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surJdnJ
2' Substanle auxiliare ...............5g
3. Materiale de condilionare-ambalare.....;..............
4. Legislatii, cerinle, testarea gi etichetarea materiilor pri-" .........:........ . ..........60
4.1. Legislalii gi cerinle penrru materiile prime .............................. ..........60
4.2. .............60
Testarca materiilor prime ......... ........ 61
4.3.Clasificareagietichetareamateriilorprime
4.4. Figa cu date privind siguranfa materiei prime ...........................
4.5. Manipularea substantrelor ............. .................. 6l
4.6. Niveluri de expunere ocupa(ionalr ......................62
..................:.:::.:.:::.:.:.::::.:::::.:....... ....................... 63
CAPITOLULIV
crearea de medicamente ' "'. .. .. .. ...
.... ...... . .. .. .. .. . 65
leO-alqrea gi eliberarea medicamentelor tn farmacie (Prof. Univ. Dr. Iuliana popovici,
Prof. Univ. Dr. Ileana Cornelia Cojocaru) .:................
1 . Monopolul farmaceutic ............65
2. Prescrierea, . .. .. ... . 65
.prepararea gi eliberarea medicamentelor in farmacie .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 65
2.1. Prescrierea medicamentelor......... ..
.....66
l./. \repararea medicamentelor in farmacie .................6g
2.3. Eliberarea medicamentelor din farmacie ................7i
2.4. Relaliile farmacistului cu pacientul .......................7g
Cercetarea, dezvoltarea si fabrica\ia medicamentektr tn industrie (prof. Univ.
Dr. Iuliana popovici,
Prof. Univ. Dr. Dumitru Lupuleasa, Conf. Dr. Llcrlmioara Ochiuzi ...........
1. . .............. g3
medicamente................
Cercetarea gi dezvoltarea de
...... g4
1.1. Cercetarea qi preparar_ea substantei medicamentoase.............. ....................... g4
1.2. Dezvoltarea unui medicament.................
..
2. .......... g5
medicamentelor.............
Realizarea in faza-pilot a
....... 106
2.1. Rolul pilotului
2.2. Structura gi respo.nsabilul de pilot ........... 106
2.3. Plasarea staliei-pilot in intrepiinderea de medicamente .... .. .. .. .... 106
gi ..... lIl
?.1. lpatlite echipamentele de studiu pentru pilor
2.5. Personalul servic.iului-pilot ............................
prganizarea studiilor-pitot............
..................... l0g
l.!.
2.7 . Fabricarea primelor loturi de medicamente
.................... 109
.. ... .. . 109
2.8. Rolul serviciului-pilot in modificarea tehnologiitor existente . . ..
CAPITOLUL IX
Forme farmaceutice lichide pentru uz oral (Prof. Univ. Dr. Iuliana Popovici, Conf. Dr. Ldcrimioara
Ochiuz) ...............Zjj
277
1. Definilii gi generalitd{i 277
2. Istoric 278
3. Clasificare 279
4. Calea de administrare orald. probleme biofarmaceutice .............. 279
_ Medii
5.
biologice intdlnite de medicamente la nivelul gastrointestinal ................
Formularea
281
soluliilor 282
5.1. Solubilitatea gi viteza de dizolvare
282
5.2. Asigurarea stabilitdtii
296
5.3. Asigurarea caracterelor subiective
296
5.4. Inocuitatea, toleranta, eficacitatea
303
6. Materii prime .........
305
6.1. Substan{e medicamentoase ........... 305
6.2. Substan{e auxiliare
305
7. Tehnologia solu{iilor
330
7.1. Prepararea solufiilor in farmacie
330
7.2. Tehnologia de fabricare gi condilionare a soru(iilor in industrie
^
8. Depozitarea,.expedi[ia,gi transportul
334
341
9. Caracterele gi controlul.calitblii solu{iilor
343
10. Biofarmacie. Biodisponibilitate .........
343
345
l. Definitii qi generalitd{i 345
2. Istoric
3. Clasiflcare 34s
+. Lalea ce admmlstrare ................ 346
346
5. Formularea siropurilor 346
6. Materii prime .........
7. Tehnologia siropurilor 346
7 .1. Prepararea siropurilor in farmacie
347
347
7.2. Tehnologia de fabricare qi conditrionare industriald
^ Depozitarea, transportul ................
