Adding "-ed" And "-ing" to Verb

Verbs ending with a silent "e"

If the verb ends with an e that isn’t pronounced, then you need to drop this final -e before
adding -ed and -ing:
verb past tense present participle
bake baked baking
smil
smiled smiling
e
 
Verbs ending in -ee, -ye, and -oe (such as free, dye, and tiptoe) do not drop the final -e when
adding -ing:
ver
past tense present participle
b
free freed freeing
dye dyed dyeing
 
Verbs ending with a vowel plus "-l"
If the verb ends with a vowel plus -l (as in travel or equal), then you need to double
the l before adding -ed and -ing in British English:
verb past tense present participle
trave
travelled travelling
l
equal equalled equalling
 
Verbs ending with a single vowel plus a consonant
If the verb ends with a single vowel plus a consonant, and the stress is at the end of the
word, then you need to double the final consonant before adding -ed and –ing:
verb past tense present participle
admi
admitted admitting
t
refer referred referring
 
If the verb ends with a vowel plus a consonant and the stress is not at the end of the word,
you don’t need to double the final consonant when adding -ed and -ing:
verb past tense present participle
targe
targeted targeting
t
visit visited visiting
 
If the verb has only one syllable and ends with a single vowel plus a consonant, then you
need to double the final consonant before adding -ed and -ing:
ver
past tense present participle
b
stop stopped stopping
tap tapped tapping
Verbs ending with two vowels plus a consonant
If the verb ends with two vowels plus a consonant, you should generally not double the
final consonant:
verb past tense present participle
treat treated treating
whee
wheeled wheeling
l
Verbs ending in "-c"
If the verb ends in -c, you need to add a -k before adding -ed and -ing, and also -er.
verb past tense present participle
picnic picnicked picnicking
mimi
mimicked mimicking
c
List of irregular verb
No Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Meaning
1 become became become menjadi
2 begin began begun memulai
3 break broke broken mematahkan
4 bring brought brought membawa
5 build built built membangun
6 buy bought bought membeli
7 choose chose chosen memilih
8 come came come datang
9 cut cut cut memotong
10 draw drew drawn menggambar
11 drive drove driven mengemudi
12 fall fell fallen jatuh
13 feel felt felt merasakan
14 find found found menemukan
15 get got got/gotten mendapatkan
16 give gave given memberikan
17 go went gone pergi
18 grow grew grown tumbuh
19 hear heard heard mendengar
20 hold held held memegang
21 keep kept kept menjaga
22 know knew known mengetahui
23 lead led led memimpin
24 leave left left meninggalkan
25 let let let membiarkan
26 lie lay lain berbaring
27 lose lost lost kehilangan
28 make made made membuat
29 mean meant meant maksud
30 meet met met bertemu
31 pay paid paid membayar
32 put put put menyimpan
33 read read read mambaca
34 rise rose risen terbit, bangkit
35 run ran run lari
36 say said said mengatakan
37 see saw seen melihat
38 send sent sent mengirim
39 set set set mengatur
40 show showed shown menunjukan
41 sit sat sat duduk
42 speak spoke spoken bicara
43 spend spent spent menghabiskan
44 stand stood stood berdiri
45 take took taken mengambil
46 tell told told bilang
47 think thought thought memikirkan
48 understand understood understood memahami
49 wear wore worn memakai
50 write wrote written menulis
 Transactional Interaction Text
Definition
A transactional encounter is one in which you're just going through the motions to get the task or discourse done.
Interaction occurs when two people are engaged in a dialogue or actively participating in the process
Social function
- To share information with other
- To give explanation
Generic structure
Opening – Content - Closing
Language features
- Using present continuous tense.
- Using past continuous tense
- Using future continuous tense

Present Past Future

Function To communicate activities in To communicate activities in progress at To communicate activities in
progress one point of time in the past progress at one point of time in the
future
Formula S+ to be (are, am, is) + V-ing + S+ to be (was, were) + V-ing + O + Adverb S+ will + be + V-ing + O + Adverb
Object + Adverb
Time Now At 05 o clock last night At 05 o clock tonight
signal Right now Past continuous when simple past At the same time tomorrow
At present Past continuous while past continuous
Verb V-ing
Speaking, studying, bitting
Sample I am studying English right He was studying English yesterday We will be studying English
now tomorrow