La parte de imagen con el identificador de relación rId2 no se encontró en el archivo.

Sedimentología Carbonatada
aplicada a la exploración
minera

Dr Juan Pablo Navarro Ramírez

juanpablonavarro.calizas@gmail.com
Lauricocha, Peru
 Current
value 360
ppm

After Martín-Chivelet (2010)

[2]
http://www.skepticalscience.com/weathering.html

Berner (1998)
[3]
Berner (2006)
[4]
 Extinctions versus CO₂

OAEs

<
Atmospheric CO₂ (ppm)

Millions
Age (MaofBP)
years After Glikson (2010)
[5]
Kidder and Worsley (2010)
[6]
 OAEs carbon cycle perturbations

Warming CO₂

Stratified Plankton
Metal
ocean production
micronutrients

Decaying
Organic matter

Anoxia
Caribbean eruptions

Bralower (2008)
[7]
 Tethyan carbonate platform versus OAEs:

Valanginian Aptian

Oligotrophic mesotrophic eutrophic platform

assemblages communities conditions drowning
corals, stromatoporids, crinoids, bryozoans,
coralline algae, ooids, bivalves, brachiopods,

increased continental weathering rates

changes in δ13C records

intensified greenhouse climatic conditions

After Weissert et al. (1998) [ 8 ]

Aptian

Hay and Flögel (2012)

[9]
Albian

Hay and Flögel (2012)

[ 10 ]
Cenomanian

Hay and Flögel (2012))

[ 11 ]
The north Atlantic nutrient trap

Trabucho-Alexandre et al. (2010)

[ 12 ]
 OAE2
MCE1

OAE1d

OAE1c

OAE1b

OAE1a

After Herrle et al. (2015) [ 13 ]

 Why is it important to study the mid-Cretaceous
records from Peru?

Studies dealing with mid-Cretaceous shallow-marine carbonate deposits in South

America is limited.
After Blakey (2011)
[ 14 ]
 A´
Cajamarca

Oyon

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015)

[ 15 ]
 Albian – Turonian
Formations

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015)

[ 16 ]
 Outcrops location in the Cajamarca Region

Huameripashga

Piedra Parada

Quebrada Chinchin
Pulluicana

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015)

[ 17 ]
Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory

Kilian major change from siliciclastic-dominated to carbonate

sedimentation
[ 18 ]
Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory

demise of neritic
middle Albian carbonate production

lower Albian 1m

Leenhardt
O
demise of neritic carbonate production
A
E
1
Paquier
b incipient platform drowning
Kilian major change from siliciclastic-dominated to carbonate
sedimentation
[ 19 ]
Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory
oyster
bioherms

OAE1d Enhanced
carbonate
deposition

OAE1c platform drowning and condensed sedimentation

Leenhardt
O
incipient platform drowning
A
E
1
Paquier
b incipient platform drowning
Kilian major change from siliciclastic-dominated to carbonate
sedimentation
[ 20 ]
Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory

OAE2

lower Turonian

OAE2

1.7 m

reduced heterozoan Incipient

carbonate carbonate carbonate
production production drowning

MCE1 increased siliciclastic influx and an overall reduced

carbonate production

[ 21 ]
Sedimentological outcome

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015)

[ 22 ]
Facies code

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015)

[ 23 ]
 Cajamarca composite section

87Sr/86Sr = 0.707435± 7x10-6

87Sr/86Sr = 0.707380± 6x10-6

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2016)

[ 24 ]
Cajamarca composite section Tethyan composite section
(after Navarro-Ramirez et al., 2016) (after Herrle et al., 2015 )

OAE2

MCE1

OAE1d

OAE1c
Leenhar
dt
OAE1b Paquier
Kilian

[ 25 ]
Gangl et al. (2019)
[ 26 ]
 Outcrops location in the Oyon region
Lauricocha
(Central Peru)

Uchucchacua

[ 27 ]
Cross section of the Jumasha Fm in the Uchucchacua área, Laguna de Paton

Ji= lower Jumasha Fm

Jm=mid Jumasha Fm

Romani (1982)
Uchucchacua section

100m

Lauricocha section

lower
upper Turonian
middle Cenomanian
Cenomanian

25m 25m

[ 29 ]
Upper
Jumasha

Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 30 ]
Lower
Jumasha

[ 31 ]
Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 32 ]
Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 33 ]
Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

Perouvianella peruviana (Steinmann) from central Peru Jumasha 4.

