DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF 5

IN 1 AGRIVEHICLE REPORT
 INTRODUCTION
Overview:
Agricultural Robots or agribot is a robot deployed for agricultural purposes. The
main area of application of robots in agriculture is at the harvesting stage. Fruit
picking robots, driverless tractor / sprayer, and sheep shearing robots are designed
to replace human labor. In most cases, a lot of factors have to be considered (e.g.,
the size and color of the fruit to be picked) before the commencement of a task.
Robots can be used for other horticultural tasks such as pruning, weeding,
spraying and monitoring. Robots can also be used in livestock applications
(livestock robotics) such as automatic milking, washing and castrating. Robots
like these have many benefits for the agricultural industry, including a higher
quality of fresh produce, lower production costs, and a smaller need for manual
labor.

This robotic vehicle is an agricultural machine of a considerable power and great

soil clearing capacity. This multipurpose system gives an advance method to sow,
plow, water and cut the crops with minimum man power and labor making it an
efficient vehicle. The machine will cultivate the farm by considering particular
rows and specific column at fixed distance depending on crop. Moreover the
vehicle can be controlled through RF medium using a Controller. The whole
process calculation, processing, monitoring are designed with motors & sensor
interfaced with microcontroller. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants
and fungi used to sustain and enhance human life agriculture was the key
development in the rise of sedentary human civilization. The study of agriculture
is known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands
of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different
climates, cultures, and technologies. Modern agronomy, plants breeding,
agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments
have in many cases sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time
have caused widespread ecological damage. Agricultural food production and
water management are increasingly becoming global issues. Mechanized
agriculture is the process of using agriculture machinery to mechanize the work
of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity in modern times, and
powered machinery has replaced many farm jobs formerly carried out by manual
labour or by working animals such as oxen, horses and mules. The entire history
of agriculture contains many examples of the use of tools, such as the hoe and the
plough. But the ongoing integration of machines since the industrial revolution
has allowed farming to become much less labour intensive current mechanized
agriculture includes the use of tractors, trucks, combine harvesters, countless
types of farm implements, airplanes and helicopters and other vehicles. Precision
agriculture even uses computers in conjunction satellite imagery and satellite
navigation to increase yields. Mechanization was one of the large factors
responsible for urbanization and industrial economies. Besides improving
production efficiency, mechanization encourages large scale production and
sometimes can improve the quality farm produce on the other hand it can displace
unskilled farm labour and can cause environmental degradation especially if it is
applied short-sightedly rather than holistically.

Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants and fungi used to sustain and
enhance human life agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary
human civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The
history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been
driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies.
Modern agronomy, plants breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and
fertilizers, and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased
yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological
damage. Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly
becoming global issues. Mechanized agriculture is the process of using
agriculture machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, greatly increasing
farm worker productivity in modern times, and powered machinery has replaced
many farm jobs formerly carried out by manual labour or by working animals
such as oxen, horses and mules. The entire history of agriculture contains many
examples of the use of tools, such as the hoe and the plough. But the ongoing
integration of machines since the industrial revolution has allowed farming to
become much less labour intensive current mechanized agriculture includes the
use of tractors, trucks, combine harvesters, countless types of farm implements,
airplanes and helicopters and other vehicles. Precision agriculture even uses
computers in conjunction satellite imagery and satellite navigation to increase
yields. Mechanization was one of the large factors responsible for urbanization
and industrial economies. Besides improving production efficiency,
mechanization encourages large scale production and sometimes can improve the
quality farm produce on the other hand it can displace unskilled farm labour and
can cause environmental degradation especially if it is applied short-sightedly
rather than holistically.

Chassis of the Vehicle:

The choice of material for the vehicle is the first and most important factor for
automotive design. There is variety of materials that can be used in automotive
body and chassis. The most important criteria that a material should meet are
lightweight, economic effectiveness, safety, recyclability, and life cycle
consideration. Some of these criteria are the result of legislation and regulation.
The material for the frame and chassis is steel. The main factors for selecting
material specially for body is wide variety of characteristics such as thermal,
chemical and mechanical resistant which are ease for manufacturing and
durability. In the frame only the main supporting structures such as engine of the
vehicle, the harvester and ploughing tool are mounted. It support the tool static
and dynamic load of the vehicle.

