Reproductive

System
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as
the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the
anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction. Many
non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, are also
important accessories to the reproductive system.

Why Reproduction is necessary?

Reproduction is necessary for the perpetuation of the
species. It is the ability to create another one of the same
kind. Life comes only from life, we called it as biogenesis.
Some organisms reproduce asexually and others
reproduce sexually. In many species, including humans,
females produce eggs and males produce sperm.
In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells,
or gametes, are involved.

❖ The male gamete-sperm

❖ female gamete- the egg or ovum

They meet in the female's reproductive system. When sperm

fertilizes (meets) an egg, this fertilized egg is called a zygote.
The zygote goes through a process of becoming an embryo and
developing into a fetus

Humans, like other organisms, pass some characteristics of

themselves to the next generation. We do this through our
genes, which is the special carriers of human traits.
 MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
How Does the Male Reproductive System Work?
⮚ makes semen
⮚ releases semen into the reproductive system of the female during
sexual intercourse
⮚ produces sex hormones, which help a boy develop into a sexually
mature man during puberty

When puberty begins, usually between the ages of 9 and 15, the
pituitary gland — located near the brain — secretes hormones
that stimulate the testicles to produce testosterone. The
production of testosterone brings about many physical changes.

Although the timing of these changes is different for every guy,

the stages of puberty generally follow a set sequence:
The production of testosterone brings about many physical
changes
Although the timing of these changes is different for every guy,
the stages of puberty generally follow a set sequence:

•During the first stage of male puberty, the scrotum and testes
grow larger.

•Next, the penis becomes longer and the seminal vesicles and
prostate gland grow.

•Hair begins to grow in the pubic area and later on the face and
underarms. During this time, the voice also deepens.

•Guys also have a growth spurt during puberty as they reach their
adult height and weight.
PARTS OF MALE REPRODUCTVE SYSTEM
 THE SCROTUM

❖Pouch-like sac holding paired

testicles separated by a midline
septum that hang underneath the
penis.

❖Its external positioning keeps the

testes 34°C lower than core body
temperature

❖When external temperature is

very cold, the scrotum becomes
heavily wrinkled as it pulls the testes
closer to the warmth of the body
wall

❖Dartos – smooth muscle that

wrinkles scrotal skin.

❖Cremaster – bands of skeletal

muscle that elevate the testes
 THE TESTES

❖The male gonads suspended within

the scrotal sacs.
❖The testes begin their development
inside the abdominal cavity, but they
descend into the scrotal sac as
development proceeds
❖Occasionally, they fail to descend and
a condition is called CRYPTORHIDISM
results. Unless corrected by surgery, no
viable sperms are produced even after
sexual maturity has been reached.
Treatment should be done in early
childhood.

❖In the scrotum, the testes are

maintained at a slightly cooler
temperature. This lower temperature is
essential for the production of viable
sperm cells.
Each testis is surrounded by
two tunics:
❖The tunica vaginalis,
derived from peritoneum
❖The tunica albuginea, the
fibrous capsule of the testis
(white coat)
❖Septa/septum divides the
testis into 250-300 lobules,

❖Each lobule contain 1-4

seminiferous tubules - the
sperm forming factories”.

❖Sperms form in walls of

semineferous tubules and
converge to form the tubulus
rectus while interstitial cells
between the tubules produce
testosterone.
❖The straight tubulus rectus
conveys sperm to rete (a network
specially of blood vessels or
nerves) the testis

❖From the rete testis, the sperm

leave the testis via efferent
ductules

❖Sperm production begins at

puberty and continues throughout
the life of male

❖The process of production is

called spermatogenesis that takes
about 72 days

❖4 sperms are produced each

spermatocyte

❖During spermatogenesis, your

testicles make several million of
sperm per day
 
❖Daily sperm production by a
healthy man is 10 to 50 million
-about 1,500 per second. By the
end of a full sperm
production cycle, you can
regenerate up to 8 billion sperm.
- you release anywhere from 20
to 300 million sperm cells in a
single milliliter of semen.