Consorti et al (2018)

[ 34 ]
Upper
Jumasha

Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 35 ]
Correlation between Cajamarca and Uchucchacua sections, and with the Tethyan section, showing geochemistry
data
[ 36 ]
 Mesotrophic communities

Mesotrophic communities

Correlation between Cajamarca and Uchucchacua sections, which are characterized by mesotrophic
assemblages
[ 37 ]
 [ 38 ]

Correlation between Cajamarca, Uchucchacua and Lauricocha sections, showing geochemestry data and
OAEs
 M
Eutro.

M
Mesotrophic

Oligotrophic assemblages
Oligotrophic assemblages
Mesotrophic

[ 39 ]

In this correlation, the central Peru sections are characterized by oligotrophic assemblages
Upper
Jumasha

Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha
[ 40 ]
 Mesotrophic E O

Mesotrophic Oligotrophic Meso

Zn (ppm)

Al2O3_pct Al2O3_pct
Al2SiO

SiO2_pct
O3 (wt%)
2_pct

Ju-m Ju-sup Cel

ProExplo Alberto Paz (2015)
 Mesotrophic setting

[ 42 ] [ 42 ]
[ 42 ]
Mesotrophic

Oligotrophic

[ 43 ]

[ 43 ]
Mesotrophic

Turonian-Conician [ 44 ]

[ 44 ]
Fm Ferrobamba, Cotabambas

(Carlotto et al., 2016)

[ 45 ]
Sillitoe (2010)

[ 46 ]
 Matrix and grains

Subdivision of carbonate sedimentary rocks, After Dunham (1962)

Carbonate rocks consist of component particles and maybe some lime mud matrix and cement. The
skeletal and nonskeletal particles, along with mud and cement, hold an enormous amount of
information about the depositional and diagenetic environments that produced the reservoir rock!
[ 47 ]
 Porosity vs. Permeability

It is emphasized that grainstones are really good in terms of

permeability! [ 48 ]
Karst Formation

Eutrophic setting

Mesotrophic
communities

Oligotrophic
assemblages

Waltham et al., 2005 [ 49 ]

Oligotrophic assemblages Mesotrophic communities

Carbonate porosity includes three end - member genetic

categories: purely depositional pores, purely diagenetic pores, and
purely fracture pores.
[ 50 ]
The diagenetic processes affecting to carbonate units.

[ 51 ]
Typical cements found in carbonate units.

[ 52 ]
Usually there is in humid climate great secondary porosity formation!

[ 53 ]
Humid climate creates interesting permeability than more arid conditions! [ 54 ]
SEM micrograph of the oolitic reservoir rock at
North Haynesville Field showing the relatively
undeformed and uncemented oolites. This pore
system is a good example of depositional,
intergranular porosity. The average diameter of
these ooids is about 1 mm. (Photo in Ahr and Hull (
1983)
Photomicrograph of ooids and peloids with
meniscus cement typical of the vadose
diagenetic environment in a Holocene eolianite
from Cancun, Mexico. Note that the meniscus
cement occurs only at grain contacts. The grains
[ 55 ]
are 1.5 mm in diameter
Karst facies and associated log signatures in
the Gulf 000-1 TXL well, northeast Emma
Ellenburger field.
The oligotrophic limestones form karst
structures, enhancing permeability and porosity.
This feature improves the reservoir of the
carbonate formation!

Reservoir porosity and permeability are variables

that depend on fundamental rock properties.

