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POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

UNIT-1THERMALPOWER PLANTS

1.Statethermodynamiclaw:

1. Zerothlawreferstothermodynamicequilibriumandtemperature

ww2.Firstlawreferstoheat,workandenergy

w.E
3.Secondlawreferstoentropy

2.Statezerothlawof thermodynamics:

“Twosystemsinthermal asy equilibriumwithathirdsystemareinthermal

En
equilibrium witheachother”

gin
3. StateFirstlawof thermodynamicsandenergyconversion.

Thefirstlawofthermodynamicsisoften called asLawofconversionofenergy.This

lawsuggeststhat
ee
energycanbetransferredfromonesystemto
anotherinmanyforms. Also,itcannotbedestroyedorcreated.
rin
4.Statesecondandthirdlawof thermodynamics:

Thesecondlawofthermodynamicsanotherstatevariablecalled entropy. Inanyg.n

closedsystem,theentropyofthesystemwill
eitherathermodynamicprocess,thesystem
cannevercompletelyreturnpreciselythesamestateitwasinbefore.
et
Thethirdlawofthermodynamicsstatesthat if all thethermalmotionof
molecules(kineticenergy)couldberemoved,astatecalled
absolutezerowilloccur. Absolutezeroresultsinatemperatureof0kelvinor-
273.15celcius.

5.Whatis thermodynamiccycle?

AThermodynamiccycle
isaseriesofthermodynamicprocessestransferringheat
andwork,whilevaryingpressure,temperature,andotherstatevariables,eventu
ally returningasystemtoitsinitial state.
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6.Listthevariousthermodynamicprocesses:

1.Adiabaticprocess-aprocesswithnoheat transferintooroutofthesystem

2.Isochoricprocess-aprocesswithnochangeinvolume,insuchcasethesystem
doesnowork
3.Isobaricprocess-aprocesswithnochangeinpressure

4.Isothermalprocess-aprocesswithnochangeintemperature

7.Whatismeantbypowerplant?
Powercanbedefinedastherateof flowofenergyandstatethat apowerplantisa

wwunitbuilt forproductionanddeliveryof a flowof mechanicalworkandelectrical

energy. Amachineor assemblingofequipmentthat
flowofmechanical andelectrical energyisapowerplant.
producesanddeliversa

w.E
8.Listthefactorsof powerplantperformance.

asy
Theperformanceofapowerplantcanbeexpressedthroughsomecommo
n performancefactors as
1.Heat rate
2.Capacityfactor En
3.Economicefficiency
4.Load factor gin
5.Operationalefficiency
ee
9.Whatareavailableenergysourcesforvariouspowerplants?
1.Conventionalenergysourcesor Non-renewableenergysources rin
2.NonconventionalenergysourcesorRenewableenergysources
g.n
10.Whatarethe majorpowerlimitationsof conventionalenergysources?
1.Resourcesforpowergenerationi.e, coal,gasetc., arelimited
2.Thehydropowerisseasonalandvariesdependingupontherainfallinth
e catchmentareas
et
3.Submersionoflandareadueto raiseinwaterlevel
4.Centralizedpowergenerationanddistributionofthesametolongdistanceswi
ll resultinhighlosses.
5.Theenergyconversionprocessfromthermalpowerprojectsresultsinemission
of greenhousegases

11.Listoutthevariousconventionalandnon conventionalpowerplant:
Typesofconventionalpowerplant:
1.Hydropowerplant
2.Steampowerplant
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3.Nuclearpowerplant
4.Gasturbinepowerplant
Typesofnon-conventionalpowerplant:
1.Tidalpowerplant
2.Windpowerplant
3.Geothermalpowerplant
4.Solarpowerplant
5.Wavepowerplant
6.MHDGeneration

12.Whatishydraulic/Pneumatictypeashhandlingsystem?
Thehydraulicsystemcarriedtheashwiththeflowofwaterhighvelocitythrougha
channelandfinallydumpsintoasump.Thehydraulicsystemisdividedintoalow

wwvelocityandhighvelocitysystem.The
clean,large
advantagesofthissystemarethat its
ashhandlingcapacity,
considerabledistancecanbetraversed,absenceofworkingparts in contactwithash

w.E
Inpneumatictypeashhandlingisthemostpopularmethodusedinmediumlevel
powerplants.It
usesdensephaseconveyingsystemforconveyingashistotallyenclosed

asy
withoutanyleakage.Thesystemcan conveymaterialsuptodistanceofaround200-250
mts.

En
13.Listthechallengesofashhandling:

2.Designofthesystemhasto gin
1.Indiancoal containshighashcontentgenerallywhichtendstobeinconsistent.
adequatelycover

ee
anticipatedvariationsandbecapable ofhandlingtheworstscenario
3.Systemhastobeenvironmentallyfriendly
4.Systemhastobeenergyefficient
rin
14.Whatis crusheranditscrushingmethod?
g.n
Acrusherisamachinedesignedtoreducelargesolidchunksofrawmaterialsiinto

t thestartingmaterial.
CrushingMethods:
1.Impact
et
smallerchunks.Crushersarecommonlyclassifiedbythedegreetowhichtheytragmen

2.Shear
3.Attrition4.Compression

15.Whatareall thetypesof Mechanicaldrafts?

