6.

3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

Module 6: Magnetostatic Force and boundary conditions
Course: ECE1003 Electromagnetic Field Theory

-Dr Richards Joe Stanislaus

Assistant Professor - SENSE
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment

• Current loop experiencing a torque in a
magnetic field – Important to understand the 3 4
behaviour of orbiting charged particles, d.c.
motors and generators
𝑰
𝐁
2 1
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

(axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment z rotation)

• Current loop experiencing a torque in a

magnetic field – Important to understand the 3 4
behaviour of orbiting charged particles, d.c.
motors and generators 𝒍
𝑰
𝐁
2 1
𝒘
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

(axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment z rotation)

• Current loop experiencing a torque in a

magnetic field – Important to understand the 3 4
behaviour of orbiting charged particles, d.c.
motors and generators 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
• Current loop placed parallel to magnetic 𝐁
field – experiences force to rotate the loop 2 1
𝒘
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

(axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment z rotation)

• Current loop experiencing a torque in a

magnetic field – Important to understand the 3 4
behaviour of orbiting charged particles, d.c.
motors and generators 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
• Current loop placed parallel to magnetic 𝐁
field – experiences force to rotate the loop 2 1
𝒘
• “Torque 𝐓 (Mechanical moment or Force) on
the loop is the vector product of force 𝐅 and
the moment arm 𝐫”:
𝐓 = 𝐫 × 𝐅 (Newtons-meter N∙m)
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Sides 12 and 34, differential length 𝑑𝐥 is

parallel to 𝐁 3 4

𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
𝐁
2 1
𝒘
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Sides 12 and 34, differential length 𝑑𝐥 is

parallel to 𝐁 3 4
2 4
• 𝐅𝟏𝟐 + 𝐅34 = 𝐼 1
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁+𝐼 3
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎
= 𝑰
𝐁
2 1
𝒘
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Sides 12 and 34, differential length 𝑑𝐥 is

parallel to 𝐁 3 4
2 4
• 𝐅𝟏𝟐 + 𝐅34 = 𝐼 1
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁+𝐼 3
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎
=0+0=0 𝑰
𝐁
2 1
𝒘
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Sides 12 and 34, differential length 𝑑𝐥 is

parallel to 𝐁 3 4
2 4
• 𝐅𝟏𝟐 + 𝐅34 = 𝐼 1
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁+𝐼 3
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎
=0+0=0 𝑰
𝐁
Total force on loop is now only due to sides 2 1
41 and 23 𝒘
3 1
•𝐅=𝐼 2
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁+𝐼 4
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁
=
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Sides 12 and 34, differential length 𝑑𝐥 is

parallel to 𝐁 3 4
2 4
• 𝐅𝟏𝟐 + 𝐅34 = 𝐼 1
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁+𝐼 3
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎
=0+0=0 𝑰
𝐁
Total force on loop is now only due to sides 2 1
41 and 23 𝒘
3 1
•𝐅=𝐼 2
𝑑𝐥 × 𝐁 + 𝐼 4 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐁
𝑙 0
=𝐼 0
𝑑z 𝐚𝑧 × 𝐁 + 𝐼 𝑙 𝑑z 𝐚𝑧 ×𝐁
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)
• Sides 12 and 34, differential length 𝑑𝐥 is
parallel to 𝐁 3 4
2 4
• 𝐅𝟏𝟐 + 𝐅34 = 𝐼 ×𝐁+𝐼1
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁 3
𝑑𝐥 𝐅𝟎
=0+0=0 𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
𝐁
Total force on loop is now only due to sides
41 and 23 2 1
𝒘
3 1
•𝐅=𝐼 2
𝑑𝐥 × 𝐁 + 𝐼 4 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐁
𝑙 0
=𝐼 0
𝑑z 𝐚𝑧 × 𝐁 + 𝐼 𝑙 𝑑z 𝐚𝑧 ×𝐁
= 𝐅𝟎 − 𝐅𝟎 = 0 𝐅𝟎 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙
• Net force is zero, but 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 23 and
− 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 41 (creating a couple)
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)
• Sides 12 and 34, differential length 𝑑𝐥 is
parallel to 𝐁 3 4
2 4
• 𝐅𝟏𝟐 + 𝐅34 = 𝐼 ×𝐁+𝐼1
𝑑𝐥 ×𝐁 3
𝑑𝐥 𝐅𝟎
=0+0=0 𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
𝐁
Total force on loop is now only due to sides
41 and 23 2 1
𝒘
3 1
•𝐅=𝐼 2
𝑑𝐥 × 𝐁 + 𝐼 4 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐁 𝐅𝟎
𝑙 0 Side 41
=𝐼 0
𝑑z 𝐚𝑧 × 𝐁 + 𝐼 𝑙 𝑑z 𝐚𝑧 ×𝐁 𝒘
= 𝐅𝟎 − 𝐅𝟎 = 0 𝐅𝟎 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 𝐁
𝜶
• Net force is zero, but 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 23 and X
− 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 41 (creating a couple) Side 23 𝐅 𝐚𝒏
𝟎
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Net force is zero, but 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 23 and −𝐅𝟎

