Why A System Needs Protection?

• There is no fault free system.

• It is neither practical nor economical to build a
fault free system.
• Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of
faults.
• Usually faults are caused by breakdown of
insulation due to various reasons: system over
current, over voltage, lighting, etc.

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 Introduction
• The importance of electric supply in everyday life has
reached such a stage that it is desirable to protect the
power system from harm during fault conditions and to
ensure maximum continuity of supply.
• For this purpose, means must be provided to switch on or
off generators, transmission lines, distributors and other
equipment under both normal and abnormal conditions.
• The apparatus used for switching, controlling and
protecting the electrical circuits and equipment is known as
switchgear.
• A switchgear essentially consists of switching and
protecting devices such as switches, fuses, circuit breakers,
relays etc
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• During normal operation, switchgear permits to
switch on or off generators, transmission lines,
distributors and other electrical equipment.
• On the other hand, when a failure (e.g. short
circuit) occurs on any part of power system, a
heavy current flows through the equipment,
threatening damage to the equipment and
interruption of service to the customers.
• However, the switchgear detects the fault and
disconnects the unhealthy section from the
system. In this way, switchgear protects the
system from the damage and ensures continuity
of supply.
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 Circuit breakers
• When a short circuit occurs on the system, heavy
current flowing through the equipment may cause
considerable damage. In order to interrupt such
heavy fault currents, automatic circuit breakers (or
simply circuit breakers) are used.
• A circuit breaker is a switchgear which can open or
close an electrical circuit under both normal and
abnormal conditions. Even in instances where a
fuse is adequate, as regards to breaking capacity, a
circuit breaker may be preferable.
• It is because a circuit breaker can close circuits, as
well as break them without replacement and thus
has wider range of use altogether than a fuse.
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 Protective Relays

• Isolate controlling circuit from controlled

circuit.
• Detect system failures when they occur and
isolate the faulted section from the remaining
of the system.
• Mitigating the effects of failures after they
occur.
• Minimize risk of fire, danger to personal and
other high voltage systems.
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 Protective Devices Comparison
• Circuit Breaker v/s Relay
• Relays are like human brain; circuit breakers
are like human muscle.
• Relays ?make decisions? based on settings.
• Relays send signals to circuit breakers. Based
the sending signals circuit breakers will
open/close.

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 Nature and causes of faults
• Breaking of conductors
• Failure of insulation
• Mechanical failure, accidents, excessive internal and
external stresses.
• The impedance of the path in the fault is low and
the fault currents are comparatively large.
• When a fault occurs on a system, the voltages of the
three phases become unbalanced. As the fault
currents are large, the apparatus may get damaged.
The flow of power is diverted towards the fault
which affects the supply to the neighboring zone.
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 Types of Faults
Symmetrical faults: These are very severe faults
and occur infrequently in the power systems.
These are also called as balanced faults and are
of two types namely line to line to line to
ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line to line (L-L-L).

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• Unsymmetrical faults: These are very
common and less severe than symmetrical
faults. There are mainly three types namely
line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L) and
double line to ground (LL-G) faults.

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 Fault Statistics

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 Zones of Protection

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 Primary and Back-up protection

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• Remote Back-up:- located at neighboring
station, cheapest and simplest used in
transmission line protection.
• Relay Back-up:- additional relays provided for
back up protection, costly, operation takes
place with out a delay. can be used where
back up protection is not available.
• Breaker Back-up:- mainly used in bus bar
protection.

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 Essential Quantities of Protection
• Selectivity:- It is the ability of the protective
system to select correctly that part of the system
in trouble and disconnect the faulty part without
disturbing the rest of the system.
• Sensitivity:- It is the ability of the relay system to
operate with low value of actuating quantity.
• Stability:- A protective system remains stable even
when a large current is flowing through its
protective zone due to an external fault, which
does not lie in its zone.
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• Reliability:- It is the ability of the relay system
to operate under the pre-determined
conditions Without reliability, the protection
would be rendered largely ineffective and
could even become a liability.

• Simplicity:- The relaying system should be

simple so that it can be easily maintained.
Reliability is closely related to simplicity. The
simpler the protection scheme, the greater
will be its reliability.
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• Speed. The relay system should disconnect the faulty
section as fast as possible.
• Electrical apparatus may be damaged if they are made
to carry the fault currents for a long time.
• A failure on the system leads to a great reduction in the
system voltage. If the faulty section is not disconnected
quickly, then the low voltage created by the fault may
shut down consumers’ motors and the generators on
the system may become unstable.
• The high speed relay system decreases the possibility of
development of one type of fault into the other more
severe type.
• Economy:- The most important factor in the choice of a
particular protection scheme is the economic aspect. As a
rule, the protective gear should not cost more than 5% of
total cost. However, when the apparatus to be protected is
of utmost importance.

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 Classification of protective Schemes
• Over current
• Distance Protection
• Carrier – Current Protection
• Differential Protection

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 Performance of protective relays
• Correct Operation

• Incorrect Operation

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• No Conclusion

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 Components of a Protection Scheme

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 Automatic Reclosing
• In electric power distribution, an autorecloser is
a circuit breaker equipped with a mechanism
that can automatically close the breaker after it
has been opened due to a fault.
• Autoreclosers are used in coordinated
protection schemes for overhead line power
distribution circuits. These circuits are prone to
transitory faults such as nearby lightning
strikes, wind-borne debris, animals climbing the
insulators.
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• These faults disappear if the line is
disconnected from the system momentarily in
order to allow the arc to extinguish
• If the transient fault has cleared, the
autorecloser's circuit breaker will remain
closed and normal operation of the power line
will resume.
• 90% of faults on overhead power lines are
transient and can be cured by autoreclosing.
The result is increased availability of supply.

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• For EHV lines – 12 sec. (Single reclosing)
• Lines Upto 33KV – 15 to 120 Sec (Tripple
Reclosing).
• Experience shows that nearly 80% of the
faults are cleared after the first trip, 10% stay
in for the second reclosure which is made
after a time delay, 3% require the third
reclosure and about 7% are permanent faults
which are not cleared and result in lockout of
the reclosing relay

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 Summation Transformer
• When the currents in a number of feeders need
not be individually metered but summed to a
single meter or instrument, a summation current
transformer can be used .
• The summation CT is consist of two or more
primary windings which are connected to the
feeders to be summed , and a single secondary
winding, which feeds a current proportional to
the summed primary current.
• Atypical ratio would be 5+5+5/5A, which means
that three primary feeders of 5 are to be summed
to a single 5 A meter.
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• Summation C.T.ʹs are designed to summarize several
synchronous A.C. currents of equal phase relation with
any angle of phase difference, i.e. summarize the
secondary currents of a number of main C.T.’s.
• The secondary circuits of the main C.T.’s are to be
connected to the corresponding marked primary
terminals of the summation C.T., i.e. each main C.T.
feeds with its secondary current a specific portion of
the primary winding of the summation C.T.
• The number of turns of the particular sections of the
primary winding must fit in with ratios of the main
C.T’s. If all main C.T.’s have identical ratios, it is
irrelevant for their secondary circuits to which section
of the primary winding of the summation C.T. they are
connected.
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 Phase – Sequence current -
Segregating Network

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• The constant k0, k1, k2, depends on the
device which is used to derive a single phase
quantity from 3 phase quantity.
• The phase sequence filter gives an output in
the form of ‘I1 – kI2’ which gives the most
uniform response for any type of fault. The
value of ‘k’ may be 5 or 6.

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