Volcanic Hazards – how volcanoes impact people.

Lava Flows – incredibly destructive to anything in their path, they move so slowly and cover such a small area that they
generally pose little threat to human life.

Pyroclastic Flow – mixture of hot volcanic ash and steam that pours downslope because it is too dense to rise

Surge – a high- speed ash- rich shock wave

Volcanic Ash – composed of bits of pumice less than amm across, light enough to drift some distance on the wind

Volcanic Mudflows – form when ash combines with water

Lahar – a hot mudflow. Any volcanic mud or debris flow

Indonesia – a country with many volcanoes.

Paleovolcanology – involves interpreting deposits from pre-historic eruptions and reconstructing a record using age
dates

Harmonic Tremors – the low- frequency rolling around movements that precedes many eruptions

Tiltmeters – instruments that measure changes in the slope of a volcano

Slope Equilibrium – involves balancing the relationship between slope angle and load

Types of Downslope Movement

1. Rockfalls – develop in steep, mountains regions maked by diffs with nearly vertical fracture
 Talus slope – fan-shaped piles of rock fragments
2. Debris Avalanches – rockfalls in which a material breaks into numerous small fragments
 Fluidization – debris avalanches flow as a fluid composed of rock fragments suspended in the air
3. Rotational Slumps – homogenous , cohesive, soft materials, those that lack a planar surface
 Headscarp – the vertical part of the slip
4. Translational Slides – move-on pre-existing weak surfaces that lie more or less parallel to a slope

 Continental drift theory and plate tectonics

 Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the structure, composition and internal workings of the Earth on a
worldwide scale, while continental drift refers to the theory that the continents all used to be connected in one
megacontinent which scientists dub Pangaea. Both theories attempt to explain the movement of parts of the
Earth's crust.
 Earthquake magnitude and earthquake intensity
 Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from
measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a
certain location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natural
environment.

Explain:
 Earthquakes don't kill people, poorly constructed buildings do!. The poor quality of construction, lack of building
codes, improper site selection were the underlying causes of death, serious injuries and loss of livelihood.

 Volcanoes can be exciting and fascinating, but also very dangerous. Any kind of volcano is capable of creating
harmful or deadly phenomena, whether during an eruption or a period of quiescence. Understanding what a
volcano can do is the first step in mitigating volcanic hazards, but it is important to remember that even if
scientists have studied a volcano for decades, they do not necessarily know everything it is capable of.
Volcanoes are natural systems, and always have some element of unpredictability.