2nd Quarter: EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
 metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist, and
LESSON: EXOGENIC PROCESSES
WEATHERING - process of breaking down of rocks into smaller
pieces
AGENTS OF WEATHERING - wind, water, ice, animals, plants
MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL WEATHERING - breaking down of rocks
into pieces without any change in its composition
CHEMICAL WEATHERING - changes in the composition of rocks
due to the chemical reactions.
EROSION - Involves the movement of the weathered rocks
AGENTS OF EROSION - wind, water, ice, gravity, waves
DEPOSITION - occurs when earth materials settle in low lying areas
SEDIMENTATION - material is carried to the bottom of bodies of
water and forms into solids
LESSON: EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
PRIMORDIAL HEAT - internal heat energy accumulated by
dissipation in a planet during its evolution
RADIOGENIC HEAT - the disintegration of natural radioactive
elements inside the earth
RADIOACTIVE DECAY - breakdown of an atomic nucleus causes
the release of energy
CRUST- outermost/thinnest layer of the Earth layer on the earth
MANTLE - thickest layer of the Earth
 Convection current, the mantle moves slowly
because of transfer of heat from the interior to the
surface of the earth
OUTER CORE - composed of liquefied metals.
INNER CORE - composed of metals but in solid form
INSULATOR - does not transfer heat
CONDUCTION - heat energy is transmitted through collisions
between atoms or molecules
CONVECTION - Heat energy is transferred by the movement of
mass.
 heat transport in the fluid outer core and mantle
RADIATION - Heat exchange between the SUN and Earth, controls
the temperatures at the surface
LESSON: ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
MAGMA - mixture of molten and semi-molten rock, this molten state
when solidified creates igneous rocks
LAVA - molten or partially molten rock (magma) that has been
expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet
MAGMATISM - process under the Earth’s crust where formation and
movement of magma occur
VOLATILE -
 Water has a boiling point of 100oC and evaporates only
slowly at room temperature and it is not flammable.
PLUTONISM - all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place
below the Earth’s surface
INTRUSION - when magma moves up into a volcano without
erupting
VOLCANISM - All geological phenomena that occurs on the natural
terrestrial surface
EXTRUSION - Eruption of magmatic material that causes land
formation
LESSON: METAMORPHISM
METAMORPHISM –
REGIONAL METAMORPHISM -
 greater depth of burial is the cause of high temperature
and pressure in regional metamorphism
FOLIATION / FOLIATES - related to pressure in producing
metamorphic rocks
 process exhibited by parallel alignment of mica in a
metamorphic rock
slate have a layered or banded appearance that is
produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure
 shale-slate-phyllite (lowest to highest grade metamorphic
rocks)
CONTACT METAMORPHISM - where surrounding rocks are
exposed to heat coming from magma intrusion
NON-FOLIATION / NON-FOLIATES -
 forms foliated metamorphic rocks (Gneiss & Schist) due to
high temperature and pressure
LESSON: ROCKS BEHAVIOR UNDER STRESS
TECTONIC PLATES - explains how major landforms are created as
a result of Earth's subterranean movements
 made up of oceanic crust and continental
crust
TENSIONAL STRESS - causes rocks to be pulled apart that result
to lengthening and break apart (fracture)
 occurs at divergent boundary
COMPRESSIONAL STRESS - causes rocks to fold or fracture. It
squeezes rocks together.
 occurs at convergent boundary
FOLD - formed when rocks experienced compressive stress and
deformed plastically
ANTICLINE - fold that arches upward
SYNCLINE - fold that bends downward
MONOCLINE - simple bend in the rock layers
SHEAR STRESS - when forces slide pass each other in opposite
direction which results to slippage and translation
 occurs at transform boundary
FAULT - rock under ample stress can crack, or fracture
NORMAL FAULT - most common faults at divergent boundaries
(East African Rift)
REVERSE FAULT- most common at the convergent boundaries
(Himalayas Mountain)
STRIKE SLIP FAULT - formed when the walls move sideways (San
Andreas)
Sea Trench: when two continent plates; two oceanic plates
meet.
LESSON: SEAFLOOR SPREADING
HARRY HESS - explained how the convection currents in the Earth’s
interior make the seafloor spread
OCEANIC CRUST - The nearer the ocean floor to the oceanic ridge,
the younger it is compared to the ones farther from the ridge.
 when molten material cool and form strip of
solid rocks in the center of the ridge.
SONAR - device that bounces sound waves off
underwater objects then record the echoes of these sound waves
MAGNETOMETERS - attached to ships scientists discovered a lot
about the magnetic properties of the seafloor
Three Evidence That Support The Idea That Seafloor
1. Evidence from magnetic strip
2. Evidence from drilling sample
3. Evidence from molten materials
 many people believed that the ocean floor was a completely a
flat surface
 shrimp, crabs and other organisms can be found in deep ocean
floor
Sequence of Seafloor Spreading
1. Magma moves up from the mantle and erupt as pillow lava
2. This forms new oceanic crust at the ridges
3. Then the new oceanic crust forms, it pushes the older crust
aside
4. This crust eventually subducts at the deep ocean trenches
and melt back into the mantle