Steering System:
The steering system used is manual steering system with rack and pinion setup. It
is considered to be entirely adequate for smaller vehicle. It is tight, fast and
accurate in maintain steering control. There are many types of steering system is
available of which rack and pinion type is selected. The steering link is connected
to the front wheel hub. A link rod is connected to the rack and pinion setup. On
the link rod the steering wheel is fixed. By rotating the wheel the circular motion
is converted to linear motion which is transferred to the front axle. So it helps to
turn the wheel on the desired direction.

Summary regarding project:

India is an agriculture-based country in which 70% of the people depends on the

outcome of farming. But if we observe that with increase in population, the farm
gets distributed among the family and because of this, farmer in India held
averagely only two-acre farm. Also, economically, farmers are very poor due to
which they are unable to purchase tractors and other costly equipment, hence they
use traditional method of farming. Basically, many farmers in India also use
bullocks, horses and he-buffalo for farming operation. This will not satisfy need
of energy requirement of the farming as compared to other countries in the world.
So, we are thinking that human and animal efforts can be replaced by some
advance mechanization which will be suitable for small scale farmer from
economical and effort point of view. So, we are developing this equipment which
will satisfy all this need and to solve. And for spraying used motor with 12V
battery. Next two operations are manual base which is cultivation and sowing.
This machine performs four farming operation (digging, sowing, spraying) which
is used small scale farming. By using above attachments, one may perform
various farming operations in less time and economically by adding latest
technology using Bluetooth by Arduino controller.

Agriculture being one of the major occupations in India, it is very essential to

discover and implement new idea in this field, though lot of work has been done
in this area. It is observed that, these ideas are not been implemented properly in
actual agricultural field. This is due to more cost and is daedal for rural people.
Multipurpose agriculture equipment is basic and major equipment involved in
agriculture for maximum yielding. Conventional method of planting and
cultivating the sugarcane is a laborious process and hence for that reason there is
a scarcity of labours, this result in delayed agriculture to overcome these
difficulties, multipurpose agriculture equipment is designed. Agriculture plays a
vital role in the Indian economy. Over 70 % of the rural households depend on
agriculture. Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy as it contributes
about 8.4% to the total GDP and provides employment to over 60% of the
population. Indian agriculture has registered eloquent addition to over last few
decades. Agriculture is the backbone of India. The agricultural history in India
dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era. Today, India ranks second worldwide
in farm output.

Some of the major problems in the Indian agricultural are rising of input costs,
availability of skilled labours, lack of water resources and crop monitoring. To
overcome such adversity, the automation technologies were used in agriculture.
The automation in the agriculture could help farmers to reduce their efforts. The
special vehicles play a major role in various fields such as industrial, medical,
military applications etc., the special vehicle field are gradually increasing its
productivity in agriculture field. In the field of agricultural autonomous vehicle,
a concept has been developed to investigate if multiple small autonomous
machines could be more efficient than traditional large tractors and human forces.
The vehicles are being developed for the processes for ploughing, seed sowing,
levelling, and water spraying. All of these functions have not yet performed using
a single vehicle. In this the robots are developed to concentrate in an efficient
manner and also it is expected to perform the operations autonomously. The
proposed idea implements the vehicle to perform the functions such as ploughing,
seed sowing, mud levelling, and water spraying. These functions can be
integrated into a single vehicle and then performed.

LITERATURE SURVEY
1. D.A. Mada, Sunday Mahai, [2013] In this research paper author has
mentioned importance of mechanization in agricultural by giving examples. The
conclusion from the paper was need of multifunctional single axel vehicle for pre
and post harvesting. We have taken this as base for our research and further
production of our multifunctional agricultural vehicle.

2. V.K. Tewari, A. Ashok Kumar, Satya Prakash Kumar, Brajesh Nare

[2012] In this research papers author have done case study on farm mechanization
in west Bengal as being part of India it gives clear status about availability and
progress in India. This ensured us to take right steps compared to current steps.

3. F.A. Adamu, B. G. Jahun and B. Babangida [2014] In this paper authors

draws our attention towards the performance factor of a power tiller. Among
those demand for light weight power tiller was sought out most. Fuel efficiency
and field capacity such parameters are also discussed. We take those points in
consideration while designing a sustainable multifunctional agricultural vehicle.