There arethreetypesof mechanicaldrafts:Theyare:
1.Induceddraft
2.Forceddraft
3.Balanceddraft

16.WhatisDeaeration?

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Mechanicalandchemicalldeaearationis
anintegralpartofmodernboilerwater
protectionandcontrol.Deaerationcoupledwithotheraspectsofexternal
treatment,providesthebest andhighestqualityfeedwaterforboileruse.

17.Whatis thepurposeof deaeration?

Thepurposeofdeaerationare:
1.Toremoveoxygen,carbondioxideandothernoncondensablegasesfr
om feedwater.
2.Toheat theincomingmakeupwaterandreturn condensateto
anpptimum temperature
3.Minimizingsolubilityofundesirablegases
4.Providingthehighesttemperaturewaterforinjectiontotheboiler.

ww18.Whatarethetypesof deaerators?
1.Tary-TypeDeaeratingheaters

w.E
2.Spray-TypeDeaeratingheaters

19.WhatismeantbycoolingTowers?
It
asy
isatowerorbuildinglikedeviceinwhichatmosphericaircirculatesindirector
indirectcontactwithwarmerwaterandwateristherebycooled.Coolingtowersmay

En
eitherusetheevaporationofwatertoremoveprocessheatandcooltheworkingfluid.

20.Listthetypesof coolingtowers:
1.Evaporativeor wet coolingtower gin
2.Nonevaporativeordrycoolingtower
ee
(a)Air cooledcondensers(b)Aircooled exchangers

21.Listthetypesof coolingfunctionstocondensethesteam: rin

1.Once-throughwet cooling
2.Recirculatingwetcooling3.Drycooling g.n
22.Listthefactorstobeconsideredwhilechoosingasiteforsteampowerstation:
1.Supplyoffuel
2.Availabilityofwater
et
3.Transportationfacilities
4.Costandtypeofland
5.Nearnesstoloadcentres
6.Distancefrompopulatedarea

23.Listthethermalpowerplantin Tamilnadu.
Alathiur(2*18MW),Tamilnadu,Madrascements
Ennore(2*60MW,3*110MW)TamilnaduElectricityBoard
Neyveli(6*50MW,2*100MW)TamilnaduNeyvelilignitecor
p Ltd.

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24.Definesuperheater:
ASuperheaterisadeviceusedto convertsaturatedsteamintoadrysteam used
forpowergenerationorprosessessteamwhichhasbeensuperheatedisknownas
superheatedsteam.

25.Listthetypesof superheaters:
1.Radientsuperheater- absorbheat byradiation
2.Conventionsuperheater-absorbheat viaa fluid
3.Separatelyfixedsuperheaters-it istotallyseparatedfromtheboiler

UNIT-IIHYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

ww1.Writetheformulatocalculatethehydraulicpowerproducedbya
hydroturbine: Thehydraulicpowerisgivenbytheformula:
P=GpQH

w.E
WhereP isthehydraulicenergyinwatts
Gis
accelerationduetogravity(9.81M/s2)
P iswaterdensity
Qistheflowordischarge asy
En
Histheheightof fall of waterorheadinmeter.

gin
2.Listanyfouradvantagesof hydropower:
1.Watersourceisperenniallyavailable
2.Runningcostisverylow
3.Non-polluting
ee
4.Powergenerationcanbeswitchedonandoffinaveryshortperiod.
rin
3.Listanyfourdisadvantagesof hydropower:
1.Highcapital investmentandlowrateof return g.n
2.Gestationperiodisverylarge
3.Powergenerationdependsonavailabilityofwater
4.Transmissioncost andlossesarehigh
et
4.Listthefactorstobeconsideredfortheselectionof siteforhydropowerplant:
1.Availabilityofwaterandwaterhead
2.Accessibilityofsite
3.Waterstoragecapacity
4.Distancefromtheloadcenter
5.Typeofland

5.Listtheclassificationof dams:

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1.Basedontheirfunc
tions:
(a)storagedams
(b)Diversiondams
(c)Detentiondams
2.Basedontheirshape:
(a)Trapezoidaldams
(b)Archdams
3.Basedonthematerialsofconstruc
tion:
(a)Earthdams(b)Rockpiecesdams
(c)Stonemasonarydams (d)concretedams
(e)RCCdams(f)TimberandRubberdams

ww4.Basedonhydraulicd
esign:
(a)Overflowtypedam

w.E
(b)Non-overflowtypedam
5.BasedonstructuralD
esign: (a)Gravitydam
(b)Archdam
(c) Buttressesdam asy
6.Whatisasurgetank? En
gin
Asurgetankisasmallreservoirinwhichthewaterlevel risesor fallsto reduce
thepressureswingsduringopeningandclosingof inlet

7.WhatisaDrafttube? ee
valve.Thesurgetankisnot requiredforrunoffplantsandmediumheadplants.

rin
Thedrafttube allowsthe turbinetobeset abovethetailraceto facilitateinspection

g.n
andmaintenance. It alsoregainsthemajorportionofthekineticenergyattherunner
outletbydiffuseraction.Thedrafttube canbeastraight conicaltubeoranallowtube.

