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Indian women often report premature exhaustion in the lower limb while performing the
Harvard step test (HST) for measurement of physical fitness index (PFI) whereas they can
easily perform the Queen’s college step test (QCT). 155 sedentary females of 19-24 years
were selected for the study from Institute of Dental Sciences, UP, India to evaluate the
applicability of QCT as an alternative of HST. They were divided into study group (n=100)
and confirmatory group (n=55). All subjects performed QCT comfortably but 35 (20 from
study group and 15 from confirmatory group) of them could not properly perform the HST
due to premature fatigue in their legs and therefore these 35 subjects were discarded from
the study. Existence of significant correlation (r =-0.90, P<0.001) between PFI and QCT
heart rate depicted the following prediction norm for PFI from QCT heart rate : Y = 195.06
– 3.09 X (SEE = 3.09). Prediction of PFI by this norm in the confi rmatory group showed
insignificant variation with the directly measured value from the HST. Bland and Altman’s
analysis also indicated that QCT norm predicts the PFI with 95% confi dence interval.
Moreover, QCT is easy to perform and the derived norm from QCT predicted the PFI score
with substantially small standard error of estimate. Therefore, QCT is recommended as
a valid and authentic test for evaluating PFI in young sedentary females of Uttar Pradesh,
India.
relative humidity ranging between 70 and 85 per cent. Table 1 Physical parameters, QCT Heart Rate and PFI score
of the participants.
2.5. Statistical Analysis Category Age Body Body QCT Heart PFI
(Years) Height Mass Rate or QHR
(cm) (kg) (Beats)
Paired t-test, Pearson’s product moment correlation,
linear regression statistics and Bland and Altman Study Group 20.80 158.27 51.43 42.33 64.26
(n = 80) + 2.15 + 2.17 + 3.61 + 1.88 + 6.46
approach for limit of agreement (Bland and Altman
1986) were used for statistical treatment of the data. Confirmatory Group 21.04 159.05 50.82 42.07 63.40
(n = 40) + 2.60 + 2.74 + 4.18 + 2.05 + 5.66
The level of significance was considered at P<0.05. NS NS NS NS NS
variation between the PFI scores obtained from HST Average of PFI value obtained from direct measurement and from the norm
(63.40 + 5.66) and QCT norm (63.47 + 6.33). The Mean of difference
Mean + 2 SD
standard error of estimate (SEE) of the prediction
Figure 1 Plotting of difference between PFI values against
norm (4.87% of the mean PFI score) is substantially their means.
small enough to refl ect the authenticity of the
prediction norm. Bland and Altman’s method for 85
Y = 1.0591 X – 4.6237
limit of agreement approach (Bland and Altman r = 0.947, P<0.001
80
1986) also revealed that the mean difference between
PFI scores obtained from QCT
and QCT have been have been explored further in PFI scores obtained from HST
Proper corrections of step height and hip angle can to be adjusted in case of each and every individual
accommodate a subject to perform a step test more who is performing the test and that deviates from
conveniently and that provides a better estimation of the standard norm of a testing protocol. Moreover,
aerobic capacity (Culpepper and Francis 1987). But, it consumes more time that may pose as a hurdle
the practical problem of such corrections is that it is when the study is being conducted in a large sample.
Ashley, et al., (1997) contradicted that step tests based VO2max of the subject.
on subjects’ stature do not more accurately predict
aerobic capacity than those using a standardized References
bench height. So, it is desirable to recommend one Ashley, C.D., Smith, J.F., & Reneau, P.D. (1997). A modified
specific protocol with a particular step test that can be step test based on subjects’ stature. Percept Mot Skills, 85:
987-993.
acceptable to a particular population. Bandyopadhyay, A. (2007). Queen’s college step test - an
Indian females often fail to complete the HST alter native of Har vard step test in you ng Indian men.
because of premature fatigue in their lower limb International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 19. (in
though they do not reach their cardiorespiratory press)
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D.G. (1986). Statistical method for
exhaustion level. This is due to the higher stool height assessing ag reement bet ween t wo methods of clinical
and faster cadence of HST. It has been reflected in measurements. Lancet, 1: 307-310.
the present study that 35 out of 155 participants failed Chatterjee, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Chatterjee, P., Sen, J.,
to complete the HST because of such premature Mukherjee, P.S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2002). Short term
training induced changes in recovery cardiac cost and physical
fatigue where as all of them could complete the QCT fitness index of smoker and non-smoker university students.
satisfactorily. The similar finding was also observed Indian Journal of Physiology and Allied Sciences, 56: 16-24.
in their male counterparts (Bandyopadhyay 2007). Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, P., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2001).
