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Experiment – 2
Aim : To determine the (i) holding and latching current, (ii) Forward breakover voltage and (iii) on-state voltage drop
of a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) and to demonstrate its static V-I Characteristic.
Equipments/Components/Instruments Required:
Sl. Item Part No. Specifications Quantity
No.
1 Variable dc Power Supply - 0-30 V 02
2 SCR - 2N6400 model 01
3 Resistor/s - 150 ohms, 3200 ohms 02
4 LED - - -
5 Digital Storage Oscilloscope - - -
6 Digital Multi-Meter - 0-30 V 02
(as voltmeter)
7 Digital Multi-Meter - 0-200 mA 02
(as ammeter)
8 Connecting wires - - As per need
9 Bread Board - - 01
Circuit Diagram:
1. Forward BiasedSCR
2. Reverse BiasedSCR
19BEE101D
Part No. :
Maximum Rating
Symbol Min Typ Max Units
Peak Repetitive Off State Voltage VDRM, - - 50 V
(TJ = -40 to 125°C, Sine Wave 50 to 60 Hz; Gate Open) VRRM
On State RMS Current IT(RMS) - - 16 A
(180° Conduction Angle; TC = 100°C)
Average On State Current IT(AV) - - 10 A
(180° Conduction Angle; TC = 100°C)
Peak Non-Repetitive Surge Current ITSM - - 160 A
(1/2 Cycle, Sine Wave 60 Hz, T J= 90°C)
Operating Junction Temperature TJ -4 25 125 °C
Circuit Fusing (t = 8.3 ms) I2t - - 145 A2s
Definitions:
1. Silicon Controlled Rectifier: Silicon controlled rectifier is a semi-controlled power electronics switch
having two power terminals (A-anode, K-cathode) and one control terminal (G-gate) intended to conduct
when it is forward biased and gate pulse isapplied.
2. Holding Current: Holding current is the maximum value of anode to cathode current that must flow
through the SCR operating in forward conduction mode for it to stay in forward conduction mode without
entering into any other mode ofoperation.
19BEE101D
3. Latching Current: It is the minimum value of the anode to cathode current that must be attained by a
forward biased SCR before the removal of the gate pulse for it to be continue in forward conduction region
even after the removal of the gate pulse without entering to forward blockingregion.
Procedure:
Forward Blocking Mode
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram -1.
2. Ensure that the output voltage of the variable dc power supply is set at0V.
3. Also, the gate circuit is to be kept opencircuited.
4. Switch on the single phase ac supply to the variable dc powersupply.
5. Gradually increase the output voltage of the variable dc power supply and note down the voltage across and
current flowing through the SCR. These are the readings correspond to the SCR operation in forward
blockingstate.
6. Also, note down the loadvoltage.
Observation Table:
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12 V 1.143 V 71.7 mA 0A 10. 57 V
11 V 1.102 V 65.4 mA 0A 9.65 V
10 V 1.1062 V 59.1 mA 0A 8.71 V
8V 0.98 V 46.1 mA 0A 6.84 V
6V 0.899 V 33.7 mA 0A 4.96 V
4.79 V 0.851 V 26.3 mA 0A 3.87 V
3V 0.778 V 18.8 mA 0A 2.192 V
2.05 2.05 V 8.7 mA-0mA 0A 0V
Holding current = 8.7 mA
Conclusions :
In this experiment, different modes of SCR are observed. The SCR can only be turned on when it is forward biased
and anode to cathode current is greater than the latching current. In the reverse blocking mode, SCR cannot be
turned on. When SCR is forward biased and gate pulse is not applied, it remains turned off and can be turned on
when the anode to cathode voltage is greater than the forward blocking voltage. When SCR is
19BEE101D
forward biased and gate pulse is applied, it will be turned on and starts conducting. The SCR will remain the
forward conduction region even after removal of the gate pulse when the anode to cathode current is greater than
latching current. When SCR is forward biased, the anode to cathode current will be limited by load resistance. Thus,
we can conclude that SCR is a semi controlled switch whose turn on characteristics can be controlled using gate
current and is capable of blocking voltage of reverse polarity. Due to these properties, it can be used in various
converters.