Kerans (1988), [ 56 ]
Diagenetic Evolution of the Jurassic Smackover Thrombolite and
Grainstone Units, Little Cedar Creek Field, Alabama

Units 1 through 5 are the (1) microbial mats, (2) microbial thrombolite, (3) mudstone to
peloid-oncoid packstone, (4) ooid-oncoid-peloid grainstone to packstone, and (5)
peloidal mudstone to wackestone facies. Core photos of lithologies in well 19. The
location of the samples in the core is shown on the column. [ 57 ]
Tonietto and Pope (2013)
Stratigraphic cross sections of the Smackover Formation showing field-wide extent of depositional facies.
(A) Strike cross section A–A′ oriented southwest to northeast. (B and C) Dip cross sections B–B′ and
C–C′ oriented northwest to southeast [ 58 ]
Tonietto and Pope (2013)
 Tonietto and Pope (2013)
Thrombolite facies (2.5 cm ∅). (A and B) Microbial thrombolite.
Peloids are being rimmed by calcite cement. Porosity, 21%; and
permeability, 2.5 darcys. (C and D) . Original peloidal texture was
intensely dolomitized. Porosity, 21%; and permeability, 370 md. (E
and F) Microbial thrombolite extensively cemented by coarse
mosaic and blocky calcite. Porosity, 1%; and permeability, <1 md.
Ooid oncoid-peloid reservoir facies from 1 in (2.54 cm ∅): (A and B)
Ooid grainstone with fringing calcite cement. Porosity, 20%; and
permeability, 6 md. (C and D) Ooid grainstone with oomoldic
porosity. Porosity, 30%; and permeability, 0.7 md. (E and F)
peloidoncoid grainstone with bioclasts. Porosity, 3%; and [ 59 ]
Tonietto and Pope (2013)
permeability, 1.6 md.
Photomicrographs of the microbial
thrombolite facies. (A) Microbial peloids
with fibrous calcite rims and blocky
calcite partially cementing the pore
space.
(B) Intensely dolomitized microbial
thrombolite.
(C) Microbial thrombolite extensively
cemented by mosaic calcite. Vuggy
porosity
created by late burial dissolution.
CF, bladed to drusy calcite fringe
cement;
MC, fine mosaic calcite cement;
BC, blocky calcite cement;
D, dolomite; and Vug, vuggy pore type.

Photomicrographs illustrating degrees of diagenetic

change in the ooid-oncoid-peloid grainstone,
gradually increasing in intensity from A to C.
(A) Partially dissolved ooids rimmed by bladed to
drusy fringing calcite cement.
(B) Oomoldic grainstone with intergranular porosity
mostly occluded by bladed to drusy fringing
cement and fine mosaic calcite.
(C) Oomoldic grainstone with intergranular porosity
completely filled by coarse, mosaic calcite.
CF, bladed to drusy calcite fringe cement;
OOM, oomoldic porosity;
MC, fine mosaic calcite cement.
[ 60 ]
Tonietto and Pope (2013)
Examples of isofacies where is indicated the development of thicker beds.

A Isopach map of microbial A A

thrombolite facies in LCCF.

B B

B Isopach map of ooid-oncoid-

peloid facies in LCCF

Microbial thrombolite Microbial thrombolite

reservoir facies in LCCF:
(A) Areal variation in
dolomite content and (B)
variation in cement (calcite
and dolomite).
reservoir facies in LCCF:
(A) Map of average porosity
of the microbial and (B) Map
of the average permeability.
Tonietto and Pope (2013) [ 61 ]
CAWOOD &. BOND (2019)
[ 62 ]
CAWOOD &. BOND (2019)
[ 63 ]
 [ 64 ]
CAWOOD &. BOND (2019)
Miocene-early Pliocene Belt of the Central Andes

Andes
One of the great
oceanic-continent
collisional orogen
Modern cycle began in
Triassic
Initial extending arc and
marine basin
Opening of Atlantic
started westward drift
Contractional orogen
since Late K
Peru in a magmatic
segment since l.
Miocene
Peru major polymetallic
belt
Tosdal (2011)
 Skarn Antamina
• Cu-Zn skarn core through marble- Antamina
hornfels aureole to limestone
• Formed over top of hnbd-bt-plag
phyric porphyry
• Weak porphyry Cu-Mo core
• Mineral in skarn, endo- and
exoskarn.

