Liceo de Cagayan University

College of Arts and Sciences

Behavioral Sciences Department
S.Y. 2020-2021

THEORY OF LEARNING APPLIED TO TEACHING

Name: JOHN ERNEST J BUNUAN Date:_________________________

TEST II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. UNDERLINE the letter and phrases of your BEST answer.

1. ___________ conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a

response, after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. 
A. Operant B. Classical
C. Learned D. Repeated

2. A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
is called a _____________ stimulus. 
A. unconditioned B. conditioned
C. neutral D. paired

 3. A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is
called a(n) _____________ response. 
A. unconditioned B. conditioned
C. neutral D. paired

 4. A response that is natural and needs no training is called a(n) _______________. 
A. unconditioned response B. conditioned response
C. stimulus response D. paired response

 5. A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about
a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus is called the ___________
stimulus. 
A. conditioned B. unconditioned
C. paired D. neutral

 6. A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus is called the
_____________ response. 
A. conditioned B. unconditioned
C. neutral D. paired

 7. If two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned
response but the other does not, then it is called stimulus _______________. 
A. reorganization B. generalization
C. follow-up D. discrimination 
8. Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its
favorable or unfavorable consequences, is called _______________ conditioning. 
A. classical B. operant
C. positive D. negative

9. _____________ conditioning focuses on the natural biological responses to the presence of a

stimulus such as food, water, or pain, whereas __________ conditioning applies to voluntary
responses, which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome. 
A. Classical; operant B. Operant; classical
C. Positive; negative D. Negative; positive

10. A __________ reinforcer satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a
person's prior experiences, whereas, in contrast, a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because
of its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ____________ reinforcer. 
A. primary; secondary B. secondary; primary
C. positive; negative D. negative; positive

11. John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white
rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled/afraid at the sight of the white
rat. This is an example of:
A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning

12. From the question in # 1, what is the neutral stimulus (NS) presented?
A. White rat
B. Loud, startling noise
C. Startled/afraid

13. From the question in # 1, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) presented?
A. White rat
B. Loud, startling noise
C. Startled/afraid

14. From the question in # 1, what is the unconditioned response (UCR) elicited by little Albert?
A. White rat
B. Loud, startling noise
C. Stratled/Afraid

15. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did
so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. This is an
example of:
A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning

16. From the question in # 5, credit card is an example of:

A. Negative reinforcer
 B. Positive reinforcer
C. Primary reinforcer

17. Spanking a child is an example of:

A. Punishment
B. Reinforcement
C. Either A or B

18. What type of learning is demonstrated if a child imitates the facial expression of his favorite
actor?
A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
19. In a __________ -ratio schedule, reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
rather than a set number.
A. fixed B. variable
C. partial D. continuous

20. A _________-interval schedule provides reinforcement for a response only if a set time
period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
A. fixed B. variable
C. partial D. continuous
TEST II. ESSAY

1. Compare and contrast Classical from Operant Conditioning.

- Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a learning approach

that uses incentives and punishments to influence behavior. An association is formed
between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior
through operant conditioning. However, operant conditioning is not limited to the
training of laboratory animals in experimental situations. It also has a significant impact
on everyday learning. Reinforcement and punishment happen all the time in natural
settings, as well as in more controlled ones like classrooms and therapy sessions. While
the Classical conditioning is a method of learning that has a significant impact on
behaviorism, a school of psychology. Classical conditioning is a learning process that
happens through connections between an external stimulus and a naturally occurring
stimulus, as discovered by Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. A neutral signal is placed in
front of a naturally occurring response in classical conditioning. The neutral signal in
Pavlov's classic dog experiment was the sound of a tone, and the naturally occurring
reflex was salivation in response to food. The salivation response might be elicited
simply by pairing the neutral stimulus with the ambient stimulus (meal).

2. Explain the use of test trials in the measurement of Pavlovian learning.

- Pavlovian conditioning (also known as classical conditioning) was found by chance, like
many other significant scientific breakthroughs. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist,
studied dog salivation in reaction to being fed in the 1890s. When the dogs were fed, he
placed a tiny test tube into each dog's cheek to measure saliva (with a powder made
from meat). Pavlov expected that the dogs would salivate in reaction to the food placed
in front of them, but he discovered that his dogs began to salivate whenever he heard
his assistant's footsteps approaching them with the meal. Pavlov thought he had
achieved a significant scientific breakthrough when he observed that any item or event
that the dogs had learnt to identify with food (such as the lab assistant) would elicit the
same reaction. As a result, he has spent the remainder of his career researching this
form of learning.
3. Discuss the weaknesses of Pavlov and Skinner’s theory.

- Skinner's theory looks at people from the perspective of their actions. This theory's
main flaw is that it tries to explain an individual's actions entirely through visible
occurrences. Some critics accuse behaviorists of rejecting the existence of concepts and
thoughts. The main challenge that behaviorists face is that a person's behavior cannot
be understood without taking into account his or her mental activity. Behaviorists have
been accused of focusing solely on behavior while disregarding the importance of
physiology, neurobiology, and genetics, according to critics. While the Classical
conditioning does not account for the idea of free will, this learning process
underestimates how unique human beings really are, there is no predictive quality to
classical conditioning, it doesn’t help someone to create new behaviors. It is a learning
process which connects a natural response to the stimulus that is in the environment,
there are numerous variables which can change the possible outcomes, it requires
someone to have positive associations to be useful, people can choose to act against
their conditioning, and it provides a temporary effect when generating results.