CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

Agriculture plays an important source of livelihood in most parts of the world. It plays an
important role in the entire life of an economy. It is the backbone of the economic system of one
country. Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising
livestock and it is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and many other desired products.
Agriculture provides most of the world’s needed materials from food and fabrics and it also
provides wood for construction and paper products. The products that agriculture provides, as
well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one part of the world to another. In
addition to providing food and raw material, agriculture also provides employment opportunities
to a very large percentage of the population.

The practice of agriculture is also known as farming. Farming is the practice of cultivating
the land or raising stock. It is one of the primary sources of livelihood in most rural households
in the country. It provides the needs of the people, especially the food they eat. The rapid growth
of the population in the world means the food consumption worldwide grows rapidly and the
demands of the food are growing. Smart farming is the solution to address the issues of
population growth, climate change and labor of the farmers from planting and watering of crops
to health and harvesting. The innovation of technology leads other farmers to rely on advanced
technology for their farming. The main reason for using technology in the process of farming is
to save time and energy required for performing repetitive farming tasks and to increase the
productivity of yield by treating every crop individually using precision farming concept. One of
the equipment used for smart farming is the conveyor.

Transportation is perhaps one of the best elements for the business to succeed,
including in agriculture. People are always in search of better, faster and cost effective
techniques of transporting, tracking and processing their goods.

Conveyor system has emerged as one of the best ways of transporting products. This
system consists of two or more drums that are also referred to as pulleys with a conveyor belt;
the carrying medium rotates around the drums. The conveyor is categorized into two classes,
one that transports general material and the other that is responsible for taking agricultural
material such as sand, ore, coal, salt, grain and much more from one place to another.
Conveyors play an important role in the handling of agricultural materials. Conveyor is a
necessary equipment to collect, store and process crop straws. The high productive capacity of
modern farms has created a real need for handling agricultural products in a rapid and efficient
manner. Another smart farming equipment that is being used in agriculture is the Sprinkler.
Sprinkler irrigation is water applied using perforated pipes or nozzles operated under pressure,
and micro-irrigation uses low pressure to wet a discrete portion of the soil.

Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural

rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed
into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
The pump supply system, sprinklers and operating conditions must be designed to enable a
uniform application of water.

Sprinkler irrigation is suited for most row, field and tree crops and water can be sprayed
over or under the crop canopy. However, large sprinklers are not recommended for irrigation of
delicate crops such as lettuce because the large water drops produced by the sprinklers may
damage the crop. Chemical fertilizers are the immediate source of nutrients in soils. It provides
a vital input for the growth of agriculture and is an inevitable factor that has to be reckoned with
the attainment of a self-sufficiency goal in production of food grains.

Apart from the primary nutrients (‘N’, ‘P’, and ‘K’), the secondary and micronutrients are
also required for plant growth. Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur are termed as secondary
nutrients and deficiencies in supply of these nutrients reduce the efficiency of primary nutrients
by restricting the yield to a lower level. Crops have to be supplied with secondary nutrients in
addition to primary nutrients. Micro-nutrients are a group of nutrients which are essential for
plant growth in minute quantities. Intensive cropping depletes all nutrients, including
micro-nutrients, from the soil. Therefore, selective use of micro-nutrients is necessary for
increasing agricultural production.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Farming is the primary source of livelihood in most rural households in the country. It
gives every person their needs, especially the food they eat. But too much workload and manual
farming gives a big impact on the agricultural production and farming system. Farming includes
the plowing of the soil, planting seeds, watering the plants and harvesting. And these things
cause a lot of work to do.
 Manual harvesting is a commonly practiced method of crops harvesting in many parts of
the world. This method involves harvesting of crops by hand, using fruit clippers and knives and
other tools. It needs properly trained workers that will harvest and handle the crops.

In relation to these, farmers needed a system that can help them to seize the fields from
water access or irrigation, and also an easier or fastest way of putting fertilizers and other
agricultural input in plants. And also transporting harvested crops and transporting it to the
specific place with care to cause only a minimum damage also to make the production faster
and easier.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main thrust of this project is to design and develop a portable fertilizer sprinkler and
material handling conveyor. Specifically, this study aims to:
1. To discuss material handling and determine its types.
2. To design and develop a conveyor for portable fertilizing, sprinkling water and material
handling, which can be manually operated or remote-controlled.
3. To determine the effectiveness of implementing a conveyor for potable fertilizing,
watering the plants and material handling.

