Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Optimum detailed design of 13,000 m3 oil storage tanks using 0.8

height-diameter ratio
O.O. Agboola a,b,c,⇑, B.O. Akinnuli b,c, B. Kareem b,c, M.A. Akintunde c
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University Omu-Aran, Nigeria
b
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study deals with the detailed design of 13,000 m3 oil storage tank using height-diameter ratio of 0.8.
Received 13 October 2020 The nominal diameter and nominal height was estimated to be 26.76 m and 23.1 m respectively. The
Received in revised form 13 October 2020 jumbo plate material used was G40.21 M grade 260 W which was 2.1 m wide. 1-Foot method was
Accepted 29 December 2020
adopted for the design of tank shell and based on the available width of the jumbo plate; eleven (11)
Available online xxxx
courses were obtained for the designed tank.
Ó 2021 The Authors. Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
Storage tanks
Oil and gas
ence on Materials, Processing & Characterization. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
API 650 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Height-diameter ratio
Design
1-Foot method

1. Introduction the acceptable standards such: [API 650 (American Petroleum

Storage tanks are so important in oil & gas sector because they
are used to store substances that could be in liquid or gaseous
state, even slurries. Refineries, petrochemical, chemical and even
food industries need storage tanks in one form or the other to store
their crude or refined products[24,13]. Though storage tanks could
be rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical but the acceptable shape in
oil and gas sectors is cylindrical or spherical shape, so as to with-
stand the external or internally induced pressure[5,18]. Cylindrical
steel tanks used in oil sectors are thin wall containers designed to
withstand the induced pressure from the stored products[4,28].
For surface upright cylindrical tanks, the maximum allowable pres-
sure is 15 psi[7], but if this value is exceeded, it is termed as pres-
sure vessels[21].
Storage facilities such as upright cylindrical steel tanks are key
considerations in oil and gas sector because the end products are
kept in them. Due to a global expansion in oil business, there is
high demand for storage tanks[31] to cater for this demand. While
striving to meet up with this demand, the design and fabrication of
storage tanks must be in conformance with the requirements of
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: agboola.olayinka@lmu.edu.ng (O.O. Agboola).
Institute: Welded steel tanks for oil storage); [10] (Specification
for the design and manufacture of site built, vertical, cylindrical,
flat-bottomed, above ground, welded, steel tanks for the storage
of liquids). Based on the configuration of the roof, oil storage tanks
are classified as either fixed roof type or floating roof type[16]. A
fixed roof tank is a tank that has its roof plate permanently
welded/rivetted to the shell wall, rafter or any other support. It
could be cone or dome type based on the shape of the roof [2–
3,20]. Cone roofs are usually supported from the shell by rafters
or trusses as shown in Fig. 1. Floating roof tank on the other hand
is a tank in which the roof floats freely on the surface of the liquid
contents except at the low level where the mass of the roof is rest-
ing on its supports at the tank bottom (illustrated in Fig. 2). Float-
ing roofs are often used in storage of high volatile petroleum
products. This is to minimize the product loss due to evaporation
and to ensure safe environment around the storage tanks[29,23].
The decision on the choice of the type of upright cylindrical
tanks depends on the number of factors such as the safety require-
ment, environmental factor, nature of the fluid to be stored, avail-
able space, and operational cost[11,17]. For a safe operation of a
designed storage tank, full provision of API 650 must be strictly
adopted to forestall any failure (Enarevba et al., 2018; [14]. A lot
of studies related to oil storage tanks have been conducted in the
past but none of them looked into the optimal design of oil storage

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1165
2214-7853/Ó 2021 The Authors. Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing & Characterization.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: O.O. Agboola, B.O. Akinnuli, B. Kareem et al., Optimum detailed design of 13,000 m3 oil storage tanks using 0.8 height-diameter
ratio, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1165
O.O. Agboola, B.O. Akinnuli, B. Kareem et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Nomenclature