Tosdal (2011)
Mrozek et al., 2015

[ 67 ]
Mrozek et al., 2017

Mrozek et al., 2015

[ 68 ]
Mrozek et al., 2015

[ 69 ]
Cross section through Antamina

Tosdal (2011)
 Emplaced in core of lateral ramp anticline

La parte de imagen con el identificador de relación rId16 no se encontró en el archivo.

Sprachwissenschaftliches
Institut
Tosdal (2011)

Inferred stratigraphic column in the mine area compared
with that for the Jumasha and Celendín Formations.
Love et al (2004)
The two distinct host rock types of the Antamina skarn system: an upper
sequence of thin-bedded, silty limestones, here largely converted to calc-
hornfelses, assigned to the Celendín Formation (Ce), and a lower
sequence of thick-bedded, relatively pure limestones that form marbles,
interpreted as the Jumasha Formation. [ 72 ]
Love et al (2004)

[ 73 ]
 Fluid escape features extend upward beyond thermal aureole
Bleaching and alteration hornfles limited to thermal aureole
Tosdal (2011)
Antamina-Fortuna
Bleaching of limestone at depth near stock

Tosdal (2011)
 Bleaching can extend up to 1 km from deposit
Localized along permeability (stratigraphy or fracture/fault mesh)

Tosdal
Fortuna – Transect 6
Distal veins

Mn rich calcite veins

-
Fortuna – Transect 5

Tosdal (2011) Fortuna East – transect 15

Orange brown carbonate veins

Transect 3

Quartz + py ± calcite Orange brown carbonate veins

Fractured controlled green hornfels
 Chemistry of calcite veins

Tosdal (2011)

UVF in calcite from Antamina.

A. Red fluorescence of the endoskarn associated with the Taco porphyry. Quartz veins do not fluoresce.
B. Intense ORF of calcite + quartz + phlogopitic biotite + K-spar +sulfide veins in the endoskarn associated with the base of Oscarina
dike.
C. ORF of calcite + fluorite + sulfide in quartz feldspar porphyry dike at Quarry Bench.
D. ORF along sulfide vein in coarse-grained white marble at Antamina West.
E. Moderate ORF of a late Mn-rich calcite ± sulfide vein invading a non-fluorescent dolomite vein north ofEscalante
Fortuna. (2008) [ 78 ]
Synthesis of distal alteration to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit.

[ 79 ]
Escalante (2008)
 Yauricocha District
Two mineralized systems along margin of late
Miocene composite stock
•Mina Central (main deposit) - CRD
•Cachi Cachi - skarn deposit Cachi Cachi

Hosted in clean limestone of the Cretaceous

Jumasha Formation
Sulfide ore bodies developed over 700 m vertical
extent. Other prospects - Purisima Concepcion,
low-grade porphyry Cu, enargite-quartz veins, Au
Mina Central
enriched zone
Zone A: Inner and adjacent to stock -
Cachi Cachi --Bleached marble
Mina Central -- Mn-flooding of marble
Purisima
Zone B: Intermediate Concepcion
Cachi Cachi -- Bedding controlled
bleaching
Mina Central - Grey marble with
carbonate veins
Zone C: Fresh limestone with some areas of
Tosdal (2011)
bleached limestone
Mina Central, Yauricocha

Tosdal (2011)
Cachi Cachi, Yauricocha
 Lateral elemental dispersion
Element distribution
Systematic element changes largely in veins and
locally in rocks across the 3 zones defined by
thermal metamorphism, alteration, and rock
compositions

• Wall rocks present elemental halo

Zn±As±Mn±Pb±Sb±Tl ±Au

• Zn: enriched nearest intrusion

• Mn: strong dispersion halo on distal

fringes

• Veins present comparable elemental halo than

wall rocks, but much more systematic

•Sb, Tl, As accompanies base metals in veins, and

increase in concentration with distance from
massive sulfide
Cachi Cachi
(Jurado, 2006)
 [ 84 ]
Jurado (2006)
 Alteration zoning at Cachi Cachi