acts on arm 41 (creating a couple) 3 4
• 𝐅𝟎 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
𝐁
2 1
𝒘
𝐅𝟎
Side 41
𝒘
𝐁
𝜶
X
Side 23 𝐅𝟎 𝐚𝒏
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Net force is zero, but 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 23 and −𝐅𝟎

acts on arm 41 (creating a couple) 3 4
• 𝐅𝟎 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 𝐅𝟎
• With normal 𝑎𝑛 to the plane of the loop 1234, the 𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
torque on the loop 𝐁
𝐓 = 𝐅0 𝑤 sin 𝛼 2 1
𝒘
= 𝐅𝟎
Side 41
𝒘
𝐁
𝜶
X
Side 23 𝐅𝟎 𝐚𝒏
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Net force is zero, but 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 23 and −𝐅𝟎

acts on arm 41 (creating a couple) 3 4
• 𝐅𝟎 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 𝐅𝟎
• With normal 𝑎𝑛 to the plane of the loop 1234, the 𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
torque on the loop 𝐁
𝐓 = 𝐅0 𝑤 sin 𝛼 2 1
𝒘
= 𝐵𝐼𝑙𝑤 sin 𝛼 𝑆 = 𝑙𝑤 (𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝) 𝐅𝟎
Side 41
𝒘
𝐁
𝜶
X
Side 23 𝐅𝟎 𝐚𝒏
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Net force is zero, but 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 23 and −𝐅𝟎

acts on arm 41 (creating a couple) 3 4
• 𝐅𝟎 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 𝐅𝟎
• With normal 𝑎𝑛 to the plane of the loop 1234, the 𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
torque on the loop 𝐁
𝐓 = 𝐅0 𝑤 sin 𝛼 2 1
𝒘
= 𝐵𝐼𝑙𝑤 sin 𝛼 𝑆 = 𝑙𝑤 (𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝) 𝐅𝟎
Side 41
= 𝐵𝐼𝑆 sin 𝛼 𝒘
𝐁
𝜶
X
Side 23 𝐅𝟎 𝐚𝒏
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• Net force is zero, but 𝐅𝟎 acts on arm 23 and −𝐅𝟎

acts on arm 41 (creating a couple) 3 4
• 𝐅𝟎 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 𝐅𝟎
• With normal 𝑎𝑛 to the plane of the loop 1234, the 𝒍 𝐅𝟎 𝑰
torque on the loop 𝐁
𝐓 = 𝐅0 𝑤 sin 𝛼 2 1
𝒘
= 𝐵𝐼𝑙𝑤 sin 𝛼 𝑆 = 𝑙𝑤 (𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝) 𝐅𝟎
Side 41
= 𝐵𝐼𝑆 sin 𝛼 𝒘
• Magnetic dipole moment, 𝐦 = 𝐼𝑆𝐚𝑛 Am2 𝐁
𝜶
is Product of current and area of loop, direction is X
normal to loop Side 23 𝐅 𝐚𝒏
𝟎
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• 𝐓 = 𝐵𝐼𝑆 sin 𝛼
3 4
• Magnetic dipole moment, 𝐦 = 𝐼𝑆𝐚𝑛 Am2
For directions, Apply right hand rule: 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎
Thumb: Normal of loop 𝑰
𝐁
Fingers: Direction of current 2 1
𝒘
𝐅𝟎
Side 41
𝒘
𝐁
𝜶
X
Side 23 𝐅𝟎 𝐚𝒏
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• 𝐓 = 𝐵𝐼𝑆 sin 𝛼
3 4
• Magnetic dipole moment, 𝐦 = 𝐼𝑆𝐚𝑛 Am2
For directions, Apply right hand rule: 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎
Thumb: Normal of loop 𝑰
𝐁
Fingers: Direction of current 2 1
𝒘
• With 𝐓 = 𝐵𝐼𝑆 sin 𝛼,
𝐅𝟎
Side 41
𝒘
𝐁
𝜶
X
Side 23 𝐅𝟎 𝐚𝒏
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

z (axis of
1. Torque, magnetic dipole moment rotation)