Ca designed tank capacity (m3) IRi Section modulus of outer rafter

r H=D height-diameter ratio Ls Height of tank bottom to shell top
h available plate width of the course shell (m) Lr Height of tank bottom to the roof center
Ht Theoretical height (m) Fr Total wind load on the roof
H Nominal height (m) Fs otal wind load on the shell
D Nominal diameter (m) Mwind Total wind moment on the tank
G Specific gravity of the product to be stored Mres Resistance to overturning moment
CA Corrosion allowance (mm) I Appurtenance factor (1.18)
q Density of Plate material used Cs Shape factor for Shell (0.75)
tb thickness of the bottom plate (mm) Cr Shape factor for roof (0.75)
St1 Hydrotest stress at the first course (MPa) Pd Dynamic pressure
La Minimum radia (MPa) Fa Spectral response acceleration at short period
St Test stress (MPa) Fv Spectral response acceleration at 1 s per period
Hr Roof height (m) Ks Sloshing coefficient
l slanting height of the roof (m) Tc First mode sloshing wave period
SR Roof slope Xi Impulsive center of action (mm)
AR Surface area of the roof (m2) Xc Convective center of action (mm)
Rw Total roof weight (N) J Anchorage ratio
Rw/A Roof weight per unit area (N/m2) Nb Number of bolt
Co Circumference of outer rafter ring (m) Db Diameter of anchor bolt (mm)
Mso Minimum spacing of outer rafter (m) wG Weight of girder (N)
rno Minimum number of outer rafter Gd Distributed load on girder (N/m)
Ci Circumference of inner rafter ring (m) GBM Bending moment of girder (Nm)
Msi Minimum spacing of inner rafter (m) IG Section Modulus of girder (m3)
rni Minimum number of inner rafter Lcc Length of center column (m)
rAo Area of outer rafter Gw Total weight on the column (N)
rwo Weight of each outer rafter GcG Total weight of column and girder (N)
rlo distributed load on outer rafter r radius of gyration (m)
rBmo Bending moment of outer rafter rs slenderness ratio
IRo Section modulus of outer rafter Cind Induced compression (N/m2)
rAi Area of outer rafter Sw Total shell weight (kg)
rwo Weight of each inner rafter Bw Weight of bottom plate (kg)
rli distributed load on outer rafter Wt Total weight of tank (kg)
rBmi Bending moment of outer rafter

Fig. 1. Fixed roof tank (Source: [2].