8. 349
9. Caracterele gi controlui.calitilii siropurilor 353
10. Biofarmacie. Biodisponibilitate ..... .... 353
.. ...... 354
Limonade
355
Solu1ii buvabile ..............
............. . 355
Ape aromatice Si uleiuri volatile
1. Definitii gi generalit5tri 358
2. Istoric 358
J. Lalle oe aomrrustrare .............. 358
4. Formularea apelor aromatice 359
5. Materii prime ......... 359
6. Tehnologia apelor aromatice gi a uleiurilor 359
volatile 359
6.1.
Prepararea apelor aromatice in farmacie
6.2. 359
Tehnologia de fabricare gi conditrionare industriald a apelor aromatice qi a
uleiurilor volatile 360
7. Depozitarea, transportul, stabilitatea
8. Caracterele qi controlul calitdtii apelor aromatice gi a uleiurilor volatile..........
366
367
9. Biofarmacie. Biodisponibilitate
367
CAPITOLUL X
Forme farmaceutice lichide administrate pe mucoase (prof. univ. Dr. Iuliana popovici,
Prof. univ. Dr. Dumitru Lupuleasa, conl. Dr. Gabriel garamet, conf. Dr. Miriea Hirjeu)
368
Forme farmaceutice auriculare ..............
369
1. Defin(ii gi generalitdli 369
2. Istoric 370
3. Clasificare 370
4. Calea de administrare oticd......... 371
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4. Calea de administrare vaginald...
............. 4Zg
5. Formulareamedicamentelor vaginale
........ 429
6. Materii prime ......... .......... 42g
6.1. Substanle medicamentoase ..............
................. 4Zg
_ q2 Solventri, vehicule qi alte substanle auxiliare ......... 430
7. Tehnologia de preparare gi condilionare a formelor vaginale lichide......... .............. 430
8. Depo2itare................ ....... 430
9. Caracterele qi controlul formelor lichide vaginale ............... '
...........................
10. Biofarmacie:Bi;i;;onibilitate .1ll::::::.:::::.:::.:::. . : .. """""""' 430
.... 430
Fo rme farmac euti c e ure t rale
CAPITOLUL XI
Forme farmaceutice lichide pentru aplicalii cutanate (Prof. Univ. Dr. Ileana Cornelia Cojocaru)
1. Defindii gi generalitd{i ..............433
2' Istoric ........433
...........434
3. Clasificare .....434
4. Calea de administrare ................ ........... 434
5. Formularea preparatelor pentru aplica{ii cutanate .......... 436
6. Materiiprime......... ..........436
6.1. Substante medicamentoase ........... .................... 436
_ 92 Substanle auxiliare
Z. lenno]ogia de preparare................ ..... 436
7.1. Lo(iuni medicamentoase .............. ........ 437
.................... 43g
].1 lotluni de proteclie ....43g
7.3. Loliuni cosmetice .......440
7.4. Comprese umede ....... 440
] f' lnravuri topice
7.6. Bdi medicamentoase .............. ..........440
7.7. Mixturile .............. ....... 440
7.8. Co1odii1e................ ... 440
Depozitare, expedilie qi transport
.................... 440
!. Caracterele
9. gi controlul calitEtii........
