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FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

UiTM CAWANGAN PERLIS

CHM 125 BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

LAB REPORT
EXPERIMENT TITLE : DISTILLATION TECHNIQUE AND DETERMINE THE
BOILING POINT OF A LIQIUD

NAME : i) NORLIYANA NAFISHA BINTI SULAIMAN (2022841098)

ii) NUR SYAZANA BALQIS BINTI ABDUL HALIL (2022878314)

iii) NUR ALIAH BINTI ZAKARIAH (2022841098)

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 10 NOVEMBER 2022

LECTURER : MOHD FAUZI ABDULLAH

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 1st DECEMBER 2022

Objective :
To learn the techniques of distillation and boiling point determination .

Introduction :
Simple is the separation of a volatile liquid from a non-volatile substance. When
there is two or more mixture of volatile liquids with different boiling points needed to be
separate, distillation is termed as fractional distillation. For a liquid with a boiling point greater
than 250°C, vacuum distillation will be chosen instead to avoid decomposition of the liquid.
This is because the boiling point of a compound could be lowered when applied pressure is
reduced. Water condensers are used when the boiling point of the liquid is less than 100ºC.
Otherwise, an air condenser is to be used instead. The diagram of a simple distillation
apparatus is shown below .

DIAGRAM 2 : Simple distillation apparatus

Chemicals :
30% of ethanol in water
Boiling chips ( 5-6 pieces)

Apparatus :
2 retort stands
1 50-100 ml round bottom flask
1 condenser
1 still head
1 thermometer
1 filter paper
2 rubber hoses
1 adapter
1 pocket thermometer
1 heating mantle

Procedure :

1)The round bottom flask was filled with 25ml of 30% ethanol and a few boiling chips were
put in .

2)As illustrated in the diagram, a simple distillation apparatus was set up . The thermometer
was placed in the thermometer pocket.

3)The liquid was heated at a sustained rate during the boiling until the distillation rate was
around 2-3 drops per second .

4)As the boiling point of the liquid was to be distilled, a steady thermometer reading was
recorded .

5)Following distillation, the ethanol obtained was measured .

6)The percentage yield of recovery was calculated .

Discussion :

During the experiment, we needed to a few boiling chips into the round bottom flask with
25ml solution of 30% ethanol in it. The reason we used boiling chips in the distillation
process as the boiling chips are thin, compact calcium carbonate or silicon carbide stones
that are insoluble. These stones have pores on the interior that serve as air traps as well as
areas for solvent vapour bubbles to develop. It will prevent the distilled liquid from
overheating and will provide a more controlled boil also removing the risk of the liquid in the
distillation flask colliding with the condenser.

Ethanol have higher boiling points than propane because ethanol is an alcohol. Ethanol
forms hydrogen and oxygen bonds (H.O), but propane solely forms hydrogen bonds (H.H).
So, it has a higher boiling points than alkanes which is propane because hydrogen bonds
are weaker than hyrdo-oxi bonds, hence breaking H-H bonds requires more heat than
breaking H-O bonds. Also, alcohols’s forces between molecules are hydrogen bonds, but
alkanes intermolecular forces are Van Der Waals forces. Van Der Waals forces are weaker
than hydrogen bonds. As a results, ethanol have higher boiling temperatures since it takes
more energy to break the stronger hydrogen bonds and make them vapour.

Author is licensed under

Structure of ethanol Structure of propane

The theoretical value of ethanol’s boiling point is 78.2°C or 173F but the experimental data
of the boiling point is 79°C until 82°C. The reason why it is different as ethanol and water is
an azeotropic mixture or an azeotrope. The boiling point of a liquid solution remains constant
because the vapour has the same composition as the liquid mixture. When managing the
experiment, several flaws and mistakes will be occur, such as the parallax error when
measuring the temperature and the amount of ethanol gathered. Leaks in any part of the
equipment can potentially cause alcohol to escape and be lost through these systems.

During the distillation process, make sure the distillation flask is not more than half full as the
unwanted substances might make it into the distillate. Second, make sure the thermometer
as in the right position as we want to measure the temperature of the vapour and not the
liquid. Also, make sure the heat source is easy to remove quickly because it is possible the
solution to suddenly boiling violently. Make sure every piece of glassware is clamped and
collected the distillate only at the desired temperature range.
Questions :

1)Sketch the apparatus needed for distillation

2) Explain why we need to use boiling chips in the distillation process.

Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When liquid becomes
superheated, a speck of dust or a stirring rod can cause violent flash boiling.

3) Ethanol have higher boiling point than propane. Draw the structure of ethanol and
propane in your explanation.

Such as large difference in boiling points indicates that molecules of ethanolare attrached to
one another much more strongly than are propane molecules. Most of this difference results
from the ability of ethanol and other alcohols to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

4) What is the theoretical value of ethanol's boiling point? Compare the value with your
experimental data of the boiling point. Explain why it is different.

In the case of mixtures of ethanol and water, this minimum occurs with 48% by mass of
ethanol in the mixture. The boiling point of this mixture is 80°C, compared with the boiling
point of pure ethanol at 78.2°C, and water at 100°C.
Conclusions :

As a conclusion, we have learned about on how to do the techniques of distillation. Then,

the boiling point of 30% ethanol was determined. Only 72% of ethanol was recovered from
distillation process. This may be due to the ethanol vapour is still trap in the apparatus
during the boiling process.

References :
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2021, September 7). Distillation Definition in Chemistry.
Retrieved 6 June 2021 from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-distillation-605040

Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 27), What Is Distilation? Chemistry
Definition. Retrieved 6 June 2021 from otns://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-distillation-
601964

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, February 7), boiling point. Encyclopedia

Alexander Sandtory (2021, June 20), HOW TO BE A SUCCESSFUL ORGANIC CHEMIST
Retrieved 6 June 2021 from https:/ichem libretexts org@go/page/135943 cular%20forces
%20Factfile.pdf

Britannica. Retrieved 6 June 2021 from https://www.britannica.com/science/bailing-point

Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2021, February 16). Definition of Boiling Point in
Chemistry. Retrieved 6 June 2021 from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-boiling
point-604390

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, February 19), azeotrope. Encyclopedia

Britannica. Retrieved November 4,2021, from tips://www.britannica.com/science/azeotrope