Petroleum Refinery Eng Laboratory

Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
3rd Stage

Lecturer's Name: Experiment No. (4)

Mr. Ahmed Abdul Sattar Group (C)

Title of Experiment:

(Simple distillation)

Students Names:

Hayder Hassan Hussain

Mohammed Ibraheem

Mahdi Salih

Haval zaki

Iman Hamed

Ayden Shawkat
Date Report Submitted: Date Expt. Performed:

03/11/2022 17/11/2022

1
Objective:

This method is used to separate the mixture of two miscible liquids where
difference between their boiling points is at least 25 ℃.

Introduction:

Simple distillation, also known as Rayleigh distillation or differential

distillation is the most elementary example of batch distillation. In this distillation
system, the vapour is removed from the still during a particular time interval and is
condensed in the condenser. The more volatile component is richer in the vapour
than in the liquid remaining in the still. Over time, the liquid remaining in the still
begins to experience a decline in the concentration of the more volatile component,
while the distillate collected in the condenser becomes progressively more enriched
in the more volatile component. In the case of differential distillation, the vapour at
any time is in equilibrium with the liquid from which it rises but changes
continuously in the composition. Thus, the mathematical approach used must be
differential. Assume that L mol of liquid in the still of composition x mol fraction A
and that an amount dDmol of distillate is vaporized, of mol fraction y ∗ in
equilibrium with the liquid.

2
Equipment:

1- Thermometer
2- Round Bottom Flask
3- Heater
4- Graduate Cylinder
5- Condenser

3
Procedure:

1-Fill the distillation flask and put pieces of boiling chips.

2-Check the calibration of the thermometer that is to be used.... put the
thermometer in the distillation flask.
3-Boiling flask (round-bottom flask) attached to an adapter holding a
thermometer (to determine the boiling temperature of the liquid). The
adapter connects to a condenser into which cold water is constantly
passed through.
4-Keep a beaker at the outlet of the condenser.
5-Heat the distillation flask slowly until the liquid begins to boil.
6-As the distillate begins to drop from the condenser, the temperature
observed on the thermometer should be changing steadily.
Note: for 2ml measure the temperature.

4
Results:

First drop = 45℃

Volume Temperature Notes

2 52 ℃
4 53 ℃
6 55.5 ℃
8 57 ℃
10 59 ℃
12 65 ℃
14 68 ℃
16 72 ℃
18 74 ℃
20 76 ℃
22 78 ℃
24 80 ℃
26 81.75 ℃
28 83 ℃
30 84.5 ℃
32 86 ℃
34 87 ℃
36 88 ℃
38 89 ℃
40 90 ℃ Water starting to distillate
42 90.5 ℃
44 91.5 ℃
46 92 ℃
48 92.5 ℃
50 93 ℃
52 94 ℃
54 94.5 ℃
56 95 ℃
58 96 ℃
60 96 ℃

Sample = 100 ml Distillated = 60 ml Water = 11 ml

Gasoline remine = 49 ml Remine = 29.5 ml

100 – (distillate + remine) vaporizes = 100 – 89.5 = 10.5 ml

5
Discussion (1)
Distillation is one of the oldest and still most common methods for both the
purification and the identification of organic liquids. It is a physical process used to
separate chemicals from a mixture by the difference in how easily they vaporize.
As the mixture is heated, the temperature rises until it reaches the temperature of
the lowest boiling substance in the mixture, while the other components of the
mixture remain in their original phase in the mixture. The resultant hot vapor passes
into a condenser and is converted to the liquid, which is then collected in a receiver
flask. The other components of the mixture remain in their original phase until the
most volatile substance has all boiled off. Only then does the temperature of the gas
phase rises again until it reaches the boiling point of a second The boiling point of
a .component in the mixture, and so on substance determined by distillation-is a
useful physical property for the characterization of pure compounds . At any given
temperature a liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor. This equilibrium is described
by the vapor pressure of the liquid. The vapor pressure is the pressure that the
molecules at the surface of the liquid exert against the external pressure, which is
usually the atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure is a very sensitive function of
temperature. It does not increase linearly but in fact increases exponentially with
temperature. The vapor pressure of a substance roughly doubles for every increase
in 10°C, When the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the applied pressure, the
liquid boils. Thus, the boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor
pressure equals the applied pressure. The normal boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which the vapor. The boiling (pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric
pressure )1 atm point of a liquid is a measure of its volatility.

Hayder Hassan Hussain

Mohammed Ibraheem

Mahdi Salih

6
Discussion (2)

about practical work in experiment, the sample is 100ml of mixture of the gasoline
and water, experimental first drop (water starting drops) is at 90C⁰ of 40ml volume,
the process of distilling is continues to since 60 ml of sample being distillate after
this volume students remove the heat source and let it to cool, and the data that
students indicate is useful, the 60ml that receive of experiment it contains of 49ml
of gasoline and 11ml of water, and in other hand some amount of mixture is remain
in flask and it contain 29.5ml (remain), and because of have leaking in system some
amount of mixture is vaporized and leaked into surrounding, it contain 10.9ml of
sample.

And the readings of thermometer in every 2ml were good for the mixture and the
process went well by these sensible results, so students use this technic for
experiment.

Also, student indicate that It is impossible to completely purify a mixture by

distillation Since a component in the mixture cannot have zero partial pressure, it is

impossible to obtain a completely pure sample of a component from a

mixture or two mixed sample via distillation. However, samples of high purity can
be obtained when one of the components in the mixture has a partial

pressure which is close to zero. Also, the simple distillation is less efficient at
separating liquids, because there is a smaller surface area inside the column in unitof
distillation, but it is usually much faster. For mixtures that contain only one volatile
component, a simple distillation can be more than sufficient.

Haval zaki

Iman Hamed

Ayden Shawkat

7
Conclusion:

Distillation is a very effective method of separating the constituent parts of a

mixture. In the experiment gasoline was distilled first because of its lower boiling
point and high concentration in the solution given relative to the water. Simple
distillation can be used to separate components of a mixture that have a large
difference in their boiling points. If two components have a boiling point difference
of less than 40-50° C, simple distillation will not be successful at separating them
(Fractional Distillation).