8.Listtheequipmentspresentin apowerhouse:
1.Hydraulicturbines
2.Electric generators
et
3.Governors
4.Gatevalves andrehetvalves
5.Watercirculatingpumps
6.Airduct
7.Switchboardandinstruments
8.Storagebatteries andcranes

9.Listthetypesof hydropowerplantsbasedonavailabilityofhead;
1.Highheadpowerplant(head>100m)
2.Mediumheadpowerplant(30m-100m)

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3.Lowheadpowerplants(head<30m)

10.Listtheadvantagesof pumpedstoragepowerplants:
1.Increasesthepeakloadcapacityat lowcost
2.Highoperatingefficiency
3.Betterloadfactor
4.Independenceofsteam flowconditions

11.Listtheadvantagesof impulseturbine:
1.Greatertoleranceofsandandotherparticlesinthewater
2.Betteraccesstoworkingparts
3.Nopressuresealsaroundtheshaft

ww4.Easierto fabricate and maintain

5.Betterpart-flowefficiency

w.E
12.Listanyfourpumpedstoragehydropowerplantsin India:
1.Bihar,Maharastra,150MW
2.Kadamparai,Coimbatore,Tamilnadu,400MW

asy
3.NagarjunaSagarPH,AndhraPradesh,810MW
4.Puruliapumpedstorageproject,Avodhvahills,WestBengal,900MW

En
5.SrisailamLeft BankPH,AndhraPradesh,900MW
6.TehriDam,Uttranchal,1000MW

gin
13.Whataretheessentialelementsof hydropowerplant?

ee
1.Catchmentarea
2.Reservation
3.Dam
4.Surgetanks rin
5.Drafttubes
6.Powerhouse
g.n
7.Switchedfortransmissionofpower

14.Whatismeantbycatchmentareaandexplainitsfunction:
Thewholeareabehindthedamis calledthecatchmentarea.Therainwaterinthe
et
areawillbedrainedinto thedamthroughadamorriver.

15.ExplainReservoir:
Areservoirmaybenatural,likealakeonamountainorartificiallybuiltby
erectingadamacrossa river.

16.Definesurgetank:
ASurgetankisasmallreservoirinwhichthewaterlevel risesswingsduring
openingandclosingofinlet valve.

17.Whatispowerhouse?
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Apowerhouseisastablestructurewhichhousestheequipmentinthepowerplant

18.Whatismeantbypumpedstoragepowerplant?
Thepumpedstorageplantsareusedforloadbalancing.Duringpeakloadwateris
usedtoworkonturbinestoproduceelectricity.Waterafterworkinginturbinesisstored
inthetailracereservoir.

19.WhatisminiHydroplants?
Theminipowerplantsoperatewith5m-20mheadandproduceabout1MWto5
MWofpower.

ww20.Whatismicrohydroplants?
Themicropowerplantsrequireaheadlessthan5mandproduce0.1MWto1
MW.

w.E
21.Defineturbines:
Aturbineconvertsenergyintheformoffallingwaterintorotatingshaftpower.

asy
Theselectionofbestturbineforanyparticularsitedependsonthesitecharacteristics.

En
22.Whatarethedisadvantagesof impulseturbine?
Theyareunsuitableforlow-headsitesbecauseof theirlowspecificspeeds.

23.Whatispeltonturbine?
gin
ee
Apeltonturbineconsistsofaset ofspeciallyspreadbucketsmountedona
peripheryof a circulardisc. It isturnedbyjetsof waterwhich
aredischargedfromoneor morenozzles.
rin
24.Whatismeantbyreactionturbines?
Francisturbineandpropellerturbinesarethereactionturbines.Thereacti
g.n
on turbinesrotatefasterthan impulseturbine.

25.Whatismeantbypropellerturbine?
Thebasicpropellerturbineconsistsofapropeller.Insideitconsistof
et
a continuationofthepenstocktube.

26.Whatismeantby Kaplanturbine?
Thepitchofthepropellerbladestogetherwithwicketgateadjustment,enables
reasonableefficiencytobemaintainedunderpartflowconditions.Suchturbinesar
e called asKaplanturbines.

27.Definetwinrunners:
Tworunnerscanbeplacedonthesameshafteithersidebysideoronopposite
sidesofthegenerator.Thisconfigurationisunusualandwouldonlybeusedifthe
numberofjetsper runnerhadmaximized.
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28.Statetheadvantagesof impulseturbineoverreactionturbine:
Impulseturbineareusuallycheaperthenreactionturbinebecausethereisnonee
d foraspecialistpressurecasing.

