Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment

CC01, CC02, CC03, cc04

CH2043

English Program
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Dr Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya and Dr Shafirah Samsuri 2023

CHAPTER 10:
PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER
Part 1: Boiling
 Boiling Heat Transfer

 Pool Boiling
Lesson Outcome
At the end of this topic:
1. Differentiate between evaporation and boiling, and between pool
boiling and flow boiling.
2. Identify different regimes of the boiling curve.
3. Calculate the heat flux and its critical value associated with nucleate
boiling.
4. Obtain the relevant convective coefficients and compute the rate of
heat transfer for various physical conditions for boiling and
condensation.
 Boiling Heat Transfer
• Definitions
Evaporation
 Liquid–vapor interface.
 Vapor pressure is less than the saturation
pressure of the liquid at given temperature.
 Vapour pressure < atmospheric pressure.
Boiling
 Solid–liquid interface.
 Surface temperature of solid is greater than
saturation temperature of the liquid at a
given pressure.
 Vapour pressure < atmospheric pressure.
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 Boiling Heat Transfer
• The Excess Temperature, ∆Texcess

Boiling heat flux:

𝑞𝑞𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = ℎ 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = ℎ∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑊𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is excess temperature
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 Boiling Heat Transfer
• Classification of Boiling
1. Pool Boiling 2. Flow Boiling
 Fluid is stationary  Fluid is forced to flow in heated
 Fluid motion and mixing are pipe by a pump.
due to convection.  Effect of convection is present.

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 Boiling Heat Transfer
• Classification of Boiling

3. Subcooled Boiling 4. Saturated Boiling

 The temperature of the main  The temperature of the liquid
body of the liquid is below the is equal to the saturation
saturation temperature. temperature.

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 Pool Boiling
In pool boiling, the fluid is not forced to flow by a mover such as a pump,
and any motion of the fluid is due to natural convection currents and the
motion of the bubbles under the influence of buoyancy.

• The Boiling Curve

Different boiling regimes in pool boiling

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Pool Boiling Regime Curves
 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Natural Convection boiling
 Start of boiling to Point A
‒ Bubbles do not form on the heating
surface until the liquid is heated a few
degrees above the saturation temperature
(about 2 to 6oC for water). Heat transfer
from the heating surface to the fluid is by
natural convection.

‒ Natural convection boiling ends at

∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ≈ 5℃

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Nucleate Boiling
 Region A–B
‒ isolated bubbles.
5℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ≤ 10℃

 Region B–C
‒ numerous continuous columns of
vapor in the liquid.
10℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ≤ 30℃
‒ The heat flux at point C is called the
critical heat flux (or maximum heat
flux).

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Transition Boiling
 Heat flux decreases from maximum (point C) to minimum (point D).
30℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ≤ 120℃
 Heater surface is covered by vapor film: insulation to heat flow.

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Film Boiling
 Heat flux is minimum (point D): the Leidenfrost point
 By increasing temperature further ∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ≥ 120℃ heat transfer occurs through
vapour film by radiation at high temperature.

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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Nucleate Boiling
 Rohsenow equation correlates heat transfer rate for nucleate boiling
1/2 3
𝑞𝑞𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑓g g 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙𝜎𝜎−𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣
𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝,𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 −𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛
g 𝑙𝑙

where,
𝑞𝑞𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = nucleate boiling heat flux, W/m2 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝,𝑙𝑙 = specific heat of the liquid, J/kg•oC
𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = viscosity of the liquid, kg/m•s 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = surface temperature of the solid heater,
ℎ𝑓𝑓g = enthalpy of vaporization, J/kg oC

g = gravitational acceleration, m/s2 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = saturation temperature of the liquid, oC

𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = density of the liquid, kg/m3 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = constant for surface-fluid interaction
𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = density of the vapour, kg/m3 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙 = Prandtl number of the liquid
𝜎𝜎 = surface tension of liquid-vapour interface, 𝑛𝑛 = constant for the fluid
N/m

