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BSA
26 August 2019
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Recap
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Basic Ideas of Sampling
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Basic Ideas of Sampling
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Types of Sampling
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Potential Causes of Bias
Convenience Sampling
Volunteer Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Non-response Bias
Response Bias
Does that mean we shouldn’t use any of these types of sampling??
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Potential Causes of Bias
Convenience Sampling
Volunteer Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Non-response Bias
Response Bias
Does that mean we shouldn’t use any of these types of sampling??
NO, one can use, but with caution. Make sure it is not leading to
a systematic error
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Sampling Using Excel in Presence of Sampling Frame
Generate a random number for each observation and then sort the
observations
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What after sampling?
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Estimating from the statistic
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Errors in the Process of Estimation
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Estimating Population Mean from Sample Mean
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Estimating Population Variance from Sample Observations
If the P
sampling scheme is WITH REPLACEMENT
n
(Xi − X )2
sX2 = i=1
n−1
If the sampling
scheme Pis WITHOUT REPLACEMENT
n 2
N −1 i=1 (Xi − X )
sX2 ,WOR =
N n−1
Why is estimating population variance important?
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Estimating Population Variance from Sample Observations
If the P
sampling scheme is WITH REPLACEMENT
n
(Xi − X )2
sX2 = i=1
n−1
If the sampling
scheme Pis WITHOUT REPLACEMENT
n 2
N − 1 i=1 (Xi − X )
sX2 ,WOR =
N n−1
Why is estimating population variance important?
To get an idea about error in estimation of sample mean
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Standard Error in Sample Mean
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Central Limit Theorem
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Central Limit Theorem
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Central Limit Theorem
Theorem
If the sample size is large, for WITH REPLACEMENT and
independent sampling, the sample mean X is approximately normal
with
1 mean = µ
σ2
2 variance = n
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Comments about Central Limit Theorem
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CLT when population itself is normally distributed
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Sample Proportion
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Sample Proportion
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Sample Proportion
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Sampling Proportion
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Confidence Interval
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Confidence Interval
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Confidence Interval Idea
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Confidence Interval Idea
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Example of Confidence Interval
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BSA Sampling, etc. continued
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Easier way for check unbiasedness of sample proportion
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Easier way for check unbiasedness of sample proportion
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Easier way for check unbiasedness of sample proportion
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Easier way for check unbiasedness of sample proportion
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Standard Normal Distribution
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Standard Normal Distribution
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Standard Normal Distribution
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Standard Normal Distribution
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Confidence Interval
Back to Sample Mean X
1 X is a random variable
2 Under certain conditions, large sample size, etc. We use CLT
to get better idea about X
3 Using properties of normal distribution, what can be said
about
4 P X is in between µ − 2 √σn and µ + 2 √σn
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Confidence Interval
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Confidence Interval
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Confidence Interval
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Confidence Interval
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Confidence Interval Discussions
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Summary of results for 100(1-α)% C.I.
n σ2 C.I. Type Symmetric C.I.
zα σ zα σ
Large known Approximate X − √2 , X + √2
n n
zα s zα s
Large unknown Approximate X − √2 , X + √2
n n
Table: C.I. for population mean µ, s is sample standard deviation
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Sample Size Determination
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Some other distributions
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Chi-square distribution
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Chi-square distribution
Source - https://www.istockphoto.com/in/vector/set-of-children-skipping-gm974441736-265090753
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t-distribution
Source - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Student_t_pdf.svg
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Proof of the above results
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Proof of the above results
Source - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution#/media/File:Chi-square_pdf.svg
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Thank you for your attention
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