Global Demography Migration Group 2 ...

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
AND MIGRATION
MEMBERS: CASTILLO,CENIZA, CHO,
CLAVIS, COCA, CODILLA, CURAY
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GLOBAL
01
DEMOGRAPHY
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Objectives
At the end of this lesson , you should be able to:
⬤ Discuss the relationship between population and economic welfare
⬤ Identify the effects of aging and overpopulations; and
⬤ Differentiate between contrasting positions over reproductive health.

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For most, having a child is the symbol of a successful union. It also ensures
that the family will have a successor generation that will continue its name. The
kinship is preserved, and the family’s story continues.
A few, however, worry how much strain a child can bring to the household as
he/she “competes” for the parents’ attention, and , in reverse, humch energy the
family needs to shower its love to an additional member.
Viewed from above, however, having or not having children is mainly driven
by economics.
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RURAL FAMILIES
● View multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments
Example:
- Children can take over the agricultural work.
- Their children’s house can become the “retirement homes” of their parents.
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URBAN FAMILIES
● Urbanized,educated, and professional families with two incomes.
- desire just 1 or 2 progenies because neither has the time to devote to
having a kid, much more to parenting.
- have their sight a long-term saving plans ( retirement, health care and future
education of their children).
● The poor districts of urban centers/families.
- tend to have more children because the success of their “small family
business” depends on how many of their members can be hawking their wares on the
streets.
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Urban families may not have the same kinship network as the
rural families because couples live on their own or because they move
out of the farmlands. Thus, it is usually the basic family unit that is left
to deal with life’s challenges on its own.
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● These differing versions of family life determine the economic and social policies
that countries craft regarding their respective populations.
● Countries in the "less developed regions of the world" that rely on agriculture tend
to maintain high levels of population growth. The 1980 United Nations report on
urban and rural population growth states that "[t]hese areas contained 85 percent of
the world rural population in 1975 and are projected to contain 90 percent by the
end of the 20th century.“
● Since then, global agricultural population has declined. In 2011, it accounted for
over 37 percent of the total world population, compared to the statistics in 1980 in
which rural and urban population percentages were more or less the same.
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• The blog site "Nourishing the Planet," however, noted that even as "the agricultural
population shrunk as a share of total population between 1980 and 2011, it grew
numerically from 2.2 billion to 2.6 billion people during this period.“
• Urban populations have grown, but not necessarily because families are having more
children. It is rather the combination of the natural outcome of significant migration to
the cities by people seeking work in the "more modern" sectors of society.
• This trend has been noticeable since the 1950s, with the pace accelerating in the next
half-a-century. By the start of the 21st century, the world had become “44 percent
urban, while the corresponding figures for developed countries are 52 percent to 75
percent." International migration also plays a part.
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Today, 191 million people live in countries other than their own, and the United
Nations projects that over 2.2 million will move from the developing world to the First
World countries. "Countries welcome immigrants as they offset the debilitating effects
of an aging population, but they are also perceived as threats to the job market
because they compete against citizens for jobs and often have the edge because they
are open to receiving lower wages. Voters' pressure has often constrained their
governments to institute stricter immigration policies.
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THE “PERILS” OF OVERPOPULATION
● Development planners see urbanization and industrialization as indicators of a
developing society, but disagree on the role of population growth or decline in
modernization. This lengthy discussion brings back ideas of British scholar Thomas
Malthus who warned in his 1798 “An Essay on the Principle of Population” that
population growth will inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of the 19th
century. Malthus’ prediction was off base, but it was revived in the late 1960s when
American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne, wrote The Population Bomb,
which argued that overpopulation in the 1970s and the 1980s will bring about global
environmental disasters that would, in turn, lead to food shortage and mass starvation.
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● There were some reasons for this fear to persist. The rate of global population
increase was at its highest between 1955 and 1975 when nations were finally able
to return to normalcy after the devastations wrought by the World War II. The growth
rate rose from 1.8 percent per year from 1955 to 1975, peaking at 2.06 percent
annual growth rate between 1965 and 1970.
● In the mid-20th century, the Philippines, China and India sought to lower birth rates on
the belief that unless controlled, the free expansion of family members would lead to
a crisis in resources, which in turn many result in the widespread poverty, mass
hunger, and political instability. As early as 1958, the American policy journal, Foreign
Affairs, had already advocated “Contraception and Sterilization” as the practical
solutions to global economic, social, and political problems. Advocates of population
control contend for universal access to reproductive technologies (such as condoms,
the pill, abortion, vasectomy) and more importantly giving women the right to choose
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whether to a have children or not.