4. P. Sarec, O. Sarec [2015] The lowest values of soil penetration resistance

below the cultivated profile were determined with the cultivators equipped with
chisel shaped shares i.e. in the case of Farmet and Köckerling. Cultivators
Väderstad TopDown 400 and Farmet Turbulent 450 showed good capacity in
embedding plant residues. This result has taken for our research basis.

[5] Ramesh D el at 2019 The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the
seed and fertilizer in rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the
seeds with soil and provide proper compaction over the seed. The recommended
seed to seed spacing and depth of seed placement vary from crop to crop and for
different agro-climate conditions to achieve optimum yields. From this we know
that mechanical factors effects on seed germination like uniformity of depth of
placement of seed, uniformity of distribution of seed along rows.

[6] S.N Sakhale el at.2020 The present review provides brief information
about the various types of innovations done in seed sowing equipment. The basic
objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in rows at desired
depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide proper
compaction over the seed. In this multipurpose seeding machine equipment
consists of cylindrical shape container in which the seeds can fill. The container
is attached on the four wheeled carrier assembly. This research paper present
“Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipment: A Review”. The present review provides
brief information about the various types of innovations done in seed sowing
equipment. The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and
fertilizer in rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the seeds with
soil and provide proper compaction over the seed. In this multipurpose seeding
machine equipment consists of cylindrical shape container in which the seeds can
fill. The container is attached on the four wheeled carrier assembly.
[7] C Reddy, RK Shaw, S Bhattacharjee, SK Jha – 2020 In this research
papers author have done case study on farm mechanization in west Bengal as
being part of India it gives clear status … , try to land the seeds about 1/2 to 1
inch(1 to2cm) apart. For peas and beans, space them 1-1/2 to 2 inches (4 to 5 cm).
Cover small seeds.
[8] M Shukla, S Jharkharia - International Journal of Operations & …,
2013 the purpose of this paper is to present a literature review of the fresh
produce supply chain management (FSCM). FSCM includes the … that
customers are assigned to only one vehicle and the total load of all the assigned
customers cannot exceed the capacity of the vehicle.
 EXISTING SYSTEM
The vehicles are being developed for the processes for ploughing, seed sowing,
levelling, and water spraying. All of these functions have not yet performed using
a single vehicle. In this the robots are developed to concentrate in an efficient
manner and also it is expected to perform the operations autonomously. The
proposed idea implements the vehicle to perform the functions such as ploughing,
seed sowing, mud levelling, and water spraying. These functions can be
integrated into a single vehicle and then performed. All trades of village
artisanship in blacksmith carpentry, stone etc. contributed to the design of
development of farm tools through artisan’s ingenuity. Carpentry made the
counterpoise to lift the water from wells to irrigate crops. Big size of earthenware
was made by potters to store grains for month to be safe from insects and pest’s
cobblers used whole skins of animals to carry water to irrigate horticultural crops
besides entering dust roads. Farming is the backbone of Indian economy.

In this agriculture sector there is a lot of field work, such as weeding, reaping,
sowing etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation
to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests,
funguses and diseases for which various insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and
nutrients are sprayed on crops for protection. As agriculture was the mainstay of
the population, farmer required hand tools to do work, improve labour
productivity and quality of work, therefore the results in poor productivity and
obtain low yield MAE (Multipurpose Agriculture Equipment) was developed.

We have developed agriculture needs to find new ways to improve efficiency.

One approach is to utilize available information technologies in the form of more
intelligent machines to reduce and target energy inputs in more effective ways
than in the past. The advent of new concept gives the opportunity to develop a
completely new range of agricultural equipment based on small smart machines
that can do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time in the right way.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 COMPONENTS USED
Dc motor

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change
the direction of current in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered
from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's
speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage
or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are
used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct
current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and
appliances. Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field

aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic
field produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the
current flowing through it.

A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and

an armature with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft
iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple
turns around the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current
paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The
commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the
rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes. (Brushless DC
motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and
have no brushes.)

The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size, and what it is wrapped
around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created.

