Gosowong gold ore Pongkor gold ore

Cibaliung gold ore

EPITHERMAL GOLD DEPOSIT
STYLE Kerta gold ore

Mega Fatimah Rosana

akultas Teknik Geologi – UNPAD 1

ega.fatimah.rosana@unpad.ac.id
 INTRODUCTION
• Nama : Mega Fatimah Rosana
• Institusi : Fakultas Teknik Geologi – UNPAD
• Jabatan : Dosen – Peneliti
• Email : mega.fatimah.rosana@unpad.ac.id
08112213566 / 08172324211

• Pendidikan :
• S1: Geologi Unpad  Petrologi
• S2 : ITC-TWENTE – Netherlands  Mineral Exploration
• S3 : Hokkaido Univ-Japan  Resources Geology (Economic
Geology)

Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 2

Styles, Characteristics and Geneses
of Epithermal Au Deposit

Mega Fatimah Rosana

Fakultas Teknik Geologi – UNPAD
mega.fatimah.rosana@unpad.ac.id

3
Toka Tidung, 19-20 April 2017
Inhouse Training PT. MSM
hikari gold ore : Au 192 g/t; Ag 167 g/t
Hishikari gold ore : Au 1615 g/t; Ag 969

1. WHAT ARE THE MINERAL

DEPOSITS?

Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 4

 PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 5

Wikipedia
 Relative mobilities of element in an
OXIDIZING environment
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 Relative mobilities of element in an
REDUCING environment
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 Relative mobilities of element in an
ACID environment
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Relative mobilities of element in an
NEUTRAL to ALKALINE environment
Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 9
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS
All the elements derived
from space (except the ones
formed by radioactive
decay)!
Nuclear fusion in the sun
He
Red giant
C, O
Stars larger than red giant
Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca
Explosion of red giant
Elements heavier than Fe
Where is the origin of Sn in Bangka? Neutron star
Au and others

Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 10

oto : Dimas Ardian/Bloomberg

STRUCTURE and COMPOSITION of
the EARTH
Crust 10-40km
Upper crust
Sedimentary rocks,
granite
Mantle 2900km Lower crust
Mafic rocks
Core
Upper mantle
Ultramafic rocks
Lower mantle
Peridotite
Core
Interior structure of the earth
Fe, Ni

Upper Oceanic crust

Continental crust
Lower
Crust and mantle structure around the
Mantle Mantle
Japanese islands
19-20/04/2017
Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 11
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS BY
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Ultramafi Mafic Interm Intermedia Felsic
c ediate te to felsic
SiO2 　 < 45% 45-52% 52–63% 63–69% >69 %
content
Volcanic Komatiit Basalt Andesit Dacite Rhyolite
rocks e e
Plutonic Peridotit Gabbro Diorite Granodiori Granite
rocks e te

Basalt Gabbro Granite

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Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 13
 Bowen’s Reaction Series
Molten- VERY Hot
No solids

First mineral to crystallize out

Molten- Not so hot

100% Solid
 GOLDSCHMIDT CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
• The goldschmidt classification, developed by victor goldschmidt,
is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements
according to their preferred host phases into
• Lithophile (rock-loving),  elements are those that remain on or close to the
surface because they combine readily with oxygen, forming compounds that do not sink
into the core

• Siderophile (iron-loving), elements are the high-density transition metals

which tend to sink into the core because they dissolve readily in iron either as solid
solutions or in the molten state

• Chalcophile (ore-loving or chalcogen-loving),  elements are those that

remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with sulfur and/or some
other chalcogen other than oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the core

• Atmophile (gas-loving) or volatile (the element, or a compound

in which it occurs, is liquid or gaseous at ambient surface
conditions). (also called "volatile elements") are defined as those that remain
mostly on or above the surface because they are, or occur in, liquids and/or gases at
temperatures and pressures found on the surface
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 GOLDSCHMIDT CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
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19-20/04/2017
 MINERAL DEPOSITS
• A mass of naturally occurring mineral material, e.g. metal
ores or nonmetallic minerals, usually of economic value
(Glossary of Geology, fourth edition)

Pb-Zn ore (Toyoha mine, Au ore (Hishikari mine,

Hokkaido, Japan) Kagoshima, Japan)