............ 441
10. Biofarmacie. Biodisponibilitate
....... 441
... ..... .......:.:.:.:.:::.:.:::.:::::.:............ ............... 441
CAPITOLUL XII
Forme farmaceutice extractive din plante (prof. univ. Dr. Adriana ciurba)
1. Definitrii gi generaliti(i ..... 443
2' Istoric ........ 443
3. Clasificare ........... 445
4. C5ile de administrare .............. .....446
< Formularea
5. -^----r---, preparatelor extractive ...'..'.........446
"""""""""" aru
A ltr^+^-:: --:*^ .'.'.,.....446
PARTEA A III-A
Forme farmaceutice sterile
Forme farmaceutice sterile (prof. Univ. Dr. Iuliana popovici) .... 47g
CAPITOLUL XIII
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oz9 """""" .....a1e1rn3oul .r.g
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EIE """"".. elrqntosur rolepcrjred
88t """""" ...--elBlllrrols Z.l
"r'ori .I.s
L9v """""" eyrqelcelur Jololuetu?crpetu ueJ€lruuJod 'g
L8V """""" ..........pJelnpeur"rlur eeleJ .g.t
L8, """""" .......plerloursur1ur rS pftlncrilBerlul eIIpJ .L.V
L\r """""" .g.V
"""""" Ecerprecertur ee1ra)
L\n pprnelderrui eeiq .g.y
3.2. purificate
Imunoseruri ...................646
Condi(ionare............
3.3. ................... 646
4. Depo2itare................ .......646
5. Caiacterele gi controlul calitS(ii........
6. Indicaliile imunoseroterapiei .............. ....646
CAPITOLUL XV
Produse alergene (Conf. Dr. Ldcrdmioara Ochiuz) .................. 649
1. Definitii gi generalitdli ........649
2. Istoric..................
3. Clasificare .....652
4. CIile de administrare .............. .............652
5. Materii prime ......... .......... 652
6. Fabricafia produselor alergene ... .. .......... . 653
7. Depo2itare................ .......654
8. Caracterele qi controlul calit5tii........ .......654
CAPITOLUL XVI
Forme radiofarmaceutice (Prof. Univ. Dr. Dumitru Lupuleasa, Prof. Univ. Dr. Iuliana Popovici,
Prof. Univ. Dr. Victoria Hirjdu) ..... 656
1. Defini(ii gi generalitdli ........656
2. Istoric ...........657
3. Clasificare ..... 658
4. C5ile de administrare ............... ............ 658
5. Oblinerea izotopilor radioactivi ............... 659
6. Fabrica{ia de produse radiofarmaceutice............. ......... 659
6.1.. Spalii de produc{ie .....659
6.2. Prepanrea asepticd ..... 659
6.3. Condilionare gi ambalare ............... 661
7. Depozitare. Stabilitate ........ 66L
8. Efectele radia{iilor asupra organismului qi protectia impotriva radia(iilor ................662
9. calitilii
Controlul ..............662
10. Biodisponibilitate .............. 663
CAPITOLUL XVII
Forme farmaceutice oftalmice (Prof. Univ. Dr. Ileana Cornelia Cojocaru) .......664
1. Definitiigigeneralitdli ........664
2. Istoric ...........665
3. Clasificare .....666
4. Calea de administrare.............. ............. 668
4.1. Anatomia ochiului ...... 668
4.2. Lichidul lacrimal .......669
4.3. Circulalia sangvind oculard ............ 670
4.4. Barierele hematooculare .............. .................... 67L
5. Formularea colirelor.... .......672
5.1. Sterilitate .................672
5.2. lzotonie ...................673
5.3. I2ohidrie................ .................... 677
5.4. Stabi1itate............... .................... 679
5.5. Toleranla, lipsa de toxicitate ........... 679
5.6. Complianla pacientului................ .................... 680
5.7. Timpul de contact la nivelul mucoasei oculare gi penetralia ........ 681
5.8. Lipsa particulelor insolubile (pentru solutrii) qi limite pentru particule in formele oftalmice eterogene ........ 682
6. Materiiprime......... ..........682
6.1. Substanle medicamentoase ........... .................... 682
6.2. Substan{e auxiliare ..... 683
7. Tehnologia de fabrica(ie ...... 690
7.1. Spalii de fabricatrie ..... 690
7.2. Echipament de fabricatie............... ................... 690
7.3. Recipiente de condilionare .......... ..................... 691
7.4. Fazele prepardrii medicamentelor oftalmice .......... 693
8. Depo2itare................ .......709
9. Caracterele qi controlul calitd!ii........ ........710
10. Biofarmacie. Biodisponibilitate ......... .......710
10.1. Cdile gi mecanismele penetratiei gi absorbliei oculare a medicamentelor.............. ...............711
10.2. Factori care influen{eazd penetralia ..................... 711
10.3. Posibilitili de creqtere a permeabilitdlii corneene a substanlelor .................... 713
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30 TEHNOLOGIE FARMACEUTICA
pebrarii - vAnzltorii de piper; aromatarii- vAnzdtorii liquidum Sy den hnmi : in l&0, farmacisilrl franc ezLAZARE
de substanfe aromatice. RIVIERE introduce po{iunea-limonada Rividre, cu rol
in Italia, din rAndul comercianlilor de mirodenii se antiemetic; in 1672, TALBOT introduce, in Anglia,
diferen{iazd categoria de spezieri de medesine, a farma- tinctura de China.
ciqtilor propriu-zigi. in sec. XV[I, au loc cele mai mari descoperiri in
In epoca Renagterii, o personalitate marcantl a far- domeniul chimiei, astfel: KARL WILHELM SCHELE
maciei a fost PARACELSUS (PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS (1742-1786) descoperd un mare numdr de acizi organici
THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHAIM, (citric, tartric, uric, malic, lactic, benzoic, galic, cian-
I493-I54I), care a pus bazele extracliei vegetale, elabo- hidric), glicerina, acidul fosforic, arsenic, calomelul qi
rAnd procedeele de preparare a tincturilor, gi ale metalo- elemente ca: oxigenul, clorul, iar din oase - fosforul.
terapiei qi a introdus pentru prima datd ideea de principiu in I7 33, medicul englez THOMAS DOVER (16ffi-17 4l)
activ, disctttdnd despre necesitatea cercetdrii,,chinte- prepard pulberea de opiu gi ipeca, numit5 pulberea DOVER,
sentei din plante". cu rol expectorarrt, iar in 1786, THOMAS FOWLER
Paracelsus introduce ideea de mare actualirate: sensi- (1736-1801), medic englez, prepar[ licoarea de metaarsenit
bilitatea individuald la medicamente, obsewdnd ci la de potasiu, utilizatd ca tonic.
doze similare, rdspunsul diferd de la bolnav la bolnav, in int657 , Sir CHRISTOPHER WREN a injectat intrave-
func1ie de particularitlgile genetice. nos medicamente, iar RICHARD LOV/ER este cunoscut
in secolul al XV-lea, cre$terea populagiei oraqelor, pentru experienlele de transfuzie de sAnge. in sec. XVII
frecvenla epidemiilor, cererea mare de medicamente, se publicd multe farmacopei: Pharmacopeia Augustana
infiinlarea farmaciilor publice, necesitatea introducerii (1613) la Viena, Codex Medicamentarius Sive Pharma-
unor norme unitare in prepararea, manipularea, controlul copeia Parisiensis (1638), Dispensatorium Boruso-Bran-
gi eliberarea medicamentelor au determinat aparilia pri-
derburgicum (1698), la Berlin.
me\or farmncopei (gr. pharmakon : remediu, medica- Secolul XVIII este dominat de marile descoperiri - in
ment*poein:aface). botanic5: CAROL LINNE ; fizicd: ALESSANDRO
Prima lucrare a fost Compendium aromatariorum a VOLTA, A.M. AMPERE, LUIGI GALVANI,
medicului italian SALADINO DASCOLI, tiplritl la R.A. REAUMUR, D.G. FAHRENHEIT, A. CELSIUS,
BOLOGNA, in 1488. in sec. al XVI-lea, VALERIUS A. BAUME; chimie: J. PRIESTLEY descoperd oxige-
CORDUS tiplregte Disp ens atorium pharmacop o larum,
nul, dioxidul de carbon gi oxidul de carbon, in1774, iar
la NURNBERG in 1548, prin care consolideazd deonto-
logia farmaceuticd. Prima farmacopee din lume, realiza-
in 1776, H. CAVENDISH descoperd hidrogenul; in
1788, M.V. LOMONOSOV si A.L. LAVOISIER au
td de un farmacist, este consideratd lucrarea Thesaurus
formulat,,Legea conservdrii masei".
Aramatariorurn, MILAN, 1512.
Sunt izolate elemente ca iodul, bromul, magneziul gi
sunt preparate, in stare purd, principii active de origine
4. Perioada gtiinlificd vegetal[: F.W. SERIURNER in 1806 - morfina; conco-
mitent, P.J. PELLETIER qi J.B. CAVEENTOU auizolat
Descoperirile din domeniul qtiin{elor naturii, medicinei in 1818 stricnina, colchicina gi brucina in 1819, emetina
gi farmaciei au lua( o mare amploare qi se succed rapid. in 1807, chinina in 1818; H. CH. OERSTED izoleazd.
Sunt astfel descoperite numeroase remedii minerale ca: in 1819 piperidina, F.I. RUNGE in 1820 cafeina; P.J.
sulfatul de sodiu (purgativ) in 1658, ghtcoza, de cdtre ROBIQUET in 1832, codeina; G.F MERCK in 1848 -
medicul, farmacistul gi chimistul J.R. GLAUBER in papaverina; A. NIEMAN in 1860 - cocaina; NAII-
Germania, tartratul de sodiu $i potasiu (laxativ) in 1672, VELLE in 1868 digitalina g.a.
de cltre PIERRE SEIGNETTE (Franla). SAMUEL HAHNEMANN (1755-1843) introduce ho-
J.B. VAN HELMONT expune experienta sa privind pre- meopatia ca metodd terapeuticd, controversatd qi astdzi.
pararea gi acfiunea medicamentelor, in lucrarea Phar- Tot in aceastl perioadd incep sd se efectueze primele
macopolium Ac. Dispensatorium Modernum (Farmacia anestezii generale cu protoxid de azot, apoi cu eter gi
Si prepararea modernd a medicamentelor) in 1648. cloroform, de asemenea ca analgezic se utilizeazi opiul
In anul 1691, apare prima edilie a Farmncopeei Uni- qi tinctura de opiu.
versale, a lui NICOLAS LEMERY, farmacist gi chimist LISTER, intemeietorul antisepsiei, ttilizeazd fenolul
francez, in 1675 se tipdrea primul tratat de chimie, Cours pentru dezinfec{ia sdlilor de opera{ie gi a instrumentarului
de Chimie, iar in 1698, Dictionnaire Universal des chirurgical.
Drogues Simples. Se descoperd propriet[trile analgezice qi febrifuge ale
Dupd descoperirea Americii, in sec. XVI, in farmacii acidului acetilsalicilic (aspirina), descoperit in 1853 de
apar droguri ca rlddcina de ipeca, ceaiul, cafeaua, cio- GERHARDT.
colata, tutunul, scoarta de China, balsamul de Peru, in 1SOS, LIEBREICH a sintetizat cloralhidranrl, substan{5
frunzele de Jaborandi, tuberculii de Jalapa, rdddcina de cu propriet5li sedative gi hipnotice.
Polygala g.a. LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895) pune bazele enzimo-
Se afirm[ personalitb{i de mare prestigiu ca medicul logiei qi bacteorologiei, crednd vaccinul antirabic Ai
THOMAS SYDENHAM (1624-1689), care introduce in infiinleazd institutul care-i poartd numele (1887), iar
terapeuticd tinctura de opiu ce-i poarti numele: Laudutum medicul francez CL. BERNARD elaboreazl teoria gi
'Jolrlu€JoloJ u uec urp ,rulncrgud ug .rS pcnurqc ErJlsnpur 'ua'Inas-JJocnvuJ .f s€s Inlsrcururq 3p ,\vLI ul
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rzelsu ep eluorrrEcrpe{Il ep rcrJquJ ep ole{unu qns rzu pugd sunle ,XIX .oes
IS IIIAX ul Ienzn
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