GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES - represent an abstraction of nature and the numerical model

represents a tremendous simplification of a geological concept

EARTHQUAKE - is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the earth's crust that
creates seismic waves

SEISMOLOGIST - scientist that specialized in geophysics, who is study the genesis and the
propagation of seismic waves in geological materials

SEISMOGRAPHS - are instrument used to record the motion of the ground during an
earthquake

SEISMOGRAM - recordings made on seismographs at the surface of the earth to determine

how large the earthquake was

2 TYPES OF WAVES

BODY WAVES - waves that travel through the earth's interior

SURFACE WAVES - travel only along the ground of the earth's outer layer

VOLCANIC ERUPTION - occurs when magma is released from a volcano

TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. QUIET - fluid lava spreads out quickly to form a broad cone with gentle slopes and
called as oozing or non explosive
2. EXPLOSIVE - explode with unbelievable violence and eruptions is often preceded by
loud rumbling and earthquakes
3. INTERMEDIATE - eruption is sometimes quiet, explosive or a combination of both
4. FISSURE - largest amount of volcanic materials are extruded from cracks in the crust
and rather than build a cone, these long narrow cracks distribute volcanic materials over
a wide area

LANDSLIDE - is the movement of rock, earth or debris down a sloped section of land. These
are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes or other factors that make the slope unstable

HYDROMETEOROLOGY - study where the processes of hydrological cycle that occur in the
atmosphere and it also studies hydrologic element of bodies of water

TROPICAL CYCLONE - is the rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low pressure
center
CATEGORIES BASED ON MAXIMUM SUSTAINING WINDS

1. TROPICAL DEPRESSION - maximum from 36kph to 63 kph

2. TROPICAL STORM - maximum of 64kph to 117 kph
3. TYPHOON - maximum winds exceeding 188kph

MONSOON - seasonal change that causes wet and dry season throughout much of the tropics

2 KINDS OF MONSOON

1. NORTHEAST MONSOON (AMIHAN) - ranges in between october until march

2. SOUTHWEST MONSOON (HABAGAT) - ranges in between june - july

TORNADO - is a violent rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground

DEVILS TORNADO - there is no sign when tornado occurs

FIRES TORNADO - may occurs when volcanic eruption happens

RELATIVE DATING - rocks, fossils or geological events are given an order of occurrence

UNIFORMITARIANISM - an idea which states that the present is the key to the past

LAW OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY -

was first proposed by danish geological
pioneer nicholas steno in the 17th
century

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION - states that a

sequence of layers of sedimentary rock, the
oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in
the sequence

PRINCIPLE OF CROSS CUTTING - talks about

any rock of fault that cuts across.

IDEA OF
UNCONFORMITIES - are the surface of erosion
that separate younger rocks from older ones.

KINDS OF UNCONFORMITIES

ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY - represented by an

older group of rock layers has been tilted, eroded
and another younger set of rock layers were
deposited on the top of this erosional surface.
DISCONFORMITY - layers of sediments are uplifted without folding or tilting without and are
eroded. Eventually the area subsides and deposition

ABSOLUTE DATING - a method of measuring the absolute age of an event and object

ISOTOPES - are the atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons

RADIOACTIVE DECAY - it is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by
radiation

PARENT ISOTOPE - unstable radioactive isotope

DAUGHTER ISOTOPE - stable isotope produced by the radioactive decay of the parent isotope

HALF LIFE - time needed for

half of a sample radioactive
element to undergo radioactive
decay and form daughter
isotopes

FOSSILS - is a remnant of any ancient animal or plant that has been preserved in rocks. It is
often the remains of shell or bones in which minerals have crystalized

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDEX FOSSILS

1. It must have a hard part like shell
2. It must have lived over a short period of time, before it involved into a different creature
3. It must have lived all over the planet

TRILOBITES - are great index fossils because they were everywhere for a short time
AMMONITES - are most widely used index fossils as they are abundant and can be easily
identified as species level