Organic chemistry

MLS Department, University of Raparin

College of science

EXP: 3
Simple Distillation

Lecturer: Ali R. Hamad

4/3/2023 1
Distillation:

Distillation is a process of vaporizing an impure liquid mixture in one

container and collecting the condensed vapors in another container

Distillation used to
1- Separation; separate components of a mixture, two or more liquids
that have different boiling temperatures.

2- Purification to purify an impure liquid, a liquid by separating it from

a non-volatile or less-volatile material.

Industrial processes, such as production of gasoline and kerosene, distilled

water, organic solvents, and many other liquids.
Q/ At which temperature the separation of liquids occur?

A/ At their boiling point.

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Types of Distillation:

Several basic types/variations:

➢ Simple distillation
➢ Fractional distillation
➢ Simple, high vacuum distillation
➢ Steam distillation

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The separation of two miscible solutions is depending on the
difference in their boiling points.

The type of distillation used in separation is depending on the range

of the boiling point of the two liquids.

➢ When the boiling points of mixed liquids differ by (more than

25°C), simple distillation is used.

➢ When the boiling points of mixed liquids differ by (less than

25°C), fractional distillation is used.

➢ Steam distillation is used to separate temperature-sensitive

organic compounds.

Temperature-sensitive organic compounds, are compounds that

decompose at the temperatures required for simple distillation.
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SIMPLE DISTILLATION

Chemicals used: water and ethanol

Equipment: Round bottom flask, Condenser, Graduated cylinder,
thermometer, and mentle.

Mentle: used for Pound bottom flask: used

for boiling the mixture. It is
heating the mixture Condenser: used for also called (distilling
condensing back the vapor flask)
to liquid state.
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 Procedure:

1. The mixture of (10mL water + 10mL ethanol), add into a round

bottom flask .
2. Add a boiling stone (Boiling chip) to the mixture.
3. Boil the mixture on a mentle and arrange the equipment as in figure
bellow.
4. Check the position of the thermometer (the bulb of the thermometer
must be below the arm of the distillation head) and make sure that the
bottom of the distillation pot touching the heating surface of the
heating mantel.

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5. Record the temperature after the first drop is collected and again after
every 1 ml and continue.

6. When slow down dropping then start increase temperature gently.

Simple Distillation
Questions

1- What is the purpose of using (Boiling chip)?

2- Find boiling point vs volume of each liquid.

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General questions:

Q/ choose a suitable technique for doing the following processes.

1. Purification of an impure solid substance. Recrystallization

2. Testing the purity of a solid substance. Melting point range

3. Testing the purity of a liquid substance. Boiling point range

4. Separation of two temperature-sensitive organic compounds.
Steam distillation

5. Separation of two miscible liquids (A b.p = 40ºC & B b.p = 80 ºC).

Simple distillation

6. Separation of two miscible liquids (A b.p= 55ºC & B b.p =65 ºC).
Fractional distillation

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Q/ show that each of the following techniques depend on what?

1. Distillation? A/ difference in boiling point of liquids.

2. Recrystallization? A/ difference in solubility of solutes in a solvent.
3. Sublimation? A/ difference in volatility of solids.
4. Extraction; A/ refers to transference of compound (s) from a solid or liquid into a
different solvent or phase.

evaporation
Q/ The volatilization of a liquids is called …………………… and of solids
sublimation
is called ……………………. 9