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Stolz Cesaro
Stolz Cesaro
Then the
lim a n also exist and its equal to L
n→+∞ bn
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APPLICATION 1 : x n n≥1 sequence of real number with x n > 0 for any n ≥ 1
lim x n = +∞
n→+∞ n
Then
n
lim 1
n→+∞ n
∑ 1 =0
xn
k=1
n+1 − n
= n→+∞
lim
x n+1
= n→+∞
lim 2
x n+1
=0
k=1
L2 = L2 + L
This gives the limit L = 0 contradiction since all x n ≥ 1. So
lim x
n→+∞ n
= +∞
x 2n+1
= 1 + x1n → 1
x 2n
lim x n+1 = 1
n→+∞ x n
lim x x n+ x = n→+∞
= n→+∞ lim x n+11 = 1 = 1
n+1 n
xn + 1 1+1 2
APPLICATION 4 :Find
lnn! − n lnn
lim
n→+∞ n
Proof: With S.C.
lnn! − n lnn lnn + 1 − n + 1 lnn + 1 + n lnn
lim n = n→+∞
lim
n→+∞ n + 1 − n
ln1 + 1
= n→+∞
lim −n lnn + 1 + n lnn = n→+∞
lim − 1
n
= −1
n
APPLICATION 5: Find
∑ k=1
n 1
Ene n
lim
n→+∞ n2
Proof: With S.C
∑ k=1
n 1
Eke k Ene n
1
n
lim = n→+∞
lim 2 = n→+∞
lim = 1
n→+∞ n2 n − n − 1 2 2n + 1 2
APPLICATION 6: x n n≥1 sequence of real number with
n
n→+∞ n ∑ k
lim x x2 = 1
k=1
Prove that
lim 3 3n x n = 1
n→+∞
contradiction. We have
lim S n = +∞ and n→+∞
n→+∞
lim x n = 0
We also have x n S n−1 → 1 when n → +∞ and
S 3n − S 3n−1 = x 2n S 2n + S n S n−1 + S 2n−1 → 3 when n → +∞
With S.C.
S3 S 3 − S 3n−1
lim nn = n→+∞
lim n =3
n→+∞ n − n − 1
We deduce that
3 3n
→1
Sn
3 3n
3
3n x n = x S →1
Sn n n
APPLICATION 7: x n n≥1 sequence of reals numbers with 0 < x 1 < 1 and
x n+1 = x n − x 2n for any n ≥ 1. Prove that
lim nx n = 1
n→+∞
L = L − L2
So L = 0
Consider y n = 1
xn with S.C.
y − yn
lim x nx n−x n+1
y x n+1
lim n = n→+∞
n→+∞ n
lim n+1 = n→+∞
n + 1 − n
x 2n 1
= n→+∞
lim = n→+∞
lim =1
x n x n − x 2n 1 − xn
APPLICATION 8: x n n≥1 sequence of reals numbers with x 1 = 1
x 2n +2
x n+1 = n+1
for any n ≥ 1. Find
∑ k=1
n
xk
lim
n→+∞ ∑ n 1
k=1 k
Prove that
lim x n+1 − xn = eL
n→+∞
n+1 n + 1! n n! 2
= n→+∞
lim x n = eL
n n n! 2
e lnn+ln2π
Since n
1
= e
n − 2 n2
+O 1
n3
n!