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Assumption:
Homogenous solution
No azeotrope formation
Binary mixture
A is more volatile
Vapor pressure of
pure component
Equilibrium partial
pressure
PA*
Pt
For A
For B
Deviations from ideality Positive
y =x
Vapor y<x
y>x
Boiling at D / H
Heat requirement
*
t
solution (VP)
pure
For A
For B
Deviations from ideality Positive
y =x
Vapor y<x
y>x
Boiling at D / H
Heat requirement
Negative deviations from
ideality
Acetone-Chloroform, 1 atm
HCl-H2O, 11.1 mole% HCl 110
C, 1 atm
Heat of solution
Specific heat
mA Ex A PAv
mB P Ex A PAv
Feed is a mixture of A and C, which form ideal solution , insoluble in water, C is non-
volatile
mA Ex A PAv
mB P Ex A PAv
dmA EmA PAv EmA PAv EmA PAv
mB mB mB
dt P(mA mc ) EmA PAv PmA Pmc EmA PAv mA ( P EPAv ) Pmc
x y
0 0
0.2 0.384615
0.4 0.625
0.6 0.789474
0.8 0.909091
1 1
1
0.8
0.6
yD*=0.5
0.4
Xf=0.4
0.2
Xw=0.3
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
Slope=-W/D= -0.8
0.6
yD*=0.5
0.4
Xf=0.4
0.2
Xw=0.3
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
F=50 kmol; Acetone in feed= 50 * 0.35=17.5 kmole acetone
Amount vaporized from feed liquid = 50 * 35= 17.5 kmoles=D
F=D+W
50=17.5+W
W=32.5
-W/D=32.5/17.5 = 1.86
12000
Hg vs y
10000
8000
6000
Enthalpy
4000
2000 HL vs x
x and y
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
0.9
0.8
0.77=xD
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Xw=0.1 Xf=0.35
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
12000
10000
8000
4
6000
6 3
4000
2000
5
0
10 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
0.9
0.8 2
0.77=xD
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Xw=0.1 Xf=0.35
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Binary mixtures Vapor yD
AT equilibrium
Liquid xw
Equilibrium
Rayleigh
equation
Equilibrium data, The BP of A and B are 98.4 and 125.6 C respectively. Choose any 5
temp in between this range, and find the VP for pre components at these temperature,
then find x and y* using Raoult's law at 1 atm.
T PA PB x y* α
F=100 mols
98.4 760 333 1 1 2.282282
zf= 0.5
105 940 417 0.655832 0.81116 2.254197 D=60 mol
110 1050 484 0.487633 0.673703 2.169421 W=100-60 = 40 mol
115 1200 561 0.311424 0.491722 2.139037 -(W/D) = (-40/60) = -0.667
120 1350 650 0.157143 0.279135 2.076923
125.6 1540 760 0 0 2.026316
1
dy/dx=-0.667
0.9
dx=0.1
dy= 0.0667
0.8
0.7
0.6 yD = 0.59
0.0667
0.5 Feed
T PA PB x y* α
F=100 mols
98.4 760 333 1 1 2.282282
zf= 0.5
105 940 417 0.655832 0.81116 2.254197 D=60 mol
110 1050 484 0.487633 0.673703 2.169421 W=100-60 = 40 mol
115 1200 561 0.311424 0.491722 2.139037 -(W/D) = (-40/60) = -0.667
120 1350 650 0.157143 0.279135 2.076923
125.6 1540 760 0 0 2.026316
1
dy/dx=-0.667
0.9
dx=0.1
dy= 0.0667
0.8
0.7
0.6 yD = 0.59
0.0667
0.5 Feed
Decantation (2
Benzene layers)
Benzene,
C alcohol,water New
Entrainer
azeotrope
boils at low T
A+B
(Azeotrope)
column: Packed column; calculation of number of plates, Lewis sorel Method, McCabe Thiele
Method, Economic reflux ratio, Minimum reflux Ratio, Fenske Underwood Equation. Plate
efficiency, Ponchon Savarit method, Packed Column; HETP – method, Transfer unit and Batch
distillation.
https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/about-us/predict-distillation-tray-efficiency-
white-paper-4-2018
Fractionator-Continuous
Enriching/absorb
ing/rectifying
section
Stripping/exhausting
There are four streams (2 vapour and 2 liquid) associated with this plate, each with its own
flow rate and concentration:
Composition (Mole
Stream Total Molar Flowrate
Fraction MVC)
On each plate, the vapour rising to it and the liquid flowing down to it are not in equilibrium.
Thus there is a concentration difference (driving force) for mass transfer between the two
phases.
some of the less volatile component condenses from the rising vapour into the liquid, thus
increasing the concentration of the more volatile component in the vapour as it moves
upwards, e.g. yn > yn+1.
some of the more volatile component is vaporized from the liquid on the tray, thus
decreasing the concentration of the more volatile component in the liquid as it moves
downwards, e.g. xn-1 > xn.