1.4 Conceptual Framework

To have a wider understanding about the concept of this study, a conceptual paradigm
illustrating the existing problem influenced the design and development of portable fertilizer
sprinkler.
The figure presented below shows the input, process, output and outcome of the study
that are needed in order to attain the objectives of the study. For the input of the study,
knowledge, hardware, and software requirements are set to proceed with the process. The
knowledge requirements are understanding of the components, and analysis of the concepts.
While, the hardware requirements are materials and components selection and circuit diagram
layouting. And for software requirements are program flowchart and program language.
For the process of the study, the design, fabrication, testing, documentation, and
evaluation are the main processes that are needed to achieve the desired output. Under the
design process, selection of materials, schematic diagram and designing program flowchart
must be done. While in terms of fabrication process, it involves constructions and assembly of
selected materials, and components creation of the circuit connection. On the other hand, for
the testing process, conduction of multiple system tests is required to verify the effectiveness of
the machine. Furthermore, documentation must be done to ensure the accuracy in performing
the specified task. And last is the evaluation process where the performance of the machine is
evaluated.
From the inputs and processes discussed, the output of the study will be a portable
fertilizer sprinkler and portable automated transportation system for crops. By this, the outcomes
are eliminating the use of manually operated sprinkler and manual transportation systems for
crops, and it provides a more efficient and safer way of using fertilizer and for transporting
crops.

Figure 1.1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

1.5 Scope, Limitation and Delimitations of the Study

The aim of this project is to automate farming operations in order to make work simpler,
more effective, and faster. The project's focus area for activity would be the outdoor and indoor
farming parts, since it can be used by both small and large-scale farmers.
 The conveyor capability and the sprinkler that will conduct the smart farming operation
are the subject of this project. For forward and backward operation of the conveyor where the
plants are located, the system will use push buttons and a sensor that detects the target area
and once it reaches the end point, it will be reversed and repeat the process. To balance
automation and manpower, the conveyor can be run and worked manually. Furthermore, it can
be extended and retracted using push buttons to direct it through the area. The approximate
extension length of the conveyor is around 8m for faster way of performing the operation. This
design is based on the possibility of the conveyor remaining in the field due to weather
conditions. This is also a space saver where it can be mounted on a warehouse and to have a
long life expectancy. When the conveyor is fully installed in the field, a sprinkler is installed on
top of it to water or fertilize the plant, depending on the load. Material handling is another
machine function that transports harvested plants from one location to another. The conveyor's
target weight is 20-50 kilograms, but it was not intended to restrict the machine's functionality.
When it comes to the sprinkler, it will be transported by conveyor to another plant where it will
be watered or fertilized using rolls. When the process is completed, the machine may be
retracted and stored in a warehouse to prevent damage to the machine.

The process of transferring the machine in the field, the use of remote control for the
motion of the machine, watering and fertilizing the plants, material handling, and the movement
of the sprinkler is excluded for being autonomous.

The machine must be correctly placed in the target direction before it can operate, and it
will be controlled on the ground. When the push button is pressed, the machine extends and
begins the process; when the operation is completed, the machine retracts by pressing the push
button a second time. The machine can be stopped at any time once the push button at the
controller is being pressed. As the process resumes, the spot where the system stopped
operating will be considered to be the new starting point.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study is specifically beneficial to the following groups of individuals:

To the agricultural farmers, this study will be of help to them in producing high quality
crops. In addition to this, the proposed machine can also help the said agricultural farmers in
providing good agricultural service, as a more consistent sprinkling of water on crops will be
achieved. Furthermore, not only consistency will be maintained but also productivity, as the
machine extends and retracts within a predetermined time during the whole operation.

To the agricultural business owners, the proposed study can support them in meeting
higher production profit, since as mentioned above, better quality of crops is to be expected
through the use of the proposed machine.

To the researchers, the study being conducted will give them the opportunity to apply
their acquired knowledge, then obtain more concepts from the experience at the same time.

To the future researchers, this study can serve as a basis for them when the thought of
further enhancing an existing agricultural system comes to mind.

To Batangas State University, the study will give credit to the university for being a part of
the study, thereby highlighting the ability of the university in producing competently-knowledged
students.

1.7 Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined in the context of this
research.

Agriculture. The process of producing food, feed, fiber and many other desired products by
the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals.

Farming. It is the practice of agriculture and cultivating the land or raising stock and it is the
act or process of working the ground, planting seeds, and growing edible plants.

Farming system. It involves the following kinds of work such as soil preparation, planting,
cultivation, weeding, crop treatment, harvesting, transportation and storage of produce.

Conveyors. It is a mechanical apparatus for moving articles or bulk material from place to
place. In this study, it will be used to transport harvested crops into the storage or basket.

Roller Conveyor. It is a series of rollers supported within a frame where objects can be
moved either manually, by gravity, or by power.
 Transport. It is an action of carrying, moving and conveying from one place to another.

Harvest. It is the act or the process of gathering in a crop.

Manual Harvesting. This method involves harvesting by hand, using fruit clippers and
knives.

Fertilizer. It is a chemical substance supplied to the crops to increase their productivity.

Scissors. It will serve as the support of the conveyor and it will be used to extend and
extract the conveyor.

Irrigation. It is the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of
channels.

Sprinklers. It is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall and
the water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the
air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.

Spraying. The standard methods of applying water, pest-control chemicals and other
compounds to the plants.

Crops. A plant or plant product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or
subsistence.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED lITERATURE

This chapter provides important concepts and useful information to enrich the content of
the study. This includes conceptual literature and research literature that provide the
researchers with insights about the essential points of the study.