tank based on the height-diameter ratio. From the findings of
Agboola et. al [2], it was established that the height-diameter ratio
of 0.8 resulted in the optimal design of 13,000 m3 based on the pre-
liminary design output parameters such as: Area occupied by the
tank (m2), Total weight (kg) of the tank, Wind moment (Nm), Seis-
mic Ringwall moment RWM (Nm), Base shear (N), and Estimated
2
cost (₦). This study aims at the optimum detailed design of
13,000 m3 fixed roof oil storage tank using height-diameter ratio
of 0.8.
Visal and Sibin [30] designed and analyzed 88,000 m3 diesel
storage tank. They employed variable design point (VDP) method
for tank shell design. Sloshing effect done through ANYSYS soft-
O.O. Agboola, B.O. Akinnuli, B. Kareem et al.
Fig. 2. Floating roof tank (Source: [20].
ware confirmed the satisfactory design of the tank. Detailed design
of 100,000 barrel crude oil tank was carried out by Emenike et al.
[12]. Geotechnical and meteorological information about tank site
location was fully considered which resulted in the design of short
floating roof tank. Design of a 10 million liters storage tank was
done by Enarevba et al. [13]. Their design was followed by the
development of a prototype of the designed tank. Other authors
who had worked on oil storage tanks are: Agboola et al. [1],Azzuni
and Guzey [9],Ghali [15],Leonardo [19],Meier [22],Tadros and
Ghali [26],Anders [6],Terry and Christian [27].
2. Materials and method
2.1. Design approach
Storage tanks designs are sectioned into three main parts: (a)
design of bottom; (b) design of shell; and (c) design of roof[18,8].
In addition to the three main parts designed, investigations were
also carried out on the Structural design and analysis which
includes: Tank weight analysis, wind effect on the tank, and seis-
mic analysis.
2.2. Tank geometry data
This has to do with the dimension, size and capacity of the tank.
Theoretical height, Number of course shell, Nominal height and
Nominal diameter are obtained from equations 1–4 (Agboola
et al., 2020b)
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
3 Car
H=D
Theoretical height; Ht ðmÞ ¼
0:7857
Ht
Number of course shell; Nc ¼
h
Nominal Height; H ðmÞ ¼ Nc  h
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ca
Nominal Diameter; D ðmÞ ¼
0:785H
where Ca (m3) is the designed tank capacity; r H=D is the height-
diameter ratio; h (m) is the available plate width of the course shell.
For this study, the expected tank capacity is 13,000 m3, height-
diameter ratio of 0.8 was adopted based on the findings of Agboola
et al, 2020b and available width of the course shell is 2.1 m.
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2.3. Design of tank bottom
Minimum width of overlapping is 25 mm and minimum bottom
plate thickness is computed from equation (5) (API 650, 2007).
Minimum bottom plate thickness; t b ðmmÞ ¼ ð6 þ CAÞ ð5Þ
2.4. Design of annular plate of tank bottom
Hydrotest stress in the first shell, as well as the minimum radial
width of the annular plate is calculated using eqs. (6) and (7)
respectively.
4:9DðH  0:3Þ
Hydrotest Stress in the first shell St1 ðMPaÞ ¼ ð6Þ
t1
215t b
Minimum radial width of annular plate; La ðmmÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð7Þ
HG
where G is the specific gravity of the product to be stored
Type of welding required is dependent on the value of St1
obtained in eq. (6). If the value of St1 is  170, then the type of weld
is Lap but if the value is greater than 170, then the type of weld is
Butt. Minimum shell-to-bottom fillet weld is 13 mm (API 650,
clause 5.1.5.7, 2007) while the minimum shell-to-edge overlapping
is 600 mm (API 650, clause 5.5.2)
2.5. Design of tank shell
Tank shell could be designed by using any of the three (3) meth-
ods established by API 650. 1-Foot method is based on the assump-
ð1Þ tion that the stress occurs at 1-foot (0.3 m) above each course shell.
Computing shell thicknesses for tank shells is fast and efficient but
is only applicable when the diameter is not more than 61 m [9,8].
ð2Þ Other methods of shell design are Variable design point (VDP)
method and Elastic Analysis. Since the nominal diameter is not
ð3Þ more than 61 m, 1-Foot method was adopted for shell design in
this study.
Minimum shell designed thickness of each shell course was
ð4Þ computed by 1-Foot method using equation (8)
  
4:9DGðHl  0:3Þ 4:9DðHl  0:3Þ
Shell designed thickness; t min ¼ Max þ CA ;
Sd St
ð8Þ
where Hl is the corresponding liquid height for each course, Sd is
the design stress, St is the test stress.
3
O.O. Agboola, B.O. Akinnuli, B. Kareem et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

2.6. Design of tank roof AR

Area of inner rafter; r Ai ¼ ð24Þ
r ni
The minimum plate thickness for tank roof is 5 mm (without
corrosion allowance) as stipulated by API 650 (clause 5.10.2.2). A Weight of each outer rafter; r wi ¼ r Ai RW=A ð25Þ
roof plate thickness of 6 mm was chosen because it is readily avail-
able in market. Owing to the diameter and size of the tank, center r wi
Distributed load on outer rafter; rni ¼ ð26Þ
column-supported cone roof was selected. rni

