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  • XML: eXtensible Markup Language fundamentals

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    Bhargavi Patil
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    XML is a markup language that stores and transports data in a human and machine-readable format. It is commonly used to exchange data over the internet and in different IT systems. XML documents use tags to define elements that can contain text, attributes, and other nested elements. Elements are extensible and XML is self-descriptive, allowing data to be understood by both humans and machines.

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    XML is a markup language that stores and transports data in a human and machine-readable format. It is commonly used to exchange data over the internet and in different IT systems. XML documents use tags to define elements that can contain text, attributes, and other nested elements. Elements are extensible and XML is self-descriptive, allowing data to be understood by both humans and machines.

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    21 views9 pages

    XML: eXtensible Markup Language fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Bhargavi Patil
    XML is a markup language that stores and transports data in a human and machine-readable format. It is commonly used to exchange data over the internet and in different IT systems. XML documents use tags to define elements that can contain text, attributes, and other nested elements. Elements are extensible and XML is self-descriptive, allowing data to be understood by both humans and machines.

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    of 9

    XML :

    1. eXtensible Markup Language. Much like HTML


    2. Designed to store and transport data
    3. Designed to be both human and machine-readable
    4. Important role in different IT systems
    5. Often used for distributing data over Internet
    6. XML is a W3C recommendation
    7. XML is self-descriptive(it has sender info, receiver info,
    heading, message body, info wrapped in tags)
    8. IMportant XML Standards:
    AJAX
    DOM
    XPath
    XSLT
    XQuery
    DTD
    Schema
    Services

    EXAMPLE:
    <note>
    <to>Medha</to>
    <from>Vani</from>
    <heading>It’s prachi’s birthday</heading>
    <body>don’t forget to wish her</body>
    </note>

    XML HTML
    Is designed to carry data-with Is designed to display data -
    focus on what data is with focus on how data looks
    Tags are not predefined (tags Tags are predefined
    are invented by author of XML
    document)

    Explain is Extensible:
    1. Most XML application will work as expected even if some
    data is added or lost/removed
    2. Is simplifies data sharing,transport,simplifies platform
    changes,data availability
    3. Sometimes data in computer is in incompatible form,
    exchangeing such data may result in loss of some data. XML
    stores data in plain text form, this provides a software and
    hardware indep. Way of storing,sharing,transporting.
    4. With XML data can be available to all kind of “reading
    machines”

    How can XML be used?


     XML is used in many aspects of web development
     XML is often used to separate data from presentation.
    XML does not carry info about how to be displayed

    With a few lines of JavaScript code, you can read an XML file
    and update the data content of any HTML page.

    <?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?>


    <bookstore>
    <book>
    <title lang=”en”>harry potter</title>
    <author>J.K.Rowling</author>
    <year>2005</year>
    <price>120</price>
    </book>
    </bookstore>

    Uses of XML:
    1. Day to day transactions:
    Stocks and shares
    Financial transcation
    Medical data
    Mathematical data
    Scientific measurements
    News infos
    Weather services
    2. XML news is a specification for exchanging news and other
    infos.
    3. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <nitf>
      <head>
        <title>Colombia Earthquake</title>
      </head>
      <body>
        <headline>
          <hl1>143 Dead in Colombia Earthquake</hl1>
        </headline>
        <byline>
          <bytag>By Jared Kotler, Associated Press Writer</bytag>
        </byline>
        <dateline>
          <location>Bogota, Colombia</location>
          <date>Monday January 25 1999 7:28 ET</date>
        </dateline>
      </body>
    </nitf>
    4.

    Root element: <bookstore>


    Child element:<book> Attribute: category,lang
    Elements: <title>,<author>,<year>,<price>

    <root>
    <child>
    <subchild>……..</subchild>
    </child>
    </root>

    <?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> ------> this prolog


    defines version and character encoding

    XML Syntax Rules:


    1. Prolog is optional. if it exists , it must come first in the
    document.
    2. To avoid errors, specify encoding used----> UTF-8(default
    char. Encoding for XML doc.)
    3. UTF-8 is also the default encoding for
    HTML5,CSS,JavaScript,PHP and SQL.
    4. All XML elements must have a closing Tag, tags are case
    sensitive, elements must be properly nested.
    5. XML attribute values must always be quoted.
    6. <note date="12/11/2007">
      <to>Tove</to>
      <from>Jani</from>
    </note>

    7. <!-- This is a comment -->


    There are 5 pre-defined entity references in XML:

    &lt; < less than


    &gt; > greater than
    &amp; & ampersand 
    &apos; ' apostrophe
    &quot; " quotation mark

    XML Elements:
    An element can contain text,attribute,other elements
    XML elements are extensible? Yes bcos elements can be
    extended to carry more information
    XML Attributes:
    1. Attributes are designed to contain data related to a specific
    element
    2. Must be quotes<person gender=”male”> single/doubl quote

     We should avoid XML attributes, why?


     attributes cannot contain multiple values (elements can)
     attributes cannot contain tree structures (elements can)
     attributes are not easily expandable (for future changes)

    3. Sometimes id references are assigned to elements, used to


    identify XML elements in much the same way as the id attribute
    in HTML (metadata--->data about data)
    <messages>
      <note id="501">
        <to>Tove</to>
        <from>Jani</from>
        <heading>Reminder</heading>
        <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
      </note>
      <note id="502">
        <to>Jani</to>
        <from>Tove</from>
        <heading>Re: Reminder</heading>
        <body>I will not</body>
      </note>
    </messages>

    XML Namespaces:
    <h:table>
      <h:tr>
        <h:td>Apples</h:td>
        <h:td>Bananas</h:td>
      </h:tr>
    </h:table>

    <f:table>
      <f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
      <f:width>80</f:width>
      <f:length>120</f:length>
    </f:table>
    Name conflicts:
    Names are defined by developer, often things like this happens
    when trying to mix XML documents from different applications.
    <table> <table>
      <tr>   <name>African Coffee
        <td>Apples</td> Table</name>
        <td>Bananas</td>   <width>80</width>
      </tr>   <length>120</length>
    </table> </table>

    If these XML fragments were added together, there would be a


    name conflict. Both contain a <table> element, but the elements
    have different content and meaning.

    A user or an XML application will not know how to handle these


    differences.

    Solving such conflicts:(using prefix)

    <h:table>
      <h:tr>
        <h:td>Apples</h:td>
        <h:td>Bananas</h:td>
      </h:tr>
    </h:table>

    <f:table>
      <f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
      <f:width>80</f:width>
      <f:length>120</f:length>
    </f:table>
    Here both tables have different meanings.

    XML Namespaces - The xmlns Attribute:


    The namespace can be defined by an xmlns attribute in the start tag of an element.

    The namespace declaration has the following syntax. xmlns:prefix="URI".


    <root>

    <h:table xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">
      <h:tr>
        <h:td>Apples</h:td>
        <h:td>Bananas</h:td>
      </h:tr>
    </h:table>

    <f:table xmlns:f="https://www.w3schools.com/furniture">
      <f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
      <f:width>80</f:width>
      <f:length>120</f:length>
    </f:table>

    </root>

    Uniform resources identifier(URI):


    Is a string of characters which identifies an internet resources.
    The most common URI is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) which
    identifies an Internet domain address. Another, not so common type of URI is
    the Uniform Resource Name (URN).

    XSLT: is a lang that can be used to transform XML documents into other
    formats.
    xml into html

    Displaying XMLs:
    1. Raw XML files can be viewed in all major browsers.
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
     - <note>
           <to>Tove</to>
           <from>Jani</from>
           <heading>Reminder</heading>
           <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
       </note>

    XML HttpRequest:
    All modern browsers have a built in XMLHttprequest object to
    request data from server.
    The XMLHttpRequest Object
    The XMLHttpRequest object can be used to request data from a web
    server.

    The XMLHttpRequest object is a developers dream, because you can:

     Update a web page without reloading the page


     Request data from a server - after the page has loaded
     Receive data from a server  - after the page has loaded
     Send data to a server - in the background
     Sending request:
     var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
    xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() {
        if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
           // Typical action to be performed when the document is
    ready:
           document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
    xhttp.responseText;
        }
    };
    xhttp.open("GET", "filename", true);
    xhttp.send();

    Onreadystatechange Property specifies a function


    to be executed every time
    the status of the
    XMLHttpRequest object
    xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() changes;
    if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) When readyState property
    is 4 and the status property
    is 200, the response is
    ready:
    document.getElementById("demo").innerHTM The responseText property
    L = xhttp.responseText; returns the server response
    as a text string.

    The text string can be used


    to update a web page:
    Old versions of internet explorer (IE5 and IE6) do not support
    the XMLHttpsRequest object.
    To handle IE5 and IE6, check if the browser supports the
    XMLHttpRequest object, or else create an ActiveXObject:

    if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
        // code for modern browsers
        xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
     } else {
        // code for old IE browsers
        xmlhttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
    }

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