2.1 Conceptual Literature

This section discusses the important concepts and terminologies to be used in the
study. It includes the discussion of components that are of importance to the development of
a portable fertilizer sprinkler.

2.1.1 Conveyor Roller

Conveyor rollers are ideal for unpowered (gravity-flow) conveying tasks in

warehousing, packaging, manufacturing, and distribution. They are usually a more
cost-effective option than other types of rollers. Standard ball bearings are used
on the rollers, which roll smoothly at slow speeds and roll more quickly than
precision bearings.

Figure 2.1. Conveyor Roller

2.1.2 Chain and Sprocket

Roller chain sprockets have a series of teeth arranged around a central

bore and are used to drive conveyors and other heavy equipment in conjunction
with roller chains. Roller chains are made up of a series of cylindrical rollers linked
by links, much like a traditional chain link system. The chain is moved by a
motor-driven rotating sprocket.

Figure 2.2. Chain and Sprocket

2.1.3 Drive Bands or Belts

Belt drive refers to a pair of pulleys connected by an encircling flexible belt

(band) that can be used to transmit and adjust rotary motion from one shaft to the
other in machinery. Belts must be mounted with a substantial tension to provide
an effective frictional grip on the pulleys.

Figure 2.3. Drive Bands or Belts

2.1.4 Shock Absorber
Shock absorbers are a crucial component of a vehicle's suspension system.
The compression and rebound of the springs and suspension are absorbed or
dampened by a shock absorber. They keep the unnecessary and excessive spring
motion in check. Shock absorbers keep the tires in constant contact with the road.

Figure 2.4. Shock Absorber

2.1.5 Linear Actuator

Linear actuators transform rotational motion in motors to linear or straight
push/pull motions. Linear actuators are suitable for tilting, moving, dragging, or
pushing with pounds of force in a wide range of applications. When quick, safe,
and clean movement with precise precision and smoothness is needed, electric
linear actuators are frequently the best choice

Figure 2.5. Linear Actuator

2.1.6 Proximity Sensor

 A proximity sensor is a non-contact sensor that determines the presence of
an object when it reaches the sensor's field of view. The sensor can detect a
target using sound, light, infrared radiation (IR), or electromagnetic fields,
depending on the type of proximity sensor. There are various types of proximity
sensors, and each sense targets in a different way.

Figure 2.6. Proximity Sensor

2.1.7 Bolts and Nuts

A bolt is a fastener that connects two sections. To make the fastening

process more efficient, nuts are often used on the bolts. To fasten several parts
together, nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt. The
threads of the two partners are held together by a combination of friction (with
minimal elastic deformation), bolt stretching, and tension of the pieces to be held
together.

Figure 2.7. Bolts and Nuts

2.1.8 Remote Control

A remote control system uses electrical or radio signals to control anything

from a distance, such as a machine or a vehicle.

Figure 2.8. Remote Control

2.1.9 Stainless Steel Sheet

Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy made up of iron, chromium,

nickel, and other metals in some cases. Stainless steel is a highly adaptable
material. It is preferred when both steel properties and corrosion resistance are
needed.

Figure 2.9. Stainless Steel Sheet

2.1.10 Push Button

 Push-Buttons are tactile switches that are normally available. Push buttons
allow us to switch on the circuit or make a specific connection only when the
button is pressed. Simply put, when pushed, it connects the circuit and when
removed, it disconnects it.

Figure 2.10. Push Button

2.1.11 Caster Rubber Wheel

Rubber wheels have full floor safety as well as the ability to roll over a
variety of obstacles. It provides cushioning and shock absorption, making them
suitable for moving delicate loads over a variety of floor surfaces. They are well
suited for industrial and other applications.

Figure 2.11. Caster Rubber Wheel

2.1.12 Flat Bar

Flat bars are rectangular sections that are flat and have square edges of
different sizes. This low-cost steel commodity is used in a number of industries,
including construction, engineering, manufacturing, mining, grating, fabrication,
 and many others. The flat bar's versatility, as well as its high quality, make it useful
in a variety of industries

Figure 2.12. Flat Bar

2.1.13 Tubular

Tubular is a lightweight, corrosion-resistant extruded product that is commonly

used for all forms of fabrication projects. The inside and outside corners of a
rectangular tube are square, and there is no weld seam.

Figure 2.13. Tubular

2.1.14 Pressure Jet Pump

A jet pump is a non-submersible pump that operates on two principles:
ejection and centrifugal force. Ejection is accomplished by blowing water through
a venturi with a nozzle to create a vacuum that pulls water through and forces it
out the other end with an impeller.
 Figure 2.14. Pressure Jet Pump

2.1.15 Three- Way Elbow Pipe

Elbows are used more often than any other pipe fitting. It allows you to adjust
the pipe's direction with ease. An elbow is a pipe fitting that allows a change of
direction between two lengths of pipe or tubing. To achieve leak-free links, the
three-way elbow pipe fittings can be chemically connected, threaded, welded, or
mechanically joined.

