POROSITY

Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU)

Oil & Energy Engineering

Reservoir Rock Properties Laboratory

2st stage

POROSITY
Name of prepper :
Lawand Rawf Muhamad
Mhamad Burhan
Mhamad omer
Hoshand mhamad
SUPERVISOR : Mrs. GOVAND - Mr.HARDY
Year: 2021-2022

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 POROSITY

Table of contend page

The aim of this experiment 3

INTRODUCTION 3 and 4

Theory
4

Calculation and table 5

SOLITION
6 and 7

References 7

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 POROSITY

The aim of this experiment

To learn about porosity and how fluid transfer
INTRODUCTION
Many of the important flow and transport processes in soil or rocks are influenced
strongly by the composite properties of the bulk matrix. These properties are based
on a compilation of solids, voids, and fluids and are said to be volume averaged. A
soil volume, V, containing a total volume of solid (s), liquid (l), and gas (g), can be
represented as V = Vs + Vl + Vg. Porosity, f, the volume of void spaces per total
sample volume (total porosity completely filled by gas, or partially filled by
liquid), can be represented as f = 1 - (Vs/V), which is one minus the solid volume
fraction. Porosity is that feature of a porous medium that encompasses the
pathways and volume available for fluid and gas flow and transport as well as for
storage and retention of water. The pores are where chemical-exchange processes
occur, either on soil or rock solids, or on altered minerals deposited in pores. Pore-
size distribution is used to estimate moisture retention and relative permeability
curves, as well as the saturated permeability of a sample. The bulk-matrix volume
can be addressed at any scale, from the centimeter scale, which primarily
represents the matrix of the medium, to the meter scale, which incorporates larger
scale features, such as macropores, channels, and fractures, to the site or kilometer
scale, which represents site or regional modeling domains. Characterization media
can range from agricultural mineral soils, wildland skeletal soils, or bedrock.
Characterization of porosity, pore structure, and pore-size distribution has been
enhanced in recent years through the use of computer-assisted computation,
digitization,

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 POROSITY

and geographic information systems (GIS). Computer technology has increased the
capability of characterizing some of the detailed features of the pore and pore-
throat systems in porous media from mercury porosimetry data or digitized pore
data. Visualization approaches, such as computer-assisted tomographic scanning
(CAT scanning) and impregnation techniques, allow for shape analysis and
assessment of three-dimensional interconnectivity and tortuosity of pores, giving
more viable estimates of permeability from pore-size distributions. This section
will describe methods to measure total porosity, which can be calculated from bulk
density and particle density, a variation based on submersion for coherent or
consolidated samples, and gas pycnometry. To characterize poresize distribution,
three techniques will be discussed: (i) the standard water-desorption method; (ii) a
visualization technique impregnating paraffin, resin, or epoxy mixed with
fluorescing dye into pores to produce images for analysis; and (iii) mercury
porosimetry References…..1

Theory
Porosity is one minus the solid volume fraction of a sample and can be calculated
from the bulk and particle densities. The ratio of the bulk density, Pb, to the particle
density, Pp, describes the fraction of the total volume occupied by solids. Total
porosity, Φ, is therefore
Φ = 1 - (Pb/Pp)
Porosity is a function of the seasonal or spatial variability of bulk density, or the
scale of the bulk density measurement, whether clod scale or irregular hole
determinations of various sizes, or surface or borehole geophysical or acoustical
techniques on quite large scales. The number of samples should be chosen
accordingly.

References ….2

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 POROSITY

Calculation
CLASSIFY
TOTALE
S SOLID PORE SPACE RESERVOIR
VOLUME
QUALITY

UNIT CM3 (CM3) FRACTION (CM3) FRACTION -

1 63.2 52.3 %82.75 10.9 %17.24 GOOD

2 43.1 39.9 %92.57 3.2 %7.42 POOR

3 122.2 120.9 %98.9 1.3 %1.06 NEGLIGIBLE

4 242.6 218.7 %90.1 23.9 %9.85 POOR

𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸−𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
Φ=
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
SOLID FRACTION = *100
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

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SOLITION
Q1-
𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
SOLID FRACTION = *100
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

= 52.3/63.2*100=%82.75
Q2
𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
SOLID FRACTION = *100
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

=39.9/43.1*100=%92.57

Q3
𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
SOLID FRACTION = *100
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

=120.9/122.2*100=%98.9
Q4
𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
SOLID FRACTION = *100
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

=218.7/242.6*100=%90.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POROSITY
POROSITY=TOTALVOLUME - SOLIVOLUME
Q1
POROSITY=TOTALVOLUME - SOLIVOLUME
=63.2-52.3
=10.9CM3
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸−𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
Φ= *100
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

=10.9/63.2*100=%17.24

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Q2
POROSITY=TOTALVOLUME - SOLIVOLUME
=43.1-39.9=3.2 CM3
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸−𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
Φ= *100
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

=3.2/63.2*100=%7.42
Q3
POROSITY=TOTALVOLUME – SOLIVOLUME
=122.2-120.9=1.3 CM3
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸−𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
Φ= *100
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

=1.3/122.2*100=%1.06

Q4

POROSITY=TOTALVOLUME – SOLIVOLUME
=242.6-218.7=23.9 CM3
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸−𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
Φ= *100
𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

=23.9/242.6*100=%9.85

References

1-American Society for Testing and Materials. 1977. Absorption and bulk specific gravity of natural
building stone. ANSI/ASTM R 97-47, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 19. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA

2-American Society for Testing and Materials. 1994. Standard test method for specific gravity of soil
solids by gas pycnometer. ANSI/ASTM D 5550-94 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.08, p. 379–
382. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.

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