Third Generation Mobile Systems

• Background to Third Generation

• 3G Drivers
• 3G Standards
• Understanding CDMA
• UMTS Air Interface
• UMTS Radio Access Network
• UMTS Mobiles
• Interworking and the 3G Core
Network
07/10/2001 3G_1
3G Drivers

• Limitations of 2G
• 2.5G: GPRS and EDGE
• Links with the Internet
• Market needs

07/10/2001 3G_1
 Basic GSM Examined

Global 13 kbps speech

ISDN compatible Circuit switched
Data Fixed capacity
Fully defined 9.6 kbps data
Variants Limited messaging
Works
Plusses Minuses

07/10/2001 3G_1
The Short Message Service

Messages
from and to Cell
other Broadcast
networks Standard
protocol
available, but
Mobile not connector
Mobile Originating
Terminating

Basically 140 bytes

NB: Roaming Services
07/10/2001 3G_1
Data Connection Options

RS-232

PSTN
Terminal
Adapter

9.6 kbps
max ISDN

IWF

PPSDN

07/10/2001 3G_1
The Internet-Mobile Conjunction
100000

10000
Fixed
Mobile
Internet
?
Millions of Subscribers

1000

100
Europe Only

10

Source: Various
1
88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20

20

20

20
07/10/2001 3G_1
Mobile and the Internet
• The Internet drives almost everything nowadays
• Cellular provides a convenient access mechanism
– 9.6 kbps GSM circuit inadequate and expensive
– SMS cheaper but low capacity
9.6 kbps SMS
Web Page Size kbyte delay (s) delay (s)
Small: Simple text 3 3 25
Medium: Complex text 15 13 126
Heavy: Graphics and bit maps 100 83 842

Wireless Application Protocol

07/10/2001 3G_1
 WAP Solution:
Wireless-optimised Protocols
• WAP runs only on the
wireless portion Internet and WAP Protocols
• WAP is based on the
Wireless Network
standard Internet Wired Internet
markup language HTML Dynamic
WML
WML(XML (XMLLanguage)
Language)
JavaScript Protocol
technology (XML) Translation
WML
WML Script
Script

• WAP Protocol stack is HTTP Wireless

WirelessSession
Session
Protocol
Protocol(WSP)
optimised for wireless (WSP)
Wireless
WirelessTransaction
Transaction
TLS - SSL
• WAP runs on all Protocol
Protocol(WTP)
(WTP)

networks, including IP TCP

Wireless
WirelessTransport
Layer
Transport
LayerSecurity
Security(WTLS)
(WTLS)
networks IP UDP
UDP/ /IP
IP WDP
WDP
Wireless Bearers:
• WAP even works over Physical SMS USSD CSD IS-136 CDMA iDEN CDPD PDC-P Etc..
SMS
Based on WAP Forum Material
07/10/2001 3G_1
The WAP Microbrowser

• Optimised for the consumer handset

• Requires minimal RAM, ROM, Display, CPU
and keys
• Provides consistent user interface across
devices
• Provides Internet compatibility
• Enables wide array of available content and
applications
• Around 200k of code in phone

Based on WAP Forum Material

07/10/2001 3G_1
A Network-based WAP Gateway

Client Web Server

WAP Gateway
WML

with WML-Script
CGI
WML Encoder

WML Decks
WML- Scripts
WSP/WTP WMLScript
HTTP etc.
Script
Compiler
WTAI
Protocol Adapters Content
Etc.

Stored as WML or translated dynamically from HTML

Based on WAP Forum Material
07/10/2001 3G_1
Improving Internet Access
• WAP helps but it is designed around small screen low
content displays
• Wireline access provides better performance without
compromise
Modem ISDN
Web Page Size kbyte delay (s) delay (s)
Small: Simple text 3 0.4 0.2
Medium: Complex text 15 2.1 0.9
Heavy: Graphics and bit maps 100 14.3 6.3

Generation 2.5

07/10/2001 3G_1
GSM Data Evolution
Timeframe Capabilities Notes
9.6 kbps Available Circuit-switched Service available from
service today data and fax most GSM operators
today.
14.4 kbps Available Higher speed Should work identically
service before 2000 circuit-switched to 9.6 kbps service
data and fax only at higher speed.
Direct IP Available Circuit-switched Reduces call set-up
Access from some connection directly time and provides a
carriers today to Internet stepping stone to
packet data.
High-speed Available High speed rates to A software-only
circuit- before 2000 56 kbps upgrade for carriers
switched not requiring expensive
data service infrastructure.
(HSCSD)
GPRS Available High speed packet Extremely capable and
within two data with flexible mobile
years transmission communications.
speeds over 100
Kbps, with most
user devices
offering about 56
kbps
EDGE Available High speed packet Final high-speed data
within three data which will triple technology for existing forecast by Rysavy Research
years the rates available GSM networks.
with GPRS

07/10/2001 3G_1
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
64 kbps
• The limit on data transmission is 19.2 kbps
set at 9.6 kbps
– Some suppliers have provided
enhanced service at 14.4 kbps
• High Speed Circuit Switched Data
produces higher bit rate by
concatenating channels 2 Channels 8 Channels
– Expensive on air time
– Asymmetric and Symmetric 38.4 or 56 kbps
BSC
– Concatenating mostly
involves terminal and IWF 4 Channels
equipment

07/10/2001 3G_1
General Packet Radio System
• Higher speeds are all very well
– but circuits are held up unnecessarily
– most uses of data are sporadic
• GPRS promises speeds to over 100 Kbps
• Packet based
– supports Internet Protocol (IP) and X. 25
– channels are only used when needed
– multiple users can share the same radio channel very
efficiently
• A simpler system called Packet Data System is possible
– uses existing signalling channels
07/10/2001 3G_1
 GPRS Overlay

GPRS needs new

components MSC

Gateway GPRS
Support Node
8 Channels
Serving GPRS
Support Node

P Frame Relay
BSC C
U
1 Channel Internet
Point-to-point
Point-to-multipoint

07/10/2001 3G_1
 GPRS Item Roles
• Mobility Management
• Interfacing to other packet
• Session Management networks Gateway GPRS
• - QoS Support Node
Serving GPRS
• - Security Support Node • Routing to correct SGSN
• - Attach/Detach via HLR
• - Routing
• - Signalling
• - Resource Management • Segmentation/Re-assembly
• Error detection and retransmission
• Multiplexing (different mobiles) PC
• Uplink contention resolution U

• Downlink scheduling/queuing

07/10/2001 3G_1
Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution

• EDGE is supposed to be available in 2002

• High speed packet data which will triple the rates available
with GPRS
• 384 kbps promised via special modulation techniques
–8 phase shift keying
• Final high-speed data technology for existing GSM
networks?
• Existing bandwidth may be exhausted.

GSM

07/10/2001 3G_1
 EDGE: Reduced of Coverage

% Cell Area Covered EDGE requires 7-10 dB higher C/I

100
Interference limited case
80
Conditions:
60
• Speech Coverage 12dB C/I
40
• 4/12 Re-use
• No SFH
• 10 % Block Erasure Rate
20

8.8 11.2 14.8 17.6 22.4 29.6 44.8 59.2

Source: Motorola
Data Rate / Time Slot

07/10/2001 3G_1
Further Internet Access Improvement
• GSM’s higher data rates certainly help with improved Web
access GPRS EDGE
Web Page Size kbyte delay (s) delay (s)
Small: Simple text 3 0.2 0.1
Medium: Complex text 15 1.1 0.3
Heavy: Graphics and bit maps 100 7.3 2.1

• The remaining challenge is video and here the wireline

network offers ADSL and cable modems
Speeds over 2 Mbps

07/10/2001 3G_1
Capabilities Compared
System PSTN ISDN GSM GPRS UMTS

Data rate Kbps 33.6 64 9.6 115 2000

Email 10Kb 3s 1s 8s 0.7s 0.04s

Text file 40 Kb 11s 5s 33s 3s 0.2s

Graphics 2Mb 9m 4m 28m 2m 7s

Music file 60 Kb 17s 7s 50s 4s 0.2s

Video Clip 4 Mb 18m 8m 48m 4m 14s

Source: N M Rothschild and Sons

(RA)

