and rural electrification created
 Real time Digital Simulator for shp plants for training
and research.
 Expertise for field testing and performance evaluation of
SHP stations e.
 Prepared the National Standards/ Code of Practices for
SHP development.
 Imparting training and education
 Systematic state master plans for shp and remote
village electrification
Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for
Small Hydropower Plant

RTDS at Alternate Hydro Energy Centre

IIT Roorkee
ESTABLISHMENT OF R&D HYDRAULIC TURBINE
LABORATORY
R&D hydro turbine Laboratory of International
level at AHEC- IIT Roorkee
 research & development
 turbine-model testing,
 human resource development (HRD)
 generation of design data
 design validation through CFD analysis

First independent facility in the region

o Head 15-60 m and discharge 1000 lps
o Building 15 x 24 m height +13.5 to – 6.5 m
o Water storage 600 cubic m
 Laboratory is expected to be commissioned
by June 2015
 Sponsor- Ministry of New & Renewable
Energy, GoI