The combined effect is a gradual increase in concentration of the more volatile component
in the vapor as it moves up the column, and a gradual increase in concentration of the less
volatile component in the liquid as it moves down the column.
Constant molar overflow
The vapour and liquid streams inside the column are assumed to be saturated at
their respective dew points and bubble points corresponding to the position in the
column.
The heat released by one mole of vapour upon condensation is approximately
equal to the heat required to vaporize one mole of the liquid: the number of
molecules passing from the vapour phase to the liquid phase and vice versa will be
approximately the same: equimolar counter-diffusion.
If the molar heats of vaporization are approximately constant, we can assume that
the flows of liquid and vapour are nearly constant in each section of the column,
i.e.
L1 = L2 = L3 = ......... = Ln = constant
V1 = V2 = V3 = ......... = Vn = constant
Heat economy-Heat
exchange
Ratio of moles of reflux to withdrawn distillate , reflux ratio or external reflux
ratio
Envelope I
Envelope II
Heat load on reboiler
Negligible heat loss
Envelope III 1
Constant
Difference in component A flow up and down i.e net flow
upward
Envelope I
Qc DRH G1 DH G1 DRH L 0 DH D
Qc DH G1 DH D R[ DH G1 DH L 0 ]
[Qc / D] H G1 H D R[ H G1 H L 0 ]
Locate Q’ point on Hxy plot, Join zF=0.36 and Q’point. That should give delD. Extend
this to cut the vertical line from xw, which will give delW.
Interpolation to find
HG1
0 to 1 -9000
Difefrence -9000
HG1 39765
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.69
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.36
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
140000 ΔD Qact=136432.5
120000
100000
80000
60000
Qmin=66000
40000
G1
20000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
ΔW 0.6
0.4
0.2
40000 G1.HG1
20000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 L1
0.8
ΔW 0.6
0.4
0.2
Xw=0.01 0 Xd=0.915
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
140000 ΔD Qact=136432.5
120000
100000
80000
60000
Qmin=66000
40000 G1.HG1
20000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 L1
0.8
G2
ΔW 0.6
0.4
0.2
Xw=0.01 0 Xd=0.915
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
140000 ΔD Qact=136432.5
120000
100000
80000
60000
Qmin=66000
40000 G1.HG1
20000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 L1
0.8
G2
ΔW 0.6
0.4
0.2
Xw=0.01 0 Xd=0.915
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
140000 ΔD Qact=136432.5
120000
100000
80000
60000
Qmin=66000
40000
20000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
ΔW 0.6
0.4
0.2
Xw=0.01 0 Xd=0.915
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
140000 ΔD Qact=136432.5
120000
100000
80000
60000
Qmin=66000
Total plates= 6-1 =5 40000
20000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
ΔW 0.6
0.4
0.2
Xw=0.01 0 Xd=0.915
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Enthalpy balance
Heat economy-Heat
exchange
L=DR; G=D(R+1)
Inside the tower
G G L L F
[ L L F ]H G FH F
[ L L ]H G F [ H F H G ]
L L G G F
G G F
q
F
G G qF F F (q 1)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
y
0.6
0.4
0.2
xd
xw xf
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
y 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Total plates =20-1=19
Considering efficiency
0.4
0.2
xf
0 xw
xd
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
50% = LF
q/(q-1) = Lf/(Lf-F)
Slope = - 0.5/0.5 = -1
1
0.8
0.6
y
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1
0.8
0.6
Rmin=0.35
y
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1
0.8
0.6
y
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
0.35
0.35
2.74
2.74 =5.5
0.15
5.5+1
1
0.8
0.6
y
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1
0.8
0.6
y
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
N=9-1 = 8
A equimolar feed mixture containing A and B is differentially distilled such that 70% of the
feed is distilled out. Estimate the composition of the distillate and residue.
Equilibrium data
Rayleigh equation
60
50
40
1/(y-x) 30
20
10 xW xF
0.23 0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x
60
50
40
1/(y-x) 30
20 1.2 area
10 xW xF
0.23 0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x
Limitations of McCabe Thiele Method
1.3<α<5
Trays upto 25
R>1.1 Rmin
L1, x1
G2,y2 2
L2,x2
Overall balance
Tray n=1
y
For feed tray
Y1=0.9
0.8
For tray 1, n=1
y2 0.75( x1 ) 0.225
y2 0.75(0.8) 0.225 0.818
y2 0.818 Corresponding x2 from chart is 0.644 Tray 2
n=2
y3 0.75( x2 ) 0.225
Tray 3
y3 0.75(0.644) 0.225 0.708
n=3
Equilibrium x3, corresponding to y3 is 0.49
y4 0.75( x3 ) 0.225
Tray 4
y4 0.75(0.49) 0.225 0.59
Equilibrium x4 corresponding to y4 is 0.39 –equal to feed
composition.