So, replacement of HST by QCT would be a desirable Enumeration of validity for predicted VO 2 max by Queen
College Step Test in Bengalee boys. Indian Jour nal of
solution as far as measurement of PFI among Indian Physiology and Allied Sciences, 55: 123-127.
females is concerned. Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, P., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2004).
The PFI score obtained in the present study Validity of Queen’s College step test to use with young Indian
corroborates with the previous fi ndings in Indian men. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38: 289-291.
Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, P., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2005).
females (Hasalkar, et al., 2005) but the value is lower Validit y of Queen’s college step test for estimation of
than their male counterparts (Bandyopadhyay 2007). maximum oxygen uptake in female university students.
Paired t-test indicated that the PFI values obtained Indian Journal of Medical Research, 121: 32-35.
from the HST and from the QCT norm, respectively, Culpepper, M.I., & Francis, K.T. (1987). An anatomical model
to determine step hight in step testing for estimating aerobic
exhibited insignificant variation between their means. capacity. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 129: 1-8.
Further analysis of the data by Bland and Altman’s Das, S.K. (1991). A comparative analysis of VO 2 max with
method of limit of agreement approach (Figure 1) Queen College Step Test and Margaria Step Test. Indian
depicted that QCT can be applied to determine the Journal of Physiology and Allied Sciences, 45: 204-206.
Das, S.K., & Bhattacharya, G. (1989). A comparative aspect of
PFI score in young sedentary female population VO2max with predicted forms. Indian Journal of Physiology
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suitable and practicable because (i) it will enable the Das, S.K., & Bhat tachar ya, G. (1995). A compar ison of
participants to complete the step test conveniently cardio-respiratory fi tness in non-athletes and athletes of
easter n India. Indian Jour nal of Physiology and Allied
without any premature fatigue, (ii) measurement of Sciences, 49: 16-23.
only one recovery heart rate will predict the PFI, and Das, S.K., & Mahapatra, S. (1996). Indirect estimation of VO2
(iii) by using the same heart rate subject’s VO2max max as an alternative if direct method. Indian Journal of
can also be predicted by using the following equation Physiology and Allied Sciences, 50: 1-6.
D’A la n zo, K.T., Ma rbach, K., & Vi ncent, L. (20 06). A
(Chatterjee, et al., 2005): comparison of fi eld methods to assess cardiorespiratory
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Rate Nursing, 8: 7-14.
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Hasalkar, S., Shivalli, R., & Biradar, N. (2005). Measures
From the present observation the Queen’s College and physical fi t ness level of the college going st udent.
Step Test or QCT is recommended as a valid test Anthropologist, 7: 185-187.
Sloan, A.W. (1959). A modified Harvard step test for women.
and alternative method of HST to evaluate PFI Journal of Applied Physiology, 14: 985-986.E
by using the currently derived equation in young Wassmer, D.J., & Mukerjee, S. (2002). A descriptive profi le of
sedentary females of Uttar Pradesh, India. Moreover, elite US women’s collegiate filed hockey players. Journal of
application of QCT in the studied population will Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42: 165-171.
Name: 2006.
Amit Bandyopadhyay • Bandyopadhyay A, Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Papadopoulou
SK and Hassapidou M. VO2 max of boys according to obesity
Affiliation: stat us. Jou r nal of Human Movement St udies (U K) 51:
Lecturer, School of Health Sciences 167-180, 2006.
• Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Bandyopadhyay A. Skinfold
thickness, body fat percentage and body mass index in obese
and non-obese Indian boys. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical
Nutrition (Australia) 15: 231-235, 2006.
• Chatterjee S, Mitra SK, Chatterjee P and Bandyopadhyay A.
Address: Pulmonary function in male brick field workers. Biomedicine
School of Health Sciences (PPSK), University Sains Malaysia, (India) 26: 53-59, 2006.
Health Campus 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P and Bandyopadhyay A. Prediction
Brief Biographical History: of maximal oxygen consumption from body mass, height and
Academic Qualification: body surface area in young sedentary subjects. Indian Journal
▲
Obt ai ne d Ba chelor of Scie nce ( B.Sc.) w it h Honou r s i n of Physiology and Pharmacology (India) 50: 181-186, 2006.
Physiolog y and Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Physiolog y • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P and Bandyopadhyay A. Validity of
with specialization in Sports & Exercise Physiology from the Queen’s college step test for estimation of maximum oxygen
University of Calcutta in 1997 and 1999, respectively, securing uptake in young Indian women. Indian Journal of Medical
First Class in both the examinations. Research (India) 121: 32-35, 2005.
