LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Humanities
THEORIES OF LEARNING

SEMI-FINAL EXAMINATION

Name: JOHN ERNEST J. BUNUAN

TEST I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Underline the letter and phrases of your BEST answer. (25x2)

1.By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound
of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the:

a. unconditioned stimulus.

b. unconditioned response.

c. conditioned stimulus.

d. conditioned response.

2. An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain
piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter
repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.
In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:

a. increased heartbeat.

b. piece of music.

c. sound of the buzzer.

d. listening to the music.

3. Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the
12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this
example, the conditioned response is:

a. the act of eating breakfast.

b. the act of eating lunch.

c. the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.

d. the watching of the hands of the clock.

4 Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?

a. Learning can be directly observed and measured.

b. Learning cannot be directly observed or measured, so performance is observed and learning is
inferred based on what the person is able to do.

c. The results of learning must immediately change behavior.

d. none of the above

5. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was __________.

a. Albert

b. the rat

c. the loud noise

d. the laboratory room

6. Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.

a. vicarious learning

b. the Law of Effect

c. operant conditioning

d. classical conditioning

7. Who was Little Albert?

a. developer of the concept of classical conditioning

b. an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures

c. creator of methods for teaching children

d. a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

8 Classical is to _____ as operant is to _____.

a. Pavlov; Skinner

b. Skinner; Pavlov

c. Pavlov; Watson

d. Watson; Pavlov

9. The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:

a. social learning.

b. higher-order conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.

d. operant conditioning.

10. The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:

a. Rubik’s cube.

b. Skinner box.

c. Pavlov bell.

d. Thorndike puzzle.

11.What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

a. unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

b. conditioned response and unconditioned response

c. neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

d. neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

12.When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the ________ and
salivation was the ________.

a. UCR, UCS

b. UCS, UCR

c. CS, CR

d. CR, CS

13. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the
sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the
__________.

a. unconditioned stimulus

b. unconditioned response

c. conditioned stimulus

d. conditioned response

14. Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to
the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the
__________.
a. cat food

b. cat

c. running of the cats

d. cupboard door opening

15.Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

a. blinking when air is blown into your eye

b. blinking, when you hear your favorite song

c. your favorite song

d. a puff of air to your eye

16. A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks
when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish
the blinking to that tone?

a. present the tone alone repeatedly

b. present the puff of air alone repeatedly

c. increase the loudness of the tone

d. increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

17. When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned
stimulus in this example?

a. dog food

b. the cat running

c. the sound of the closet door opening

d. the dog

18.Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?

a. Most classical conditioning requires repeated trials.

b. One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur.

c. Learning will continue to increase indefinitely.

d. Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.

19. New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________ .

a. shaping

b. generalization

c. spontaneous recovery

d. extinction

20. Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as _________
conditioning.

a. classical

b. operant

c. backward

21.How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?

a. The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response.

b. The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.

c. The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.

d. The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.d. aversive

22. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

a. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff
of air to the eye.

b. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.

c. Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink,
so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.

d. A monkey learns to escape from a cage.

23. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a
Fourth of July festival, but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However,
after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon
as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?

a. the person lighting the firecrackers

b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers

c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

24.As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She
repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite
was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. In the example,
the dog’s bark and bite is the:

a. UCS.

b. CS.

c. UCR.

d. CR.

25.Paul is coming down with the flu, but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill.
A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea. What type
of learning is illustrated by this episode?

a. operant conditioning

b. cognitive learning

c. latent learning

d. classical conditioning

TEST II. ESSAY

1. Compare and contrast Generalization form Discrimination

- When an organism responds to different stimuli in the same way, this is known as
generalization. The likeness of a slightly changed signal to the original will determine a
classically conditioned response. The greater the similarity between stimuli used during
training and stimuli utilized while testing, Pavlov discovered, the higher the generalization.
When a tone was close to the training tone, more salivation occurred. If a tone was
considerably different from the training tone, salivation was reduced. In real-life situations,
generalization is a common occurrence. A therapist may work with a client to minimize
anxiety levels brought on by stimuli (for example, filth and contamination). While
thoroughly relaxed on the therapist's couch, the client could picture the feared circumstance
(touching dirt). Discrimination is the polar opposite of generality. When an organism
responds differently to two stimuli, it is said to discriminate. Adults have a clear
understanding of the differences between animals such as cats and dogs. We make
decisions that a one-year-old would not be able to make. As a result, an adult scratched by
an enraged cat would not acquire a phobia of dogs. If they don't know the difference
 between cats and dogs, a one-year-old could. Discrimination arises in classical conditioning
when one stimulus prompts a conditioned response while another does not. A researcher
sets up discrimination in the lab by creating a circumstance in which two stimuli predict
different outcomes. Discrimination is the ability of an animal to distinguish between two or
more stimuli. As a result, the approach of discrimination learning is quite beneficial.
2. Compare and contrast Extinction from Spontaneous Recovery
- Conditioning is related to phrases like extinction and spontaneous recovery. Extinction is a
phenomenon that occurs when the link between the stimulus and the reaction breaks down.
When Pavlov presented a conditioned stimulus to his canine subjects in his conditioning
studies but not the food, the dogs began to salivate less and less. The re-emergence of a
previously extinguished conditioned response without any further learning is known as
spontaneous recovery.
3. Compare and contrast Classical from Operant Conditioning

- When a conditioned response is coupled with a neutral stimulus, this is known as classical
conditioning. Pavlov's dogs is the most famous example of this, in which Ivan Pavlov
taught canines to salivate when a metronome was played. The metronome was a neutral
stimulus because the dogs had never reacted to it before. Every time the dogs were fed,
Pavlov would employ the metronome, and the dogs learned to link the sound with food.
Their conditioned response was to salivate. In contrast to classical conditioning, operant
conditioning entails utilizing reward to encourage or discourage a certain behavior. While
classical conditioning teaches dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a metronome,
operant conditioning teaches them to sit by rewarding them with a treat. B.F. Skinner
proposed the operant conditioning hypothesis, which he developed through a simple rat
experiment. A hungry rat is placed in a box as part of the experiment. The rat discovers a
lever while exploring. It obtains food when it presses the lever. The rat eventually learns to
push the lever in order to acquire food. Operant conditioning can involve positive
reinforcement, such as giving a dog a treat or a rat getting food. It can also involve negative
reinforcement, such as rewarding a dog for walking close to its owner by relaxing the
unpleasant tension on the leash. Sometimes, operant conditioning involves punishment. In
all examples of operant conditioning, a target behavior is reinforced using consequences.
The method behavior is conditioned is the major distinction between classical and operant
conditioning. A neutral stimulus is matched with a conditioned response in classical
conditioning. A desired behavior is linked with a consequence in operant conditioning.

End