De La Salle University

College of Engineering

LBYME3A
Activity 3

NAME : Nygel Gian G. Santillan

SUBJECT & SECTION : LBYME3A EE3
INSTRUCTOR : Engr. Anthony Escolar
DATE PERFORMED : November 24, 2021
DATE DUE : December 01, 2021
DATE SUBMITTED : November 28, 2021 RATING: ______

REMARKS: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Part A

a. Compute for the Engineering Stress, Engineering Strain and Elastic Modulus

*Note that Engineering Stress and Strain are compressive in this test and can be associated
with a negative (-) symbol to indicate compression or compaction.

1:2:3

Week 1

Run Compressive Deformation Engineering Engineerin Modulus of

No Load kN (mm) Stress (Pa) g Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 10 0.57 1273398.701 0.0027804 457976725.8

88

2 15 0.8 1910098.052 0.0039024 489462625.7

39

3 25 1.31 3183496.753 0.0063902 498180789.6

44

4 30.8 1.87 3922067.999 0.0091219 429959326.1

51

Week 2

Run Compressive Deformation Engineering Engineerin Modulus of

No Load kN (mm) Stress (Pa) g Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 10 0.8 1273398.701 0.0039024 326308417.2

39

2 15 1.28 1910098.052 0.0062439 305914141.1

02

3 30 2.36 3820196.103 0.0115121 331839068.3

95

4 40.7 2.93 5182732.714 0.0142926 362614404.9

83

Week 3
Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of
No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 10 1.5 1273398.701 0.007317073 174031155.8

2 15 1.74 1910098.052 0.008487805 225040287.7

3 30 2.48 3820196.103 0.012097561 315782339.2

4 45 2.91 5730294.155 0.014195122 403680516.1

5 51.1 3.08 6507067.363 0.01502439 433100262.8

Week 4

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 20 2.49 2546797.402 0.012146341 209676091.4

2 45 3.58 5730294.155 0.017463415 328131369.2

3 60 4.04 7640392.207 0.019707317 387693168.9

4 75 4.3 9550490.258 0.02097561 455314070.5

5 85 4.64 10823888.96 0.022634146 478210611.4

1:3:5

Week 1

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 0.1 645994.832 0.000482625 1338501292

2 6.6 1.1 852713.1783 0.00530888 160620155

Week 2

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 0.8 645994.832 0.003861004 167312661.5

2 7.4 2.4 956072.3514 0.011583012 82540913.01

Week 3

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 1.1 645994.832 0.00530888 121681935.6

2 8 3 1033591.731 0.014478764 71386735.57

Week 4

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 1.06 645994.832 0.00511583 126273706.8

2 9.5 3.9 1227390.181 0.018822394 65209037.3

1:2.5:4

Week 1

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 0.26 636699.3506 0.001268293 502012949.5

2 10 1.7 1273398.701 0.008292683 153556902.2

3 15 2.6 1910098.052 0.012682927 150603884.8

Week 2

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 1.3 636699.3506 0.006341463 100402589.9

2 10 2.6 1273398.701 0.012682927 100402589.9

3 15 3.6 1910098.052 0.017560976 108769472.4

 4 18 4.22 2292117.662 0.020585366 111346948

Week 3

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 2.87 636699.3506 0.014 45478525.04

2 10 4.26 1273398.701 0.020780488 61278575.99

3 15 4.85 1910098.052 0.023658537 80736103.22

4 20 5.15 2546797.402 0.025121951 101377372.3

Week 4

Run Compressive Deformatio Engineering Engineering Modulus of

No Load kN n (mm) Stress (Pa) Strain Elasticity (Pa)

1 5 2.87 636699.3506 0.014 45478525.04

2 10 4.26 1273398.701 0.020780488 61278575.99

3 14.5 5.05 1846428.117 0.024634146 74954012.66

4 23 5.65 2928817.013 0.027560976 106266812

b. Plot Stress-Strain Curve (for each proportions of concrete mixture)

c. Discuss how the curing time affects the concrete (for each proportions of concrete
mixture)

In general, the curing time increases both the stress and strain a concrete mixture
can take. The purpose of curing is to allow concrete to properly harden so that it can gain
strength. Concrete is a material that is constantly hardening day by day. It may be hard
enough to hold its structure after about two days; however, this does not mean that the
concrete has reached its full strength. This phenomenon can be observed in each concrete
mixture used in the experiment. In the 1:2:3 mixture, it can be observed that there is a clear
increase in the maximum stress and strain the concrete can experience before failure as the
weeks go by. A similar trend can be observed in both the 1:3:5 mixture and the 1:2.5:4
mixture wherein maximum stress and maximum strain increase as curing time also
increases. This indicates that the concrete was getting harder each week, allowing it to
withstand more load.

d. Discuss how the proportions of concrete mixture affect its properties.