● Finally, politics determine these “birth control” programs. Developed countries
justify their support for population control in developing countries by depicting
the latter as conservative societies. For instance, population experts blamed
the “irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians for that nation’s run-on population
growth, and the Iranian peasant’s “natural” libidinal tendencies for the same
rise in population. These policy formulations lead to extreme policies like the
forced sterilization of twenty-million “violators” of the Chinese government’s
one-child policy, Vietnam and Mexico also conducted coercive mass
sterilization.
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It’s the economy, not the babies!
 The Neo-Malthusianism , named after the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, refers to the
belief that population control through the use of contraception is essential for the survival
of the earth’s human population. It rests on the observation that resources are limited, and
that that growing populations could rapidly outstrip the provision of resources that means
more pressure on land, food, energy, and a wide variety of other environmental resources.
 Betsy Hartmann, an activist, professor, and author of Reproductive Rights and Wrongs:
The Global Politics of Population Control, disagrees with the advocates of neo-Malthusian
theory and accused governments of using population control as a substitute for social
justice and much-needed reforms – such land distribution, employment creation, provision
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of mass education and health care, and emancipation.

 The growth of the population has in fact aided economic development by
spurring technological and institutional innovation and increasing the supply
of human ingenuity. Advances in agricultural production had prevented the
Neo-Malthusians prediction to happen.
 The “Green Revolution” created high-yielding varieties of rice and cereals,

along with the development of new methods of cultivation that allows
agriculture to keep pace with population growth, keeping the global famine
under control.
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Feminist Perspective
● Feminist approach the issue of reproductive right from another angle. they are
foremost, against any form of population control because they are compulsory by
nature. these factors ignore other equally important causes like the unequal distribution
of wealth, the lack of public safety nets like universal health care , education , and
gender equality programs. Country representatives to that conference agreed that
women should receive family planning counseling on abortion, the danger of sexually
transmitted disease, women's and feminist arguments on reproductive right and
overpopulation are acknowledged, but the struggle to turn them into policy is still
fought at the national level. it is the dilemma that women and feminist movements face
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today.
Food Security
What is food security?
● Food Security is ACCESS to Sufficient, Safe & Nutritious food that meets
Individuals’ Dietary Needs
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Access to food can be denied due to
1. Lack of Availability 2. Inability to Purchase or Obtain Food

