MR Assignment

Submitted by group-6

Sarbani Sahu

Sushant Kumar Jena

Somya Samaiya

Sibasish Patanaik

Pinninti Nikhila

Chapter 11

In chapter 11, Sampling design and procedure, we learn about population which is a set of
characteristics used for market research with the use of census which is enumerating a
population or study objects. A sample on the other hand is a subgroup taken from the
population used for study.

Sampling design process consist of the following processes:

Define the target population: The target population is the collection of elements or objects
that provide information and inferences are drawn. This is possible with the help of element
(the object from whom information is desired), sampling unit (element or unit containing the
element in the selection process at some stage of sampling process).

Determine the sampling frame: The representation of the elements in the form of list or set
of directions for identifying the target population. First approach is to redefine the population
frame error. Another way is to account for sampling frame error by screening the respondents
in the data screening phase.

Select a sampling technique: Different technique are used. In the Bayesian approach, the
elements are selected with the help of selection method. They are incorporated with prior
information about parameters, cost and probability associated with making wrong decisions.
Sampling with replacement is a technique in which an element can be included in the sample
more than once. Sampling without replacement is a technique in which an element cannot be
included in the sample more than once.
Determine the sample size: The number of elements to be included in a study are
determined with the help of the importance of the decision, the nature of the research, the
number of variables, the nature of analysis and sample sizes used in similar studies.

Execute the sampling process: It requires a detailed specification of how the sampling
design of population, sampling frame, sampling unit, sampling technique and sample size.

Sampling technique can be classified into Nonprobability and probability. Nonprobability is

sampling technique that cannot use chance selection procedure. Probability is a chance of
being selected for the sample. Nonprobability is classified as convenience sampling,
judgmental sampling, Quota sampling, snowball sampling.

Probability can classify into simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified
sampling, cluster sampling and other sampling techniques. Stratified sampling can be
classified as proportional and disproportionate techniques.

Choosing among non-probability and probability sampling is done by the following manner:

 Nature of research, relative magnitude of non-sampling V/s error in Sampling,

Population variability
 Accurate estimation of characteristics of population
 Population homogeneity
 These non-probability and probability sampling are used in-

Internet Sampling consists of online intercept sampling, recruited online sampling, other
techniques. Online Internet sampling can be classified into nonrandom and random.
Recruited online sampling can be classified as panel and nonpanel. Panel is classified as
recruited panels and opt-in panels. Non-panel is a kind of opt-in list rental.

To maintain reliability and integrity in the sample the following procedure are used:
password protection, reminder invitation and summary of the survey findings.
 Chapter 12

In chapter 12, Sampling: Final and Initial Sample Size distribution, we learn about
parameters which is the description about the fixed characteristics of the targeted population.
Statistics is the description of a characteristics of the sample. Finite population correction is a
correction for overestimation of the population variance. Precision level is the required level
of estimated interval that is the maximum possible difference between sample statistics and
population parameter. Confidence interval is the range that the true population parameter will
fail and confidence level is the probability that a confidence interval will include the
parameters of population.

Sampling distribution is the value of a sample statistic that is calculated for each sample
drawn from target population under a sampling plan. Properties of sampling distribution of
mean are

 Normal distribution is the sampling distribution of mean which is binomial and

measures central tendency.
Σ xn
 Mean= that is sum of all the n variables dived by the number of variables.
n
 Standard deviation is the standard error of mean or proportion.
σ (sample)=σ/ (sqrt n)

π (1  π )
σp 
n
 Population standard deviation

 Standard error of the proportion

p (1− p)
Sp=
√ n
 Z=number of standard errors a point is away from the mean
( X  μX ) ( X  μ)
Z 
σX σ z=(p−π )/σ
n and

 When the sample size is 10% or more of the population size, the standard error will
overestimate the standard deviation of the population mean the population mean
  N n  (1   ) N  n
X  p 
n N  1 and n N 1
To determine sample size determination of mean,
 Specify the precision level.
 Specify confidence level.
 Determine the z value associated with the confidence interval.
 Determine standard deviation of population.
 Determine sample size
 If sample size is more that 10%, then the finite population correction will be applied.
 If the population standard deviation σ is unknown and the estimate is used it should
be reestimated once the sample has been used.
 In some cases, precision is specified in relative rather than absolute terms.

Almost the similar procedure is followed for sample size of proportion.

Two major non response issues in sampling are improving response rates and adjusting non-
responses. Improving the response rates due low response rates, refusals and not-at-home
being the reason can be improved with 2 different ways reducing refusals and reducing not-
at-home responses. Reducing refusals can be done by prior notification, motivating
respondents, incentives, questionnaire design and administration follow-up and other
facilitation. Reducing not-at-home can be done by call backs.

Adjusting to non-responses occurs when high response rate decreases the probability of the
substantial non-response bias. The strategy to improve non-response bias are sub-sampling of
non-respondents,replacement,substitution, subjective estimates, trend analysis simple
weighting and imputation.