Zone A : Pervasive limestone bleaching (0 to 150m away from intrusive contact)

Zone B: Limestone bleaching controlled by stratigraphy: stripped outcrop appearance
(100 to 450m)
Zone C : Discontinuous regional limestone bleaching controlled by bedding (250 to
800m)

Tosdal (2011)
Tosdal (2011)
 Mina Central
Orange-brown Alteration zone best defined
carbonate vns by abundance of Mn,
bleaching of marble, and
orange brown carbonate
veinlets
Mn-oxide diminishes away
Mn oxide
from sulfide
Orange-brown carbonate is
pervasive and extends >400
lateral

Tosdal (2011)
 Ore adjacent to near vertical contact between
stock and Jumasha limesone

• Ore bodies zoned from Cu (enargite)

cores to Pb-Zn fringe
• Extends over 700 m vertical
• Changes in sphalerite composition
with depth

Exito / Yauricocha stock

Replacement -
Tosdal (2011)
underground
Irregular bleaching
La parte de imagen con el identificador de relación rId16 no se encontró en el archivo.

Sprachwissenschaftliches
Institut
Tosdal (2011)
 Vein types
Type 1 - Calc-silicate
a. Garnet
b. Wollastonite
c. Calc-silicate

Cachi Cachi, Yauricocha

Type 1a: Garnet pods

High-temperature veins near to

magmatic source

Type 1b: Wollastonite network

Tosdal (2011)
 Vein types
a. Orange-brown carbonate ±
calcite±quartz±pyrite
b. Orange-brown
carbonate±calcite±quartz±pyrite±Mn
oxides

Type 2

500 m above and lateral from

Antamina

400 m from Mina

Central, Yauicocha

Tosdal (2011)
 Distinct orange carbonate veins surround virtually all deposits.
 colour reflects weathering of sulfide
 elevated Mn, base metals, +/- Ag, +/- low temperature elements (As, Hg, Sb, Tl)
at shallow levels
 follow permeability structure
 connect mineralized zones
 form halos to mineralization

Tosdal (2011)
 Mina Central - Mn

enriched in zone A & moderate

in zone B

weak in vein-type 1, enriched:

vein-types 2 & 3

La parte de imagen con el identificador de relación rId16 no se encontró en el archivo.

Sprachwissenschaftliches
Institut
Tosdal (2011)
 Mina Central - Sb

weak in zone A & moderate

in zone B

weak in vein-type 1, strong in vein

types 2 & 3

La parte de imagen con el identificador de relación rId16 no se encontró en el archivo.

Sprachwissenschaftliches
Institut
Tosdal (2011)
 Cachi Cachi - Zn

enriched in zones A & B

enriched in vein-types 1, 2 & 3

Tosdal (2011)
 Cachi Cachi - As

enriched in zone B

enriched in vein-types 1, 2 & 3,

wk in 4

Tosdal (2011)
Cerro de Pasco

[ 98 ]
 Large shallow Cordilleran Base Metal
Lode

Cerro de Pasco
• Associated with Miocene diatreme
complex emplaced along fault
• Early quartz-pyrite and enargite
pyrite veins
• Fe-rich sphalerite-galena
• Distal and late Fe-poor sphalerite-
galena
• Sulfide replace Pucara Group
limestone

Baumgartner et al., 2003

3 Visual Alteration Zones Jasperoid bodies within dolomitized
• Inner Dolomitized Limestone zone

• Intermediate White Marble Sulfide-bearing carbonate veins in

“fresh’ limestone
• “fresh” Pucara Limestone
Dolomitization around Cordilleran base metal lodes

Sr depletion accompanies dolomitization

 Jasperoid

Replacement of dolomitized limestone by silica

Accompanied by anomalous low temperature suite - As, Hg, Sb, Tl, Li, and
perhaps Cs
 Marls characterized by dolomite halos and jasperoid

Cerro de Pasco - Irregular jasperoid in dolomitized limestone about 500 m from ore body;
“fresh” limestone is behind the dark jasperoid body
A B