29.Explainimpulseturbinein termsof heads?

Highhead-peltonTurgo
Mediumhead-Multijetpeltonturgo

Lowhead- crossflow

30.Explainreactionturbinein termsof head:

Highhead-

wwFrancis
Mediumhead-
Propeller

w.E
Lowhead-
Kaplan

asy
UNIT-IIINUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

1.Whatismeantbyradioactivity?
En
gin
It referstothegermannameofRadio-Activitat.Radioactivityisthespontaneous
disintegrationof

ee
atomicnuclei.Thenucleusemitsparticlesorelectromagneticrays
duringthisprocess.

2.Whatis theunitof Radioactivity?

rin
1.Roentgen2.RAD(RadiationAbsorbedDose)
g.n
3.RBE(RelativeBiologicalEffectiveness)4.REM(RoentgenEquivalentinMan)

5.Gray(GY)-100rads6.Sievert(SV)
et
3.WhatarethetypesofRadioactivedecay?

1.Alphadecay2.Betadecay

3.Gammadecay4.Poistronemission(Betapositivedecay)

5.Electroncapture

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4.Define-Decaytiming.
Thenumberofdecayevents–dNexpectedtooccurinasmallintervaloftimedt is
proportionaltothenumberofatomspresent.If N isthenumberofatoms,thenthe
probabilityofdecay(-dN/N)isproportionaltodt.

5.WhatisUraniumenrichment?
Inmosttypesof reactor, ahigherconcentrationofuraniumisusedtomake fuel rod.
Thisproducedbyaprocesstermedenrichment.Theenricheduraniumcontainingmor
e thannatural0.7%U-235.

6.Whatarethetwowaysof uraniumenrichment?
1.Gascentrifugeprocess

ww2.Gasdiffusion

7.Whatis thepurposeof reprocessingof nuclearwaste?

w.E Theusedfuelcontains96%uranium,1%plutoniumand3%radioactivewastes.
Reprocessingisusedtoseparatethewastefromtheuraniumandplutoniumwhichcanbe
recycledinti newfuel.Thereprocessingeffectivelyreducesthevolumeof wasteand

asy
limitstheneedtominenewsuppliesofuranium,sothat extendingthetimeofresources.

8.DefineNuclear Fission.
En
Anatom’snucleuscanbesplit apart.Whenthisisdoneatremendousamountof
energyis
gin
released.Theenergyisbothheat andlight
energy.Thisenergy,whenletout slowlycanbeharnessedtogenerateelectricity.

9.DefineNuclear Fusion.
ee rin
Fusionmeansjoiningsmallernucleitomakealargernucleus.Thesunusesnuclear
fusionofhydrogenatomsintoheliumatoms.Thisgivesoffheatandother radiation.

10.WhatisNeutronlifetime?
g.n
Thepromptneutronlifetime,istheaveragetimebetweentheemissionofneutronsan
d eithertheir
et
absorbtioninthesystemortheir
escapefromthesystem.Thetermlifetimeisusedbecausetheemissionofaneutroniso
ftenconsidereditsbirth,andthe subsequentabsorptionis considereditsdeath.

11.WhatisUranium-235chainReactor?
Ina chainreaction,particlesreleasedbythesplittingoftheatom gooffandstrike
otheruraniumatomssplittingthose.Thoseparticlesgivenoffsplitstill otheratomsina
chainreaction.If anleastoneneutronfromU-235fissionstrikesanothernucleusand
causesit to fission,Thenthechainreactionwill continue.

12.Whatisfourfactorformula?
Thefourfactor formulaisusedinnuclear engineeringtodeterminethe
multiplicationofanuclearchainreactionin
aninfinitemedium.Theformulais:
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-ReproductionFactor-Thethermalutilizationfactor
-Theresonanceescapeprobability-Thefast fissionfactor

13.Listthefourtypesofradiationassociatedwithnuclearfission.
1.Alpharadiation
2.Beta radiation
3.Gammaradiation
4.Neutronradiation

14.DefineAlpharadiation.
Thisisbasicallytheatomicnucleusoftheelement(He)consistingoftwoprotons
andtwoneutrons.It isnotverypenetrativeandthedangertomanarisesifan alpha
emittingelement,suchasplutonium,thenthealpharadiationbeverydamaging.

ww15.DefineBetaradiation.
Beta radiationconsistsof

w.E
electronsortheirpositivelychargedcounterparts.This
canpenetratetheskin,butnotveryfar.

16.DefineGammaradiation.
asy
GammaradiationispenetrativeinamannersimilartoX-raysandhassimilar

En
physicalproperties.Itcanbestoppedonlybythickshieldsofleadorconcrete.

17.DefineNeutronradiation.
gin
Neutronradiationconsistsoftheneutronsemitted

ee
duringthefissionprocess.
Neutronsarealsoverypenetrative,butlesssothengamma-radiation.