Task:
EQUIPMENTS/COMPONENTS/INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
MOSFET – IRF740
q. Voltage: 4-16V
r. Sink/Source Current: 3-10mA
s. Pin Configuration
i. Pin 1: GND
ii. Pin 2: TRIGGER
iii. Pin 3: OUTPUT
iv. Pin 4: RESET
v. Pin 5: CONROL VOLTAGE
vi. Pin 6: THRESHOLD
vii. Pin 7: DISCHARGE
viii. Pin 8: VCC
t. State the Pin Diagram, Internal Construction and Connection for 555 Timer Configured in
Free-Running Mode:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the output of the variable dc power supply for control circuitry to 5V.
2. Set the output of the variable dc power supply for power circuitry to 15V.
3. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
4. Ensure that all connections are appropriate by checking for the continuity with the help of multi-meter.
5. Switch ON the dc supply for the control circuit (V1) and observe the waveforms at the output of 555 Timer
IC configured in free-running mode. If the operation of 555 Timer IC is found to be as per the datasheet, then
switch ON the dc supply for the power circuit (V2).
6. Observe the waveforms at the input and output of the TLP250 Gate Driver IC.
7. Observe the waveforms across the load voltage.
8. Switch OFF the two dc power supplies (V1 and V2).
OBSERVATIONS:
a. Vcc for 55 Timer IC board: 15V
b. Frequency of the Timer output: 50Hz.
c. Peak value of output voltage of Timer: 33V
d. Vcc for the TLP250 on secondary side: 5V
e. Peak value of load voltage: 25V
WAVEFORMS:
Draw the waveforms on a separate graph sheet
CONCLUSIONS:
In this experiment we learned about different IC’s like TLP-250 & NF55S & we have also seen yhe gate
driver for a MOSFET.
NAME: harshit solanki
EXPERIMENT–4
Date:21/11/2021
AIM:Todemonstratetheoperationofdifferentconfigurationsof1-PhaseUncontrolledRectifier
feedingR-Load andR-L Load.
EQUIPMENTS/COMPONENTS/INSTRUMENTSREQUIRED:CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
2 Diodes 10
3 Resistor 4
4 LED -
5 DigitalStorageOscilloscope 1
6 DigitalMulti-Meter 1
7 Connectingwires -
8 BreadBoard 1
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Case–1:Singlephasehalf-waveuncontrolledrectifier
1. With the help of digital multimeter ensure that the transformer, diodes and
theLEDareproperly working.
2. Maketheconnectionsasper circuitdiagram ofsinglephasehalf-
waveuncontrolledrectifier.
3. Initially,resistiveloadisconsidered.
4. Switch ONthesinglephaseacsupply.
5. Observethewaveformsacrossthetransformersecondary,resistor anddiode.
6. Notedownthevoltagesacrossthesupply,transformersecondary,resistoranddiode.
7. Switchoffthesupply.
8. Nowinsertinductorinserieswiththeloadresistance.
9. Switchonthesinglephaseacsupply.
10. Observethewaveformsacrossthetransformersecondary,diode,andseriescombin
ationofresistorandinductor.
11. Notedownthevoltagesacrossthesupply,transformersecondary,diode,andseriesco
mbinationofresistorandinductor.
12. Switch OFFthesupply.
Case–2:Singlephasefull-waveuncontrolledrectifier
1. WiththehelpofDigitalMulti-Meter(DMM)ensurethatthetransformer,diodesand
theLED isproperly.
2. Make the connections as per circuit diagram of single phase full-
waveuncontrolledrectifier.
3. Initially,resistiveloadisconsidered.
4. Switch ONthesinglephaseacsupply.
5. Observethewaveformsacrossthetransformersecondary,resistorandeachofthefour
diodes..
6. Notedownthevoltagesacrossthesupply,transformersecondary,resistorandeach
ofthefourdiodes.
7. Switchoffthesupply.
8. Nowinsertinductorinserieswiththeloadresistance.
9. Switchonthesinglephaseacsupply.
10. Observethewaveformsacrossthetransformersecondary,diode,andseriescombin
ationofresistorandinductor.