 A few things can be noted regarding the mixtures. Firstly, the ratio of cement in the
mixture has a significant effect on the overall strength of the concrete mixture. As can be
seen in the tables, the mixture that could withstand the most compressive load was the
1:2:3 mixture. The other mixtures, where cement was not as prominent, were much more
brittle and weak in comparison. Adding too much fine and coarse aggregate can negatively
impact the strength of concrete. Adding course aggregate should theoretically improve the
strength of concrete while fine aggregate helps bind together the concrete mixture, both of
which improve strength. By adding too much of each; however, results in a mixture that is
more sand and gravel rather than cement. Ultimately, the mixture becomes too brittle much
like mixture 1:3:5 which was only able to withstand 9.5 kN of load even on its fourth week
of curing. A much more moderate addition of each aggregate can be seen in the 1:2.5:4
mixture, but it is still not as strong as the 1:2:3 mixture. It is worth noting though that the
1:2.5:4 mixture was able to deform to a greater extent than the 1:2:3 mixture.

e. Discuss the applications for each concrete mixture proportions (1:2:3, 1:3:5, 1:2.5:4).
Attach images.

1:2:3 Mixture

Figure 1.1 Driveway

Figure 1.2 Precast Structure

 Figure 1.3 Concrete Septic Tanks

Concrete mixture 1:2:3 has several different applications. It is used in driveways as

the cement that is laid down on the actual driveway. Alternatively, this mixture can also be
used in a whole host of precast concrete products and structures. This includes precast
buildings wherein the mixture is used in molds to generate the necessary components of a
structure. Precasting makes construction faster and easier thanks to there being no need to
lay down each individual concrete block when making a structure. Precasting means that
structural pieces come in large portions that are pieced together on site. It is also used in
water retention systems such as septic tanks (“Preparing the right mix,” 2021).

1:3:5 Mixture

Figure 2.1 Dam

The 1:3:5 mixture is primarily used as mass concrete. Mass concrete is

predominantly used in creating large structures such as bridges, dams, and etc. It is also
worth noting that mass concrete is rather susceptible to tensile failure but is more than
capable of withstanding compressive forces (“Mass concrete,” 2021).

1:2.5:4 Mixture
 Figure 3.1 Reinforced Concrete

Figure 3.2 Footings

Concrete with a mixture of 1:2.5:4 is primarily used as the concrete base used in
reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete has steel rods that are covered with a concrete
mixture. This gives the concrete a better ability to absorb tensile, shear, and compressive
strength. In a similar sense, this mixture is also used as footings which are made up of
concrete and metal rebar. Footings are used to prevent the foundations of a structure from
sinking especially if the ground the structure is built on is rather loose (Anderson, 2020).

Part B

Questions:

What is a composite material?

When a material is labeled as “composite,” it means that two or more materials have
been used to form a single composite material. This allows designers to explore more
designs as composite materials make for more potential applications. Composite materials
can be specifically created to perform certain tasks that individual materials cannot
perform. A composite material could be more resistant to tensile stress or compressive
loading compared to a single material counterpart. It could also be more conductive or
resistant against electrical current. Composite materials are more versatile overall when
compared to standard individual materials (“What Is A Composite Material?,” n.d.).

What are the common types of cements? Discuss each.

Ordinary Portland Cement - is the most commonly used type of cement and is normally
used in standard conditions where no special properties are required. It can be used as
concrete, mortar, and or plaster.

Portland Pozzolana Cement - is used when cement is exposed to potentially degrading

chemicals due to its resistance against chemical reactions. Compared to Ordinary Portland
Cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement is denser thanks to the presence of pozzolanic
materials which react with calcium hydroxide in the mixture.

Rapid Hardening Cement - is used in situations wherein rapid construction is required

such as creating pavements. Rapid Hardening Cement hardens at a much faster rate than
Ordinary Portland Cement. It takes about 3 days for it to harden to a certain point whereas
Ordinary Portland Cement would take 7 days to reach that same hardness. The greater
presence of Tricalcium silicate in the mixture speeds up the hardening process.

Extra Rapid Hardening Cement - is similar to Rapid Hardening Cement, but adds about
3% calcium chloride to the mixture. It is primarily used when conditions are cold and
concreting is required. It is also even faster than Rapid Hardening Cement when it comes to
the time it requires to harden to a certain extent. It is susceptible to cracking due to the high
heat of hydration of the concrete which helps in speeding up the hardening process but can
lead to cracking. It also has a rather short shelf life of less than one month.

