15 In what forms can energy cross the boundaries of a closed system?

Heat and work are two types of energy that can breach the limits of a closed system.

16 is the energy crossing the boundaries of a closed system heat and when is it
work?

Heat is the only type of energy that may pass a closed system's boundary due to a
temperature differential and all other types are working.

17 What is an adiabatic process? What is an adiabatic system?

The term "adiabatic" refers to a process in which no heat is

transferred. An adiabatic system is one that does not exchange heat
with its environment.

18 -- A gas in a piston–cylinder device is compressed, and as a result its

temperature rises. Is this a heat or work interaction?

It is a work interaction.

19 A room is heated by an iron that is left plugged in. Is this a heat or work
interaction? Take the entire room, including the iron, as the system.

Because electrons breach the system border and perform electrical work, it is a work
interaction.

20 A room is heated as a result of solar radiation coming in through the windows.

Is this a heat or work interaction for the room?

Because of the temperature differential between the sun and the room, it is a heat
interaction.
21 An insulated room is heated by burning candles. Is this a heat or work
interaction? Take the entire room, including the candles, as the system.

Since no energy crosses the system border, this is neither a heat nor a work
interaction. The conversion of one kind of internal energy (chemical energy) to
another (sensible energy) is all that is required.

22 What are point and path functions? Give some examples.

Point functions depend on the state only whereas the path functions depend
on the path followed during a process. Properties of substances are point
functions, heat and work are path functions.

2-11 A water jet that leaves a nozzle at 60 m/s at a flow rate of 120 kg/s is to be
used to generate power by striking the buckets located on the perimeter of a
wheel. Determine the power generation potential of this water jet.