FEMALE

REPRODUCTI
VE SYSTEM
 Ovary
•Primary female
reproductive organs

•Paired organs on each

side of the uterus held

•in place by several

ligaments

•Make female gametes

(ova)

•holds a woman’s egg

•Secretes female sex

• These hormones play an important role in female
hormones (estrogen and
traits, such as breast development, body shape,
progesterone)
and body hair. They are also involved in the
menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy.
 Ovary
• 3 cm long, 2 cm wide, and 1 cm thick
located in the lower abdomen and
attached to the margins of the uterus and
to the pelvic wall by ligaments.

• They contain 300,000 to 500,000

primary oocytes (immature eggs in
different stages of development)
contained within primordial follicles
(immature follicles).

• These oocytes are protected by the

ovaries until such time that they are
ready for release (ovulation)
 Fimbria
• Beating cilia in the
fimbriae create
currents to carry the
oocyte from the ovary
into the uterine tube
during ovulation

• When ovulation is
about to occur, the
hormones activate
fimbriae
 Oviducts orFallopian Tubes
• Receive the ovulated oocyte and
provide a site of fertilization
• Extends from the ovaries to the uterus
• A pair of tubes about 10-12 cm long
that connects the ovaries to the uterus
• Oviducts are not attached to the
ovaries, but they have finger-like
projections called fimbrae that sweep
over ovaries
• Propels the ovum from the ovary
towards the uterus, and provides the
site for fertilization.
• The fertilized egg is propelled by ciliary • Ectopic pregnancy- the
current and contractions of the development of a fertilized
fallopian tube to the uterus. egg in a fallopian tube
Uterus • Uterus or womb is about 7-8 cm long
which is located in the mid of the pelvis
between the urinary bladder in front
UTERUS and the rectum at the back
• Houses developing embryo and fetus
during pregnancy

Uterine wall- composed of 3 layers

a. Perimetrium-outermost serous layer
b. Myometrium –middle layer-smooth
muscle
c. Endometrium- inner layer, mucosal
lining of the uterine activity; shed during
menstruation
•Has numerous uterine glands that change
in length as the endometrial thickness
changes (occurs during ovulation)
Hysterectomy- surgical removal of uterus
Cervix •Opening of the vagina to
uterus
• Allows flow of menstrual
blood from
the uterus into
the vagina,and direct the
sperms into
the uterus during
intercourse. The opening
of the cervical canal is
normally very narrow.
 Cervical
HOW DO YOU GET CERVICL CANCER?

Cancer
Long-lasting infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is
the main cause of cervical cancer. HPV is a common virus that is passed
from one person to another during sex. At least half of sexually active
people will have HPV at some point in their lives, but few women will
get cervical cancer.
IS CERVICAL CANCER DEADLY?
If these changes are found and treated, cervical cancer can be prevented. If
not diagnosed and treated, cervical cancer can spread to other parts of the
body and become deadly.

SYMPTOMS OF CERVICAL CANCER IN TE EARLY STAGES

Any of the following could be signs or symptoms of cervical cancer:
•Blood spots or light bleeding between or following periods.
•Menstrual bleeding that is longer and heavier than usual.
•Bleeding after intercourse, douching, or a pelvic examination.
•Increased vaginal discharge.
•Pain during sexual intercours
 Cervical Cancer
WHO IS AT RISK OF CERVICAL CANCER?
People younger than 20 years old rarely develop cervical cancer. The risk goes up between the
late teens and mid-30s. Women past this age group remain at risk and need to have
regular cervical cancer screenings, which include a Pap test and/or an HPV test.

WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR BODY WHEN YOU HAVE CERVICAL CANCER?

Cervical cancer happens when cells change in a woman's cervix, which connects her uterus with
her vagina. This cancer can affect the deeper tissues of her cervix and may spread to other
parts of her body (metastasize), often the lungs, liver, bladder, vagina, and rectum

WHAT AGE DOES CERVICAL CANCER OCCUR?

Cervical cancer is most frequently diagnosed in women between the ages of 35 and 44 with the
average age at diagnosis being 50 . It rarely develops in women younger than 20. Many older
women do not realize that the risk of developing cervical cancer is still present as they age

CAN CERVICAL CANCER BE CURED COMPLETELY?