Low Heat Cement - is effectively the opposite of Rapid Hardening Cement in terms of its
properties. It has substantially less Tricalcium silicate and more Acetylene sulfide in the
mixture which increases the time it takes to harden. Because of this; however, this type of
cement is less prone to cracking which is vital in mass concrete construction for dams and
other large structures that cannot afford to have potential areas of weakness.

Sulfate Resisting Cement - is used when the presence of sulfate is high in the area of
construction. Sulfates can cause the cement to deteriorate and eventually fail which could
cause whole structures to collapse. Sulfate Resisting Cement has high resistance to sulfates
and can also protect reinforcing bars from corrosion.

Quick Setting Cement - is used primarily in underwater applications and hardens quicker
than Ordinary Portland Cement but maintains the same strength as Ordinary Portland
Cement. It also has very high water resistance which is why it is used in creating structures
that are underwater which require cement. It is also applicable when the conditions are
both cold and rainy. It is susceptible to sulfate attacks which can cause corrosion.

Blast Furnace Slag Cement - is a mixture of blast furnace slag that is fine and granulated
as well as standard Ordinary Portland Cement. Its ultimate strength is also higher than that
of Ordinary Portland Cement and can resist attacks from both sulfate and chloride. It is
used in constructing water retaining structures.

High Alumina Cement - is a mixture that contains calcium aluminates rather than calcium
silicates like in Ordinary Portland Cement. It was initially used in marine applications due
to its resistance to chemical attacks; however, it was found that High Alumina Cement is
prone to crystalline rearrangement which caused structural problems and reduced the
cement’s ability to withstand chemical attacks.

White Cement - is used less as a structural material but more as a decorative material. It
can often be seen used in mortars, marble tiles, and sheathings for walls, floors, and roofs. It
is much more expensive than Ordinary Portland Cement due to the intricacies of the
manufacturing process which is why it is not used as a structural material.

What is the difference between curing of concrete and drying of concrete?

The main difference between curing and drying is their individual purposes. Curing
aims to treat the concrete in such a way that it has the desired properties, such as strength,
needed for its application. Drying, on the other hand, aims to treat the concrete so that it
can have the appropriate moisture condition for its application. Not having the correct
moisture condition can lead to concrete that is structurally compromised (“The Difference
Between Curing and Drying Concrete,” n.d.).

What would happen to the mixture if there’s an excess of water added to it?

A number of occurrences happen if a concrete mixture has too much water in it,
chief among which are the reduction of strength and overall durability of the concrete.
Strength is reduced due to water evaporating and leaving holes in the solidified concrete.
This will greatly reduce the compressive strength of the concrete. This also results in
concrete that is excessively permeable and more prone to cracks due to drying shrinkage
(“Effects of Excess Water in Concrete Mix,” n.d.).

Aside from steel, what other materials are added to concrete in order to increase its
strength?

In terms of the mixture, more cement could be added to it for added strength. If in
terms of external materials like reinforced concrete which uses steel as added support then
Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) can be used to strengthen concrete. The actual process is
called FRP confining or jacketing wherein reinforced concrete is given extra strength and
corrosion resistance thanks to the FRP that is fitted to reinforced concrete structures such
as pillars and walls (“How to Strengthen Existing Concrete Walls?” n.d.).

References

Anderson, Brent. “Concrete Footings - Building Footings For Foundations & More.” Concrete

Network, 30 June 2020,

https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/footing_fundamentals/. Accessed 24

November 2021.

“The Difference Between Curing and Drying Concrete.” The Portland Cement Association,

https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/drying

-concrete-vs-curing-concrete. Accessed 25 November 2021.

“Effects of Excess Water in Concrete Mix.” The Constructor,

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/excess-water-effect-concrete-mix/29135/.

Accessed 25 November 2021.

“How to Strengthen Existing Concrete Walls?” The Constructor,

https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/strengthen-concrete-walls/1938/.

Accessed 25 November 2021.

“Mass concrete.” Designing Buildings, 21 February 2021,

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mass_concrete. Accessed 24 November

2021.

“Preparing the right mix.” Struct X, 26 January 2021,

https://structx.com/Material_Properties_011.html. Accessed 24 November 2021.

“Types of Cement Used In The Construction Industry.” Hanson, 28 January 2020,

https://www.hanson.my/en/types-cement-construction-industry. Accessed 25

November 2021.

“What Is A Composite Material?” TWI,

https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-a-composite-mater

ial. Accessed 25 November 2021.