11. Notedownthevoltagesacrossthesupply,transformersecondary,diode,andseriesco
mbinationofresistorandinductor.
12. Switch OFFthesupply.
OBSERVATIONTABLE:
Case–1:Singlephasehalf-waveuncontrolled rectifier
WithResistiveLoad
Sl. Voltage ObservedAver CalculatedAve ObservedR Calculated
No. (V) ageValue rageValue MSValue(V) RMSValue
(V) (V) (V)
1 Vsupply 0 0 230 230
2 Vab 0 0 230 230
3 Vxy 3.18 3.18 5 5
4 VAK -3.18 3.18 5 5
WithSeriesCombinationofResistiveandInductiveLoad
5 Vsupply 0 0 230 230
6 Vab 0 0 230 230
7 Vxy 3.10 3.10 4.98 4.98
8 VAK -3.10 -3.10 5.01 5.01
ObservationTable:
Case–2:Singlephasefull-waveuncontrolledrectifier
WithResistiveLoad
Sl. Voltage ObservedAver CalculatedAve ObservedR Calculated
No. (V) ageValue rageValue MSValue(V) RMSValue
(V) (V) (V)
1 Vsupply 0 0 230 230
2 Vab 0 0 230 230
3 Vxy 9 9 10 10
4 VA1K1 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
5 VA2K2 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
6 VA3K3 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
7 VA4K4 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
WithSeriesCombinationofResistiveandInductiveLoad
8 Vsupply 0 0 230 230
9 Vab 0 0 230 230
10 Vxy 9 9 10 10
11 VA1K1 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
12 VA2K2 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
13 VA3K3 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
14 VA4K4 4.5 4.5 7.06 7.06
WAVEFORMSAND CALCULATIONS:
Case–4:Singlephasehalf-waveuncontrolled rectifierfeedingR-LLoad
Date:21/11/2021
AIM:Todemonstratetheoperationofdifferentconfigurationsof 3-PhaseUncontrolledRectifier
feedingR-Load andR-L Load.
ThreePhaseRectifierTrainerKit
Fig.FrontviewoftheThreePhaseRectifierTrainerKit
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
Case–1:Threephasefull-waveuncontrolledrectifierfeedingR Load
Case–2:Threephasefull-waveuncontrolled rectifierfeedingR-LLoad
PROCEDURE:
1. Maketheconnectionsaspercircuitdiagramofthreephasehalf-
waveuncontrolledrectifier.
2. Initially,resistiveloadisconsidered.
3. Switch ONthethreephaseac supply.
4. Observethewaveformsacross theresistiveload.
5. Also,measuretheaveragevalueofvoltagesacrosstheresistiveload.
6. Switch OFFthesupply.
7. Nowinsertaninductorinserieswiththeresistiveload.
8. Switch ONthethreephaseac supply.
9. Observethewaveformsacrosstheloadcomprisingofseriesconnectionofresi
stiveandinductor.
10. Also,measuretheaveragevalueofvoltagesacrosstheloadcomprisingofserie
sconnectionofresistiveandinductor.
11. Switch OFFtheacsupply.
Observations:
2) CalculatedaveragevalueofvoltageacrosstheRload= 13.5V
4) MeasuredaveragevalueofvoltageacrosstheRL load=13.5V
5) CalculatedaveragevalueofvoltageacrosstheRL load=13.5V
Case–2:Threephasefull-waveuncontrolled rectifierfeedingR-LLoad
EQUIPMENTS/COMPONENTS/INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Front view of the Switched Mode dc-dc Trainer Kit as seen above
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Buck dc-dc converter
Buck dc-dc
converter
1 0
2 20 23.9 10.3 9.4 36.9 46.3 21.6 4.78
3 40 16 18.8 27.5 46.3 21.6 9.56
4 60 18.9 28 18.3 46.3 21.6 14.34
5 80 20.6 37 9.3 46.3 21.6 19.12
6 95 22.6 44.12 2.18 46.3 21.6 22.70
Boost dc-dc
converter
7 0
8 10 23.9 25.6 4.9 41.4 46.3 21.6 26.55
9 20 28.7 9.4 36.9 46.3 21.6 29.875
10 30 33.4 14.3 32 46.3 21.6 34.14
11 40 38.9 18.6 27.7 46.3 21.6 39.83
Buck-Boost dc-dc
converter
12 0
13 10 23.9 6.6 4.88 41.41 46.3 21.6 2.65
14 20 12.2 9.4 36.88 46.3 21.6 5.975
15 30 18.2 14.112 32.188 46.3 21.6 10.24
16 40 25.1 18.632 27.668 46.3 21.6 15.93
17 50 37.6 23.332 22.968 46.3 21.6 23.9
18 60 61.6 28.03 17.5 46.3 21.6 35.85
Conclusions: Thus the working of buck, boost and buck-boost converters is demonstrated.