The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the
effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in
sequence, a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields
interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in
the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a torque on the armature which
causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs, the stator fields use electromagnets
to create their magnetic fields which allows greater control over the motor. At high
power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected
provide different inherent speed and torque regulation characteristics. The speed
of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature.
Variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allows speed control.
Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems which
adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have
an effective lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is
often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC
motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-
electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many
years. The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run
machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC
motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive
power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well
as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications
as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and
paper machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields were generally
used with winder drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth speed
control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with
variable frequency drives.

If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator,

a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid and
electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or
electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is
called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric
locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but
dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large battery
packs to recapture some of this energy.

BATTERY

An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or

more electrochemical cells with external connections for
powering electrical devices.

When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode.[2] The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal.
When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts
high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is
delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy.[3] Historically the term
"battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however,
the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.[4]

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as

the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common
example is the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable
electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and
recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the original
composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include
the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable
electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to, at the largest extreme, huge battery banks
the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power for telephone
exchanges and computer data centers.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than
common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the
higher efficiency of electric motors in converting electrical energy to mechanical
work, compared to combustion engines.

Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. In many cases, the
electrical energy released is the difference in the cohesive or bond energies of the
metals, oxides, or molecules undergoing the electrochemical reaction. For
instance, energy can be stored in Zn or Li, which are high-energy metals because
they are not stabilized by d-electron bonding, unlike transition metals. Batteries
are designed so that the energetically favourable redox reaction can occur only
when electrons move through the external part of the circuit.

A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-
cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing metal cations. One
half-cell includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to
which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes
electrolyte and the positive electrode, to which cations (positively charged ions)
migrate. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while metal
atoms are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode.[16] Some cells use
different electrolytes for each half-cell; then a separator is used to prevent mixing
of the electrolytes while allowing ions to flow between half-cells to complete the
electrical circuit.

Some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, were
restored to operation by replacing the electrodes.[29] Secondary batteries are not
indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of
electrolyte and internal corrosion.

Primary batteries, or primary cells, can produce current immediately on assembly.

These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain,
are used only intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power
source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is
only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably
recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active
materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers
recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells.[30] In general, these have
higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries,[31] but disposable batteries do
not fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 Ω).
Common types of disposable batteries include zinc–carbon batteries and alkaline
batteries.

Secondary batteries, also known as secondary cells, or rechargeable batteries,

must be charged before first use; they are usually assembled with active materials
in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries are (re)charged by applying electric
current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during discharge/use.
Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers. The oldest form of
rechargeable battery is the lead–acid battery, which are widely used
in automotive and boating applications. This technology contains liquid
electrolyte in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and
the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas it produces
during overcharging. The lead–acid battery is relatively heavy for the amount of
electrical energy it can supply. Its low manufacturing cost and its high surge
current levels make it common where its capacity (over approximately 10 Ah) is
more important than weight and handling issues. A common application is the
modern car battery, which can, in general, deliver a peak current of 450 amperes.

CULTIVATORS

A cultivator is a piece of agricultural equipment used for secondary tillage. One

sense of the name refers to frames with teeth (also called shanks) that pierce the
soil as they are dragged through it linearly. Another sense refers to machines that
use rotary motion of disks or teeth to accomplish a similar result. The rotary
tiller is a principal example.

Cultivators stir and pulverize the soil, either before planting (to aerate the soil and
prepare a smooth, loose seedbed) or after the crop has begun growing (to
kill weeds—controlled disturbance of the topsoil close to the crop plants kills the
surrounding weeds by uprooting them, burying their leaves to disrupt
their photosynthesis, or a combination of both). Unlike a harrow, which disturbs
the entire surface of the soil, cultivators are designed to disturb the soil in careful
patterns, sparing the crop plants but disrupting the weeds.

Cultivators of the toothed type are often similar in form to chisel plows, but their
goals are different. Cultivator teeth work near the surface, usually for weed
control, whereas chisel plow shanks work deep beneath the surface, breaking
up hardpan. Consequently, cultivating also takes much less power per shank than
does chisel plowing.

Small toothed cultivators pushed or pulled by a single person are used as garden
tools for small-scale gardening, such as for the household's own use or for
small market gardens. Similarly sized rotary tillers combine the functions of
harrow and cultivator into one multipurpose machine.