Stripping section
yn 1 1.415 xn 0.042
n=4
y5 1.415 x4 0.042
Tray 5
y5 1.415(0.39) 0.042 0.49
Equilibrium x5 for y5 is 0.3
n=6
y7 1.415(0.21) 0.042 0.25 Tray 7
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
A binary mixture containing 40 mole% light component is to be separated
into 5 mole% bottom product and 90 mole% distillate product. The feed flow
rate is 100 kmol/h. Feed is 50% vapor and 50% liquid . R= 2.625. Relative
volatility is 2.5. Assume theoretical trays are partial reboiler, total condenser
and saturated liquid reflux. Find optimum feed tray location and theoretical
number of plates.
x y
0 0
0.1 0.217391
0.2 0.384615
x
y 0.3 0.517241
1 ( 1) x 0.4 0.625
0.5 0.714286
0.6 0.789474
0.7 0.853659
0.8 0.909091
0.9 0.957447
1 1
Xf= 0.4
Xw= 0.05
XD = 0.9
Slope of feed line
For a mix of vapor and liquid feed
LF
q= 0.5 / 0.5 1
LF F
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.248
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.248
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.248
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.248
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Total theoretical trays 10
Actual = 10/0.65= 17
Feed plate location=6
Unit-3: Distillation: Continuous distillation with rectification, Sieve plate column, Bubble cap
column: Packed column; calculation of number of plates, Lewis sorel Method, McCabe Thiele
Method, Economic reflux ratio, Minimum reflux Ratio, Fenske Underwood Equation. Plate
efficiency, Ponchon Savarit method, Packed Column; HETP – method, Transfer unit and Batch
distillation.
Tray types
Gas-liquid contactors
Trays
https://www.wermac.org/equipment/distillation_part2.html
BUBBLE CAP TRAY Although many bubble cap columns still are in operation, bubble cap
trays rarely are specified today because of high cost factors and the excellent performance
of the modern valve type tray. The bubble cap, however, does have a good turndown ratio
SIEVE TRAY The sieve tray is a low cost device which consists of a perforated plate
that usually has holes of 3/16 inch to one inch diameter, a downcomer, and an outlet
weir. Although inexpensive, a correctly designed sieve tray can be comparable to
other styles in vapor and liquid capacities, pressure drop, and efficiency. For
flexibility, however, it is inferior to valve and bubble cap trays and sometimes is
unacceptable for low liquid loads when weeping has to be minimized. Depending
upon process conditions and allowable pressure drop, the turndown ratio of a sieve
tray can vary from 1.5 to 3 and occasionally higher. Ratios of 5 as sometimes claimed
can be achieved only when the tray spacing is large, available pressure drop is very
high, liquid loadings are high, and the system is non-foaming. For many applications,
a turndown of 1.5 is quite acceptable. It also is possible to increase the flexibility of a
sieve tray for occasional low throughput operation by maintaining a high reboil and
increasing the reflux ratio. This may be economically desirable when the low
throughput occurs for a small fraction of the operating time.
http://www.separationprocesses.com/Operations/Fig022b.htm
https://www.wermac.org/equipment/distillation_part2.html
Throughputs and efficiencies can be as high as sieve or bubble cap trays
Very high flexibility can be achieved and turndown ratios of 4 to 1 are easily
obtained without having to resort to large pressure drops at the high end of the
operating range
Special valve designs with venturi shaped orifices are available for duties
Although slightly more expensive than sieve trays, the valve tray is very
0.8
0.6xD/(Rmin+1)
0.53
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
xD/(R+1)
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
xD/(R+1)
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y yi y 1/yi-y
33.3333
0.96 0.99 0.96 3
0.84 0.89 0.84 20
0.76 0.84 0.76 12.5
8.33333
0.6 0.72 0.6 3
7.14285
0.4 0.54 0.4 7
11.1111
0.2 0.29 0.2 1
0.04 0.08 0.04 25
30 Area = 16
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(0.49x 7)+ (0.42 x 9) = 7.21 m
Absorption: Design of packed tower, Principles of absorption
and rate of absorption,
Flooding point, Loading point. Mass transfer – Liquid phase &
Gas phase, Overall MTC,
H.T.U. method- absorption with chemical reaction, Adsorption-
types and applications.
Absorption
Liquid
Gas
Equilibrium solubility
Used in ore
leaching
Ideal Solutions
Non ideal solutions
Henry’s law
Solubility Volatility
H2S+amine
H2S+NaOH
Removal of one component- Counter
flow
H2S is transferrable
Others- constant
Counterflow
With mole fractions
Minimum flow conditions
Cocurrent flow
• Pure substance
absorption
• Very tall tower
• Chemical reaction
Multistage Unit
Dilute solutions-Kremser’s equation
Continuous contact
Packed tower
For equilibrium relations in straight line form, overall mass transfer
coefficients can be applied
98%NH3
1200 kg/h
Y1=5%
m2
Air+NH3
0.07
Y
0.06
Y1
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.045
Y2 X1min
0 X
X2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
The given mass transfer coefficient is interms of pressure, we have mole fraction, so we
need MTC interms of mole fraction, use the relation given below
Adsorption
Adsorbent
Adsorbate
Solid-Fluid
Requirements