Cervical cancer is often curable if it's diagnosed at an early stage. When cervical cancer is
not curable, it's often possible to slow its progression, prolong lifespan and relieve any
associated symptoms, such as pain and vaginal bleeding. This is known as palliative care.
Vagina
•Receives penis during
copulation and serves
as birth canal
•7.5-9 cm long
•Provides passageway
for birth, menstrual
flow, and is the organ
of copulation
 • a narrow fold of tissue
Hymen encircling the entrance
of vagina

• It usually breaks during sex,
if it hasn’t
already broken before.
The hymen can break quite
easily before a woman has
sex for the first time,
through: activities such as
horse riding and other
sports.
 ❖Lies external to the vagina and
VULVA OR EXTERNAL GENITALIA
includes the mons pubis, labia,
clitoris, and vestibular structures
Mons pubis – round, fatty area
overlying the pubic symphysis
Labia majora – elongated, hair-
covered, fatty skin folds
homologous to the male scrotum
Labia minora – hair-free skin folds
lying within the labia majora;
Clitoris (homologous to the penis)
-Erectile tissue hooded by the
prepuce
-The exposed portion is called the
glans
Urethra: below the clitoris, the
opening to the bladder; passageway
of urine
 
 THE FEMALE BREAST AND THE
MAMMARY GLAND
•Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-
25 lobes that radiate around and open at
the nipple
•Areola – pigmented skin surrounding
the nipple
•Lobes contain glandular alveoli that
produce milk in lactating women
•Lactation , the production of milk by
the cells of alveoli, which is caused by
prolactin hormone
•Mammary glands adapted to secrete
milk after childbirth
•A couple of days after delivery of a
baby, milk production begins
•Estrogen stimulates development of the
mammary glands and breasts
The mammary gland is composed
of milk-transporting lactiferous
ducts, which expand and branch
extensively during pregnancy in
response to estrogen, growth
hormone, cortisol, and prolactin
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF BREAST CANCER
•New lump in the breast or underarm (armpit).
•Thickening or swelling of part of the breast.
•Irritation or dimpling of breast skin.
•Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast.
•Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area.
•Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood.

HOW DOES BREAST CANCER START?

Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin to
grow abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do and
continue to accumulate, forming a lump or mass. Cells may spread
(metastasize) through your breast to your lymph nodes or to other parts of
your body

IS STAGE II BREAST CANCER CURABLE?

Stage II breast cancers are curable with current multi-modality treatment

consisting of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormonal
therapy. Effective treatment of stage II breast cancer requires both local
and systemic therapy.
 FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE
2 phases of ovarian cycle:

A. Follicular phase - period of follicle

growth (days 1- 14)

 Ovarian Follicle - a fluid-filled sac

that contains an immature egg, or
oocyte.

B. Luteal phase – period of corpus

luteum activity (days 14-28)
The follicular phase will start
with the first day of your
period or blood flow.

In the barin, Hypothalamus

Secret Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone(GnRH )

stimulates the pituitary to

release FSH and LH

FSH stimulates enlargement

ovarian follicles and
maturation of the follicle.

FSH with LH involvement

promotes estrogen secretion
by follicular cells.
 Estrogen

stimulates the thickening of

the uterine lining

A rapid rise in strogen

concentration peaks on day
12 as the dominant
follicle enlarges

The pituitary produces sharp

increase in LH and a
smaller increase in FSH
that peak on day 13

The primary oocyte

undergoes the first meiotic
division, forming the secondary
oocyte
The surge of LH causes
ovulation on day 14

LH transforms the
ruptured follicle into a
corpus luteum

LH stimulates the corpus

luteum to secrete more
progesterone and estrogen
during days 17 to 23

Estrogen Progesterone
promotes the promotes the
continued formation of
thickening of blood vesselss
the uterine and glands in
lining the uterine
lining, preparing
it to receive an
embryo
 Also, progesterone exerts a
negative feedback on
GnRH secretion by the
hypothalamus, inhibiting the
release of FSH and LH

If fertilization does not

occur, the corpus luteum
degenerates, and the
secretion of estrogen and
progesterone declines
rapidly from day 25 to 28
 The reproductive cycle
starts as the low levels
of strogen and
progesterone:

Result :

in the no longer
breakdown of inhibit the
the uterine hypothalamus,
lining with allowing the
menstruation secretion of
starting on GnRH, which
day 1 of the stimulates
next release of FSH
menstrual and LH from
cycle the anterior
pituitary,
starting a new
ovarian cycle
THE FEMALE •Modified sweat glands consisting of
BREAST 15-25 lobes that radiate around and
open at the nipple
•Areola – pigmented skin surrounding
the nipple
•Lobes contain glandular alveoli that
produce milk in lactating women
•Lactation , the production of milk by
the cells of alveoli, is caused by
prolactin hormone
•A couple of days after delivery of a
baby, milk production begins
•Mammary glands adapted to secrete
milk after childbirth
•Estrogen stimulates development of
the mammary glands and breasts
Ovary
Ovaries are part of the
vertebrae female reproductive
system. Normally, a female will
have two ovaries, each
performing two major
functions: producing eggs, or
(exocrine function) and
secreting hormones, or
(endocrine system). Ovaries in
females are homologous to
testes in males. The term
gonads refer to the ovaries in
females and testes in males.

