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All you need to know about Boiling (for

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BY EXERGIC ON MAY 22, 2017 • ( LEAVE A COMMENT )

Dear readers,

Boiling heat transfer is a common phenomenon, from the boiling of refrigerant in evaporator coils of
household refrigerator to the boiler of water in steam power plants.

How boiling differs from evaporation?

Evaporation occurs at liquid-vapor interface when the vapor pressure is less than the saturated pressure of
the liquid at a given temperature while Boiling occurs at the solid-liquid interface when a liquid is brought
into contact with a surface maintained at a temperature Ts su ciently above the saturation temperature
(Tsat) of the liquid.

Boiling is classified into two types:-

(A) Pool Boiling

It means the boiling of stationary uids. In pool-boiling, the uid is not forced to ow by any external
source, any motion of uid is due to natural convection.

Boiling curve in Pool-boiling

We know,

Convection heat transfer= hA (Ts – Tsat)

where Ts – Tsat =   d Texcess

Depending upon the value of d Texcess , four di erent boiling regimes are observed.
Various Regimes in Pool Boiling:-

i) Natural-Convection Boiling: The liquid is heated above the saturation temperature in this region.So,the
liquid is slightly superheated  in this case and evaporates when it rises to the free surface.The heat transfer
from heating surface to the uid is by natural convection.
ii) Nucleate-Boiling: The rst bubble start forming at point A of boiling curve at various preferential sites
on the heating surface.

This regime can be separated into two regions.In region A-B,isolated bubbles are formed at various
preferential nucleation sites on the heating surface.But those bubbles are dissipated in the liquid shortly
after they separate from the surface.

In region B-C, the heater temperature is further increased and bubbles formed at very high rate.These
bubbles move up to the free surface and break up releasing their vapor content.

iii) Transition Boiling:  As d Texcess is further increased,the heat ux starts decreasing because  a large
fraction of the heater surface is covered by  vapor lm,which acts as an insulation due to the low thermal
conductivity of the vapor relative to that of liquid.This is also called unstable lm boiling regime.

iv)Film Boiling:  In this region,the heater surface is completely covered by a continuous stable vapor
lm.The heat transfer rate increases with increasing excess temperature as a result of heat transfer from the
heated surface to the liquid through the vapor lm by radiation,which becomes signi cant at high
temperature.

(B) Flow-Boiling

In Flow boiling,the uid is moved,by an external source such as pump as it undergoes phase change process.
The ow boiling is also classi ed as either external or internal.

i) External ow boiling:  Boiler over a at plate is called external ow boiling. It is similar to pool boiling,
but the added motion increases both,the nucleate boiling heat ux and critical heat ux.

ii) Internal ow boiling:  It is much complicated in nature because there is no free surface for the vapor to
escape and thus both the liquid and vapor are forced to ow together.The di erent stages are shown in
gure.
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