18.Definewaterasmoderator.
rin
Neutronsfromfissionhaveveryhighspeedsand
g.n
mustslowedgreatlybywater
moderationtomaintainthechainraction.TheUranium-235is enrichedto2.5-3.5%to

chainreactionifthepropermoderationandfueldensityisprovided.

19.Listthetypesof Nuclearreactors.
et
allowordinarywatertobethemoderator.Enoughspontaneouseventsoccurtoinitiatea

Thereactorsareclassifiedbasedonthefollowing:
1.Typeoffuelused
2.Neutronflux spectrum
3.Thecoolant

20.Listthevariouswidespreadpowerplantreactortypes.
1.Pressurizedwaterreactor(PWR)
2.Bolingwater reactor(BWR)
3.PressurizedHeavywaterreactor(PHWR)
4.Liquidmetalfast BreederReactors(LMFBR)
5.HightemperatureGas cooledreactors(HTGCR)
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21.Whatispressurizedwaterreactors(PWR)?

ThePWRbelongstothelidhtwatertype.Themoderatorandthecoolant areboth
lightwater(H2O).Thecoolingwatercirculatesintwoloops,whicharefullyseparated
fromoneanother.PWRkeepwaterunderpressure,sothewaterheatsbutdoesnotboil
evenat thehighoperatingtemperature.
22.Whatisboilingwaterreactor(BWR)?

Inaboilingwaterreactor, Lightwaterplaystheroleofmoderatorandcoolantas
well.Partofthewaterboilsawayinthereactorpressurevessel,thusamixtureofwater
andsteamleavesthereactorcore.

ww23.Whatis MoltenSaltReactor(MSR)?
Amoltensalt reactorisatypeofnuclearreactorwheretheprimarycoolantisa
moltensalt.Moltensalt referstoasalt that isintheliquidphasethat isnormallyasolidat

w.E
standardtemperatureionicliquid,althoughtechnicallymoltensaltsarea classofionic
liquids.

asy
24.NuclearPowerplantsafety.
Radiationdosescanbecontrolledthroughthefollowingprocedures:

En
1.Thehandlingofequipmentviaremoteinthecoreofthereactor
2.Physicalshielding

gin
3.Limitonthetimeaworkerspendsinareaswithsignificantradiationlevels
4.Monitoringofindividualdosesandoftheworkingenvironment

ee
5.Safetymechanismof aNuclearpowerreactor

25.ListtheNuclearpowerplantsin India.
1.Kaiga(3*22MWPHWR),Karnataka
rin
2.Kakrapar(2*22MWPHWR),Gujarat
3.Kudankulam(2*100MWPWR),Tamilnadu
g.n
4.Madras(2*17MWPHWR),Tamilnadu

26.Definemeangenerationtime.
It istheaveragetimefromaneutronemissiontoa captureresultsin fission.The
et
mean
generationtimeisdifferentfrompromptneutronlifetimebecausethemean
generationtimeonlyincludesneutronabsorptionthat leadsto fissionreaction.

UNIT IV GAS DIESEL POWER PLANT

1.Listtheadvantagesofgasturbinepowerplant.
1.Lowcapital cost
2.Highreliability
3.Flexibilityinoperation
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4.Capabilitytoquickstart
5.Highefficiencye.t.c.

2.Listthe majorcomponentsof gasturbine.

1.Compressor
2.Combustionchamberand
3.Turbine
3.Listthetypesof gasturbinepowerplants.
1.Opencyclegasturbinepower plant
2.Closedcyclegasturbinepowerplant

4.Listthedisadvantagesof gasturbinepowerplant.
1.NoloadandPartialloadefficiencyislow

ww2.Highsensitiveto componentefficiency
3.Theefficiencydependsonambientpressureandambienttemperature
4.Highair rateisrequiredtolimitthemaximuminlet

w.E
airtemperature.Henceexhaust lossesarehigh
5.Airandgasfilterisrequiredtopreventdustintothecombustionchambers.

asy
5.Defineregeneratorefficiency.
Theregeneratorefficiencyisdefinedas:

En
=Actualtemperaturerise ofair/ Maximumtemperaturerisepossible

gin
6.Listthefactorswhichaffecttheperformanceof gasturbinepowerplants.
1.Partloadefficiency

ee
2.Fuelconsumption
3.Airmassflowrate
4.Thermalefficiency
5.Regeneration
rin
7.Whataretheworkingfluidsin gasturbine?
g.n
1.Air
2.Helium
3.Argon
4.Carbondioxide
et
8.Listthevarioustypesof dieselplants.

Basedonnumberofstr
okes:
(a)Twostrokediesel
engine
(b)Foursrtokediesele
ngine
Basedonorientation:

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(a)Horizontaldiesel
engine (b)
Verticaldiesel engine
Basedonnumberof
cylinders:
(a)singlecylinder
(b)Multicylinder
Andothertypelikenaturallyaspirated,superheatedetc.,

9.Listthecomponentsof dieselpowerplant.
1.Dieselengine
2.Airintakesystem

ww3.Exhaustsystem
4.Fuelsystem
5.Coolingsystem

w.E
6.Lubricatingsystem
7.Startingofengine

asy
10.Listthevariousfunctionsoffuelinjectionsystem.
1.Itfiltersthefuel

En
2.Monitorthecorrectquantityoffueltobeinjected
3.Timingoftheinjectionprocess
4.Regulatesthefuelsupply
5.Fineatomizationoffueloil
gin
ee
6.Distributestheautomizedfuelproperlyinsidethecombustionchamber

11.Listtheclassificationof oilinjectionsystem.
(a)Commonrail injectionsystem
rin
(b)Individualpumpinjectionsystem
(c)Distributorsystem
g.n
12.Listthereasonwhythecoolingsystemisnecessaryforadiesel engine.
1.Toavoiddetemiationoflubricatingoil
2.Toavoiddamagesandoverheatingofpiston
et
3.Toavoidunevenexpansionwhichresultsin craking
4.Toavoidpre-ignitionanddetonationorknocking
5.Toavoidreductioninvolumetricefficiencyandpoweroutputoftheengine

13.Whatarethe methodsof coolingsystemused?

1.Aircooling
2.Watercooling

14.Listthemethodsadoptedforcirculatingthewaterin a coolingsystem.
1.Thermosiphoncooling
2.Forcedcoolingbypump
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3.Thermostatcooling
4.Pressurisedwatercooling
5.Evaporativecooling

15.Whataretheimportantfunctionsof alubricatingsystem?
1.Lubricating
2.Cooling
3.Cleaning
4.Sealing
5.Noiseabsorption
16.Listthevarioustypesof lubricatingsystemusedin diesel engine.
1.Mistlubricatingsystem
2.Wetsumplubricationsystem

ww3.Drysumplubricationsystem

17.Whatarethestartingmethodsof diesel engine?

w.E
1.Byanauxiliaryengine
2.Byanelectricmotor
3.Bycompressedair

asy
18.Listanyfouradvantagesof dieselpowerplant.
1.It iseasytodesignand install
En
2.It iseasilyavailableinstandardcapacities
3.Theycanrespondtoloadchanges
4.Theyhavelessstandbylosses
gin
1.Highoperatingcost
2.Highmaintenanceand lubricationcost
ee
19.Listanyfourdisadvantagesof dieselpowerplant.

rin
3.Capacityisrestricted
4.Noisepollution
g.n
20.Listanyfourapplicationsof dieselpowerplant.
1.Usedaspeakloadplants
2.Suitableformobileplants
et
3.Usedasstandbyunits
4. Usedas emergencyplant

UNIT-V NON CONVENTIONAL POWERGENERATION

1.Whatarethecomponentsof solarenergy?
1.Collector
2.Storageunit

2.Whatis concentrationratio?
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Concentrationratioisdefinedastheratiobetweentheapertureareaandthereceiver
absorberareaofthecollector.

3.Listthevarioustypesof solarenergycollectors.
1.Stationarycollectors(or)Non-concentrating
(a) Flateplatecollectors
(b)Compoundparaboliccollectors
(c)Evaculatedtube collectors
2.Suntrackingconcentratingcollector

(a)singleaxistracking
(b)Two-axistracking

ww4.Listanyfourapplicationsof solarcollectors.
1.Solarwaterheating
2.Solarspaceheatingsystems

w.E
3.Solarrefrigeration
4.Industrialprocessheatsystems

asy
5.Listthefourimportantsolarsystems.
1.Lowtemperaturecyclesusingflat plat collectororsolarpond

En
2.Powertowerorcentralreceiversystem
3.Distributedcollectorsystem

gin
4.Concentratingcollectorsformediumandhightemperaturecycle

ee
6.ListtheadvantagesofsolarEnergy.
1.Solarenergyisfree frompollution
2.Theycollect
toasinglereceiver,thus
solar
rin
energyopticallyandtransferit
minimizingthermal-
energytransportrequirements
3.Theytypicallyachieve
g.n
concentrationratiosof300to1500andsoarehighly
collectingenergyandconvertingit to electricity.
4.Theplant requireslittlemaintenanceorhelpaftersetup
5.It iseconomical
efficientbothin

et
7.Listanyfourdisadvantagesof solarenergy.
1.Avilableindaytimeonly
2.Needstoragefacilities
3.Itneedsabackuppowerplant
4.Keepingbackupplantshotincludesan energycostwhichincludescoal burning

8.Listtheclassificationof OTECbasedonlocation.
1.Landbasedplant
2.Shelfbasedplant
3.Floatingplant
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9.Listtheclassificationof OTECbasedoncycle.
1.Opencycle
2.Closedcycle
3.Hybridcycle

10.Listanyfourbenefitsof OTEC.
1.Airconditioning
2.Chilledsoil agriculture
3.Aquaculture
4.Desalination
11.Listanyfourdisadvantagesof OTEC.
1.Degradationofheatexchangerperformanceasdissolvedgases.