07/10/2001 3G_1
 Application Drive for 3G

• Virtual home environment

ia
em

ed
st

• Universal messaging

m
Sy

lti
• Mobile eCommerce

Mu
de
wi

• Video telephony

ile
ld

b
or

• Videoconferencing

Mo
W

• Localised information supply

Third Generation encourages the separation
of network and services supply
Value-
added
3G
Service
Network
Provider

07/10/2001 3G_1
 3G Provides Opportunities for More
Competition
Single MSC/ PSTN
PSTN PPDN
PPDN Server
Server 4
+ BSS Supplier
GMSC
GMSC GGSN
GGSN 4th Supplier
1 3 - Service Framework
MSC
MSC SGSN
SGSN
3rd Supplier
‘A’
TRAU TRAU Gb - GPRS Core
TRAU TRAU Iu
Network

BSC
BSC BSC
BSC PCU
PCU RNC
RNC

BTS
BTS BTS 5
BTS NODE
NODE B
B NODE
NODE B
B
5th Supplier
2 UMTS RAN
nd
2 Supplier - UTRAN
- BSS
Source: Motorola

07/10/2001 3G_1
Multimedia Users

Source: UMTS Forum

07/10/2001 3G_1
The Virtual Home Environment

• Allows users to access their own personalised services in the

same way no matter where they are
• Users are able to roam into different technology networks
and experience the same look and feel depending on
– terminal capability
– network capability
• It is a combination of capabilities located in the service
provider, network operators and terminal equipment
• The users profile may be owned by the service provider. May
be distributed between:
– terminal equipment and USIM
– Network Operator and Service Provider
07/10/2001 3G_1
Refresher

• How does EDGE improve capacity in GSM?

• Is WAP important for 3G applications?
• What is the main advantage delivered by GPRS?
• What is the most important application driver for 3G?
• How does an incoming GPRS session know where the
mobile is?
• What changes are required in the BSS to introduce GPRS?

07/10/2001 3G_1
Third Generation Mobile Systems

• Background to Third Generation

• 3G Drivers
• 3G Standards
• Understanding CDMA
• UMTS Air Interface
• UMTS Radio Access Network
• UMTS Mobiles
• Interworking and the 3G Core
Network
07/10/2001 3G_1
3G Standards

• IMT-2000
• 3GPP
• ETSI and UMTS
• ANSI and CDMA 2000
• Alternative approaches

07/10/2001 3G_1
 The Third Generation

IMT-2000 ITU

ANSI/ CDMA 2000 ETSI/

UMTS
TIA ARIB
3GPP

Multi-Carrier
W-CDMA W-CDMA TDMA/CDMA
Mode

07/10/2001 3G_1
The ITU’s View of 3G

07/10/2001 3G_1
Roles According to the ITU

07/10/2001 3G_1
Additional Requirements

07/10/2001 3G_1
IMT-2000 Requirements
• Detailed list including most aspects of mobile service, e.g.:
– Speech quality maintained during 3% frame erasures over
any 10 second period. Criterion is a reduction of 0.5 MOS
relative to the error-free condition
– Support packet switched data services as well as circuit
switched data
– Provide phased approach with data rates up to 2 Mbit/s in
phase 1
– Support seamless handover between different IMT-2000
environments such that service quality is maintained and
signalling is minimised
Basis of evaluation for approved Radio Transmission Technologies

07/10/2001 3G_1
Driving the Standards
C
U
D
M
M
T
A
S
2
0
0
0

3GPP 1: Global specifications for GSM/MAP network evolution

to 3G and the UTRA RTT
3GPP 2: Global specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 network
evolution to 3G and global specifications for the RTTs
supported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41
07/10/2001 3G_1
UMTS Related Projects
EU ACTS Advanced
Communications
Technologies and
Services

