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1
Classification of boiling
Pool Boiling Flow Boiling
• Boiling is called pool • Boiling is called flow
boiling in the absence boiling in the presence
of bulk fluid flow. of bulk fluid flow.
• Any motion of the fluid • In flow boiling, the fluid
is due to natural is forced to move in a
convection currents and heated pipe
the motion of the
bubbles or over a
under the surface by
influence external
of buoyancy. means such
as a pump.
2
Classification of boiling
3
Pool Boiling
Boiling takes different forms, depending on the DTexcess=Ts-Tsat
4
Natural Convection (to Point A on the Boiling Curve)
5
Nucleate Boiling
6
Nucleate Boiling (cont.)
7
Transition Boiling
• When DTexcess is increased past point C, the heat flux
decreases.
• This is because a large fraction of the heater surface is
covered by a vapor film, which acts as an insulation.
• In the transition boiling regime, both nucleate and film
boiling partially occur.
8
Film Boiling
9
Burnout Phenomenon
11
Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling ─
Nucleate Boiling
12
Rohsenow Correlation for boiling heat transfer
• A widely used correlation proposed in 1952 by Rohsenow:
13
Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling ─
Nucleate Boiling
14
Critical Heat Flux (CHF)
• The maximum (or critical) heat flux in nucleate pool boiling was
determined theoretically by S. S. Kutateladze in Russia in 1948
and N. Zuber in the United States in 1958 to be: 1
qmax Ccr h fg g v l v 4
2
qmax 0.09 v h fg
l
v
2
18
Flow Boiling
22
Film condensation Dropwise condensation
• The condensate wets the • The condensed vapor forms
surface and forms a liquid droplets on the surface.
film. • The droplets slide down
• The surface is blanketed by when they reach a certain
a liquid film which serves as size.
a resistance to heat transfer. • No liquid film to resist heat
transfer.
• As a result, heat transfer
rates that are more than 10
times larger
than with film
condensation
can be achieved.
23
Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate
Re x
4d lVl
l
• Three prime flow regimes:
– Re<30 ─ Laminar (wave-free),
– 30<Re<1800 ─ Wavy-laminar,
– Re>1800 ─ Turbulent.
• The Reynolds number increases in the
flow direction.
25
Heat Transfer Correlations for Film
Condensation ─ Vertical wall
Assumptions:
1. Both the plate and the vapor are
maintained at constant temperatures of Ts
and Tsat, respectively, and the temperature
across the liquid film varies linearly.
2. Heat transfer across the liquid film is by
pure conduction.
3. The velocity of the vapor is low (or zero)
so that it exerts no drag on the condensate
(no viscous shear on the liquid–vapor
interface).
4. The flow of the condensate is laminar
(Re<30) and the properties of the liquid
are constant.
5. The acceleration of the condensate layer is Height L and width b
negligible. 26
Hydrodynamics
(4)
dx l dx
28
Thermal Considerations
Tsat Ts
dQ h fg dm kl bdx
d
dm kl b Tsat Ts
(5)
dx h fg d
29
• Equating Eqs. 4 and 5 and separating the
variables give
l kl Tsat Ts
d dd
3
dx
g l l v h fg (6)
d ( x)
g l l v h fg
(7)
30
• Since the heat transfer across the liquid film is assumed to be by
pure conduction, the heat transfer coefficient can be expressed
through Newton’s law of cooling and Fourier law as
Tsat Ts kl
qx hx Tsat Ts kl hx (8)
d d
• Substituting d(x) from Eq. 7, the local heat transfer coefficient is
determined to be
g l l v h k
14
3
hx
fg l
4l Tsat Ts x
(9)
g l l v h k
14
1 L 4
3
h hx dx hx L 0.943
fg l
l Tsat Ts L
(10)
L 0 3
31
• It is observed to underpredict heat transfer
because it does not take into account the
effects of the nonlinear temperature profile in
the liquid film and the cooling of the liquid
below the saturation temperature.
• Both of these effects can be accounted for by
replacing hfg by modified h*fg to yield
g l l v h k
14
1 L 4
* 3
h hx dx hx L 0.943
fg l
l Tsat Ts L
(11)
L 0 3
0 <Re<30
32
• When v«l (and thus l-v≈l). Using this
approximation and substituting Eqs. 3 and 7 at x =L into
the Reynolds number definition by noting that
dx=L=kl/hx=L and havg=4/3hx=L (Eqs. 8 and 10) give
4 g l l v d
3
4 g kl
3
4 g kl
3 2
Re
l
2 (12)
3l2 3 hx L 3 l 3havg / 4
l
2
35
Dropwise Condensation
38
39