En las zonas proximales al sistema de Cerro de Pasco, las

facies barrera 3a, se encuentran cortadas por vetas E-W y
están reemplazada por fuerte dolomitización. Estos niveles
forman colapsos y rellenos karsticos, donde la matriz se
compoene de oxidos de Fe, Mn, Zn.
 Shallow Cordilleran
base metal lodes

Sr removal accompanied recrystallization of

host limestone to dolomitic limestone
Sr depletion potential to discriminate
hydrothermal dolomite from diagenetic dolomite

Cerro de Pasco (Bissig et al,

unpublished)
 Jasperoid in shallow cordilleran base
metal lodes

Jasperoid - replaces dolomitized

limestone accompanied by As, Sb, Hg,
Tl and maybe Cs
Can distinguish hydrothermal from
diagenetic silica replacement
Mapa isópaco del Grupo Pucará y sus principales depósitos hospedados.

Depósitos cordilleranos investigados durante

el presente curso:

Atacocha

El Porvenir

Cerro de Pasco
 The Pucara Basin

Tectonostratigraphic column for the Pucará Basin.

the Mitu rift system and postrift Pucará shown in
relationship to the overall late Paleozoic–
early Mesozoic history of basin evolution.

Rosas et al., (2007)

[ 108 ]
The Pucara Group

Rosas et al., (2007)

[ 109 ]
 The sedimentology system determined for the Chambará Formation

Carbonate Platforms
• Sediment is produced mainly by biological and chemical processes in situ; •Grain size is not necessarily
related to the amount and/or type of transport;
• Sediments are commonly both cemented and dissolved in situ; much carbonate mud is produced through
bio-erosion;
• Precipitation and dissolution of different types of calcite has varied through geological time; and most
shallow-water carbonates are deposited in warm shallow water near the equator.
Source: mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/.../carbonate.html
[ 110 ]
 El sistema sedimentario de la Fm Chambará es interpretado como un ambiente
de plataforma tipo barrera.

Representación del sistema sedimentario de la Fm Chambará y la distribución de sus ambientes sedimentarios con sus
respectivas asociaciones de facies sedimentareas (1a, 1b, … 5a). Se indica que las mejores facies reservorios corresponde a
las facies barrera (3a-3c) y las facies laguranes como sello (2a-2c).
[ 111 ]
 Las Facies 3a-c hospedan la principal
mineralización en la parte central de Perú,
mientras que las facies lagunares actuan como
sello (después de Rosas, 1994)

[ 112 ]
 Las facies sedimentarias reconocidas en los alrededores de Cerro de Pasco.
The Pucara Group
A B C D

A: Un agregado de oolitos, indicando bajo a moderado cambios

en los niveles de energía de agua, formado aledaños a los
bancos de oolitos (Facies 3c).
B: Oolitos formados en aguas someras, los cuales son
regularmente agitadas por olas y corrientes por largos
periodos de tiempo, su abundancia depende del bajo contenido
de aporte de material siliciclástico, dados en climas de
temperaturas altas (Facies 3a)
D: Grainstona oolítica fuertemente chertificada con bioclastos
(Facies 2c) y C: Componentes aglutinados parcialmente
disueltos y cementos de peloides (Facies 2a), después de Rosas
et al., (2007) respectivamente.
[ 113 ]
 Cerro de Pasco: Un depósito cordillerano de metales base
A C

Facies 2a
Facies 3a

Facies 3a

Facies 3a Facies 2a

Facies 2a

Las facies que hospedan a los metales base del depósito de Cerro de Pasco, corresponden como roca reservorio a las facies barrera 3a,
mientras que las facies lagunares sellan el sistema (Facies 2a). A) Las facies 3a se encuentran dolomitizadas, silicificadas, fracturadas y
rellenadas por óxidos y jasperoide en la matriz. B y C) Las facies 3a en las zonas distales del sistema presentan intensa dolomitización.
Atacocha y Porvenir: Reemplazamiento metasomático tipo skarn de Ag, Pb, Zn y Cu.