07/10/2001 3G_1
UMTS

• New air interface derived from various research

projects
• Two variants
– Wideband CDMA/Frequency Division Duplexing
(W-CDMA/FDD)
– Time Division CDMA/ Time Division Duplexing
(TD-CDMA/TDD)
• Based on GSM mobile management (MAP)
• GSM compatibility via Core Network
• Supported by Europe and Asia
• Support for 5, 10, 20 MHz
• Circuit or packet mode
07/10/2001 3G_1
CDMAOne Evolution

• The Qualcomm originated system has evolved over half a

decade to reach IMT-2000 requirements in 1999

07/10/2001 3G_1
CDMA2000

• Direct sequence CDMA and Frequency Division Diversity

based
• Support for Direct Spread and Multi-Carrier Forward Link
Options
– 1X and 3X 1.25 MHz Channels
• Support for backward compatible TIA/EIA-95 HSD data
services (up to 76.8 kbps)
• Support for packet and circuit data services up to 2Mbps
• Based on the IS-41 standard for mobility management
• Supported by the USA and a number of other countries

07/10/2001 3G_1
Alternative TDMA Future
The Universal Wireless
Communications
Consortium has evolved
IS-136 (DAMPS) to the
stage where it is
acceptable as an IMT-2000
scheme and compatible
with GSM EDGE

07/10/2001 3G_1
Refresher

• Why are there two 3GPPs?

• Where is CDMA2000 likely to be used?
• Who are the main contributors to UMTS?
• What is the purpose of IMT-2000?
• Why isn’t there one 3G standard?

07/10/2001 3G_1
Third Generation Mobile Systems

• Background to Third Generation

• 3G Drivers
• 3G Standards
• Understanding CDMA
• UMTS Air Interface
• UMTS Radio Access Network
• UMTS Mobiles
• Interworking and the 3G Core
Network
07/10/2001 3G_1
Understanding CDMA

• Spread spectrum
• Coding
• Modulation
• Power control

07/10/2001 3G_1
The Inventors of Spread Spectrum

Synthesis Synchronisation

How "The Bad Boy Of

Music" And "The Most
Beautiful
Girl In The World"
Catalyzed A Wireless
Revolution--In 1941
By Anna Couey

07/10/2001 3G_1
 Code Division Multiple Access

• CDMA is one example of spread spectrum communication

• It is a very different approach to GSM
– Offers the highest capacity and softest capacity
• In CDMA the original signal is mixed with a much faster one
which spreads it across the available RF channel
– Mixing the spread signal with the faster signal de-
spreads and yields the original

Original signal Spreading signal Spreading signal

Recovered signal
07/10/2001 3G_1
Understanding CDMA

• The received signal is only de-spread when mixed with the

identical signal used for spreading
• Any other signal is not de-spread, appears as low level noise.
• Any narrowband signals in the RF channel are spread by mixing

07/10/2001 3G_1
Frequency Re-use

• A major advantage of the CDMA system is that adjacent

base stations can use the same frequency band
• They are separated by the mixing code used
• There is no need for frequency planning.
FDMA CDMA

07/10/2001 3G_1
Basic CDMA System
With Code Generator RF Carrier
protection
coding and Pulse Shaping
interleaving

Codec

Codec

Filter
RF Carrier Code Generator

07/10/2001 3G_1
The Code Generator

• Maximal length sequences used

– Repeat after 2R-1 bits
– Scrambles signals but can also be used to de-scramble
– Sequences with different offsets do not correlate

Chips
1 2 3 4 R
101101001000111

Start value (offset)

Chiprate = Number of spreading bits per second

07/10/2001 3G_1
 Spreading

• After spreading each bit of the data signal is represented by

a number of chips
• The spreading factor represents the final chiprate divided
by the original bit rate
• The spreading factor defines the processing gain