2.7. Parametric design of roof r dw r2ni

Bending moment on outer rafter; r BMi ¼ ð27Þ
8

  rBMi
Section Modulus of outer rafter; IRi ¼ ð28Þ
D SB
Roof height; Hr ðmÞ ¼ SR ð9Þ
2
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2.10. Design of roof girder
 2
D
lðmÞ ¼ H2r þ
2
r r  r r 
wo no wi ni
pDl Weight of girder; wG ¼ þ ð29Þ
Surface area of a conical roof; AR ðm2 Þ ¼ ð10Þ 2 2
2
wG
Distributed load on girder; Gd ¼ ð30Þ
9:81Rt qr LG
Total Roof weight; Rw ðNÞ ¼ ð11Þ
1000
Gd L2G
Rw Bending moment on the Girder; GBM ¼ ð31Þ
Roof weight per unit area; Rw=A ðN=m2 Þ ¼ ð12Þ 8
AR
GBM
Sectionmodulus of girder; IG ¼ ð32Þ
2.8. Design of rafter ring rG

When the nominal diameter D is greater than 10 m, two or 2.11. Design of roof center column
more rafter rings are needed. Two rafter rings (Outer and Inner)
are required in this design.
Circumference of outer ring; C o ¼ pD ð13Þ Length of center column; Lcc ¼ H þ Hr ð33Þ

Minimum spacing of the rafter ring; Mso ¼ 2p ð14Þ Total weight on the column; Gw ¼ wG þ GL ð34Þ

Co Total weight of column and girder; GCG

Minimum number of outer rafter; r no ¼ ð15Þ
M so 0  2 1
p Do  D2i
2 ¼ Gw þ @ A ð35Þ
Circumference of outer ring; C i ¼ ofC o ð16Þ 4
3
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Minimum spacing of the rafter ring; Msi ¼ 2p ð17Þ u
u D4  D4i
Radius of gyration of center column; r ¼ t  o  ð36Þ
16 D2o  D2i
Ci
Minimum number of outer rafter; r ni ¼ ð18Þ
Msi
Lcc
Slenderness ratio; r s ¼ ð37Þ
r
2.9. Design of rafter
4Gw
Induced compression; C ind ¼   ð38Þ
p D2o  D2i
AR
Area of outer rafter; r Ao ¼ ð19Þ
r no
2.12. Structural design considerations
Weight of each outer rafter; rwo ¼ rAo RW=A ð20Þ
Storage tanks are designed to withstand the effect wind force
r wo and seismic overturning. These considerations start from weight
Distributed load on outer rafter; r no ¼ ð21Þ
r no analysis.

r dw r 2no 2.13. Analysis

Bending moment on outer rafter; r BMo ¼ ð22Þ
8
rBMO
SectionModulus of outer rafter; IRO ¼ ð23Þ X
n
SB
Total shell weight; Sw ¼ qpDh ti ð39Þ
i¼1

4
O.O. Agboola, B.O. Akinnuli, B. Kareem et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

qpD2 tb 2.17. Overturning moment by Ringwall

Weight of bottom plate; Bw ¼ ð40Þ
4000
Overturning Moment by Ringwall
Weight of fixed roof; Rw ¼ 1:15Bw ð41Þ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Mrw ¼ ½Ai ðW i X i þ W s Ls þ W r Lr Þ2 þ ½Ac ðW c X c Þ2
Total weight of the Tank; W t ¼ Sw þ Bw þ Rw ð42Þ
Base shear Force
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2.14. Tank stability against wind loading Base shear; v¼ ½Ai ðws þ wr þ wi Þ2 þ ½ðAc wc Þ2 ð53Þ

Here, the effects of wind force on the tank roof and tank shell Resistance to overturning
were examined Mrw
Total wind load exerted on the roof Anchorage ratio; J ¼ ð54Þ
D2 ½wsr ð1  0:4Av Þ þ wan 
F r ¼ 0:59DP d C r Hr ð43Þ
9:81ðws þ wr Þ
Total wind load exerted on shell where; wsr ¼ ð55Þ
pD
F s ¼ IDPd C s H ð44Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
99t a 720F y HG
Total wind moment on Tank Resisting force of annular; Ran ¼ ð56Þ
1000
M wind ¼ F r Lr þ F s Ls ð45Þ
Tank Anchorage
Resistance to overturning moment
 
 pd2b
  Root area of each hold down bolt; ARb ¼ ð57Þ
M res ¼ 500D W t þ W p  785500D2 Pi  ð46Þ 4

pD
Spacing between Anchor bolts; Sab ¼ ð58Þ
2.15. Tank stability against seismic loading Nb