 The fluid properties in the Roshenow equation are to be evaluated at the

saturation temperature, Tsat.
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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Maximum Heat Flux
 The maximum heat flux (or critical heat flux) in nucleate pool boiling:
𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑓𝑓g 𝜎𝜎g 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣2 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 − 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 1/4

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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Minimum Heat Flux
 Minimum heat flux at the Leidenfrost point represents the lower limit for the heat flux in
the film boiling regime.
1/4
𝜎𝜎g 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 −𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣
𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.09𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 ℎ𝑓𝑓g 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 +𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 2

 The fluid properties are to be evaluated at the saturation temperature, Tsat.

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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Film Boiling
 Film boiling on a horizontal cylinder or sphere of diameter D:

where kv = thermal conductivity of the vapor, W/m∙K

 Vapor properties are evaluated at film temperature Tf = (Ts +Tsat)/2.

 Liquid properties and hfg are evaluated at the saturation temperature.
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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Film Boiling
 At high surface temperatures (~ 300oC),
heat transfer across the vapor film by
radiation becomes significant.

 Radiation heat transfer

where ε = emissivity of the heating surface, and

σ = 5.67x10‾⁸W/m2•K4 Stefan-Boltzman constant

 The following relation correlates well with experimental results:

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 Pool Boiling
Example 1:
Water is to be boiled at 1 atm in a mechanically polished stainless steel pan placed on top
of a heating unit. The inner surface of the bottom of the pan is maintained at 108oC. The
diameter of the bottom of the pan is 30 cm. Determine:
a. The rate of heat transfer to the water, and
b. The rate of evaporation of water in kg/s.

Solutions:
At 1 atm, Tsat,water = 100oC.
Excess temperature, ΔTexcess = Ts-Tsat = 108-100 = 8oC

Since 10℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ≤ 30℃

 use Roshenow equation for nucleate boiling

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 Pool Boiling
Solutions:
Rate of heat transfer 3
1/2
𝑞𝑞 = 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑓g g 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙−𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝,𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 −𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜎𝜎 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛
g 𝑙𝑙

The properties of water at saturation temperature, 100oC

Also,

From table of fluid-surface combination, for mechanically polished stainless steel surface,

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 Pool Boiling

Rate of heat transfer

The surface area of the bottom of the pan is:

a. The rate of heat transfer to the water,

𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 7.21 × 104 𝑊𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝑚2 0.07069 𝑚𝑚2 = 5097 𝑊𝑊

b. The rate of evaporation of water,

𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = 22575097 𝑊𝑊
= 2.26 ×10¯3 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 /𝑠𝑠
hfg ×10³𝐽𝐽/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
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 Pool Boiling
Example 2:
Water in tank is to be boiled at sea level (atmospheric pressure) by
1-cm diameter nickel plated steel heating element equipped with electrical resistance wires
inside. Determine:
a. the maximum heat flux that can be attained in the nucleate boiling regime, and
b. the surface temperature of the heater in that case.

Solutions:
At 1 atm, Tsat,water = 100oC.
The maximum heat flux in the nucleate boiling regime:
𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑓𝑓g 𝜎𝜎g 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣2 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 − 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 1/4

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 Pool Boiling
Solutions:
The properties of water at saturation temperature, 100oC
Go to classpoint.app
Code: 45345

Also,

The heating element can be considered to be a cylinder ,

L = r = 0.005 m. The dimensionless parameter L* and the constant Ccr are determined:

The corresponding Ccr = 0.12

𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑓𝑓g 𝜎𝜎g 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣2 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 − 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 1/4
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 Pool Boiling

a. The maximum heat flux that can be attained in the nucleate boiling regime

b. The surface temperature of the heater

From Rohsenow equation:

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 Summary
Phase Change Heat Transfer Part 1: Boiling

• Boiling Heat Transfer

• Evaporation vs. Boiling
• ∆Texcess

• Pool Boiling
• Boiling Curve, qmax, qmin, qfilm

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