+1 A 7 chip pattern which

0 could be produced by a
1 -1
3 register generator

Usually presented as bipolar SF=7

07/10/2001 3G_1
 Chipping in Action
+1 Data
0
1
-1

Pseudo Noise
+1

-1
Spread Signal
+1

-1
Data times pseudo noise SF=7

07/10/2001 3G_1
Channelisation

• In most CDMA systems the pseudo random codes are used

0
to distinguish a particular base station t =
c
• The RF channel is then split into a number of channels du
pro
• Orthogonal codes are usually used for this
ed
• Requires channel alignment m
m
+1
Su
-1
Example
shows first
four of the
Walsh codes
of length 8

07/10/2001 3G_1
Channelised Transmitter

• Introducing a modulating code for channelisation

introduces another stage
• It is at this stage that variable spreading is usually
introduced
Spreading Code RF Carrier
Channel 1 Code Pulse Shaping

Codec

Channel 2 Code

Codec

07/10/2001 3G_1
Why Variable Spreading
• The higher the processing gain the greater the immunity to
interference in the RF channel
• The lower the data bit rate the higher the processing gain
for a fixed chip rate
• Hence as the data bit rate falls the end to end bit error rate
gets better
• We usually want the bit error rate to be same for all data
rates
• Meanwhile the greater the power from other users the
higher the interference
• So why not turn down the power for low bit rate data
channels to reduce interference and provide a constant end
to end BER?
07/10/2001 3G_1
Variable Spreading- How?

Spreading Code - 8 Mcps

RF Carrier
Channel 1 Code - 1kcps Pulse Shaping
High
8kbps
8 Mcps SF
1000
Channel 2 Code - 2 kcps
Medium
4kbps Example only
8 Mcps SF
2000
Channel 2 Code - 4 kcps
Power Control
Low
2 kbps
SF
8 Mcps
4000

07/10/2001 3G_1
Power Control

• Regardless of variable spreading, close power control is

essential in CDMA system
• A loud mobile will interfere excessively with all other users

The near-far effect

07/10/2001 3G_1
Power Control Mechanisms

• Power control has a major effect on overall reliability

Closed loop - down
MS measures received power
and returns measure, BS Fast
compares with others and
adjusts
Closed loop - up
BS measures MS
power, compares with
others, instructs MS to Slow
raise or lower power

Open loop - up
Measure downlink pilot and adjust
Fast
07/10/2001 3G_1
Modulation

• CDMA systems usually use some form of phase modulation

• Simple binary phase shift keying

0 1 0 1 Bit Stream

+1

Bipolar Representation
-1

Carrier

Modulated Carrier

07/10/2001 3G_1
Quadrature PSK

• Quadrature modulation reduces rate in RF channel by

sending two bits per symbol 01
Q
00
I
10 00
01

11
10 00 01 10 11

11
07/10/2001 3G_1
 Multipath and CDMA

• Multipath affects CDMA just as it does any cellular system

• Produces fast fading that power control cannot follow
• However, because the chip rate is very much higher than
the data rate a rake receiver can be used

Delay Delay Delay

Weightings

Finger1 Finger2 Finger3 Finger4

Multipath Diversity
Reinforced Signal
07/10/2001 3G_1
Capacity

Active users in a cell is proportional to:

Processing Gain/Signal to Noise Ratio

Cells “breathe”
Low usage As the number of
people joining a
cell increases,
High usage those at the
periphery cannot
be heard

07/10/2001 3G_1
Soft Handover

• Because base stations use the same frequency and rake

receivers it is possible for the mobile to be attached to more
than one cell
• The best frame from the various paths is selected
dynamically

Select
Frame
07/10/2001 3G_1
Refresher

• What is the processing gain for a system sending data at 8

kbps via a spreader working at 1.6 Mcps?
• Why is power control so important for CDMA systems/
• How does a spreading code differ from a channelisation
code?
• How did Hedy Lamarr manage to be so beautiful and so
clever?
• Why is soft handover superior to hard?
• What does one finger of a rake receiver represent?
• What is a chip?

07/10/2001 3G_1
 Third Generation Mobile Systems

EndThe
of Section
End

Rob Walters
rob@satin.co.uk +44 1865 208 930
07/10/2001 3G_1