Impulsive spectral acceleration parameter Uplift force due to seismic loading; W AB

 
I 1:273M rw
Ai ¼ 2:5QF a Sp ð47Þ ¼  0:72w rs pD ð59Þ
Rwi D2
Convective spectral acceleration parameter
W AB
  
4T s I
Tensile stress; rA ¼ ð60Þ
N b AR
Ac ¼ 2:5K s QF a Sp 2
ð48Þ
Tc R wi

Where 3. Results and discussion

0:578 pffiffiffiffi
K s ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3:68H
andT c ¼ 1:8K s D ð49Þ Detailed design parameters and drawings are found in the
tanh D attached Appendix.
Using 1-Foot method, the design shell thicknesses are as shown
Weight of product stored W p ¼ 9801GC a
in Table 1 in the Appendix A. It could be observed that the value of
Effective impulsive portion of the liquid weight; wi plate thickness for course 1 decreases from 18 mm to 6 mm in

! course 11. This observation is in consonance with the provision
tanh 0:866D D
¼ wp
; if  1:333
H
ð50:aÞ of API 650 [8] and Enarevba (2016). The reason for higher thickness
0:866 HD H at the base (course 1) and subsequent reduction in the succeeding
courses was due to the fact that the circumferential stress and
  
0:218D D hydrostatic pressure tends to concentrate at the base. Due to the
wi ¼ wp 1  ; if < 1:333 ð50:bÞ
H H height of the tank, an intermediate girder was required. The
required intermediate girder (75  75  10) was located at
3.59 m from the top of the tank. The total weight of the shell
2.16. Centre of action for effective lateral forces
was estimated to 174,663.83 kg and the tank was found to be
structurally stable.
This is the height from the bottom of a tank shell to the centre of
The width of the bottom plate used was 2,400 mm (drawing 1
action of the lateral seismic forces related to either impulsive or
in the Appendix A) to conform with the provision of clause 5.4.1
convective liquid force for ringwall moment.
of API 650 [8]. The designed hydrotest stress at the first shell
D was 166.11 N/m2 and the type of weld adopted was lap weld.
Impulsive centre of action X i ¼ 0:375H; if  1:333 ð51:aÞ
H The thickness of the bottom plate was 9 mm. This agrees with
the provision of API 650 and the study of Okpala et al. [25] and
D Enarevba (2016).
X i ¼ ð0:5H  0:094DÞ if < 1:333 ð51:bÞ
H The shape of the roof is conical type with the estimated roof
height of 1.5 m. It is a supported fixed roof with a center column
Convective centre of action X c of length 24.60 m. Two rafter rings are required; the outer rafter

!!
cosh 3:67H 1 ring accommodated 13 rafters while the inner one accommodated
D

¼ H 1  3:67H ð52Þ 9 rafters. The design results reveal that a roof girder is required.
D
sinh 3:67H
D
The expected weight on the girder was 261.5906kN while the
Bending moment of the girder was 261,590Nm.
5
O.O. Agboola, B.O. Akinnuli, B. Kareem et al.
4. Conclusion and recommendation
This study dealt with the detailed design of 13,000 m3 oil stor-
age tank using height-diameter ratio of 0.8. Using the available
plate width of 2.1 m, the designed tank has eleven courses while
the nominal diameter and nominal height is 26.76 m and 23.1 m
respectively. The tank is a fixed conical roof typed designed to
the requirement of API 650 with sound engineering principles.
It is recommended as a future study, that such a detailed design
should be replicated for a floating roof tank of the same or different
capacity.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to appreciate Engr. Kamar for his support in
gathering the data used in this study. We also appreciate Landmark
University and the Federal University of Technology Akure for pro-
viding enabling environment for conducting this research.
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