Figure 2.15. Three- Way Elbow Pipe

2.1.16 Three-Hole Brass Nozzle

It can be used to spray a wide area and rapidly lower the temperature.
Sprinkler irrigation and industry; courtyard, greenhouse, kitchen garden, and
other small areas of agricultural spray irrigation; grass, green belts, gardens, and
other small areas of gardening sprinkler.
 Figure 2.16. Three- Hole Brass Nozzle

2.1.17 Hose

Hoses are used to carry water for landscaping, farming, and lawn
maintenance. It's a water-carrying flexible tube that's been used to water a lawn
or garden.

Figure 2.17. Hose

2.1.18 Drum

Drums are an excellent way to store and transport a wide range of materials
and services. Drums are commonly used in a variety of sectors, such as waste
management, healthcare, and food service.
 Figure 2.18. Water Drum
2.1.19 Brushless DC Motor
The rotor of a brushless DC motor is made up of permanent magnets, and
the stator is made up of polyphase armature windings. It varies from traditional dc
motors in that it lacks brushes and commutation is accomplished electrically, with
the stator windings fed by an electronic drive. A BLDC motor can be built in one
of two ways: with the rotor outside the core and the windings inside the core, or
with the windings outside the core. The rotor magnets serve as an insulator in the
first arrangement, reducing the rate of heat dissipation from the motor and
allowing it to run at low current.

Figure 2.19. Brushless DC Motor

2.1.20 Rivet
These rivets were widely used in large structural projects that required a
lot of power. Large iron Snap Head Rivets were passed through the plates to be
joined and hammered over when red hot in typical boiler, ship, and bridge girder
 construction, for example. This not only made hammering over easier, but it also
tightened the joint as the iron rivet cooled and contracted.

Figure 2.20 Rivet

2.1.21 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial computer control
system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and controls the
state of output devices using a custom software.This type of control system can
greatly improve almost any production line, machine operation, or process.

Figure 2.21. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

2.2 Related Studies

In this chapter, current ways of material handling that the industries are using will be
discussed and different studies which may be incorporated to the design of the portable
automated material handling equipment the researchers aim to do. First,appropriate
ergonomic design and the weight it must carry in order for it to be beneficial to the operators
health. Next would be the design itself, the specicationand dimensions needed to be
followed for a conveyor to be safe and efficient to operate. Lastly, how it could be portable
and easy to use by the operator.

According to the Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training Module provided by the
Department of Labor and Employment (2019) materials handling and storage is a
procedure that involves removing, positioning, holding, or moving materials using one's
physical strength or the necessary handling equipment. There are two types of materials
handling: manual materials handling and mechanical materials handling. Manual materials
handling (MMH) is the process of transporting or handling objects by using one's physical
power to raise, lower, drive, drag, handle, catch, or restrain them.It includes pushing or
pulling and lifting or lowering of the materials. Mechanical material handling refers to the use
of xed, manually or mechanically driven machinery for carrying bulky and heavy objects.
Material handling equipment reduces physical effort, making it simpler and cleaner to handle
materials. It includes rolling platforms, hand trucks, shelf trucks, platform trucks, semi-live
skid, rack or bin, stair climbing trucks, frame hand trucks, and pump trucks. There are two
types of mechanically driven materials handling machinery: lifting equipment and transport
equipment. Moving equipment includes hoists and cranes, which are used to transport
heavy and bulky structures with limited human intervention. Forklifts, dump trucks, trailers,
and conveyors are examples of transportation equipment.

According to OSH answers provided by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health
and Safety or CCOHS, the weight of the load lifted, the lift's range, theload's position on the
body, the size and shape of the load, the distance and period the load is carried, and the
amount and frequency of lifts done are all work-related considerations. Excessive bending
and twisting can also lead to back injuries. Mostemployees experience an increase in the
number of cases and incidence of back injuries when carrying loads above 20 kg. The
weight of the load is considered as one of the determinants of the risk of injury.

According to Miloradović et al. (2018) in their study “Modeling and Calculation of the
Powered Roller Conveyor”, conveyor systems are mechanical handling devices that carry
materials from one position to another. They are very common in the material handling and
packaging industries because they provide fast and efficient transportation for a wide range
of materials. A roller conveyor has a set of fixed-spacing rollers mounted on bearings on two
fixed or mobile side frames. This study states that depending on the drive unit, one or more
motors drive all or a portion of the rollers of the powered roller conveyor. The driven roller
conveyors can be mounted in a slightly inclined position for changing the direction of the
roller conveyors. By changing the direction of rotation of the rollers, the load can be shifted
in both directions (reversing conveyors). According to this study, the design of the conveyor
starts with the calculation of the conveyor elements such as total length L, inclination angle
β, unit capacity Z, dimensions of unit load, load weight G, and the distance between unit
loads t. For example, in this study, the initial data of the conveyor elements are: L=20m,
β=3⁰, Z=180 unit/h, dimension a x b x h= 1500 x 500 x 500mm, G=25kN, and t=8.1m. The
force needed to resolve the loads' resistance to motion, and the angle of inclination should
be determined in the main design calculations. The total resistance to motion includes
resistance to rolling of the load on rollers due to friction, frictional resistance in the roller
bearings, and resistance due to sliding of the load on the rollers. The resistance to motion of
all pieces of load on the conveyor is:

Then the electric motor power for conveyor drive is:

After the calculations of the roller conveyor element, the roller conveyor's components
were modeled, and the final assembly was completed. Using the “Autodesk Inventor”
program, a 3D model of the roller conveyor was developed. The main parts of the driven
rollers are shaft, bearings, and the rollers. They can be manufactured from heavy sections of
tubes and solid shafts, or they can be made from solid steel forgings or castings. The roller
cavity is traversed by a shaft with two regular bearings. In the driving unit of this roller
conveyor, all the driven rollers are driven by a single electric motor with a suitable
transmission arrangement. A roller shaft is driven by the motor by a gearbox. The power is
transmitted to one roller, and a series of sprockets and chains link the other driven rollers to
this driven roller. One of the most cost-effective and reliable conveying solutions is roller
conveyors.

In the study of Künne & Wieczorek (2010) entitled “Research to Optimize the
Embodiment Design of Modules and Components Used in Roller Conveyors”, it was clearly
specified that intralogistic systems largely depend on continuous conveyors. When a high
capacity is needed, the layout is identified, and the loading aids are standardised. Modules
make up continuous conveyors. Due to the extreme large number of recurrent modules and
components in continuous conveyors, oversizing individual components has a multiplicative
impact. Individual components that are designed to the complex mechanical load will have a
significant impact on material and energy conservation in the overall system. The conveying
rollers are driven by a belt or chain system. Conveying rollers are used to transport and
move the conveying container. The rollers are connected in a series. The conveying
container is subjected to vibration as it ascends a conveying roller. The conveying rollers are
also affected by this dynamic effect. Therefore, a static consideration of the mechanical load
on the conveying rollers is not sufficient. Three important parameters which are the
conveying roller pitch, the conveyed weight, and the conveyor speed affect the dynamic
mechanical load on the conveying rollers. As a result, they were selected as predictor
variables in the statistical model presented in this study. Conveying roller pitch, or simply
roller pitch, is the distance between the conveying rollers that is predetermined. The roller
pitch is determined by the length of the conveying container and the weight conveyed. To
avoid a tilting movement, the conveying container should always be carried by at least three
conveying rollers. This gives tmax = L/3 as the maximum allowable conveying roller pitch
(tmax = maximum allowable roller pitch, L = conveying container length). The statistical
model has been checked and has been validated.

According to Zuyao Yuet al. (2018) in their research entitled “Mechanical Characteristics
Analysis of Space Scissor-Like-Element manipulator”, the Scissor-Like-Element (SLE) bar is
the fundamental unit in the SLE manipulator. The Scissor-Like-Element or SLE unit is a SLE
structure made up of two SLE bars linked by a central pin shaft which is shown in the figure
1. The point A is a fixed point, while point B is restricted to shift along the Y-axis, and the
point D in the X-axis.

Figure 2.22. Scissor-Like

It was shown in figure 1 that when the value of α decreases, the distance between the
points A and D increases along the X-axis, and the distance between the points A and B
decreases in the Y-axis. This is the expansion process of the SLE mechanism. On the other
hand, it is the contraction process of the SLE mechanism.

R.P. Turner et al. (2017) stated that a supply of medium carbon boron steel rod has
been used industrially to produce the “rib-like” rod structures for mechanical conveyor
systems, used across a number of non-safety critical industries, such as agricultural
harvesting. Hr added that the steel rod is resistive-heated and subsequently mechanically
deformed such to produce a small region of flattened proportions, to allow for easier
mechanical attachment to a belt system to attach all rods to the conveyor system. (p. 22).

R.P. Turner et al. (2017) stated that a supply of medium carbon boron steel rod has
been used industrially to produce the “rib-like” rod structures for mechanical conveyor
systems, used across a number of non-safety critical industries, such as agricultural
harvesting. Hr added that the steel rod is resistive-heated and subsequently mechanically
deformed such to produce a small region of flattened proportions, to allow for easier
mechanical attachment to a belt system to attach all rods to the conveyor system. (p. 22).
2.3 Synthesis

There are several popular topics in the world that can be studied for a research
project today, and they all boil down to matters like whether or not the respondents will
choose to be helpful to the final product. Another issue of concern is the ability of the
research to assist the society in order to address the issues highlighted in this study.
Engineers have a big role to play in making technological improvements, and they are the
only ones that can do so. In most rural households in the country, farming is the primary
source of income. It satisfies everyone's needs, especially in terms of food. Overwork and
manual cultivation, on the other hand, have a significant effect on agricultural production and
farming systems.

In the current event, farmers needed a device to assist them in securing fields from
water access or irrigation, as well as a simpler or faster method of applying fertilizers and
other agricultural inputs to plants. Also, harvesting crops and transporting them to a specific
location with care to cause minimal damage and to speed up and simplify processing.

This project is about the conveyor capability and the sprinkler that will be used in the
smart farming process. The machine can use remote control to move the conveyor where
the plants are positioned forward and backward. The conveyor can be operated manually or
pre-set to balance automation and manpower. This is why it can be done by hand or with the
aid of a timer. It can also be extended and retracted using push buttons or operated
remotely to move around the room. Because of the likelihood of the conveyor remaining in
the field due to weather conditions, this design was developed. This is also a space saver
since it can be installed on a warehouse and has a long lifespan.

Furthermore, this project's goal is to automate farming operations in order to make

work easier, more effective, and faster. Since it can be used by both small and large-scale
farmers, the project's focus area for operation will be the outdoor and indoor farming
sections.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES

3.1 Pre-Design Stage

This part of the research study integrates all the related studies that satisfy the
knowledge requirements, such as the understanding of the components and the machine
development process. Highlighted in this stage is the analysis of the components to be used in
fabricating the machine. In particular, the components to be analyzed are the mechanical and
electronic components. The mechanical component selection mainly focuses on all the
materials that will contribute to the movement of the machine. Specifically, it includes the
wheels, actuators, and roller conveyor. In addition to this, the type of nozzle and the method of
pumping of the sprinkler, as well as the type of the material to be used as platform for the
sprinkler should also be taken into consideration in this stage. The electronic component
selection, on the other hand, focuses on the components related to the control of the machine. It
particularly involves the analysis of which microcontroller and power source is best fit for the
machine.

Figure 3.1. Conveyor Initial Design

 Figure 3.2. Sprinkler Initial Design

● Body or Frame3.1.1 Parts

●
o Scissor links (1/8 flat bar 1” width)
O Legs (1 x 1 Tubular)
o Wheels
o Bolts
● Conveyor
o Conveyor Roller (50mm x 600mm)
o Driving mechanism
>Chains and sprocket
-Better for extreme weather
>Driving bands or belts
-Can wear out due to heat
o Motor
>Must be capable of moving 20-50 kg of weight
o Proximity sensor
o Timer
● Extending and Retracting Motion
o Motor for Wheels
>Must be capable of moving the weight of the conveyor
o Remote control
o Manual push buttons
● Sprinkler
o Hose Nozzle
o Hose
o Pressure Jet
o Cart
>Made up of Stainless Steel
● Control System
 o PLC
● Optional
o Shock absorber for hard terrain
o Linear actuator for the legs for up and down motion to provide different height
setting or inclination.

3.1.2 Details

● The conveyor can be operated manually or pre-set in order to balance

automation with manpower. This is the reason why it can be operated depending
on the timer set or manually. Also, can be extended and retracted by push
buttons or remotely to guide it on the terrain it is going to take.
● The conveyor must be able to carry 20-50 kg of weight in order to use it for
transporting goods or other material handling purposes.
● The sprinkler water range is dependent on the exerted pressure by a pump.

3.1.3 Process

● It can be programmed to operate at any given time or can be operated manually.

● From the resting position, when it is turned on, the front wheels would pull the
conveyor forward and it is able to extend because its frame is made up of scissor
link mechanism.
● After it is fully extended or it reaches its desired position the conveyor would
move the sprinkler forward in order to do its job either to spray water or fertilizer
depending on the load it is given. The sprinkler would have a 10 seconds delay
timer after the conveyor is turned on. After 10 seconds, the sprinkler will operate
while running through the roller of the conveyor.
● When the proximity sensor sensed that the sprinkler was near the end, the
conveyor would stop and reverse. The same thing happens when it reaches its
other end the conveyor moves forward again.
● It would stop when it reached the number the operator set or by stopping it
through the stop push button.
● The front wheels will now go in reverse retracting the conveyor back to its original
position.
● Another process it can perform is material handling. It can be brought to the
desired position and run the conveyor in reverse helping the operator to transport
materials from one place to another.
 ● Optional. The legs have linear actuators enabling the conveyor to go up and
down depending on the need or have an inclination therefore the conveyor can
be used as a gravity powered conveyor.

Table 3.1. Materials Calculations

Per Set In Store,

≈ 1.6m long
27.43 m / 6 m = 4.572 pcs
10 roller/set
≈ 5 pcs of 6m flat bar
10 sprockets/set
20 rivets/set Two sides so,
Roller Conveyor is 8m long 5 x 2= 10 pcs of 6-m flat bar
8 m / 1.6 m ≈ 5 sets FOR TUBULAR
FOR TOTAL ROLLERS 1m per piece
≈ 5 sets of conveyor
Case 1: 5 rollers x 5 sets
∴ 12 tubular 1-m long
= 25 rollers
Case 2: 10 rollers x 5 sets In Store,
=50 rollers
6-m long tubular
FOR TOTAL RIVETS 12 m / 6 m= 2 pcs of 6-m tabular
20 rivets/set x 5 sets FOR CASTER WHEELS
= 100 rivets
≈ 5 sets
FOR TOTAL SPROCKETS 12 pcs caster wheels - 2 pcs for
motor wheels
10 sprockets x 5 sets
= 10 pcs caster wheels
= 50 sprockets
FOR TOTAL 18-in FLAT BAR
≈ 12pcs /set x 5 set
≈ 60 pcs 18-in flat bar
60 x 18 in= 1080 in
3.2 Design Stage
This section of the study takes into consideration every detail that is in connection with
the whole design of the machine. Analyzed in this part is the final mechanical and electronic
component selection, as well as the dimensions of the mechanical system, and the circuit
connections of the electronic system. As already known, choosing the best component is very
integral to the study, which is why the concepts learned from the literature review are still
applied in this section. In particular, the design stage is the part where important areas such as
the type of locomotion system, wheels, actuator, and power source are decided. In addition to
this, another area that needs to be well-analyzed in this stage is the properties of various
materials to be used in the fabrication of the mechanical system. This is to ensure that the
components to be used in the implementation of the machine can be tolerated by the chosen
motor for the study. Also highlighted in this part of the methodology is the sketching of the
machine. Moreover, in order to complete the whole design process, the actual implementation
must be conducted in this stage, and that includes the building of the machine based on the
chosen electrical and mechanical components. The creation of the program for simulation
should also be done in this part of the study in order to attain a functional project.

Figure 3.3 Conveyor’s Retraction Mode

 Figure 3.4. Conveyor’s Extension Mode

Figure 3.5. Conveyor System Model

Figure 3.6. Sprocket and Chain Mechanism With Roller

 Figure 3.7. Front of Conveyor Setup

Figure 3.8 Motor, Pump, PL, Control Box and Power Supply Set up

Figure 3.9 Push Buttons in Control Box

 Table 3.2. PLC Command List

PLC Ports Ladder Diagram

Input
10.0 X0 Extend
10.1 X1 Retract
10.2 X2 Start Process
10.3 X3 Proximity Sensor Front
10.4 X4 Proximity Sensor Back
10.5 X5 Manual Forward Conveyor
10.6 X6 Manual Backward Conveyor
10.7 X7 Stop Conveyor
10.8 X8 End Process
10.9 X9 Reset Counter

Output
Wheels
Q0.0 Y0 ExtendM1
Q0.1 Y1 RetractM1

Conveyor
Q0.2 Y2 ForwardM2
Q0.3 Y3 ReverseM2

Q0.4 Y4 Sprinkler Pump

3.2.1. PLC Program Using Do More Simulator
3.2.2 Simulator Interface
Extending and Retracting the Conveyor

● When the “EXTEND” pushbutton is pressed the motor connected to the front wheel
through the chain would turn forward. The wheels turn forward pulling the conveyor
system extending it through the scissor links.
● When the “RETRACT” pushbutton is pressed the motor connected to the front wheel
through the chain would turn reverse. The wheels turn in reverse pushing the conveyor
system retracting it through the scissor links.

Automatic Sprinkler Process

● When the “Start” push button is pressed the motor connected to the conveyor would
move forward making the conveyor also move forward because it is chained together.
After 10 sec the pump for the sprinkler would turn on (although on the simulation it is
only programmed for 3 sec for simulation purposes only).
● When the proximity sensor on the front of the conveyor sensed the sprinkler cart, it
would reverse the operation of the conveyor.
● On the other end, when the proximity sensor on the end of the conveyor sensed the
sprinkler cart, it would make the operation of the conveyor forward again.
● When “End” push button is pressed the sprinkler would turn off while the conveyor would
be in reverse and stop when the sprinkler cart is sensed by the proximity sensor at the
end of the conveyor.

Conveyor for Transporting Material

● When the “FORWARD” pushbutton is pressed the conveyor moves forward.

● When the “BACKWARD” pushbutton is pressed the conveyor moves backward.
● The “STOP” pushbutton halt the operation

Note:
● “STOP” push button could also halt the automatic sprinkler process but it would only
stop the operation of the conveyor only.
3.2.3. Electrical Circuit Using LiveWire
Presented in Figure 3.10 is the electrical circuit connections of the conveyor
system, which made it fully functional. In doing the said electrical circuit connections, the
software utilized is Livewire. As displayed in the above figure, it can be seen that the
conveyor system made use of a pump, proximity sensors, motor, relay, and several push
buttons. However, these components will not function unless a brain is added to the
whole system. Therefore, a PLC is employed. In particular, the said PLC used for the
system is simulated in a software named Do More Simulator.