Days 1-5 , low level of sex
hormones causing the
endometrium / uterine wall
breaks down and shed with
some blood through the vagina
which is also known as “period”.
Days 6-13 (proliferative phase),
increased production of
estrogens by an ovarian follicle,
the uterine lining thickens once
more, coincides with the ripening
of a new egg (ovum) inside the
ovary.
Day 14 (at 28-day cycle)-
ovulation usually occurs
Days 15-28, increased
production of progesterone by
the corpus luteum , the
endometrium doubles in
thickness , in readiness to
receive the egg.
•If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and low level
of sex hormones causing the uterine lining to break and shed, and the
cycle begins again. Menstruation is repeated monthly except for periods of
pregnancy. The duration of pregnancy is about 28 days
WHAT IS THE TYPICAL CYCLE LENGTH VARIATION?

The menstrual cycle, which is counted from the first day of one period to the
first day of the next, isn't the same for every woman. Menstrual flow might
occur every 21 to 35 days and last two to seven days. For the first few years
after menstruation begins, long cycles are common

WHAT ARE THE FOUR PHASES OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE?

The four phases of the menstrual cycle are menstruation, the follicular
phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.

WHY DOES LUTEAL PHASE LENGTH VARY?

The variation in cycle length is attributed mainly to the timing of

ovulation. Nevertheless, the length of the luteal phase may also deviate
significantly from 14 days. For example, the luteal phase length was
between 7 and 19 days in a sample of 28 day cycles
Methods of Detecting Ovulation
There are several ways to detect ovulation, including
1. urine test kits to measure LH levels
2. transvaginal ultrasound
3. endometrial biopsy
4. blood tests to measure hormone levels
5. the basal body temperature (BBT) chart

1. Urine test kits to measure LH levels,

What does this test do? This is a
home-use test kit to measure
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in
your urine. This
helps detect the LH surge that
happens in the middle of your
menstrual cycle, about 1-1½ days
before ovulation
2. Transvaginal Ultrasound
This is a painless procedure usually done
with a probe inserted into the vagina, but
may be done with an external probe
placed on the abdomen. Prior
to ovulation, the follicle is thin-walled and
filled with fluid. As the egg inside the
follicle develops, the follicle increases in
size.
3. Endometrial Biopsy
Testing a small sample of the lining
(endometrial biopsy) may determine
whether ovulation has occurred and whether
progesterone production is adequate. The test
involves sampling the interior of the uterus,
normally with a thin plastic suction tube, 7-10
days after ovulation
4. Blood Tests to measure hormone levels
A serum progesterone test is used
to determine if ovulation is occurring.
Since progesterone levels increase towards
the end of a woman's cycle, the test is done
during the luteal phase of your menstrual
cycle (just before your period starts)

5. The Basal Body Temperature (BBT) chart

Your body temperature dips a bit just
before your ovary releases an egg. Then, 24
hours after the egg's release,
your temperature rises and stays up for
several days. Before ovulation, a
woman's BBT averages between 97°F
(36.1°C) and 97.5°F (36.4°C).
After ovulation, it rises to 97.6°F (36.4°C)
to 98.6°F (37°C).
 ASSOCIATED MENSTRUAL CONDITIONS
1. Amenorrhea (uh-men-o-REE-uh) is the
absence of menstruation — one or more
missed menstrual periods. Women who
have missed at least three menstrual
periods in a row have amenorrhea, as do
girls who haven't begun menstruation by
age 15. The most common cause
of amenorrhea is pregnancy.

2. Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for

pain with menstruation. There are two
types of dysmenorrhea: "primary" and
"secondary". Primary dysmenorrhea is
common menstrual cramps that are
recurrent (come back) and are not due to
other diseases.
3. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)- is a
combination of symptoms that many
women get about a week or two before
their period. Most women, over 90%, say
they get some premenstrual symptoms,
such as bloating, headaches, and
moodiness
Symptoms: Bloating; Fatigue; Mood
swing...
Includes Diseases: Premenstrual
dysphoric (unwell) disorder
Treatments: Selective serotonin ( blood
serum) reuptake inhibitor
4. Oligomenorrhea- is a condition in which
you have infrequent menstrual periods. It
occurs in women of child bearing age. Some
variation in menstruation is normal, but a
woman who regularly goes more than 35 days
without menstruating may be diagnosed
with oligomenorrhea. Periods usually occur
every 21 to 35 days
5. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a health problem that is similar
to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but is more serious. PMDD causes severe
irritability, depression, or anxiety in the week or two before your period starts.
Symptoms: Depression (mood); Irritability; Anxiety
Treatments: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
END
THANK
YOU!