ww2.Degradationofheatexchangerperformancebymicrobialfouling
3.Impropersealing
4.Parasiticpowerconsumptionbyexhaustcompressor

w.E
12.Listthevariouscomponentsofwindenergysystem.
1.Rotor
2.Gearbox
3.Enclosure asy
4.Tailvane
En
gin
13.Whatarethetwobasicdesignof turbines?
1.Verticalaxis(or)Eggbeaterstyle

ee
2.Horizontalaxis(propellerstyle)machines

14.Writedownthevarioustypesofwindpowerplants.
1.Remote
rin
2.Hybrid
3.Gridconnected
g.n
15.Listanyfouradvantagesof windturbine.
1.Inexhaustiblefuelsource
2.Nopollution
et
3.Excellentsupplementtootherrenewablesource
4.Itsfree

16.Listthedisadvantagesof windpowergeneration.
1.Lowenergyproduction
2.Expensivemaintenance

17.Whatarethevariouswaysof creatingtidalenergy?
1.TidalBarrager
2.Tidalfences
3.Tidalturbines
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18.Listthevarioustypesof turbinesusedin tidalpowerstation.

1.Buldturbine
2.Rimturbine
3.Tubularturbines

19.Whatarethecomponentsof tidalpowerstation?
1.Barrage
2.Turbines
3.Sluices
4.Embankments
20.Listanyfouradvantagesof tidalpowergeneration.
1.Renewableandsustainableenergy

ww2.NoliquidorSolidpollution
3.Littlevisualimpact
4.Reducesdependenceuponfossilfuels

w.E
21.Listthelimitationsof tidalenergy.
1.Orientationproblem
2.Requiresstoragedevices
asy
3.Availableatalowerratingandtime
4.Highcapital cost
En
gin
22.Whatarethe mainpartsof geothermalpowerplant?
1.Productionwell

ee
2.Vaporizer
3.Circulatingpump
4.Expansionturbine
5.Generator
rin
6.Condenser
7.Transformer
g.n
23.Whataretheclassificationsof geothermalenergyconversionsystem?
1.Singlecyclegeothermalpowerplant
2.Binarycyclepowerplant
et
24.Whataretheapplicationsof geothermalenergy?
1.Generationofelectricpower
2.Spaceheatingforbuilding
3.Industrialprocessheat

25.Whataretheadvantagesof geothermalenergy?
1.Cheaper
2.Versatileinitsuse
3.Deliversgreater amountofenergy

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26.Whatarethedisadvantagesof geothermalenergy?
1.Drillingoperationisnoisy
2.Itneedslargeareasof exploitationof geothermalenergy
3.Lowoverallpowerproductionefficiency.

27.Whataretheclassificationof MHDsystem?
1.Opencyclesystems
2.Closedcyclesystems
(a)Seededinertgassystems
(b)Liquidmetalsystems

28.Whataretheadvantagesof MHDsystems?
1.Largeamountofpowerisgenerated

ww2.Nomovingparts,somorereliable.
3.Closedcyclesystemproducespower,freeofpollution
4.Abilitytoreachits fullpowerassoonasstarted.

w.E
29.Listtheclassificationof oilinjectionsystem.
(a)Commonrail injectionsystem

asy
(b)Individualpumpinjectionsystem
(c)Distributorsystem

En
30.Listthedisadvantagesof MHDsystems.

gin
1.Needsverylargemagnets(highexpenses)
2.Veryhighfrictionandheat transferlosses

ee
3.Itsuffersfromthereverseflowof
electronsthroughtheconductingfluidsaround theendsofthemagneticfield.

rin
PART B 16 MARKS

UNIT – 1: THERMAL POWER PLANTS g.n

circuits. et
1. Draw a general lay out of a thermal power plant and explain the working of different

2. What factors are considered for selecting a site for a big thermal power plant?
3. How much coal, cooling water and combustion air are required for a thermal power
station of 500 MW capacity per hour.
4. How much ash and SO2 are produced per day from a plant of Koradi size if Indian low
grade coal is used.
5. What is the importance of thermal power plant in the national power grid?
6. What is meant by overfeed and underfeed principles of coal firing? Which is preferred
for high volatile coal and why.
7. What are the advantages of burning the fuels in pulverized form?
8. Why ash and dust handling problem is more difficult than coal handling problems.

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9. What are different ash handling systems? Discuss the relative merits and demerits.
10. How the ash produced carries the importance in the selection of thermal power plant
site
11 Draw a general lay out of a thermal power plant and explain the working of different
circuits.
12 What factors are considered for selecting a site for a big thermal power plant?
13 How much coal, cooling water and combustion air are required for a thermal power
station of 500 MW capacity per hour.
14 How much ash and SO2 are produced per day from a plant of Koradi size if Indian low
grade coal is used.
15 What is the importance of thermal power plant in the national power grid?
16 What is meant by overfeed and underfeed principles of coal firing? Which is preferred

ww for high volatile coal and why.

17 What are the advantages of burning the fuels in pulverized form?

w.E
18 Why ash and dust handling problem is more difficult than coal handling problems.
19 What are different ash handling systems? Discuss the relative merits and demerits.

asy
20. How the ash produced carries the importance in the selection of thermal power plant
site.

En
UNIT – 2: HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
1. What are the different factors to be considered while selecting the site for hydroelectric
power plant?
gin
2. How the hydroelectric power plants are classified.

ee
3. How the most economical capacity of hydroelectric power plant is decided.
4. What do you understand by run-off river power plant and how its performance is
increased by introducing a pondage in the plant?
rin
5. Explain in detail about pump storage plant.

g.n
6. Draw a neat diagram of storage type hydroelectric power plant and describe the function
of each component used in the plant.

et
7. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power plants compared with
thermal power plants.
8. Why the combined operation of hydro and thermal plants is more economical than
individual operation of the plant.
9. What do you understand by pump storage plant and what are the advantages and
limitations of this plant.
10. What are the specific advantages of storage reservoir type power plant? How they differ
from other types of hydro power plant?
UNIT – 3: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
1. Why uranium oxide is preferred over uranium as fuel.
2. Why cladding is necessary. What are the requirements of a good cladding material?
3. What properties are required for a good coolant? Which gases are used as coolant?
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4. What are the desirable properties of a good moderator? Compare H2O, D2O and C as
moderators.
5. What are the desirable properties of control rod materials? Compare the merits and
demerits of different control rod materials.
6. Why shielding of a reactor is necessary. What do you understand by thermal shielding?
7. Compare the properties of stainless steel and zirconium for use as reactor fuel element
cladding.
8. How induced radioactivity affects the cost of shielding.
9. Considering the problem of induced radioactivity which coolant among water and
sodium is more desirable and why.
10. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Lithium, Bismuth and sodium as coolants

ww
for nuclear reactors.

UNIT – 4: GAS AND DIESEL POWER PLANTS

w.E
1. What are the main advantages of a combined cycle system in the present power picture
of the world?
2. Draw the line diagrams of repowering system using steam turbine only and boiler only.

asy
Discuss the merits and demerits also.
3. What is the gasification of coal and explain in detail.

En
4. What are the merits and demerits of using air or O2 in a gasification plant when the
gasification plant is integrated with closed cycle?

gin
5. What do you understand by PFBC, Explain in detail?
6. Draw the line diagrams of two different PFBC systems which are commonly used and
discuss their merits and demerits.
ee rin
7. What are the main difficulties faced in developing the combined cycles with PFBC.
8. Why and when organic fluid is preferred over water in the bottoming cycle. What are its
advantages?
g.n
9. Discuss the part behavior of combined cycle plant and compare with conventional gas
turbine plant of the same capacity.
10. What future developments are expected in combined cycle plants?

UNIT – 5: NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION

et
1. What are the non-conventional sources of energy and why are they seriously thought
throughout the world.
2. What are the different sources of geothermal energy?
3. Discuss the different systems used for generating the power using geo-thermal energy.
4. What are the specific environmental effects if the geothermal source of energy is used for
power generation?
5. What factors are considered for selecting a suitable site for tidal power plants?
6. Differentiate with neat sketches the difference between single basin and double basin
systems.

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7. List out the advantages of tidal power plants over the conventional hydel power plants.
8. What are the basic requirements for locating a wind power plant? What factors affect
them?
9. What methods are used to overcome the fluctuating power generation of a wind mill?
10. Explain the working of a fuel cell and list out its advantages over other non-
conventional systems of power generation.

ww V.S.B ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KARUR

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICALAND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
II YEAR / III SEMESTER

w.E DIGITAL LOGICCIRCUITS TWO MARK QUESTION AND ANSWER

UNIT I

asy
NUMBER SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES

1. What is meant by parity bit?

En
A parity bit is an extra bit included with a message to make the total number of 1’s

gin
either even or odd. Consider the following two characters and their even and odd parity:
with even parity with odd parity.

ee
ASCII A = 1000001 01000001 11000001
ASCII T = 1010100 11010100 01010100

rin
In each case we add an extra bit in the left most position of the code to produce an
even number of 1’s in the character for even parity or an odd number of 1’s in the character

g.n
for odd parity. The parity bit is helpful in detecting errors during the transmission of
information from one location to another.

2. What are registers?

et
Register is a group of binary cells. A register with n cells can store any discrete
quantity of information that contains n bits. The state of a register is an n-tuple number of
1’s and 0’s, with each bit designating the state of one cell in the register.

3. Define binary logic?

Binary logic consists of binary variables and logical operations. The variables are
designated by the alphabets such as A, B, C, x, y, z, etc., with each variable having only
two distinct values: 1 and 0. There are three basic logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT.

4. Convert (4021.2)5 to its equivalent decimal.

(4021.2)5 = 4 x 53 + 0 x 52 + 2 x 51 + 1 x 50 + 2 x 5-1
= (511.4)10

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