Figure 3.10 Electrical Circuit Connections of the Conveyor System

 Figure 3.11. Labeled Conveyor System Model

Component Labels and Specifications

1. Shaft (See also figure 3.12)
a. Solid Round Steel Tube
i. Diameter: 12mm
ii. Length: 6 meter
2. Wheels
a. Caster Wheel
i. Wheel Diameter: 100mm
ii. Load Capacity: 80kg
iii. Overall Height: 128mm
iv. Wheel Width: 30mm
v. Material: Rubber
vi. Number of Fixing Holes: 4
vii. Fixing Hole: 8mm
viii. Hub Material: Steel
3. Legs (See also figure 3.13)
a. Tubular
i. Size: 1x1
ii. Length: 6m
4. Scissor Links
a. Flat Bar
i. Material: Stainless Steel
ii. Length: 6.1m
iii. Type: 1B
5. Rivet
a. Round Head Rivet
i. Shank Diameter: 8mm
ii. Head Diameter: 14mm
iii. Head Height: 4.8mm
iv. Material: Steel
v. Shank Length: 10mm
6. Hose Nozzle
a. 3-Hole
i. Material: Brass
ii. Interface Dimension: M14
iii. Spray Diameter: 1-3m
7. Cart
a. Stainless Steel Sheet
i. Material: Stainless Steel
ii. Type: SS 304
iii. Thickness: 0.6mm
iv. Dimension: 4x 6 ft.
8. Proximity Sensor
a. Capacitive Proximity Sensor
i. Output Type: PNP
ii. Current Output: 300A
iii. Supply Voltage: 6-36V
iv. Cable Length: 120cm
v. External Material: Plastic, Alloy
 vi. Detection Range: 1-25mm
9. Hose Reel
a. Metal Reel
i. Material: Stainless Steel and Brass
ii. Dimension: 31cm x 30.5cm x 37cm
10. Pressure Jet
a. Pump
i. Voltage: 110V
ii. Power: 0.37kW
iii. Max Flow Rate: 3.1m3/h
iv. Maximum Head: 38m
11. Drum

Figure 3.12. Labeled Roller, Chain, and Sprocket Model

1.1. Roller
a. Female Conveyor Roller
i. Roller Diameter: 50mm
ii. Roller Length: 600mm
iii. Inside Frame Width: 610mm
iv. Dynamic Load Capacity: 3000N
v. Spindle Shape: Round
 vi. Spindle Size: 12mm
vii. Overall Length: 610mm
1.2. Sprocket
a. Standard Sprocket Type 40B
i. Mass (kg): 0.1
ii. Single / Double Strand: 1
iii. Shaft hole diameter (Φmm): 10～14
iv. Chain Pitch P (mm): 12.7
v. Dimension GD (mm): 18
vi. Hub Height BL (mm): 22
vii. Hub Diameter BD (mm): 24
viii. Pitch Diameter Dp (Φmm): 33.19
ix. Outer Diameter Do (Φmm): 39
x. Chain No.: 40
xi. Dimension S (mm): 5.2
xii. Tooth Width (mm): 7.2
xiii. Roller Outer Diameter Dr (mm): 7.92
xiv. Roller Link Inner Width W (mm): 7.95
xv. Number of Teeth: 8
xvi. Pilot Hole Diameter d (Φmm): 9

1.3. Chain
a. Simplex Roller Chain Type 08B-1
i. Length: 5m
ii. Pitch 12.7mm
iii. Plate Height: 11.8mm
iv. Roller Diameter: 8.51mm
v. Material: Steel
vi. Weight: 0.7kg/m
 Figure 3.13. Labeled Front Conveyor Set up
3.1 PLC
a. 24V DC PLC
i. Number of Inputs: 14
ii. Input Type: Analog and Digital
iii. Output Type: Digital and Transistor
iv. Network Type: Ethernet
v. Program Capacity: 75kB
vi. Dimensions: 100mm x 110mm x 75mm
vii. Number of Communication Ports: 1

3.2 Power Supply

b. Lithium Ion Battery
i. Nominal Voltage: 48V
ii. Nominal Capacity: 20Ah

iii. Cell Overcharge Protection Voltage: 4.2V/Cell

iv. Cell Over Discharge Protection Voltage: 3.0V/cell

v. Cell Source Resistance (mΩ): about 40mΩ

vi. Cell Combination: 13 Series 4 Parallels

3.3 Motor
a. Brushless DC Motor
vii. Output: 2000W
viii. Rated Speed: 5400r/min
ix. Size: 107mm
x. Material: Metal

3.4 Wheels
a. Inflatable Wheel
i. Load Capacity: 250kg
ii. Diameter: 150mm
iii. Material: Rubber and Metal

3.5 Control Box

a. Electrical Control Box

i. Dimensions: 200mm x 300 mm X 150 mm
ii. Materials: Metal

3.5.1 Push Button

a. Momentary Push Button

i. Panel Cutout Diameter: 22mm / 0.87 inch

ii. Fit Panel Max. Thickness: 5mm / 0.2 inch

iii. Button Diameter: 24mm/ 0.94 inch

iv. Total Size(Approx): 41x 30x 67mm (L*W*H)

v. External Material: Plastic, Metal

vi. Button Color: Red, Green, Yellow

3.3. Bill of Materials
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