J.M.J.

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LAPAR, Jylou P. April 26, 2023
CE – 2 BES220A HW11
Bro. Cristino M. Sta. Ana, FMS F4

1. Research on:

A. Characteristics Of Major Mountain Belts:

(1) size and alignment

- Major mountain belts are very long compared to their width. Mountain belts
typically are thousands of kilometers long and hundreds of kilometers across and
parallel continental coastlines. The distribution of the volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters, and major mountain belts are distributed in close proximity of the
borders of the tectonic plates. Most of the active volcanoes nowadays are found
at the so called `` Ring of Fire '' which is practically the border of the Pacific
Tectonic Plate. major mountain belts tend to be very long relative to their width
and tend to be aligned parallel to other ranges in the belts.

https://brainly.in/question/26409335#:~:text=The%20distribution%20of%20the
%20volcanoes,of%20the%20Pacific%20Tectonic%20Plate.

(2) ages of mountain belts & Continents

- Although individual ranges within a mountain belt may vary considerably in
height, major mountain belts with higher mountain ranges tend to be geologically
younger than those where mountains are lower.

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geology/mountain-building/how-mountains-
form#:~:text=In%20general%2C%20it%20takes%20hundreds,and%20uplift%2Fblock
%E2%80%90faulting.
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(3) Thickness of rock layers

- Beneath the continental regions, the average thickness is about 35 kilometres,
but it can reach 60 or 70 kilometres beneath high mountain ranges and plateaus.

https://www.britannica.com/science/mountain-landform/Tectonic-processes-that-create-
and-destroy-mountain-belts-and-their-components#:~:text=Beneath%20the
%20continental%20regions%2C%20the,high%20mountain%20ranges%20and
%20plateaus.

(4) patterns of folding and faulting

- Folds will be open in those parts of a mountain belt where deformation was not
very intense. Tighter folds indicate greater deformation. Large overturned and
recumbent folds may be exposed in more intensely deformed portions of
mountain belts. Reverse faults are common, particularly in the intensely folded
regions. Especially noteworthy are the fold and thrust belts found in many
mountainous regions. These are characterized by large thrust faults (reverse
faults at a low angle to horizontal), stacked one upon another; the intervening
rock usually was folded while it was being transported during faulting.

https://archive.org/stream/
Physical_Geology_15th_Edition_by_Diane_H._Carlson_Charles_C._Plummer_Lisa
_Hammer/
Physical_Geology_15th_Edition_by_Diane_H._Carlson_Charles_C._Plummer_Lisa
_Hammersley_djvu.txt

(5) metamorphism & plutonism

- A complex of regional metamorphic and plutonic rock is generally found in the
mountain ranges of the most intensely deformed portions of major mountain
belts. Most of the metamorphic rocks were originally sedimentary and volcanic
 rocks that had been deeply buried and subjected to intense stress and high
temperature during an orogeny.

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https://archive.org/stream/
Physical_Geology_15th_Edition_by_Diane_H._Carlson_Charles_C._Plummer_Lisa_Ha
mmer/
Physical_Geology_15th_Edition_by_Diane_H._Carlson_Charles_C._Plummer_Lisa_Ha
mmersley_djvu.txt

B. Endogenic processes: (1) partial melting (2) two mechanism of melting (3)
intrusion and extrusion (4) plutonism and volcanism

- Endogenic or the internal origin processes are driven by the internal heat of the
Earth, which in turn results from the radioactive decay of elements deep beneath
the surface. This heat bubbles upward providing a huge driving force that bends,
cracks, lifts, and moves Earth's rigid outer layer. Endogenic processes are
responsible for shaping the earth's relief and the formation of important mineral
resources. They are important to maintaining the Earth's crust's unique structure.

https://prepp.in/news/e-492-ncert-notes-for-upsc-ias-exam-endogenic-processes
 (1) Partial melting
- Partial melting is the transformation of some fraction of the mass of a solid rock
into a liquid as a result of decompression, heat input, or addition of a flux. The
resulting liquid is called magma and becomes lava if it erupts from a volcano.
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https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_218-1#:~:text=Partial
%20melting%20is%20the%20transformation,it%20erupts%20from%20a
%20volcano.

(2) Two mechanism of melting

- Decompression melting takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held at
approximately the same temperature but the pressure is reduced. This happens
because the rock is being moved toward the surface, either at a mantle plume
(a.k.a., hot spot), or in the upwelling part of a mantle convection cell. If a rock
that is hot enough to be close to its melting point is moved toward the surface,
the pressure is reduced, and the rock can pass to the liquid side of its melting
curve. At this point, partial melting starts to take place.

- Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or
carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature is reduced and
partial melting starts

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/golden-gate-colleges/education/
rev01-q2-notes/40924872

(3) intrusion and extrusion

- Magma escaped in two forms: intrusion and extrusion. An intrusion is magma
that moves up into a volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes the
volcano grows on the inside. What is meant by the intrusion of magma is the
inclusion of the rock layers forming the earth's crust (magma does not get out).
- an extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on
the surface of the Earth. Magma extrusion causes the formation of volcanoes
when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the earth's

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- crust. Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called the eruption.
Magma that came to the surface of the earth is called lava.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/golden-gate-colleges/education/
rev01-q2-notes/40924872

(4) Plutonism and Volcanism

- Plutonism refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below
the Earth's surface. In cases where magma infiltrates the Earth's crust but fails
to make it to the surface, the process of magma differentiation gives birth to ideal
conditions for metallogenesis and that is a kind of Plutonism.

- Volcanism is used to describe all geological phenomena that occur on the

natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes and hot springs. It
refers to all sorts of geological actigities correlated with the flow and
transportation of igneous material from the planet's interior towards the natural
terrestrial surface.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/golden-gate-colleges/education/
rev01-q2-notes/40924872
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SIGNIFICANT WORDS:
MOUNTAIN BELTS a group of mountain ranges with similarity
in form, structure, and alignment that have
arisen from the same cause
COASTLINE The coastline is a line that is considered
the boundary between sea and land.
Waves, tides, and currents help create
coastlines.
EPICENTER the part of the earth's surface directly
above the starting point of an earthquake.
PLATEAU A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that
rises sharply above the surrounding area
on at least one side.
METAMORPHISM Metamorphism is a process of mineral
assemblage and texture variation that
results from the physical-chemical
changes of solid rocks, caused by factors
such as crust movement, magma activity,
or thermal fluid change in the earth.
PLUTONISM Plutonism is the geologic theory that the
igneous rocks forming the Earth originated
from intrusive magmatic activity, with a
continuing gradual process of weathering
and erosion
ENDOGENIC formed or occurring beneath the surface of
the earth.
INTRUSION An intrusion is any body of intrusive
igneous rock, formed from magma that
cools and solidifies within the crust of the
planet
EXTRUSION consists of extrusive rock, formed above
the surface of the crust.