Atacocha

A´

Porvenir

Los depósitos de Atacocha

y Porvenir se encuentran
alojados en la Fm Chambará,
controlados por la Falla
Atacocha N/S.
A
Atacocha
Fm
Chambará

B
Porvenir B´

Fm
Chambará JOHNSON et al. (1955)
Comportamiento Geológico del cuerpo mineralizado Porvenir

En Porvenir la mineralización más

importante ocurre en forma de cuerpos de
reemplazamiento metasomático de
contacto entre los intrusivos andesíticos-
dacíticos con las calizas de la Fm
Chambará (i.e., relacionada a skarn) y en
una variedad de brechas.

La mineralización consiste de galena y

esfalerita acompañados de pirita, fluorita y
calcita.

En términos de su posición, estos cuerpos

estarían relacionados al exoskarn del
sistema.

Brechas de geometría irregular, originadas

por colapso favorecido por un proceso
kárstico, se componen por fragmentos
angulosos del skarn, menas y caliza,
cementados por arcillas y material molido,
ocurren de forma paralela a los cuerpos
asociados al exoskarn dentro de una caliza
bituminosa y chertosa.

Los fragmentos de esta brecha están

compuestos de esfalerita, galena
subordinada y caliza negra

PALPAN (2018)
Proyecto de integración de los depósitos de Atacocha y Porvenir, permitiendo acceder
a zonas de mineralización de plomo plata-oro con menores costos de minado.

Atacocha

Porvenir

Los depósitos de Atacocha y Porvenir se encuentran alojados en los bancos de facies barrera de la Fm Chambará, que se
encuentran buzando de forma sub vertical y controlados por la Falla Atacocha de orientación N/S. Esto ha permitido la intrusión
de una serie de stocks dacíticos que han originados zonas de skarn y reemplazamiento polimetálica. Milpo (2017)
Uchucchacua veins
Geological map and schematic cross section of the Uchucchacua mining district, showing the distribution of the main stratigraphic units
and the zones of mining explotation. [ 119 ]
Escalante (2008)
SW NE

YUMPAG
Cpo Camila

Kt-c
Ks-c

Ks-js

marker

Ks-jm LEYENDA
Roca Sedimentaria
Fm. Casapalca
Ks-ji ?
Fm. Celendin
Ki-ph/ch Fm. Jumasha Sup.
Marker
0 800m
Ki-g Fm. Jumasha Med.
Fm. Jumasha Inf.
Escala Grafica Fm. Pariahanca-Chulec
JsKi-o Pariatambo
Gr. Goyllarisquizga

Transecta Ucchuchacua-Yumpag,
Ligarda (2015)
Calcite vein fluorescence at Uchucchacua.
A. White, yellow and non-fluorescent veins, Marion vein, 4950 m elevation.
B. White and non-fluorescent calcite bands of the Rosa vein at 4940 m. elevation.
C. Massiv red fluorescence of Rosa vein from 4300 m level.
D. Crustiform calcite with orange red, white and yellow fluorescence. Sample taken 53 m from rosa vein at 4925 m elevation.
E. Orange red fluorescent calcite with brown silicified halos, 4m away from then Rosa vein at the level 4360 m.
F. Poliphase calcite veining showing an early non-fluorescent event followed by successive strong orange red and whit fluorescent
calcite events. Sample taken 32 m from the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. [ 121 ]
Escalante (2008)
 Synthesis of distal alteration to the Rosa vein.
Ore zone Trace element profile represents the wider halos
found at their respective elevations..

[ 123 ]
Escalante (2008)
 MVT?

Simplified view of the

distribution of Peruvian
carbonate rock-hosted
polymetallic deposits and
their relationship to
intrusive and extrusive
igneous complexes
 Far Field alteration controlled
by permeability structure

• Different tracers travel at

different rates and distances
depending upon fluid flux
(e.g. heat, elements,
isotopes, mineral
recrystallization

• Bedding, structural fabric,

dike contacts, etc
• Identification critical step

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Sprachwissenschaftliches
Institut
 Schematic porphyry – lateral expression of the hydrothermal event;

from Kelley et al, 2006

Application of Carbonate sedimentary systems:

Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic

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Sprachwissenschaftliches
Institut