Cultivators are usually either self-propelled or drawn as an attachment behind

either a two-wheel tractor or four-wheel tractor. For two-wheel tractors they are
usually rigidly fixed and powered via couplings to the tractors' transmission. For
four-wheel tractors they are usually attached by means of a three-point hitch and
driven by a power take-off (PTO). Drawbar hookup is also still commonly used
worldwide. Draft-animal power is sometimes still used today, being somewhat
common in developing nations although rare in more industrialized economies.

The basic idea of soil scratching for weed control is ancient and was done
with hoes or mattocks for millennia before any larger or more complex equipment
was developed to reduce the manual labour and to speed the work. The notion of
ganging several hoes together and applying draft animal power to drag them led
to harrows, which while newer than the hoe are still quite ancient. In the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries, as the Industrial Revolution developed, a proliferation of
cultivator designs proceeded. These new cultivators were drawn by draft animals
(such as horses, mules, or oxen) or were pushed or drawn by people, depending
on the need and expense.

The powered rotary hoe was invented by Arthur Clifford Howard who, in 1912,
began experimenting with rotary tillage on his father's farm at Gilgandra, New
South Wales, Australia. Initially using his father's steam tractor engine as a power
source, he found that ground could be mechanically tilled without soil-packing
occurring, as was the case with normal ploughing. His earliest designs threw the
tilled soil sideways, until he improved his invention by designing an L-shaped
blade mounted on widely spaced flanges fixed to a small-diameter rotor. With
fellow apprentice Everard McCleary, he established a company to make his
machine, but plans were interrupted by World War I. In 1919 Howard returned to
Australia and resumed his design work, patenting a design with 5 rotary hoe
cultivator blades and an internal combustion engine in 1920.[1]

In March 1922, Howard formed the company Austral Auto Cultivators Pty Ltd,
which later became known as Howard Auto Cultivators. It was based
in Northmead, a suburb of Sydney, from 1927.[2]

Meanwhile, in North America during the 1910s, tractors were evolving away
from traction engine–sized monsters toward smaller, lighter, more affordable
machines. The Fordson tractor especially had made tractors affordable and
practical for small and medium family farms for the first time in history.
Cultivating was somewhat of an afterthought in the Fordson's design, which
reflected the fact that even just bringing practical motorized tractive power alone
to this market segment was in itself a milestone. This left an opportunity for others
to pursue better motorized cultivating. Between 1915 and 1920, various inventors
and farm implement companies experimented with a class of machines referred to
as motor cultivators, which were simply modified horse-drawn shank-type
cultivators with motors added for self-propulsion. This class of machines found
limited market success. But by 1921 International Harvester had combined
motorized cultivating with the other tasks of tractors (tractive power and belt
work) to create the Farmall, the general-purpose tractor tailored to cultivating that
basically invented the category of row-crop tractors.

WATER SPRAYER

A sprayer is a device used to spray a liquid, where sprayers are commonly used
for projection of water, weed killers, crop performance materials, pest
maintenance chemicals, as well as manufacturing and production line ingredients.
In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to
apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers on agricultural crops.

Sprayers are fully integrated, mechanical systems, meaning they are composed of
various parts and components that work together to achieve the desired effect, in
this case: the projection of the spray fluid. This can be as simple as a hand sprayer
attached to a bottle that is pumped and primed by a spring-lever, tube, and vacuum-
pressure; or as complex as a 150 foot reach boom sprayer with a list of system
components that work together to deliver the spray fluid.
For more complex sprayers, such as agricultural sprayers, common system
components include: the spray nozzle, sometimes with a spray gun, fluid tank,
sprayer pump, pressure regulators, valves and gaskets, and fluid plumbing. The
sprayer pump can be just as important as the sprayer type itself as there are many
sprayer pump design types with various construction materials, inlet/outlet sizes,
and performance specifications. Common sprayer pump types include diaphragm,
centrifugal, and roller pumps.

Agricultural sprayers come in various design types, sizes, and equipment and
performance specifications. They range from small spot-spraying machines to
very large sprayers with extensive land and plant coverage. Agricultural sprayers
have been engineered to optimize their applicability and performance for the many
purposes that the machines are put to, whether being used on crops, vegetation, or
soil. Agriculture sprayers are often used for applying water and water/chemical
solutions containing acids or caustic materials for crop-performance or pest-
control; i.e. fertilizers and pesticides.