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POPULATION GROWTH
 The current world population has reached 7.4 billion and will grow to 9.5 billion in 2050
and 11.2 billion by 2100. The average age of this population is 30.1 years, with the
average age of men being 29.4 years and that of women is 30.9 years.
 Five percent of this population growth will happen in the developing countries, with
demographers predicting that by the middle of this century, several countries will have
tripled their population.
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 The opposite is happening in the developed world where populations remain steady in general,
but declining in some of the most advanced countries (Japan and Singapore). The decline in
fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not be enough to
offset this concern over food security.
 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns that in order for countries to mitigate the
impact of population growth, food production must increase by 70 percent; annual cereal
production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1 billion; and yearly meat production
must go up to 200 million tons to reach 470 million. The problem here is that the global rate of
growth of cereals had declined considerably-from 3.2 percent in 1960 to just 1.5 percent in
2000.
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● If domestic production is not enough, it becomes essential for nations to import. The FAO,
therefore, enjoins governments to keep their markets open, and to eventually “move towards
a global trading system that is fair and competitive, and that contributes to a dependable
market for food.”
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 The FAO recommends that countries increase their investments in agriculture, craft long-
term policies aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in research and development. The UN
body also suggests that countries develop a comprehensive social service program that
includes food assistance, consistent delivery of health services, and education especially
for the poor.
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● The aforementioned are worthy recommendations but nation states shall
need the political will to push through these sweeping changes in population
growth and food security. This will take some time to happen given that good
governance is also a goal that many nations, especially in the developing
world, have yet to attain.
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Conclusion
• Demography is a complex discipine that requires the integration of various social scientific data. As
you have seen, demographic changes and policies have impacts on the environment, politics,
resources, and others. Yet, at its core, demography accounts for the growth and decline of the
human species. It may be about large numbers and massive effects, but it is ultimately about people.
Thus, no interdisciplinary account of globalization is complete without an accounting of people.
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
GLOBAL MIGRATION
02
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Objectives
At the end of this lesson , you should be able to:
⬤ Identify the reasons for the migration of people;
⬤ Explain why states regulate migration; and
⬤ Discuss the effects of global migration on the economic well-being of states.

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 Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Migration can be within a
country or between countries. Migration can be permanent, temporary or seasonal. Migration
happens for a range of reasons. These can be economic, social, political or environmental.
Push and pull factors drive migration. Migration impacts both the place left behind and on the
place where migrants settle. These impacts can be both positive and negative.
 Some people decide to migrate, e.g. someone who moves to another country to improve their
career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, e.g. someone who moves due to
famine or war.
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 Migration is a feature of social and economic life across many countries, but the profile of
migrant populations varies considerably. In part this is because of the variety of sources of
migration. In much of Europe, for example, citizens enjoy extensive rights to free movement. In
Australia, Canada and New Zealand, managed labour migration plays an important role. Other
sources include family and humanitarian migration. Whatever its source, migration has
important impacts on our societies, and these can be controversial. The economic impact of
migration is no exception.
 Many people think of international migration as a one-way move. In reality, many
immigrants move only temporarily. Migration is dynamic. There is increasing evidence of
frequent return migration.
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 Global migration has continued to rise over the past five decades. Between 1960 and 2013, the
global migrant stock increased from 92 million to 232 million people, with much of the increase
driven by migrants from developing to developed countries. However, flows between developing
countries are also large.
 Return migration can have multiple benefits. It allows migrants who have accumulated savings
abroad to ease credit constraints at home and set up a business. Also, emigrants from developing
countries who have invested in their human capital may earn higher wages when they return.
However, whether the home country benefits from return migrants depends on the migrant’s
success in accumulating savings and human capital and on the home country’s ability to make
use of returnees’ skills and investment. To benefit from returnees, home countries need policies
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that encourage returnees’ investment and labor market reintegration.

What is human trafficking?
Human trafficking is a multi-billion-dollar form of international organized crime, constituting

modern-day slavery. Just a commodity. For criminals, victims of trafficking are merely a
commodity that can be used and even sold for financial gain. There is a total disregard for
human dignity and rights.
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Human trafficking include the following:
And force criminal activity such as: theft, drug cultivation,

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and selling counterfeit goods.