Name:Harshit Solanki
Roll number:19BEE101D
Experiment No. 7
Simulation Diagram:
Simulation Results:
V_IGBT1
200
150
100
50
V_IGBT2
200
150
100
50
VLoad
100
50
-50
-100
ILoad
10
-5
-10
Observation table:
System Parameters:
Simulation Diagram:
Voltage Waveforms:
Vload
12.62
12.6
12.58
12.56
12.54
12.52
12.5
12.48
VL
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Vsw
25
20
15
10
Vd
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
Voltage Measurements:
Vload Average Value 1.25
Maximum Value 1.261
Minimum Value 1.238
VL Average Value -1.202
Maximum Value -1.261
Minimum Value 1.261
Vsw Average Value 1.261
Maximum Value 2.500
Minimum Value 6.155
Vd Average Value -1.238
Maximum Value 6.344
Minimum Value -2.499
Current waveforms:
Id
0.6
0.4
0.2
Iin
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
IL
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.6
0.58
0.56
ILoad
0.632
0.63
0.628
0.626
0.624
0.622
0.62
0.618
Current Measurements
Iload Average Value 6.2487
Maximum Value 6.3096
Minimum Value 6.1903
IL Average Value 6.2523
Maximum Value 6.3446
Minimum Value 6.1553
Isw Average Value 3.2503
Maximum Value 2.4993
Minimum Value 6.1553
Id Average Value 3.0019
Maximum Value 6.3446
Minimum Value -2.5011
EXPERIMENT – 9 NAME:- Harshit Solanki
ROLL NO:-19BEE101D
Date:25/11/2021
AIM: To demonstrate the operation of 3-phase inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation
technique.
Equipments/Components/Instruments Required:
Sl. Quantity
Item
No.
Three Phase Inverter Voltage Source
1 1
Inverter Trainer Kit
2 3-Phase Induction Motor 1
3 Power Analyzer 1
4 Digital Multi-Meter 1
Circuit Diagram:
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
• Our Daily Life: If we look around ourselves, we can find a whole lot of power electronics
applications such as a fan regulator, light dimmer, air-conditioning, induction cooking,
emergency lights, personal computers, vacuum cleaners, UPS (uninterrupted power system),
battery charges, etc.
• Automotive and Traction: Subways, hybrid electric vehicles, trolley, fork-lifts, and many
more. A modern car itself has so many components where power electronic is used such as
ignition switch, windshield wiper control, adaptive front lighting, interior lighting, electric
power steering and so on. Besides power electronics are extensively used in modern traction
systems and ships.
• Industries: Almost all the motors employed in the industries are controlled by power
electronic drives, for e.g. Rolling mills, textile mills, cement mills, compressors, pumps, fans,
blowers, elevators, rotary kilns etc. Other applications include welding, arc furnace, cranes,
heating applications, emergency power systems, construction machinery, excavators etc.
• Defence and Aerospace: Power supplies in aircraft, satellites, space shuttles, advance control
in missiles, unmanned vehicles and other defence equipment.
• Renewable Energy: Generation systems such as solar, wind etc. needs power conditioning
systems, storage systems and conversion systems in order to become usable. For
example, solar cells generate DC power and for general application we need AC power and
hence power electronic converter is used.
• Utility System: HVDC transmission, VAR compensation (SVC), static circuit breakers,
generator excitation systems, FACTS, smart grids, etc.
Conclusion:- After studying this experiment we have learnt and understood different
application of power electronics in different application