There are a number of agriculture sprayers designed for spraying applications and
designed to be versatile and suitable for various uses from spot applications,
gardens, crops, row crops, crop trees, fruit, groves, vineyards, perimeter
maintenance, livestock needs, weed control, pastures and rangeland. Self-
propelled sprayers help farmers improve spraying efficiency and productivity
while taking full advantage of every minute they have in the field.

Solar panel
A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module or solar panel is
an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Solar
panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. A
collection of PV modules is called a PV panel, and a system of PV panels is called
an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to electrical
equipment.

In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light
exposure was first observed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.

Though these initial solar panels were too inefficient for even simple electric
devices, they were used as an instrument to measure light.

The observation by Becquerel was not replicated again until 1873,

when Willoughby Smith discovered that the charge could be caused by light
hitting selenium. After this discovery, William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans
Day published "The action of light on selenium" in 1876, describing the
experiment they used to replicate Smith's results.

In 1881, Charles Fritts created the first commercial solar panel, which was
reported by Fritts as "continuous, constant and of considerable force not only by
exposure to sunlight but also to dim, diffused daylight." However, these solar
panels were very inefficient, especially compared to coal-fired power plants.

In 1939, Russell Ohl created the solar cell design that is used in many modern
solar panels. He patented his design in 1941.

In 1954, this design was first used by Bell Labs to create the first commercially
viable silicon solar cell. In 1957, Mohamed M. Atalla developed the process of
silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation at Bell Labs. The surface
passivation process has since been critical to solar cell efficiency.

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-
based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying)
member of a module can be either the top layer or the back layer. Cells must be
protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but
semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are usually
connected electrically in series, one to another to the desired voltage, and then in
parallel to increase current. The power (in watts) of the module is the
mathematical product of the voltage (in volts) and the current (in amperes) of the
module. The manufacturing specifications on solar panels are obtained under
standard condition, which is not the real operating condition the solar panels are
exposed to on the installation site.

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its
output interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4
connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. A
USB power interface can also be used.

Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets,
reflector shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
In this project we will be fabricating a multipurpose agricultural vehicle that will
be able to DIG the Earth, Sow the seeds and Cultivate the crop after the harvest
is ready. And also we can run a water pump for wetting the ground and in the dark
situations glow a lighting system as well. The vehicle power supply to the motors
is provided by a battery, which uses solar energy. A person can drive the vehicle
by the help of a high torque motor. The operations are carried out using manual
switches.

CONCLUSION
This project entitled Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose Agriculture Vehicle
is successfully completed and the results obtained are satisfactory. It will be easier
for the people who are going to take the project for the further modifications. It
very useful for small scale farmers. The cost can be reduced by using this type of
vehicle. The agricultural operations is made easier. The reduction in cost of the
plough tool is done and the life is also increased. The seed sowing machine is
made with simple mechanism. The cutter blade is made working by scotch yoke
mechanism.

REFERENCES
[1] D.A. Mada, Sunday Mahai, [2013] In this research paper author has mentioned
importance of mechanization in agricultural by giving examples.

[2] V.K. Tewari, A. Ashok Kumar, Satya Prakash Kumar, Brajesh Nare [2012]
In this research papers author have done case study on farm mechanization.

[3] F.A. Adamu, B. G. Jahun and B. Babangida [2014] In this paper authors draws
our attention towards the performance factor of a power tiller.
[4] P. Sarec, O. Sarec [2015] The lowest values of soil penetration resistance
below the cultivated profile were determined with the cultivators equipped with
chisel shaped shares.

[5] Ramesh D el at 2019 The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the
seed and fertilizer in rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the
seeds with soil and provide proper compaction over the seed.

[6] S.N Sakhale el at.2020 The present review provides brief information about
the various types of innovations done in seed sowing equipment.

[7] C Reddy, RK Shaw, S Bhattacharjee, SK Jha – 2020 In this research papers

author have done case study on farm mechanization.

[8] M Shukla, S Jharkharia - International Journal of Operations & …, 2013 the

purpose of this paper is to present a literature review of the fresh produce supply
chain management (FSCM).