❖Contents of average
ejaculation is 50 million
sperm; 25 million moving;
20 million deformed

❖Average swimming speed is

8 inches per hour

❖After ejaculation, its survival

time in a woman is 2-7 days

❖The Leydig cells are found

scattered between the tubules
will produce
TESTOSTERONE
 EPIDIDYMIS

❖Sperm produced by the testes

will mature within the
epididymis. Maturation is
required for the sperm to swim to
the egg

❖Its head joins the efferent

ductules and caps the superior
aspect of the testis

❖The duct of the epididymis has

stereocilia that absorb testicular
fluid and pass nutrients to the
sperm

❖Non-motile sperm enter first,

then pass through its tubes and
become motile

❖Upon ejaculation or when male

is sexually stimulated, the walls of
the epididymis contracts,
expelling sperm into the
ductus/vas deferens
 Epididymitis

Males of any age can get

epididymitis. Epididymitis is
most often caused by a
bacterial infection, including
sexually transmitted
infections (STIs), such as
gonorrhea or chlamydia.
Sometimes, a testicle also
becomes inflamed — a
condition called epididymo-
orchitis
 DUCTUS/VAS DEFERENS
and EJACULATORY DUCT

❖Once the sperm have

matured, they are propelled
here (vas deferens) by
muscle contraction

❖Its terminus expands to

form the ampulla and then
joins the duct of the seminal
vesicle (serves to store
mature sperm until
ejaculated) to form the
ejaculatory duct
VASECTOMY- the surgical procedure for sterilization of the male by cutting
and ligating the ductus/vas deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of
birth control
 SEMEN – is a thick, milky whitish, sticky
fluid
that contains sperm
and secretions from three glands.
- Ejaculated by the male from the
penis during orgasm (climax).
- Contains nutrients for sperm cells
and substances that activate thier
motility

THREE GLANDS THAT INVOLVE IN

THE PRODUCTION OF SEMEN:

1.Seminal Vesicle
2.Prostate Gland
3.Bulbourethral/Cowper’s
Gland
 Seminal vesicles
❖ Lieat the base of the bladder
and secrete 60% of the volume
of semen

❖It secretes seminal fluid –

viscous alkaline fluid containing
fructose (sugar that provides
energy to the sperm), ascorbic
acid, coagulating enzyme
(vesiculase), and prostaglandins
which contribute mobility and
viability of the sperm

❖Sperm and seminal fluid mix in

the ejaculatory duct and enter the
prostatic urethra during
ejaculation

❖It contains hormone relaxin

that enhances sperm motility
 Seminal vesicles
❖The relative alkalinity ( pH 7.2 -
7.6) of semen neutralizes the
acid environment (pH 3.5-4)
found in the male urethra and
female vagina

❖Seminalplasmin (hormone)–
antibiotic chemical that destroys
certain bacteria or inhibits
bacterial multiplication

❖The volume of semen in a

single ejaculation may vary from
2-5 ml, but it contains 50-150
million sperm/ml
 Prostate Gland
❖ below the bladder which
secretes a milky alkaline fluid
believed to activate or increase
the motility of the sperm.

❖ In older men, it may become

enlarged, thereby constricting
the urethra and making
urination difficult and enhances
risk of bladder infections and
kidney damage.

❖ Also, prostate cancer is the

most common form of cancer in
men

❖ Treatment is surgery

❖ Newer treatment: using drugs

Fenasteride to shrink the
prostate

❖ prostate cancer is the 3rd most

prevalent CA in men- a slow
growing and hidden condition
 Bulbourethral/ Cowper’s
Glands
❖ is a pair glands, which have
mucous secretions with a
lubricating effect.

❖ Secretions from this are the

first to enter the urethra, and
they function to cleanse the
urethra of acidic residue from
urine

❖ This fluid does not normally

contain sperm, but considering
that the young adult male
produces up to 1 billion
sperm a day

❖ It is therefore possible for

fertilization to take place in the
female even though ejaculation
has not occurred.
 URETHRA
❖extends from the base of
the bladder to the tip of the
penis

❖a passageway for both

urine and semen

❖during sexual intercourse,

the bladder sphincter
constrict to prevent the
passage of urine into the
urethra and to prevent
sperm from entering the
bladder
 PENIS
❖A copulatory organ designed to
deliver sperm into the female
reproductive tract that hangs in front of
the scrotum
The penis is made of several parts:
• Glans -In uncircumcised men, the glans is
covered with pink, moist tissue called
mucosa. Covering the glans is the foreskin
(prepuce). In circumcised men, the foreskin
is surgically removed and the mucosa on
the glans transforms into dry skin.
• Corpus cavernosum: Two columns of
tissue running along the sides of the penis.
Blood fills this tissue to cause an erection.
• Corpus spongiosum: A column of
sponge-like tissue running along the front
of the penis and ending at the glans penis; it
fills with blood during an erection, keeping
the urethra -- which runs through it -- open
❖ During sexual arousal, nerve messages
begin to stimulate the penis.
❖ Impulses from the brain and local
nerves cause the muscles of the corpora
cavernosa to relax, allowing blood to
flow in and fill the open spaces.
❖ The blood creates pressure in the
corpora cavernosa, making the penis
expand and create an erection.
Erect penis
END
THANK
YOU!