• The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation lists human trafficking as the
third largest criminal activity worldwide.
● In 2012, the International Labour Organization (ILO) identified 21 million men, women, and
children as victims of “forced labor,” an appalling three out every 1,000 persons worldwide
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• Ninety percent of the victims (18.7 million) are exploited by private enterprises and
entrepreneurs; 22 percent (4.5 million) are sexually abused; and 68 percent (14.2
million) work under compulsion in agricultural, manufacturing, infrastructure, and
domestic activities.
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Human trafficking has been very profitable, earning syndicates, smugglers,
and corrupt state officials profits of as high as $150 billion a year in 2014.
• Governments, the private sector, and civil have worked together to combat human
trafficking, yet the results. Remain uneven.
• Estimates suggest that, internationally, only about .04% survivors of human trafficking
cases are identified, meaning that the vast majority of cases of human trafficking go
undetected. Assessing the full scope of human trafficking is difficult because so cases
so often go undetected, something the United Nations refers to as “the hidden figure
of crime.
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Integration
 Integration is the act of bringing together smaller components into a single system that functions
as one. Migrant integration is defined as the process by which migrants become accepted into
society, both as individuals and as a group
 Migrants from China, India, and Western Europe often have more success, while those from the
Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa face greater challenges in securing jobs. In
the United States and Singapore, there are blue-collar as well as white-collar Filipino workers
and it is the professional, white-collar workers that have oftentimes been easier to integrate.
 Linguistic difficulties, customs from the “old country”, and, of late, differing religions may create
cleavage between migrants and citizens of receiving countries.
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 The latter accuse migrants of bringing in the culture from their home countries and amplifying
differences in linguistic and ethnic customs. The lack of integration gives xenophobic and anti-
immigrant groups more ammunition to argue that these “new citizens are often not nationals”.
 Governments and private businesses have made policy changes to address integration
problems, like using multiple languages in state documents. Training programs complemented
with counseling have also helped migrant integration in Hamburg, Germany, while retail
merchants in Barcelona have brought in migrant shopkeepers to break down language barriers
while introducing Chinese culture to citizens.
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Conclusion
• Global migration entails the globalization of people. And like the broader globalization process, it
is uneven. Some migrants experience their movement as a liberating process. A highly educated
professional may find moving to another country financially rewarding. At the other end, a victim
of sex trafficking may view the process of migration as dislocating and disempowering.
• Like globalization, moreover, migration produce different and often contradictory responses. On
the other hand, many richer states know that migrant labor will be beneficial for their economies.
With their aging populations, Japan and Germany will need workers from demographically young
countries like the Philippines. Similarly, as working populations in countries like the United States
move to more skilled careers, their economies will require migrants to work jobs that their local
workers are beginning to reject. And yet, despite these benefits, developed countries continue to
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
excessively limit and restrict migrant labor.
Conclusion
• They do so for numerous factors already mentioned. Some want to preserve what they want to
perceive as local culture by shielding it from newcomers. Other states use migrants and
scapegoats, blaming them for economic woes that are, In reality cause by government policy and
not by foreigners.
• Yet, despite these various contradictions, it is clear that different forms of global interdependence
will ensure that global migration will continue to be one of the major issues in the contemporary
world. Countries whose economies have become entirely dependent on globalization and rely on
foreign labor to continue growing will actively court foreign workers. Likewise, countries like the
Philippines with an abundance of labor and a need for remittance will continue to send these
workers.
• Hence, it is inevitable that countries will have to open up again to prevent their economies from
stagnating or even collapsing. The various response to these movements – xenophobia and
extreme nationalism in the receiving countries; dependency in the sending countries will continue
to be pressing issues.
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Thank you!
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GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

⬤ Discuss the relationship between population and economic welfare

⬤ Identify the effects of aging and overpopulations; and

⬤ Differentiate between contrasting positions over reproductive health.

whether to a have children or not.

of mass education and health care, and emancipation.

 The “Green Revolution” created high-yielding varieties of rice and cereals,

1. Lack of Availability 2. Inability to Purchase or Obtain Food

⬤ Identify the reasons for the migration of people;

⬤ Explain why states regulate migration; and

⬤ Discuss the effects of global migration on the economic well-being of states.

that encourage returnees’ investment and labor market reintegration.

Human trafficking is a multi-billion-dollar form of international organized crime, constituting

And force criminal activity such as: theft, drug cultivation,

and selling counterfeit goods.

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