Foto : Watanabe, 2012 Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 17

 CRUSTAL ABUNDANCE AND ORE
GRADE
Eleme A. Crustal B. Ore (lower Concentratio
nt abundance limit) (ppm) n (B/A)
(ppm)
Cu 55 5,000 90
Pb 13 20,000 1,500
Zn 70 25,000 360
Ni 75 10,000 130
Fe 50,000 250,000 5
Al 81,000 300,000 3.7
Matsuhisa (1989)

18

Pyrite (CuFeS ) 2 Galena (PbS) Sphalerite 　 (ZnS) 19-20/04/2017

Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017
 GENESES OF MINERAL
DEPOSITS=CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS
AND ELEMENTS
Concentration processes
Magmatic fractionation
Hydrothermal processes
Chemical reaction
Rock permeability (fault, joint ）
Weathering
Sedimentation (gravitative
separation)

Foto : Watanabe, 2012 Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017 19

 ORE DEPOSIT, OREBODY AND ORE

• Ore deposit consists of

orebodies of exploitable size Ore deposit
with economic grade.
Orebodies of non-exploitable
size are occurrence, or
showing.
• Orebody is assemblage of ore.
Generally a few tens meter to a
few hundred meters in size. It Orebody
has variable forms such as
vein, mass, breccia, etc.
• Ore is a specimen that contains
specific minerals with economic
grade.
Ore at Hishikari (Au: 12.3kg/t. Ag: 4.28kg/t)
20
Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 19-20/04/2017
 TYPES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

• METALLIC DEPOSITS • NONMETALLIC

• Deposits concentrated
in metal elements such
As Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn,
Zn, Hg, Sb, Mo, W, Fe,
Mn, Ni, Co, U, etc.
• DEPOSITS
Deposits concentrated
in nonmetallic minerals
and rocks such as clay,
mica, fluorite,
asbestos, garnet, jewel
stones, limestone, tuff,
rock aggregates.

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 METALLIC DEPOSITS

Toyoha （ Hokkaido, Japan ） Pb-Zn-Ag deposit

19-20/04/2017 22

Damingshan (China) W deposit

Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 Akeshi （ Kagoshima ） Au deposit
Foto : Watanabe, 2012
 ORE AND GANGUE MINERALS

Ore mineral
The part of an ore, usually Ore mineral: wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4
metallic, which is
economically desirable, as
contrasted with the gangue.
Gangue mineral
The valueless mineral in an
ore; that part of an ore that is
not economically desirable
but cannot be avoided in
mining. It is separated from
the ore minerals during Gangue mineral: quartz SiO2
concentration. 19-20/04/2017 23

Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017

 FORMS OF OREBODY
Form Occurrence Example
Dissemination Ore minerals scattered in host Porphyry Cu
rock
Stockwork Fine veins (<1cm) anastomosing Porphyry Cu
in host rock
Breccia Ore minerals present in the Porphyry Cu
matrix of breccia
Massive A mass composed of ore Massive sulfide
minerals >50%
Tabular Lenticular shape of orebody Sediment-
hosted U
Vein Veins including ore minerals Epithermal
Stratiform Orebody parallel to the bedding Banded iron
plane of the host rock formation
Stratabound Orebody present in a specific Mississippi
stratum of the host rock Valley-type

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OCCURRENCE

Vein (Hishikari Au-Ag, Japan)

Dissemination (Quellaveco porphyry Cu, peru)

Breccia
(Tepeoba
porphyry
Cu ， Turkey)
Epithermal Gold Workshop @ MSM 2017 25
Stockwork (Darrehzereshk porphyry Cu, Iran ） Foto : Watanabe, 201219-20/04/2017
 Occurrence
Massive (El
Rhein
magnetite,
Mauritania
）

Lens (Fe-Mn
orebody,
Iran ）

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Stratiform (M’haoudat banded iron formation, Mauritania ） Foto : Watanabe, 2012

 METAL CONSUMPTION AND
HISTORICAL CHANGE OF CU GRADE IN
THE ORE

Shiga (2003) Mizutani (2003)

27

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 CU CONSUMPTION

Cu consumption per person

Akiyama (2003) Cu consumption per country

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 SUMMARY

Mineral deposits contain economic grades of useful

metals and minerals, and are divided into metallic
and nonmetallic deposits. They have various types
and forms.
Mineral deposits form by concentration of elements
and minerals, which is caused by various geological
processes.
Most of the metals will not be exhausted soon, but
the metal consumption is exponentially increasing
and new discovery and development of the deposits
is extending into sub-economic (marginal)
resources.
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