Experiment No 4

4.1 Objective:
To test the pH of water.

4.2 Apparatus:
 Screw driver
 pH test meter
 Distilled water

4.3 Theory:
A Precise boiler water test assures higher efficiency and reduced maintenance of boilers.
Careful monitoring of boiler water is of utmost importance in order to maintain correct water
conditions. Failure to do so, leads to scale formation, reduction in efficiency and steam
purity, and corrosive water conditions.
A PH test indicates how basic or acidic your boiler water is. Ideally, the water should be
maintained between 9.5-11.5 PH inside the boiler (alkaline environment). This test is
performed to prevent acidic corrosion from the water as well as scale formation. Its is also
necessary for longer life of a boiler

Fig.1.1

4.4 General pH Test:

Tests of pH may also be performed, less accurately, with litmus paper or by mixing indicator
dyes in liquid suspensions and matching the resulting colors against a color chart calibrated in
pH

4.5 pH meter:
A pH meter is the most accurate and modern instrument that measures the hydrogen-
ion activity in water solutions, indicating either the solution is acidic or basic. The pH meter
measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference
electrode. A water solution is ideal at pH 7 and pH above or below this limit is either acidic
or basic.

Fig 1.2

4.6 Procedure:
 Dip the tip of the electrode in a sample of pH 7.01 buffer at room temperature. Allow the
reading to stabilize.
 Use a small screwdriver to adjust the pH 7 trimmer until the display reads 7.01.
 Rinse the electrode with water and dip it in a sample of pH 4.01 or 10.01 buffer solution.
Allow the reading to stabilize.
 With a small screwdriver adjust the pH 4/10 trimmer until the display reads the chosen
buffer value.
 Clean the tip of the electrode with distilled water and wipe gently with soft tissue paper.
 Immerse the electrode in the sample solution.
 The instrument will display the ph.

4.7 Conclusion:

Experiment No 5
5.1 Objective:
To check how much chloride is present in water.

5.2 Apparatus:
Water chloride testing equipment including Cuvet and meter and syringe

5.3 Reagents used:

The following reagents are used
 HI 93753A-0
 HI 93753b-0

Fig 2.1 Water Chloride Test Kit

5.4 Theory:
Precise boiler water test assures higher efficiency and reduced maintenance of boilers.
Careful monitoring of boiler water is of utmost importance in order to maintain correct water
conditions.
The chloride test is the measurement of chloride ions in water and is used to regulate boiler
efficiency. Failure to do so leads to Scale formation, Reduction in efficiency and steam
purity, Corrosive water conditions.

5.5 Procedure:
 Turn the meter on by pressing ON/OFF.
 When the LCD displays "----", it is ready.
 Fill one cuvet (#1) with 10 mL of distilled water (up to the mark).
 Fill another cuvet (#2) with 10 mL of sample (up to the mark).
 Using the 1 mL syringe, add 0.5 mL of HI 93753A-0 Displacing Reagent to each cuvet.
 Replace the caps and mix each cuvet by turning the cuvette upside down for
approximately 30 seconds.
 Remove the caps and use the second 1 mL syringe to add 0.5 mL of HI 93753b-0
Complexing Reagent to each cuvet.
 Replace the caps and mix each cuvet by turning the cuvette upside down for
approximately 30 seconds.
 Place the cuvet with the reacted distilled water (#1) into the instrument.
 Press READ TIMED and the display will show the countdown before zeroing the blank
or wait for 2 minutes and press ZERO. In both cases "SIP" will appear during the
measurement
 Remove the cuvet
 Place the other cuvet with the reacted sample (#2) into the instrument.
 Press READ DIRECT and "SIP" will blink on the LCD during measurement.
 The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/L of chloride on the Liquid Crystal
Display
 To convert the reading to mg/L of sodium Chloride (NaCl), multiply the reading by a
factor of 1.65.

5.6 Conclusion:

Experiment no 6
6.1 Objective:
To check the hardness of water using logging meter.

6.2 Apparatus:
 Logging meter
 Cuvet
 Syringe

6.3 Reagents used:

 H193735A
 HI93735B
 H193735C

Fig 3.1

6.4 Theory
Hardness is commonly measured by colorimetric titration with an EDTA solution. A titration
involves adding indicator and then titrant solution in small increments to a water sample until
the sample changes color. You can titrate a sample for total hardness using a burette or use a
water hardness test kit.
In boilers the hardness of the water can cause the formation of scale and sludge or mud. The
hardness must be removed in the makeup water to the return system. Total hardness
should not exceed 50 PPM.

6.5 Procedure:
 Turn the meter on by pressing ON/Off
 When the LCD displays "SCL," it is ready.
 The meter automatically defaults to Hardness Low Range measurement mode, with the
“HARDNESS "and "LR" indications appearing on the LCD. Press the “Range" key to
select the medium Range or the high range if needed. If the range key is pressed while in
HR mode, the meter returns to the LR range.
 Using the syringe, add exactly 0.5ml of unreacted sample to the cuvet.
 With the plastic dropper fill the cuvet up to the 10ml mark adding the H193735A
indicator reagent appropriate to the selected range.
 Add 2 drops of HI93735B buffer reagent.
 Replace the cap and shake gently to mix.
 Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is
 positioned securely into the groove.
 Press “ZERO/READ”. The display will show a countdown before measurement. During
measurement the "bLn" indication will be shown, then “-O-"will appear.
 Remove the cuvet and add the content of 1 packet of H193735C fixing reagent.
 Replace the cap and shake gently to mix.
 Reinsert the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned
securely into the groove.
 Press “ZERO/READ”. The display will show a countdown before measurement. During
measurement, the “SIP” indication will be displayed.
 The instrument directly displays the Hardness in ppm of CaCO3 on the Liquid Crystal
Display.
 Press the “UNIT" key repeatedly to convert the units and press the "Range" key to have
the meter ready for the next measurement.

6.6 Conclusion: