1）Basic properties of fluid

a. What does the basic properties of fluid talk about

b. Important theories and formulas

(a) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS :

Properties of determine how fluids can be used. They also

determine the behaviour of fluids in fluid mechanics. The following
are some of the important basic properties of fluids:

 Density: Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid. In other

words, it is the ratio between mass (m) and volume (V) of a
fluid. 
ρ= m/v (kg/m3)

 Viscosity: Viscosity is the fluid property that determines the

amount of resistance of the fluid to shear stress. It is the
property of the fluid due to which the fluid offers resistance to
flow of one layer of the fluid over another adjacent layer.

 Temperature: It is the property that determines the degree of

hotness or coldness or the level of heat intensity of a fluid.
Temperature is measured by using temperature scales.
   
 Pressure: Pressure of a fluid is the force per unit area of the
fluid. In other words, it is the ratio of force on a fluid to the area of
the fluid held perpendicular to the direction of the force.    
 Specific Volume: Specific volume is the volume of a fluid (V)
occupied per unit mass (m). It is the reciprocal of density.
V= 1/ρ m3/kg

 Specific Weight : Specific weight is the weight possessed by

unit volume of a fluid. It is denoted by w. Its unit is N/m3.

 Specific Gravity:Specific gravity is the ratio of specific

weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of
standard fluid. It is denoted by the letter S. It has no unit.

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2. (b) Important theories and formulas:

Mathematical formulas are important! They often can express a

calculation much more precise than any human language could
with relatively few symbols. This is especially true, if the calculation
has reached a certain level of complexity. This becomes very
obvious, when you look at the mathematical results of, say Galilei,
or many ancient Greeks. They had to formulate basic geometric
theorems as very long paragraphs. They are hard grasp.
Nowadays, we would just draw a good sketch and write one line of
mathematical symbols. We just have to learn once, what they
mean. Then we can look at a simple formula and almost
immediately understand what is going on.
Even better, since there are many conventions for symbols, many
scientists often can instantly recognise many basic simple
formulas, even without context. But not only in everyday life are
formulas important to help you grasp simple calculations like
transforming between different measurement units. Also in science
they are very important. I claim that many parts of mathematics
and natural sciences would not even work the way we are used to
it without mathematical formulas. And I think most mathematicians
and natural scientists will agree with me on that.
Furthermore, an often forgotten advantage of formulas is the
simple fact that due to the rules of equivalent transformations, one
single formula is not simply one statement, but several at once.
Because of these rules, all other forms you can put the formula in
are implied as well. Try that with a complicated phrase! Whenever
there is a double negation in a sentence, you ask yourself, if you
can simply cross them out, because between two extremes there
is often still the third, neutral state. There you can see that one can
easily calculate with formulas - not with phrases.In formulas one
has a high information density and almost no superfluous,
grammatical ballast of many languages.
I hope that I could convince you that mathematical formulas are
very important. Sure, you don't have to memorise all formulas.
They can be looked up. However, if you remember all important
formulas of a topic, you can calculate much faster. Furthermore,
one can often simply remember the most basic formulas exactly,
the other ones just approximately and then derive the exact forms
of all the formulas once you understood them fully, because they
are all connected.

 The density of a sample at constant density: ρ= m/V

(kg/m3)

Where,

ρ = density of fluid, m = Mass, V = Volume

 Pressure: p = F/A

Where,

P =Pressure, F= Force applied, A= Area affected

 Specific weight : For homogenous fluid, each point has the

same specific weight :

γ =G/V =ρg

For water, the nominal value of specific weight is:

γ =9800 N/m3

 Specific Volume of Gas :

V= 1/ρ m3/kg

Where,

V=Specific Volume of Gas, ρ = density of fluid.