Awarded Ph.D. in September 2004 from the University of • C h a t t e r j e e S , C h a t t e r j e e P a n d B a n d yo p a d h y a y A .
Calcutta. Cardiorespiratory fitness of obese boys. Indian Journal of
Research Experience: Physiology and Pharmacology (India) 49: 1-5, 2005.
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Ongoing research career started in January 2000. Dr. Amit • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Mukherjee PS and Bandyopadhyay
Bandyopadhyay has been conducting various short and term and A. Validity of Queen’s college step test for use with young
long term research projects time to time in the field of Sports Indian men. British Journal of Sports Medicine (UK) 38:
and Exercise Physiology. Published twenty five (25) research 289-291, 2004.
papers in the scientifi c journals of national and internatinal • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, De SK and Bandyopadhyay A.
repute. Many abstracts and full papers have been published in Resting blood pressure and peak heart rate of smokers of
the conference proceedings for the oral presentations. Prticipated different age groups. Ergonomics SA (South Africa)16: 36-44,
in conferences and other related scientific programs with invited 2004.
lectures and award winning papers. • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Mukherjee PS and Bandyopadhyay
Awards Received: A. Vertical jump test on school going boys and girls. Indian
▲
Received cash award under the National Scholarship Scheme of Journal of Physiology and Allied Sciences (India) 58: 66-69,
Government of India for the outstanding performance in the B. 2004.
Sc. (Honours) Examination. • Bandyopadhyay A and Chatterjee S. Body composition,
Honoured with prestigious Prof. B. B. Sarkar Memorial Research morphological characteristics and their relationship with
Award in 2001 by The Physiological Society of India. cardiorespiratory fitness. Ergonomics SA (South Africa) 15:
Awarded Dr. Satyaranjan Dasgupta Memorial Prize in 1999. 19-27, 2003.
Teaching Experience: • C h a t t e r je e P, Mu k h e r je e PS a n d B a n d yo p a d hyay A .
▲
Parallel with research, devoted in teaching as Permanent and Assessment of body mass index, percentage of body fat,
Pert-time or Guest Lecturer of General Human Physiology in skinfold and girth measurements in Bengalee School Boys.
undergraduate and postgraduate courses of different Universities Indian Biologist (India) 34: 51-57, 2002.
since December 1999. • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Mukherjee PS and Bandyopadhyay
Currently working as a Lecturer of Exercise Physiology under A. Evaluation and interrelationship of body mass index,
the Spor ts Science Prog ram me (underg raduate and post- percentage of body fat, skinfolds and girth measurements in
graduate) of University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. boys of 10-16 Years. Biomedicine (India), 22: 9-16; 2002.
Hobby: • Chatterjee P, Bandyopadhyay A, Bagri M and Lahiri S.
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Playing Table Tennis, Traveling Physiological adaptation in arid and aquatic sportspersons.
Main Works: Indian Journal of Physiology and Allied Sciences (India) 56:
• Bandyopadhyay A. Anthropometry and body composition in 98-104, 2002.
soccer and volleyball players in West Bengal, India. Journal of • Chatterjee S, Bandyopadhyay A, Chatterjee P, Sen J and
Physiological Anthropology (Japan) 26: 501-505, 2007. Mukherjee PS. Shor t ter m training induced changes in
• Bandyopadhyay A and Bandyopadhyay P. Cardiorespiratory recovery cardiac cost and physical fitness index of smoker and
fitness in college students of Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of non-smoker university students. Indian Journal of Physiology
Exercise Science and Physiotherapy (India) 3: 38-41, 2007. and Allied Sciences (India) 56: 16-24, 2002.
• Bandyopadhyay A, Tripathy S, Kamal RB and Basak AK. • C h a t t e r j e e S , C h a t t e r j e e P a n d B a n d yo p a d h y a y A .
Peak expiratory flow rate in college students of Bareilly in E n u m e r a t i o n of v a l i d i t y f o r p r e d i c t e d VO 2 m a x b y
Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian Biologist (India) 39: 71-75, 2007. Queen’s college step test in Bengalee boys. Indian Journal of
• Bandyopadhyay A, Basak AK, Tripathy S and Bandyopadhyay Physiology and Allied Sciences (India) 55: 123-127, 2001.
P. Peak expiratory flow rate in female brick field workers of • K a m a l R B , Tr i p a t h y S , J a i s w a l G , M i s h r a R a n d
West Bengal, India. Ergonomics SA (South Africa) 18: 22-27, Bandyopadhyay A. Blood level of vitamin C and vitamin E