• 𝐓 = 𝐵𝐼𝑆 sin 𝛼
3 4
• Magnetic dipole moment, 𝐦 = 𝐼𝑆𝐚𝑛 Am2
For directions, Apply right hand rule: 𝐅𝟎
𝒍 𝐅𝟎
Thumb: Normal of loop 𝑰
𝐁
Fingers: Direction of current 2 1
𝒘
• With 𝐓 = 𝐵𝐼𝑆 sin 𝛼,
𝐅𝟎
𝐓=𝐦×𝐁 Side 41
Torque on a planar loop of any arbitrary shape 𝒘

Limitation: Magnetic field must be uniform 𝐁

𝜶
X
Side 23 𝐅𝟎 𝐚𝒏
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2. Magnetic dipole
• Magnetic dipole
A bar magnet or
a small filamentary current loop
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.1 Magnetic dipole: Loop carrying current

• To find: Magnetic field 𝐁 at an observation point 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 due to
current 𝐼 in a circular loop of radius 𝑎.

𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝜃

𝑎 𝑦
𝐼 𝜙
𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.1 Magnetic dipole: Loop carrying current

• To find: Magnetic field 𝐁 at an observation point 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 due to
current 𝐼 in a circular loop of radius 𝑎.
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥
• Magnetic vector potential 𝐀 =
4𝜋 𝑟

𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝜃

𝑎 𝑦
𝐼 𝜙
𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.1 Magnetic dipole: Loop carrying current

• To find: Magnetic field 𝐁 at an observation point 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 due to
current 𝐼 in a circular loop of radius 𝑎.
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥
• Magnetic vector potential 𝐀 =
4𝜋 𝑟
• Far field: Observation point 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 radius of loop,
loop would appear small w.r.t distance at observation point
𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝜃

𝑎 𝑦
𝐼 𝜙
𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.1 Magnetic dipole: Loop carrying current

• To find: Magnetic field 𝐁 at an observation point 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 due to
current 𝐼 in a circular loop of radius 𝑎.
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥
• Magnetic vector potential 𝐀 =
4𝜋 𝑟
• Far field: Observation point 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 radius of loop,
loop would appear small w.r.t distance at observation point
𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
• 𝐀 will have only 𝜙 component
𝜇0 𝐼𝜋𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜙 𝜃
𝐀=
4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑎 𝑦
𝐼 𝜙
𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.1 Magnetic dipole: Loop carrying current

• To find: Magnetic field 𝐁 at an observation point 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 due to
current 𝐼 in a circular loop of radius 𝑎.
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥
• Magnetic vector potential 𝐀 =
4𝜋 𝑟
• Far field: Observation point 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 radius of loop,
loop would appear small w.r.t distance at observation point
𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
• 𝐀 will have only 𝜙 component
𝜇0 𝐼𝜋𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜙 𝜃
𝐀=
4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜇0 𝐦×𝐚𝑟 2 𝑎 𝑦
•𝐀= with magnetic moment 𝐦 = 𝐼𝜋𝑎 𝐚𝑧
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝐼 𝜙
𝐚𝑧 × 𝐚𝑟 = sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜙 𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.1 Magnetic dipole: Loop carrying current

𝜇0 𝐦×𝐚𝑟
•𝐀= with magnetic moment 𝐦 = 𝐼𝜋𝑎2 𝐚𝑧
4𝜋𝑟 2
𝐚𝑧 × 𝐚𝑟 = sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜙
• Magnetic flux density 𝐁 = 𝛁 × 𝐀
𝜇0 𝑚
•𝐵= 2 cos 𝜃𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃
4𝜋𝑟 3

𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝜃

𝑎 𝑦
𝐼 𝜙
𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.1 Magnetic dipole: Loop carrying current

𝜇0 𝐦×𝐚𝑟
•𝐀= with magnetic moment 𝐦 = 𝐼𝜋𝑎2 𝐚𝑧
4𝜋𝑟 2
𝐚𝑧 × 𝐚𝑟 = sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜙
• Magnetic flux density 𝐁 = 𝛁 × 𝐀
𝜇0 𝑚
•𝐵= 2 cos 𝜃𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝑎𝜃
4𝜋𝑟 3

𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝜃

𝑎 𝑦
𝐼 𝜙
𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.2 Magnetic dipole: Bar magnet current

𝜇0 𝐼𝜋𝑎2 𝐚𝑧 𝑄 cos 𝜃
•𝐀= 𝑉=
4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 7
𝜇0 𝑚 𝑄𝑑
•𝐵= 2 cos 𝜃𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃 𝐄= 2 cos 𝜃 𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃
4𝜋𝑟 3 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
𝑚
𝑚

𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
N 𝜃
S
𝑎 𝑦
𝐼 𝜙
𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.2 Magnetic dipole: Bar magnet current

𝜇0 𝐼𝜋𝑎2 𝐚𝑧 𝑄 cos 𝜃
•𝐀= 𝑉=
4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 7
𝜇0 𝑚 𝑄𝑑
•𝐵= 2 cos 𝜃𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃 𝐄= 2 cos 𝜃 𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃
4𝜋𝑟 3 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
𝑚
+𝑄𝑚 : Isolated magnetic charge
𝑚 Moment: 𝑄𝑚 𝑑(Bar magnet) = 𝐼𝑆 Loop
𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
N
+𝑄𝑚 𝜃 𝜃
S Similar to
𝑦 bar magnet 𝑎 𝑦
𝑑
/ Loop 𝐼 𝜙
−𝑄𝑚 𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.2 Magnetic dipole: Bar magnet current

𝜇0 𝐼𝜋𝑎2 𝐚𝑧 𝑄 cos 𝜃
•𝐀= 𝑉=
4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 7
𝜇0 𝑚 𝑄𝑑
•𝐵= 2 cos 𝜃𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃 𝐄= 2 cos 𝜃 𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃
4𝜋𝑟 3 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
𝑚
+𝑄𝑚 : Isolated magnetic charge
𝑚 Moment: 𝑄𝑚 𝑑(Bar magnet) = 𝐼𝑆 Loop
𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
N
+𝑄𝑚 𝜃 𝜃
S Similar to
𝑦 bar magnet 𝑎 𝑦
𝑑
/ Loop 𝐼 𝜙
−𝑄𝑚 𝑑𝐥
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.2 Magnetic dipole: Bar magnet current

• +𝑄𝑚 : Isolated magnetic charge
• Moment: 𝑄𝑚 𝑑(Bar magnet) = 𝐼𝑆 Loop

𝑧 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
N
+𝑄𝑚 𝜃
S Similar to
𝑑 𝑦 bar magnet
/ Loop
−𝑄𝑚
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

2.2 Magnetic dipole: Bar magnet current

• +𝑄𝑚 : Isolated magnetic charge
• Moment: 𝑄𝑚 𝑑(Bar magnet) = 𝐼𝑆 Loop
• Torque: 𝐓 = 𝐦 × 𝐁 = 𝑄𝑚 𝐥 × 𝐁 𝑇 = 𝑄𝑚 𝑙𝐵 = 𝐼𝑆𝐵

𝑚
𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 +𝑄𝑚
𝑧 N 𝒍
N
+𝑄𝑚 𝜃 S
S Similar to −𝑄𝑚
𝐁
𝑑 𝑦 bar magnet
/ Loop
−𝑄𝑚
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
-
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
• 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜒𝑚 :Magnetic succeptibility (dimensionless)
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
• 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜒𝑚 :Magnetic succeptibility (dimensionless)
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 =
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
• 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜒𝑚 :Magnetic succeptibility (dimensionless)
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
• 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜒𝑚 :Magnetic succeptibility (dimensionless)
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐇 =
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
• 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜒𝑚 :Magnetic succeptibility (dimensionless)
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
• 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜒𝑚 :Magnetic succeptibility (dimensionless)
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
𝜇
• 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚 =
𝜇0
 6.3 Magnetic torque, moment, Magnetization

3. Magnetization
• Magnetization: Amperes/meter : Magnetic dipole moment per unit
volume
𝐵
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
• 𝐌 = lim
Δ𝑣→0 Δ𝑣 +
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 -
• 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜒𝑚 :Magnetic succeptibility (dimensionless)
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
• 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇 𝜇 Permeability of material (Absolute) 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0
𝜇 𝜇0 Permeability of Free space
• 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚 = 𝜇𝑟 Relative Permeability (Material specific)
𝜇0