ASSIGNMENT 1

SEPARATIONS

Group Members:
Hizbullah Malik Arslan Maqbool
327306 329400

Department: CHEMICAL
School of Chemical and Material Engineering
 1. Introduction

2. Mechanism

3. Light and Heavy key component

4. Components of Distillation column

5. Types of Distillation
TABLE OF CONTENT 6. Problem

7. Distillation Efficiency

8. Applications

9. References
 Distillation

 Method used for the separation of liquid mixture into

their individual components

 It is a physical process used to obtain the pure product.

 It is most used method in the industries (oil refineries)

 Mechanism
o The separation is due to difference in the Volatilities

o The more volatile component(MVC) is separated from the less volatile

component (LVC) by heating

o The MVC after heating vaporize and move toward the top section

o The LVC remain at the bottom of the container

o The Temperature at the bottom of the container should be less then

Boiling point of LVC
 Light and Heavy key component Concept for Multicomponent Distillation:

 We choose two components separation which help us as an indicator that

the desired degree of separation is achieved
(a) Light key component
(b) Heavy key component

 The component C and D are Light and heavy key components,

Respectively.
 Components of Distillation Column
3
1
1. Feed Tank
4
2. Column
1. Trays
5
3. Condenser
6
4. Reflux Drum/Collector
2
5. Distillate

6. Reflux

7. Reboiler 7

8. Bottom 8
 Types of Distillation:

 Simple Distillation
o Basic type of distillation
o No Reflux
o Temperature difference greater than 25℃

 Fractional/Rectification Distillation
o More Purity is required
o Temperature difference not Great
o Number of repeated cycles of vaporization and condensation
o Repeated distillation

 Steam Distillation
o Heat sensitive material
o Prevent from decomposition
o Component with high boiling points
 Vacuum Distillation
o Heat sensitive material
o Heating at reduce pressure
o Prevent form decomposition

 Flash Distillation
o Pre-Heated feed is introduced

 Azeotropic Distillation
o Third Component is added
o The 3rd component is removed from top

 Extractive Distillation
o Third component is added
o The 3rd component is removed from bottom

 Multicomponent Distillation
o More then 2 components are involved
o Complex
 Distillation Column Efficiency:

 Three types:

o Local efficiency: It is the efficiency of single hole in the tray or plate of a

distillation column.

o Murphree efficiency: It concerns with the efficiency of a single plate of a

distillation column.

o Overall efficiency: It is the ratio of the number of ideal plates desired in an

entire column to the number of actual plates that are being implemented.
 Industrial Application:

 Distillation Column
o Phenol, Toluene, naphtha and Turpentine are separated.
o With the help of air separation technology argon is obtained
o Using Distillation column Pyridine is obtained

 Oil Refining
o In refining crude oil
o Hydrocarbons are present in the crude oil they are separated
o The separation of different hydrocarbons are done on the bases of there
temperature
o After the separation of different Hydrocarbons, they are used in different
industries
 Desalinizing Water
o In Water scarce area distillation plants are used
o They are also use to purify the water
o Ocean water is converted into potable water and is supplied to these area

 Distilled Spirits
o Beer, wine and liquor are produced by going through several stages of distillation
o The additive are removed, and a distilled form of spirit is produced.

 Other Applications
o Cosmetic product manufacturing companies
o Pharmaceutical companies and chemical producing companies
o It is also used in several manufacturing industries
 Problem

 
Atmospheric Distillation with total Condenser and partial Reboiler is occurring the feed composition
which is saturated Vapor is
Benzene 40% Toluene 30% Cumene 30%
Volatilities are

The toluene in the distillate should be 95%, and the Cumene in the bottom should be 95%.
Find the Equilibrium stages for total reflux distillation, and fractional recovery of benzene in the distillate.
 
Given:

According to the problem the light key component is Toluene, and the Heavy key component is
Cumene where Benzene is the light non key component

 
Solution:
Part A:
We know that for total reflux we have the equation

 
 
According to the problem this equation becomes

We have

  𝑵 𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟑 . 𝟕𝟕
 
Part B:
The Fraction of Benzene in the Distillate
We have general equation to find the fraction of other components using that equation we get

is unknown
 

Putting the values in the equation

 1. Coulson and Richardson’s CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME
2 FIFTH EDITION

2. Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes Binay K. Dutta

REFERENCES: 3. https://www.slideshare.net/AtalKhan/multi-component-distillation-
20130408

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation