INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

•  sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢 + 𝐶

The following formulas are also consequences of their corresponding differentiation formulas.
•  sec2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  csc2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶

Example 1
 sin 4x dx
Solution:
du
Let u = 4x and du = 4 dx or = dx.
4
du
=  sin u • 4
1
= 4  sin u du
1
= 4 (-cos u) + 𝐶
1
= -4cos4x + 𝐶
 INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
•  eu 𝑑𝑢 = eu + 𝐶
au
•  au du = ln a + 𝐶

Example 1
 43x dx
Solution:
du
Let u = 3x and du = 3dx or = dx.
3
du
=  4u • 3
1
= 3  4u du
1 4u
= 3 (3 ln 4) + 𝐶
4u
= 3 ln 4 + 𝐶

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
 udv = uv -  vdu
The method of integration by parts is specifically helpful when the integrand is a product of two
kinds of function such as the following:
•  xex 𝑑𝑥 algebraic and exponential
•  x 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 algebraic and trigonometric
•  ex cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 exponential and trigonometric
•  𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 algebraic and logarithmic
Example 1
 xex dx
Solution:
Let u = x and du = ex dx. Then du = dx and v =  ex dx = ex
= xex -  ex dx
= xex - ex + C